DE102012012522A1 - Expansion in civil engineering - Google Patents

Abstract

According to the invention found in the shotcrete expansion in the tunnel lining foam layers as thermal insulation and sealing application, which are held between fasteners on the mountains. The foam layers are composed of webs that are pushed against each other at the edge and are held together by means of connecting profiles and in the desired position.

Description

The invention relates to an expansion in civil engineering, in particular an expansion of underground spaces such as tunnels and tunnels or pipelines in stable mountains.

Fasteners are frequently used in tunnel construction. There is a distinction between the tunnels in stable mountains and unstable mountains. A stable mountain does not collapse after the tunnel eruption. In contrast, in a non-stable mountains, a sustainable development of the tunnel is required, which partially absorbs the weight of the mountain. In non-stable mountains, both a steel construction and a concrete construction is common. It can also find combinations of steel and concrete application. The concrete construction can usually be made at the construction site. There are also concrete panels usual, which are manufactured in the factory and transported to the site.

In sturdy mountains eliminates the strength problem.

There remains the problem of how to protect against falling stones. The problem is usually solved with shotcrete. In the process, concrete is sprayed against the mountain eruption, which hardens there and forms a protective skin.

Another problem is leaking mountain water.

In winter, the water freezes. There is a danger of falling ice masses. This danger is usually met with a film seal. Depending on the thickness of the film is also spoken by webs. In part, there is also the name membrane.

The foil seal dissipates the water. At the same time a freezing of the water is prevented with a thermal insulation.

The film seal is composed of film webs.

The film webs are laid overlapping at the mountain outbreak, so that the film edges can then be welded together. Preferably, a double seam is produced during welding. There are two welds next to each other. The gap can be pressurized with air pressure. When the gap is closed, a sufficient sealing effect can be assumed if the pressure drop in the gap does not exceed certain limits over a certain period of time.

The attachment of the film takes place in different ways.

With low strength requirements has in the past enforced a film attachment with a trained as a rondelle fastener made of plastic. The rondelle is nailed or shot to the mountains or to a first shotcrete layer applied. When shooting the roundels are not hit with a hammer or the like in the mountains, but driven by a blasting cartridge in the mountains or in the first applied shotcrete layer.

The known roundels are for example in the DE-3244000C1 . DE4100902A1 . DE19519595A1 . DE8632994.4U1 . DE8701969.8U1 . DE20217044U1 shown and described. The known roundels have been welded to the film. Rondelles with a predetermined breaking point were considered to be particularly favorable. The rondels should break at a load on the film at the predetermined breaking point. The strength of the predetermined breaking point is significantly lower than the film strength. This will cause the rondelle to break first if excessive tension is applied to the foil. That is, the film seal will remain intact upon excessive pull in the film while the disk ruptures.

However, the plastic rondels are only suitable if low forces arise during the attachment of the films and subsequent application of shotcrete.

However, especially in tunnels high forces occur. In railway tunnels, the passing trains generate an extreme air pressure and then an extreme induced draft. The pressures act on extremely large areas, so that total pressures arise, which requires a sufficiently strong connection of the tunnel construction with the mountains. The pressures depend on the speed of the trains. High-speed trains once again increase the pressures many times over normal railways.

The same applies to motor vehicle tunnels.

At such load, steel rondelles have prevailed as fasteners, which are held with anchors in the mountains.

The known roundels have a diameter of about 150 mm and a thickness of 3 to 4 millimeters. Such rondels have great strength.

The known anchors have diameters of 12 or 14 or 16 or 20 mm. They persist preferably made of stainless steel and are profiled on the mountain side to develop a high tensile strength in the mountains. For the anchor corresponding holes are introduced into the mountains. Subsequently, the anchors are fixed with a mounting cement or other suitable mounting means in the holes.

Such anchors, unlike the known nail construction, can absorb really large forces. The loads are directed to the mountains. With the anchors, it is therefore possible to build a tunnel that can withstand the stresses of passing trains and passing vehicles.

