EP1950375A2 - Construction of superstructures and infrastructures - Google Patents

Abstract

Construction has a seal secured at the outer side against traversing water or a anchor isolation against corrosion or a film with rough surface or a claw mat or an agent for spraying concrete with enclosed plastic foam particles. The film is held by means of sealing elements at the anchoring elements.

Description

The invention relates to an expansion in civil engineering, in particular an expansion of underground spaces such as tunnels and tunnels or pipelines in stable mountains.

Fasteners are frequently used in tunnel construction. There is a distinction between the tunnels in stable mountains and unstable mountains. A stable mountain does not collapse after the tunnel eruption. In contrast, in a non-stable mountains, a sustainable development of the tunnel is required, which partially absorbs the weight of the mountain. In non-stable mountains, both a steel construction and a concrete construction is common. It can also find combinations of steel and concrete application. The concrete construction can usually be made at the construction site. There are also concrete panels usual, which are manufactured in the factory and transported to the site.

In sturdy mountains eliminates the strength problem.
There remains the problem of how to protect against falling stones. The problem is usually solved with shotcrete. In the process, concrete is sprayed against the mountain eruption, which hardens there and forms a protective skin.

Another problem is leaking mountain water.
In winter, the water freezes. There is a danger of falling ice masses. This danger is usually met with a film seal. Depending on the thickness of the film is also spoken by webs. In part, there is also the name membrane.

The foil seal dissipates the water. At the same time a freezing of the water is prevented with a thermal insulation.

The film seal is composed of film webs.
The film webs are laid overlapping at the mountain outbreak, so that the film edges can then be welded together.

The attachment of the film takes place in different ways.
Originally, anchors were set and the film was clamped on the anchors between two plates. This happened under perforation of the film. Efforts were made to close each hole by a seal with two neoprene sealing disks arranged on either side of the film. The seal was very modest because water could pass further along the anchors.

With low strength requirements has in the past enforced a film attachment with a trained as a rondelle fastener made of plastic. The rondelle is nailed or shot to the mountains or to a first shotcrete layer applied. When shooting the roundels are not hit with a hammer or the like in the mountains, but driven by a blasting cartridge in the mountains or in the first applied shotcrete layer.

The known roundels are for example in the DE-3244000C1 . DE4100902A1 . DE19519595A1 . DE8632994.4U1 . DE8701969.8U1 . DE20217044U1 shown and described. The known roundels have been welded to the foil and resulted in a perfect seal. This also applies to the in JP 10-306695 shown and described Rondellenbefestigung.

Rondelles with a predetermined breaking point were considered particularly favorable. DE3244000A1 , The rondels should break at a load on the film at the predetermined breaking point. The strength of the predetermined breaking point is significantly lower than the film strength. This will cause the rondelle to break first if excessive tension is applied to the foil. This means, the film seal will remain intact upon excessive tension in the film while the disk ruptures.

However, the plastic rondels are only suitable for fixing the films, if small forces occur during the attachment of the films and a subsequent shotcrete application.

However, especially in tunnels high forces occur. In railway tunnels, the passing trains generate an extreme air pressure and then an extreme induced draft. The pressures act on extremely large areas, so that total pressures arise that require a sufficiently strong connection of the tunnel construction with the mountains. The pressures depend on the speed of the trains. High-speed trains once again increase the pressures many times over normal railways.
The same applies to motor vehicle tunnels.

At such load, steel rondelles have prevailed as fasteners, which are held with anchors in the mountains. The roundels have the shape of calla (sections of a hollow sphere) and clamp the film between them.

The known roundels have a diameter of about 150 mm and a thickness of 3 to 4 millimeters. Such rondels have great strength.
The known anchors have diameters of 12 or 14 or 16 or 20mm. They are preferably made of stainless steel and are profiled on the mountain side to develop a high tensile strength in the mountains. For the anchor corresponding holes are introduced into the mountains. Subsequently, the anchors are fixed with a mounting cement or other suitable mounting means in the holes.
Such anchors, unlike the known nail construction, can absorb really large forces. The loads are directed to the mountains. With the anchors, it is therefore possible to build a Tunnelausbau, the the loads of passing trains and passing vehicles withstand.
At the free end of the anchor are usually provided with a thread, preferably according to the diameter with metric thread M12 or M14 or M16 or M20. At the threaded end, the steel rondelles are held between two screws. The screws allow adjustment of the rondels on the anchor.

The anchors are usually so long that they protrude beyond the steel rondels out into the tunnel. This serves to attach a wire grid as a retention during injection of the concrete and to stiffen the tunnel lining by connecting to the mountains.