At the free end of the anchor are usually provided with a thread, preferably according to the diameter with metric thread M12 or M14 or M16 or M20. At the threaded end, the steel rondelles are held between two screws. The screws allow adjustment of the rondels on the anchor.

The anchors are usually so long that they protrude beyond the steel rondels out into the tunnel. This serves to attach a wire grid as a retention during injection of the concrete and to stiffen the tunnel lining by connecting to the mountains.

When spraying concrete against a film there is a risk that the film throws off the concrete or the concrete does not adhere to the film. Then it is expedient to provide at a distance in front of the film, a wire mesh or the like, which prevents falling of the concrete.

The wire mesh also serves to reinforce the shotcrete layer.

On the anchor, a spacer for the wire mesh can be mounted. Known spacers are star-shaped provided with rods to support the wire mesh as large as possible.

In the known construction pierce the anchor the film.

The film is then clamped between the steel rondels.

Of the two rondels is a rondelle on the outside of the film seal and the other Rondelle inside the film seal.

In practice, it can be seen that the mountain water runs along the anchors. As a result, the anchors and the rondelles are subject to corresponding water pollution. Of the EP 1950375 is based on the finding that the water penetrates through the screw thread of rondelles and anchors. The water then also passes through the opening formed in the film. There are leaks. Even a dropwise leakage leads to significant amounts of water in a corresponding time. The water can escape at the inside of the tunnel. In winter, the invading water freezes. It forms icicles, which fall at the latest in thawing thawing and form a bad risk of accidents. In addition, the ice can cause significant destruction of the tunnel.

In order to prevent the ingress of water on the thread of the Rondelle, it is known to insert a rubber ring in the passage opening of the Rondelle. However, the rubber ring has only a very limited effect, because he can not reach sufficiently into the threads of the anchor. Although it is known to provide the rubber ring on the thread side with knobs that should better grip between the threads than a smooth ring. However, this still does not cause sufficient seal.

Moreover, it is known to provide the inside of the tunnel with insulation to prevent ice formation. As insulation, a multilayer film made of PE foam is common. The foam film is also used as a sealing film. The foam film is usually supplied as a pre-assembled film webs for tunneling. It has even proven to abstain from welding the film web edges as in a non-foamed film. Instead, the foam film webs are laid overlapping only at the edge.

The object of the invention has been found to improve the tunnel lining with plastic foam film. According to the invention, this is achieved with the features of the claims.

It should be emphasized that the plastic foam film webs are not laid - as before - only loose and randüberlappend.

Rather, a connection profile is provided, which engages over or surrounds the opposite web edges.

• a) die Schaumfolienbahnenränder sicher gehalten werden
• b) die Schaumfolienbahnenränder eine genau definierte Stellung erlangen
• c) der Kunststoffschaum dichtend an dem Verbindungsprofil anliegt.

The connection profile can be made of plastic or metal. Preferably, the connecting profile engages in external recesses or on outer elevations of the foam film web edges, so that

• a) the foam film web edges are held securely
• b) the foam sheet web edges reach a well-defined position
• c) the plastic foam sealingly bears against the connection profile.

The bumps and depressions can already significantly improve the conventional seal with the overlap edges. A significant further improvement is obtained when the foam film edges are sealed at the seal site without overlap. On the way insulating material is saved, because the overlap is eliminated. At the same time results in a better seal.

The depressions and elevations may be completely or partially molded / prepared in the foam film web edges. The depressions and elevations can also be generated partially or completely by the connection profile. The depressions and elevations may also be partially molded / prepared on the foam film web edges and finished by the connection profile.

It is favorable to arrange the connection profile on the outside of the expansion. So that the escaping mountain water runs outside and can not penetrate into the gap between the foam film web edges.

Although the foam film web edges can have a distance below the connecting profile. Insulation technology is better when the foam sheet edges are abutted against each other or pressed together.

It is ideal if the connection profiles have a curvature which is precisely matched to the desired expansion. This is quite possible if the mountain outbreak has some distance from the tunnel. This is particularly the case when an inspection distance is provided as in PCT / EP06 / 006358 is described. On the basis of the desired dimensions of the tunnel construction, a removal arch can then be created from a connection profile at the factory, which extends from one side of the tunnel sole via the tunnel wall, the tunnel trough and the opposite tunnel wall to the opposite side of the tunnel sole. Even if different bends result over the tunnel length, the different bends can be assigned to the right point in the tunnel cross-section.

When such bows are created, the bows can also assist in positioning the anchors in the rock.

The builders try to help in older methods for introducing the anchor by connecting two anchors, which have a distance from each other in the tunnel longitudinal direction, with a Meßschnur. However, this is relatively inaccurate if the tunnel longitudinal direction is curved and if the anchor holes can not be ideally introduced into the mountains. Such bends are very common. In addition, often less than half of all anchors can ideally bring into the mountains. Then, for example, the anchors are awry.

There has long been the demand of the tunnel planner for the most accurate possible adherence to the desired expansion dimensions.

This can better correspond to the expansion arches described above.

These expansion bows can be one-piece. A multi-part design can have advantages under certain circumstances. In this case, the multi-part design can simplify the production, storage and installation, because the parts can be made with the same curvature. In extreme cases, all sections of a removal arc may have the same length and / or have the same curvature. In extreme cases, the different sections can also be straight. In straight sections one speaks of a curvature with radius "infinite".

• a) daß die Anker zunächst in das Gebirge/Fels eingebracht werden bevor die Verbindungsprofile montiert werden
• b) oder ein mit einem Verbindungsprofil versehener Abschnitt gemeinsam mit dem Anker in das Gebirge/Fels eingebracht wird.

The connection profiles are preferably mounted on the anchors before the Kunststoffschaumbahnen are laid. That requires,

• a) that the anchors are first introduced into the mountains / rock before the connection profiles are mounted
• b) or provided with a connection profile section is introduced together with the anchor in the mountains / rock.

As far as doing more than one anchor is connected to the connection profile, the anchors are arranged largely parallel to allow the introduction of the anchor in the mountains. The greater the deviations from the parallels, the more difficulties arise when placing the anchor in the mountains.

This applies accordingly to the drilling in the mountains / rock, which are required for the introduction of the anchor.

Straight sections are suitable for cutting to length from a straight starting material. Even more curved sections can be cut to length from a longer starting material.

The curvature of the individual sections or of the starting material to be cut can be achieved by hot deformation in metallic material, for example in steel. But also plastic material can be brought by hot deformation in the desired curvature.

Connecting profiles made of steel have sufficient strength for a wall thickness of 0.5 to 4 mm, preferably 1 to 3 mm, more preferably 1.5 to 2.5 mm.

Connecting profiles made of plastic can also have sufficient strength. This is especially true in the case of a reinforcement of the plastic. For reinforcement fibers and textiles, in particular mesh fabrics are suitable. The strength can also be increased by crosslinking of the plastic. In addition, by selecting particularly solid plastics comparable strength can be achieved as with a metallic connection profile.

Particularly good properties may be composite materials / composites. The properties are derived from the combination of different materials. This can also be the combination of metallic materials with plastic material.

An expansion arc composed of sections according to the invention preferably consists of at least 3 sections, more preferably of at least 4 sections and most preferably of at least 5 sections.

In the case of a rectangular tunnel cross-section, the minimum number of 3 sections is also easily accessible, even with straight sections in the circumferential direction of the expansion arches. For round tunnel cross sections bent sections are usually used for the expansion arc to comply with the number of sections according to the invention.

As far as the number of corresponding with a build-out bow of connection profiles anchor is greater than the number of sections, the sections are optionally introduced in the above-described form together with several anchors in the mountains.

Preferably, the sections are mounted after the introduction of the anchor on several anchors.

The use of the connection profiles leads to a stiffening of the expansion. The stiffening of the foam layer is important, even if the removal of a shotcrete layer belongs, which is applied inside after installation of the plastic foam layer.