The wire mesh also serves to reinforce the shotcrete layer.

On the anchor, a spacer for the wire mesh can be mounted. Known spacers are star-shaped provided with rods to support the wire mesh as large as possible.

In the known construction pierce the anchor the film.
Such a construction is also from the GB2325946 known. There you will find anchors on which an extension with a sealing foil and plastic foam is held. The bracket is a system of beams, rods and clamping devices. The anchors penetrate the foil. Although it has been thought about a seal of the resulting holes. The seal was inadequate.

In fact, it turns out in practice that the mountain water runs along the anchors. This applies to both from the GB2325946 known system as well as for anchors with conventional Rondellenhalterung for the film.
As a result, anchor and fasteners or rondelles are under appropriate water pollution. The invention has recognized that the water penetrates through the screw thread of Rondellen and anchor. The water then also passes through the opening formed in the film. There are leaks.

Even a dropwise leakage leads to significant amounts of water in a corresponding time. The water can escape at the inside of the tunnel. In winter, the invading water freezes. It forms icicles, which fall at the latest in thawing thawing and form a bad risk of accidents. In addition, the ice can cause significant destruction of the tunnel.
There is also the corrosion caused by the mountain water and its salt load.

In order to prevent the ingress of water on the thread of the Rondelle, it is known to insert a rubber ring in the passage opening of the Rondelle. However, the rubber ring has only a very limited effect, because he can not reach sufficiently into the threads of the anchor. Although it is known to provide the rubber ring on the thread side with knobs that should better grip between the threads than a smooth ring. However, this still does not cause sufficient seal.

Also the JP2000220395 has set itself the task of causing a seal of the film in the anchor penetration area. For this purpose, a fastener has been proposed in this document, which is screwed onto the protruding through the foil anchor end and has a collar. On the collar, an adhesive is provided, which is intended to effect a connection of the collar with the film. But this can only work if the mountain eruption behind the film is sufficiently flat and parallel. Even in the presentation of this document is missing the planning. In addition, there are only very small areas in the tunnel even with the finest shotcrete application. At least in the tunnel ridge, the surfaces are curved.
In addition, there is the rough construction site operation, in which it seems impossible to bring in the anchor holes and to set the anchor so that a necessary parallelism arises.
In addition, the collar should be pressed with a screw against the film to cause a strong bond. At uneven Support surface or non-parallel bearing surface of the film will lead to a one-sided and selective bonding. Any further screw rotation can lead to destruction of the film.
In addition, this solution must fail if no contact against the mountain eruption is possible because the anchor end has a large distance from the mountain outbreak. This is the case regularly, usually even wanted.

The JP03030098 includes the same technique as the JP2000220395 and has the same difficulties. This solution is based on a tension against the mountain eruption or against a concrete layer on the mountain outbreak in the tunnel and excretes when the anchor end is too far away from the mountain eruption or concrete. This solution is also based on a plane and plane-parallel concrete surface, which is the exception in the tunnel and not the rule.

Also the others JP07042497 is based on a pressure against a concrete surface in a tunnel and exits if the anchor end is too far away from the rock or concrete.

Moreover, it is known to provide the inside of the tunnel with insulation to prevent ice formation.

The object of the invention has been found to improve tunneling, in particular by better anchor. According to the invention, this is achieved with the features of the claims.

In particular, it is provided that the water-carrying thread of the anchor ends before the film seal. In this case, differently shaped fasteners can be used as roundels. Therefore, in the following is spoken of fasteners in general and of rondels in particular.

Unlike the known roundels, no penetration of the outside fastener is optionally provided in the fasteners according to the invention. This should not preclude penetration of the anchor into the fastener. The decisive factor is that every opening, including every capillary opening, is closed. This is certainly the case when the fastener is without a passage opening.
The connection of the outside fastener with the anchor is possible without a passage opening. Optionally, this is done with a nozzle. The nozzle or a nozzle-like thickening is optionally formed on the outside fastener. Preferably, the nozzle is welded to the outside of the fastener or secured in any other way.
Towards the anchor, the neck preferably has a threaded hole formed as a blind hole.

The one-piece fastener with the neck can be cast as a molding, for example.
Preferably, however, the fastener is multi-part.
In the multi-part form, different versions come into consideration. For example, the neck may have an internally threaded blind hole and be welded in the desired length to the fastener. The threaded hole has a thread adapted to the anchor thread. The welding can be done on the inside of the fastener. Then the nozzle in the multi-part design protrudes through a corresponding opening of the fastener, so that a circumferential weld can be placed on the inside at the protruding end of the socket. Preferably, the nozzle is welded on the outside of the fastener in multi-part design of the device.

The possibility is used to give the nozzle different screw positions on the anchor end. This possibility is greater, the longer the nozzle is.

At the same time, the same mandrel can be used as in the above examples, when the plug has a correspondingly greater length. This can be achieved by providing different plug lengths.

There may also be provided threaded pieces that help to find the correct nozzle position.
It can also be provided different mandrels, with which an adaptation to the different Schraubstellung the nozzle can be achieved. For this purpose, the different mandrels have differently long threaded pieces, with which they can be screwed into the socket.

Optionally, threaded rods or mandrels may also be provided on the inside of the fastener whose length compensates for greater distances between the anchor end and the center of the tunnel.

The outside end of the nozzle can be closed with an adapter. The task of the adapter is an adaptation to the invention. In the frame, the adapter should close the threaded hole of the nozzle and in turn form a threaded hole with which the fastener can be screwed onto the end of the anchor. In the sense of the adapter side has a threaded stem and a thickening. With the threaded pin of the adapter can be screwed into the threaded hole of the nozzle. With the thickening of the adapter can sit on the neck and close the threaded hole tight.
In the thickening is formed as a blind hole threaded hole whose thread is adapted to the anchor thread.
With the adapter, the above-mentioned shortcomings of the known fasteners can be eliminated. That is, by screwing in an adapter, a conventional fastener can be transformed into a fastener according to the invention.

The threaded hole in the neck of the conventional fastener may optionally be long enough or too short to additionally from the inside a mandrel for attachment of the wire mesh and for the connection of the To absorb shotcrete with the surrounding rock. If the threaded hole is too short, the adapter may have an elongated pin projecting on the inside or protruding into the tunnel and forming a spike there.

The neck or adapter has either wholly or partly a cylindrical or all or part of an edged shape, e.g. the shape of a hexagon. Such nozzles can be cut to length by a rod with a circular cross section or by a rod with a hexagonal cross section. The same applies to blanks for the production of an adapter.

The fastener can first be tightened by hand, as far as possible. For the final bracing a tool is beneficial. When using a collet is not required that the nozzle or adapter is particularly prepared for the bracing. With the collet so much friction can be generated by appropriate voltage that a sufficient torque can be transmitted to the fastener or on the adapter to cause sufficient tension of the fastener on the anchor.

As far as a nozzle or an adapter has an angular cross-section, an open-end wrench can be used for clamping. Open-end wrenches are easier and faster to set up and remove than a collet.

Optionally, a cylindrical neck is provided on the fastener and the cylindrical neck is provided with two key surfaces for a wrench (spanner). The wrench surfaces can be milled or sanded or pressed. The pressing can have economic advantages over the use of hexagonal profile.

With the nozzle or adapter, the fastener is screwed onto the anchor. The neck can be short or longer. The longer the neck or the adapter is, the larger the adjustment range or adjustment range of the fastener.
In the desired mounting position, the fastener can be secured by a lock nut on the threaded rod.

The setting of the fastener is important
when the eruption has been created with considerable tolerances and
if the rock holes for the anchors allow no adjustment of the anchor in the hole or
when the anchors have been mounted in the rock holes irrespective of the position of the ends corresponding with the fasteners.

The anchor ends protruding from the mountains are thereby more or less removed from the ideal escape line for a tunnel. By adjusting the fastener can be adapted to the ideal breakout line.

Especially great recruitment is required in the rugged mountains. There arise sometimes very large distances of the anchor ends to the ideal breakout line. Optionally, this is taken into account with longer anchors. Preferably, the same anchors and extension rods are provided between the anchors and the fasteners. The extension rods are in particular threaded rods. The connection of the extension rods to the anchors is then done by threaded sleeves. Optionally, the threaded sleeves are separate parts or connected to the threaded rod.
The use of separate threaded rods reduces the cost of materials. The extension rods can namely be cut to length from long threaded rods to the appropriate level.
Cutting to length is easy. It is done either by sawing or by cutting. Particularly advantageous cut-off grinders are angle grinders which are equipped with a suitable grinding wheel. The most popular Angle grinders are the so-called flex devices. Therefore, this work is called flexing.

The use of threaded rods, which have already been prepared in the factory with a threaded sleeve, facilitates work on the construction site. The factory preparation shifts some of the work into the factory. There, welding processes are much easier to represent than at the construction site. This applies to the quality as well as the processing time.