The stiffening is given in particular in one-piece extension arches from connection profile. But even sections of connection profile can significantly contribute to the stiffening of the expansion. This can be used to reduce the number of people. The reduction in the number of anchors compensates for the effort required for the connection profiles. Further advantages are the material saving and better seal set out above.

In sections of the composition of the expansion arch, the connection profile sections are preferably laid overlapping. It is favorable for the seal when in an overlap position, the lower end of the upper portion of the upper end of the lower portion mountain side (outside) overlaps. As a result, the mountain water runs off without penetrating into the overlap gap.

• a) daß Verbindungsprofile nicht nur in Tunnel-Umfangsrichtung einander an den Enden überlappen,
• b) sondern auch Verbindungsprofile vorgesehen sind, die in Tunnellängsrichtung einander überlappen,
• c) oder auch in Längsrichtung verlaufende Verbindungsprofile an Verbindungsprofile stoßen. Dann ist vorzugsweise gleichfalls an Stoßstellen eine Überlappung vorgesehen, wobei die Überlappung in Gefällerichtung nach dem gleichen Prinzip verläuft, das zur Überlappung in Umfangsrichtung vorgesehen ist.

If the foam film webs are laid not only in the circumferential direction of the tunnel but also in the tunnel longitudinal direction, it can result

• a) that connection profiles overlap one another at the ends not only in the tunnel circumferential direction,
• b) but also connecting profiles are provided, which overlap in the tunnel longitudinal direction,
• c) or also run in the longitudinal direction connecting profiles of connecting profiles. Then, an overlap is preferably also provided at joints, wherein the overlap in the direction of fall runs on the same principle, which is provided for overlapping in the circumferential direction.

In the case of the above situation c) is the use of terminal crosses of advantage, which on the one hand allow overlapping in the circumferential direction and on the other hand, an overlap in the tunnel longitudinal direction.

The width of the connection profiles is optionally 30 to 200 mm, preferably 40 to 150 mm, more preferably 50 to 100 mm. It is favorable for cost reasons, a small width of the connection profiles. According to the minimum width is determined depending on the strength of the plastic foam.

On the width has influence, which distance of the recesses and / or elevations of the plastic foam sheet from the edge thereof. This distance is for example at least 10 mm, preferably at least 20 mm and most preferably at least 30 mm.

This distance is chosen according to the invention as a function of the strength of the foam sheet. In this case, the strength on the density of the foam sheet and on the nature of the foam influence can be taken. The density of polyethylene foam (PE foam) is preferably 30 kg per cubic meter plus / minus 30%, more preferably plus / minus 20% and most preferably plus / minus 10%.

The plastic foam preferably has a thickness of at least 40 mm, more preferably a thickness of at least 70 mm, and most preferably a thickness of at least 100 mm.

Preferably, a crosslinked PE foam is also used. The macromolecules of PE are more or less branched. In cross-linking, the PE molecules are interconnected to form a longer / more extensive chain construction. Crosslinking improves various mechanical properties and heat resistance. For networking, there are various methods. Particularly well-known are:
Peroxide crosslinking
Silane crosslinking
Jet networking
Azo networking
Chemical crosslinking by chlorination or sulfochlorination

The thickness of the foam layer is preferably at least 40 mm. But it can also be 100 mm or 150 mm or 200 mm and more.

Preferably, the distance of the depressions or elevations on the foam webs is at least 10 mm from the edge of the web, more preferably at least 20 mm and most preferably at least 30 mm.

The depressions can be molded.

In this case, for example, the depressions can be cut in mechanically or thermally.

Furthermore, straight and / or curved and / or angular surfaces can arise in the recess cross section.

Preferably, the recesses have a triangular cross-section.

The elevations can be created by glued or welded foam profiles. The surfaces of the elevations can be straight and / or rounded in the profile cross-section.

The recesses preferably have a depth of at least 5 mm, otherwise - based on the thickness of the plastic foam view - of at least 10%, preferably at least 20% and even more preferably of 30% of the thickness.

The same applies to the surveys.

The connection profile can be different, for example consist of sheets, profiled bars, wires and grids.