A separate threaded sleeve can also be provided with different threads, namely with a left-hand thread at one end and a right-hand thread at the other end. The corresponding ends of the threaded rod and the anchor are then adapted. The advantage of such threaded sleeves is that they can simultaneously by screwing in the same direction cause the screwing with two corresponding ends or can cause simultaneous rotation of the two corresponding ends by turning in the opposite direction.

In the screw connections between anchor and fastener or anchor and sleeve or sleeve and extension rod or extension rod and fastener, a minimum in the overlap of the screwed parts must be considered. The overlap dimension is material-dependent and load-dependent. The minimum size can be determined with a few breakaways.
Moreover, the determination of the minimum size and the approximation to the minimum is not mandatory. On the contrary, for security reasons and economic reasons, it is advisable to select a measure without any attempts at which recognizable security is given. This dimension can be derived from nuts of the same screw thread. Preferably, when deriving the dimensions, a safety factor of at least 1.5 is used.

The same applies to the diameter of the sleeve or the diameter of the nozzle. Here, too, the minimum dimension must be determined depending on the material and the load. For the loading of the sleeve is essential, whether and which tools are used for the screw connection to the sleeve. Again, a few measures could be used to determine a minimum measure. On the other hand, in particular in the case of the attack of tools, the dimension of a screw nut of the same thread as a measure of the sleeve. Preferably also in the derivation of the dimensions, a safety factor of at least 1.5 is used.

With the outside fastener according to the invention an inner-side fastener is clamped in a further embodiment of the invention. Preferably, the outside fastener has on the inside an at least partially threaded mandrel.

The same applies to the spike as for the spigot described above.
The mandrel may be molded and form a one-piece workpiece with the outside fastener.
The mandrel can also be welded or screwed to the fastener.
Optionally, the mandrel may also be formed on the neck described above and form a one-piece workpiece with the neck.
The mandrel can also be welded or screwed to the neck.
As explained above, the nozzle can be screwed with appropriate dimensions with the outside fastener so that the nozzle rests with a surface sealingly against a corresponding surface.

The multi-part is advantageous if the same raw material can be used for the nozzle and the sleeve. The same applies to the mandrel and the extension rod. Optionally, the pole is delivered prepared to the site. Optionally, the bar is mounted on the construction site.

The inside fastener is provided for mounting with a corresponding opening so that it can slide on the mandrel and clamped there with a suitable screw.
Before installing the inside fastener, the foil is pushed onto the mandrel. The mandrel penetrates the film. The film is clamped alone or together with a seal between the two fasteners.

The two fasteners may be circular in shape as conventional rondelles or fasteners. It can even be used the known steel rondelles by the opening of the known Rondellen is closed by the described nozzle, mandrel or rod.

The fasteners can also be shaped differently, for example quadrangular with rounded corners.
The fasteners may be flat or curved. By adjusting the curvature of the fastener to the respective tunnel curvature wrinkling in the film is reduced.
In addition, an inward curvature or outward curvature at the edge of the fasteners may be useful to avoid excessive stress on the film at the fastener edge by edge pressure.

In a further embodiment of the invention, a clamping of the film is provided at the edge of the fastener. This has the advantage of the greatest possible distribution of attacking forces on the film.
According to the invention, the fasteners are designed for Randeinspannung so that they touch each other without foil on the edge and the remaining fastener surfaces spaced from each other.

The length of the mandrel depends on the extent of the shotcrete construction. The structure can consist exclusively of concrete. The structure may also include an insulating layer. The insulating layer is then preferably arranged on the mountain side behind the concrete.

The mandrel must then protrude through the insulating layer to support the wireframe and spacer described above at the forward end.

Optionally, the nozzle is passed through an opening of the outside fastener until it protrudes sufficiently far opposite the fastener on the film side.
Able to weld the nozzle in the fastener. The weld closes the opening in the fastener.
In the nozzle a threaded rod piece is screwed in as a mandrel. Optionally, the mandrel is secured by a weld. The weld prevents loosening of the mandrel and closes the thread at the same time.

The fasteners according to the invention are preferably made of steel. Steel can be processed very well, even welding. The processing capability is particularly advantageous in so-called free-cutting steel. Automated machines are the name given to automated lathes and automated milling machines. With these machines, the special parts provided according to the invention can be produced very inexpensively.
Because of the risk of corrosion from mountain water, such steel parts are preferably provided on all sides with a corrosion protection. A corrosion protection with epoxy resin or with zinc is known. The zinc is electroplated or applied by dipping the workpieces in a hot zinc bath. However, diving in a hot zinc bath poses the problem of added threads.
The coating with epoxy resin can be metered very accurately and does not interfere with the fitting if the layer does not exceed a certain thickness.
Optionally, stainless steel is also used.
But it can also find unfoamed plastic application. Particularly suitable are polyamides and polyesters, preferably reinforced by a fiber reinforcement and / or by a fabric reinforcement.

The fasteners may have different dimensions. There are conceivable fasteners with diameters or edge lengths of 10mm to 2000 mm. Preferably, dimensions of 80 to 300 mm, more preferably 130 to 300 mm.

It is also favorable if the fasteners have a curvature which is adapted to the tunnel curvature. This causes a foil-saving clamping between the fasteners.

Cup-shaped or cup-shaped fasteners are not quite so cheap in terms of clamping the film. But such fasteners but have a much higher stability than a metal sheet, which is adapted only to the tunnel arch. This allows a reduction of the sheet thickness for the fasteners. In this sense, thicknesses of 2.5 mm and less may be sufficient.

As far as the invention has been explained in the foregoing with reference to a tunnel lining, the same applies to the application of the invention to studs

With the shotcrete construction creates a solid concrete shell in a tunnel, which is connected by the anchor with the mountains. However, the tunnel construction is subject to considerable burdens under contemporary load by motor vehicles or train traffic.
This traffic causes strong pressure waves and suction waves. The strength depends on the volume of vehicles and trains, their speed and the dimensions of the tunnel.
Due to the pressure waves and suction waves act on the above-described anchor to the mountains. Therefore, considerable demands are placed on the strength of the anchor seat in the mountains. This has resulted in practice that anchor rods of at least 16 mm in diameter, preferably of 20mm in diameter have found use and the anchor rods are arranged in uniform, relatively short intervals.

Fig. 1 shows a mountain outbreak 1 in stable mountains.
At regular intervals anchors have been introduced into the mountains. For this purpose, appropriate holes were drilled and anchors were fixed with mounting cement in the holes. From the anchors, the central axes 2 are shown.

The mountain outbreak 1 is used to make a tunnel.
For the drainage of the escaping water and to protect against supporting stones a shotcrete construction is provided in the mountain outbreak.
The shotcrete construction consists roughly of a film layer 4 and a shotcrete layer 3. The film layer 4 is composed of individual webs, which are laid overlapping and are welded together at the overlapping edges. In this case, two adjacent welds are provided at a distance from each other. The cavity between the welds is pressurized with compressed air to check the tightness of the welds.

Details of the shotcrete construction are in the Fig. 2 shown.
In this case, an armature 5 is shown schematically. The armature 5 is connected to the protruding end of the mountains with a fastener 14. At the fastener 14, the film layer 4 is applied.
At the film layer side, which is opposite to the fastener 14 is a fastener 15. The fasteners 14 and 15 clamp the film layer 4 between them.
In addition, the fasteners carry a spacer 13 for a wire mesh 12. The wire mesh 12 has two purposes. It serves to build up the shotcrete layer 3 by preventing the concrete layer rebounding from falling off of the foil layer. In addition, the wire mesh 12 forms a reinforcement for the shotcrete layer.

When Spritzbetonausbau the expansion in relation to the form so much weight that the expansion before reaching sufficient strength without the Anchors would collapse. The anchors direct the weight of the shotcrete expansion into the mountains.
After solidification of the shotcrete construction, the anchors form a solid composite of the expansion with the mountains.

Fig. 3 shows further details of the expansion.
Here, the mountain-side fastener, hereinafter referred to as the outside fastener, designated 9. The fastener 9 has a round and curved shape, such as a dome in the embodiment.
On the outside, a threaded tube 8 is welded, opposite (inside) a threaded rod 10 is welded. Between the armature 5 and the fastener 9, an extension rod 7 is provided. The extension rod is necessary because the anchor sits in a mountain ridge and the distance to the fastener 9 must be bridged.
The threaded tube 8 forms on the fastener 9 a nozzle, the threaded rod 10 a mandrel.
The extension rod 7 is screwed into the neck of the Bestigers 9. The extension rod 7 is connected at the opposite end via a threaded sleeve 6 with the anchor 5. For this purpose, corresponding threads are provided on the anchor end and in the sleeve and on the extension rod.

The 4 and 5 show another embodiment of fasteners according to the invention. The outside fastener is called 20, the inside fastener 21.
With the outside fastener 20, a nozzle 22 is welded. Unlike in Fig. 3 the nozzle 22 is not simply placed on the closed bottom of the fastener, but performed by a central opening in the bottom of the fastener 20 so that the nozzle 22 protrudes on the inside a piece. The degree of projection is precisely matched to the nature of two seals 27 and 28, which the in Fig. 4 include film layer designated 26 between them. The measure determines the possible compression of the seals 27 and 28 during the clamping of the film layer 26th
The seals 27 and 28 and the film layer 26 have openings sufficient to be pushed over a protruding as a mandrel threaded rod 23 and the protruding pipe 22.

Unlike in Fig. 3 the nozzle 22 is provided at each end with a blind hole. Both blind holes are separated by a material wall. In the film-side blind hole, the threaded rod 23 sits as a mandrel.
In the opposite, outside blind hole sits in the installation situation of the anchor. The described material wall prevents leakage through the thread.

The seals 27 and 28 are in the embodiment of polyethylene foam with a density of 30 kg per cubic meter, in other embodiments of 18 to 40 kg per cubic meter. The purpose of the seals is to compensate for unevenness in the surfaces of the fasteners and the film and imbalances between the fasteners. The thickness of the seals is 5mm, in other embodiments 3 to 10 mm. By tightening the two fasteners experienced the seals a strong compression, so that the density of the seals comes close to the density of non-foamed polyethylene.
The thickness of the seal is reduced by bracing the two fasteners to at least 50%, preferably to at least 70% and even more preferably to at least 90%. The reduction refers to the foam volume. In this consideration, the volume of the unfoamed film of the same plastic and the same basis weight is disregarded. That is, the initial dimension relevant to the thickness reduction is reduced by the thickness of the unfoamed film.

The Fig.13 to 17 show a further embodiment of fasteners according to the invention. The outside fastener carries the designation 520, the inside fastener the designation 521. To the outside fastener 520, a nozzle 522 is welded. The nozzle 522 has like the neck after Fig. 3 two blind holes marked 528 and 529. The thread in the neck and at the anchor is M16.
Unlike in Fig. 3 the nozzle 522 is not simply placed on the closed bottom of the fastener, but placed on a central opening in the bottom of the fastener 520 and welded there. The circumferential weld is designated 525. Both blind holes are provided with internal thread. In the outwardly facing blind hole 528 sits the anchor end 526th

There is also no spacer provided, so that the possible compression of the seals in the clamping of the film layer is determined solely by the contact pressure of a clamping device. The tensioning device consists of a threaded rod 524 and a clamping nut 523. The inside fastener 521 has like the outside fastener in the form of a shell.

In the Fig. 13 to 15 and 17 the fasteners / shells are spaced and shown without intervening foil and seal in which Fig. 16 lying in each other. At the edge of the fastener 521 is curved inwardly, while the fastener 520 is curved outward. At the same time, the fastener 521 is centered slightly weaker than the fastener 520. As a result, touch the two fasteners on the edge.

In the exemplary embodiment, the fastener 520 has an outer diameter of 300 mm, the fastener 521 has an outer diameter of 222 mm. In other embodiments, other dimensions may be chosen.

The fastener 520 is selected as a shell so that it completely absorbs the Bestiger 521 in the position shown in FIG. 35. In the embodiment, this results in a depth of the fastener 520 of 32 mm.

The further embodiment according to Fig. 18 and 19 is different from that FIGS. 13 to 17 by other fasteners 537 and 538. The fastener 537 has an outer diameter of 160 mm relative to the fastener 520. In addition, the fastener 520 is less deep than the fastener 521. The anchor 526 is identical to the anchor 535. The same applies to the nozzles 536 and 522, as well as for the threaded rods 539 and 524 and for the clamping nuts 540 and 523.

The fastener 538 is identical to the fastener 537 and arranged in mirror image. This results in a different clamping of the film between the two fasteners as in the embodiments according to FIGS. 13 to 17 ,

In a further embodiment, the seals are self-adhesive on both sides. The adhesive surfaces are covered by silicone-coated paper before assembly. The paper is first peeled off the contact surface with the fastener 20. Thereafter, the seal 28 can be positioned and pressed on the fastener 20. Subsequently, the paper is withdrawn from the contact surface of the seal 28 with the film layer 26 and pressed the film layer against the seal. This results in a provisional stop of the film seal 26. For further assembly, the paper is withdrawn from the contact surface of the seal 27 with the film layer 26 and the seal 27 is positioned and pressed against the film layer 26.
Thereafter, the paper is withdrawn from the contact surface of the seal 27 with the inner fastener and the fastener 21 is pushed onto the mandrel. The fastener 21 has an opening that is slightly larger than the diameter of the threaded rod 23 but at the same time significantly less than the diameter of the nozzle 22.

After pushing the inner fastener results in the Fig. 5 illustrated situation. In the situation, no pressure is exerted on the seals. The seals have the shapes and thicknesses designated 27 'and 28'.
By means of a nut 25, the fasteners 20 and 21 are compressed so far that the seals develop a desired pressure against the film layer on the one hand and against the contact surfaces with the fasteners on the other.
This pressure also causes a clamping of the film layer. Together with the adhesive connection results in a very advantageous holding the film layer.

Fig. 6 shows a further embodiment for the fastener.
The fasteners are designated 30 and 31. The two fasteners 30 and 31 enclose a film layer 32 between them.
Unlike the embodiment according to Fig. 3 to 5 the outside fastener 31 is provided with a pot-like recess. The inside fastener 30 is like a lid in the pot-like fastener 31, so that between the curved edges a desired clamping takes place. In this case, inclined surfaces act like wedges against each other, so that with little force over appropriate ways a strong clamping, even a large-scale clamping can be achieved.
In order to avoid injury to the film, the fastener 31 is also provided with a curved edge 33.

Fig. 8 shows a possible honeycomb 43 for the in Fig. 2 illustrated wire mesh.

Fig. 7 shows a spacer 40 for the positioning of the wire mesh. The spacer 40 is pressed with another nut against the nut 25.
The spacer 40 has various arms to which the wire mesh 43 can be hooked.

Fig. 9 shows a conventional outside fastener 40 with a central continuous thread and with an adapter 42. The adapter 42 has a mandrel 41 with an external thread. Opposite the mandrel 41, the adapter 42 has an outer diameter which corresponds to the diameter of the integrally formed neck 44 on the fastener 40. The adapter 42 is screwed with its mandrel 41 in the fastener 40, that the adapter 42 closes against the nozzle 44 and the two contact surfaces are stretched against each other. Both contact surfaces are processed so that leakage is excluded. Optionally, the seal is additionally secured by a sealing ring 45.
On the outside, the adapter 42 has a threaded hole formed as a blind hole 43, with which a screw on the anchor is possible.

Fig. 10 also shows a conventional outside fastener 50 with a central continuous thread. This fastener is combined with a mandrel 51 having a collar 52 and a part 53. With the part 53, the mandrel has been screwed from the inside through the fastener and screwed into a threaded sleeve 54 described above for extension operations. In this case, the collar 52 is closing against the fastener 50 and the threaded sleeve 54 is closing against the stub 57 of the fastener.
The contact surfaces are the same as after Fig. 9 processed. Further, a seal 56 is provided between the collar 52 and the fastener 50.

FIGS. 11 and 12 show a shotcrete construction for a tunnel in stable mountains. The mountains are designated 101. In the mountains threaded rods 102 have been introduced as an anchor. 101 holes have been drilled into the mountains and the anchors have been glued in the mountains. The anchors are placed at a distance of 1.2m in such a way that a large number of uniform attachment points are created at the circumference of the rock outcrop, and all points lie on the corner points of equal squares with an edge length of 1.2 m.

On each threaded rod 102, a sealing washer 103 has then been screwed. Then a waterproofing membrane has been laid. The laying is done in such a way that the film has been placed on the protruding anchor. The anchors 102 penetrate the film. The resulting holes are closed by means of further sealing discs 105. The sealing discs 103 and 105 clamp the film 104 between them and moreover close tightly with the anchors 102.

After installation of the film 104 in the tunnel, in the exemplary embodiment, first a fast-binding cement milk is sprayed thinly onto the film. The dried cement slurry forms an advantageous primer for a subsequent application of shotcrete. The shotcrete is applied in layers, starting at the tunnel sole. The resulting shotcrete layer is designated 106.
In the exemplary embodiment, the tunnel runs horizontally, so that the shotcrete is laid in horizontal layers, which are superimposed from bottom to top of the film. The layers have a width which corresponds to the desired shotcrete layer thickness.
In other Ausführungsbespielen a smaller width of the layers is provided so that first a first shotcrete layer is applied to the film, which completely covers the film side. Thereafter, another shotcrete layer is applied, which completely covers the previously discussed shotcrete layer. This is repeated until the desired thickness of the shotcrete layer is reached.

After creating the shotcrete layer, the anchors still protrude from the concrete layer. At the projecting ends cladding panels should be attached, especially panels for fire protection. The plates are secured in the exemplary embodiment with the anchors 102 and nuts and washers on the shotcrete. So that the thread of the armature 102 is not unusable by the shotcrete is the thread has been protected by caps when applying the shotcrete.

Claims (26)

Expansion for civil engineering, especially tunnel construction or removal of tunnels in stable mountains,
in particular with a seal in the form of a foil against water,
wherein anchors are used, in particular anchors, which are introduced into the stable mountains and the tunnel lining at a distance from the
Keep rock outcrop and any concrete layers thereon,
wherein the film is held by fasteners on the anchors,
wherein the film is clamped in each case between two fasteners, one of which is arranged on the outside of the film and the other on the inside of the film,
wherein the outside fastener has a threaded connection with the anchor
and wherein a shotcrete layer is built up on the film,
characterized in that the outside fastener can be screwed onto the armature with a threaded hole formed as a blind hole. Removal according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer-side fastener has an integrally formed or attached socket to the anchor Assembly according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fastener to the inside fastener has an integrally formed or fixed mandrel which is provided with an external thread for the tensioning of the inside fastener, Removal according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the outside fastener a) has a continuous central threaded hole and b) the threaded hole is closed on the outside with an adapter, c) wherein the adapter engages with a threaded pin in the threaded hole of the fastener and d) is tensioned with a sealing surface against another sealing surface on the fastener e) wherein the adapter on the outside has a threaded hole formed as a blind hole, with which the fastener can be screwed onto the armature f) that the anchor has an external thread at the corresponding end and Removal according to claim 4, characterized in that a mandrel is provided on the inside, which has an external thread for the clamping of the inside fastener. Removal according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the outside fastener a) has a continuous central threaded hole and b) the threaded hole is closed on the inside with a mandrel, c) wherein the mandrel engages in the threaded hole and d) a collar with a sealing surface is provided on the outside of the mandrel, e) is tensioned with the sealing surface against another sealing surface on the fastener, f) wherein the mandrel engages beyond the threaded hole in a threaded sleeve and the fastener with the threaded sleeve can be screwed onto the armature. f) wherein the mandrel engages beyond the threaded hole in a threaded sleeve Removal according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the neck at the inside end has a further threaded hole as a blind hole and that on the inside a mandrel for the clamping of the inside fastener is screwed into the threaded hole Removal according to one of claims 1, 2, 7, characterized in that the neck rests against the outside fastener on the outside or protrudes into the bore of the outside fastener Removal according to one of claims 1, 2, 7, 8, characterized in that the connection piece is sealingly clamped or sealingly welded to the outside fastener Assembly according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the two fasteners are cup-shaped, wherein the shells lie in one another or are arranged in mirror image. An assembly according to claim 10, characterized in that the shell of the outer fastener is larger than the shell of the inner fastener, so that the inner fastener can lie in the outer fastener, wherein the inner fastener on the edge has an additional inward curvature and the outer fastener on Edge has an additional outward curvature Assembly according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that both fasteners are of identical design and are arranged in mirror image to one another, wherein both fasteners have an outward curvature at the edge. Removal according to one of claims 4, 10 to 12, characterized in that the adapter has a threaded pin, which at the same time forms a mandrel for the clamping of the inside fastener. An expansion according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized by an extension rod between the anchor end and the outside fastener. An assembly according to claim 14, characterized in that the extension rod consists of a threaded rod with the same thread as the corresponding anchor end and that a sleeve is provided for connection to the corresponding anchor end. An assembly according to claim 14 or 15, characterized by sleeve for connecting the extension rod to the anchor end, which consists of the same material as the sleeve forming the neck on the outside fastener. An assembly according to any one of claims 14 to 16, characterized in that the mandrel is of the same material as the extension rod and / or the extension rod of the same material as the anchor. Assembly according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the overlap of two parts screwed together has a dimension which is at least equal to the thickness of a nut with the same thread. Assembly according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the nozzle has a diameter which is at least equal to the diameter of a screw nut with the same thread. An assembly according to claim 18 or 19, characterized in that the overlap of the screwed parts and / or the diameter of the nozzle is derived with a safety factor of at least 1.5 from a nut. Assembly according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized by a cup-shaped recess of a fastener and a lid-shaped design of the other fastener. An assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 21, characterized by fastener dimensions of 10mm to 2000mm, preferably from 80 to 300mm, even more preferably from 130 to 300mm. Construction according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that the fasteners are wholly or partly made of stainless steel and / or plastic. Construction according to claim 23, characterized by the use of polyester, in particular of PET, or polyamide as plastic and / or a reinforcement in the plastic. Construction according to claim 23 or 24, characterized by a fiber reinforcement of the plastic. Construction according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized by a corrosion protection of the fastener with epoxy resin or zinc.

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