Convenient are sheets that are deformed to U-profiles. The free legs of the profile cross section can be exactly vertical or inclined. Favorable is a trough-shaped cross-section with a distance between the legs, which increases towards the free end of the legs. In this case, the straight legs may include an angle to the leg connecting web, which is for example 135 degrees. In other embodiments, 120 to 150 degrees are provided. Also by 90 degrees angled thighs come into consideration. The legs can also be arched in cross section.

At the edges of the connecting profiles and round rod material may be provided. The round and curved cross-sectional shapes cause an advantageous line-shaped or strip-shaped course of the sealing surfaces between foam web and connecting profile. The same applies to edges that press with a bent tip into the plastic web edge.

It can be provided side by side on each edge also several cambers and / or several round bars and / or more bent tips. Then arise several sealing lines or sealing strips next to each other, which form a labyrinth seal.

While the one connection profile is arranged on the mountain side of the foam web edge, a further connection profile is optionally provided as an abutment on the inside and opposite. The abutment can also consist of sheets, profiled bars, wires and grid. The abutment can also be formed by the above-described means for applying the shotcrete layer.

Between two connection profiles or the one connection profile and an abutment of known elements, the foam web edges to be joined together are clamped.

The abutment can also be formed by spacers, as they are already commonly used in tunnel construction.

Convenient are sections of grid mats, as they are used for the concrete reinforcement. Such mat sections are factory provided with eyelets, with which the mat sections on the anchors or thorns find support, which protrude between the foam web edges.

Instead of the eyelets and clamping means can be used, which cover the mat sections. Suitable clamping means discs, on the type of washers, but with a larger diameter. Also other clamping means come into consideration, ranging from the anchors or thorns so far that they cover at least one wire of the mat section. The advantage of this clamping means is the possibility of using sections of commercially available grid mats, without the need for a certain mesh size and greater accuracy.

Preference is given to reinforcing steel bars, which are arranged parallel to each other and to the connecting profile edges and spaced so that they are exactly or slightly offset from the edges of the connecting profiles pressing on the foam web edges. The foam web edges then find a uniform clamping.

The spacing of the reinforcing steel bars is achieved for example by welded and perforated tabs or sheets. The holes in the tabs are adapted to the anchor diameter and the diameter of the mandrel.

Optionally, the anchors sitting in the mountains are sized and the connection profiles provided with holes that the connection profiles can be placed on the anchor ends and held by screws in the respective position. For example, the screws cooperate with plates and washers to sealingly clamp the connection profiles between them.

The ends of the anchors which protrude beyond the edges of the visual band edges are extended long enough or with extension rods / threaded rods to project beyond the edges of the visual band into the interior of the tunnel and to accommodate spacers and a reinforcement mat for a shotcrete application. The reinforcing mat is preferably pressed with screws against the anchor profile firmly seated on the anchor. In this case, a spacer sleeve may be provided between the connection profile and the reinforcement mat in order to limit the indentation of the Sehaumbahnränder.

Optionally, the clamping of the connection profiles in a modified form. In this case, the anchor or extension rods end so that they protrude with a fitting end through openings of the connection profiles. Then, with a clamping part / sleeve, a high sealing effect can be achieved on the connecting profile, when the sleeve presses with a collar a seal against the connecting profile. The necessary pressure is applied, for example, with nuts, one of which sits on the anchor end and on the end of extension rod. The clamping part / sleeve has two opposite, designed as blind holes threaded holes. The one threaded hole faces the anchor end of the extension rod. The other threaded hole faces away from the anchor end. With the thread, which faces the anchor end, the clamping part / sleeve is bolted to the anchor end / end of the extension rod.

In the armature hole of the clamping part / sleeve facing away from the armature, a further threaded rod / mandrel is screwed, on which the second nut is seated. Both nuts tighten the connection profile and the sleeve between them.

Optionally, the sleeve is also arranged so that the sleeve rests with its collar and the seal tunnel inside the connection profile. Then the clamping part / sleeve pushes the sealing washer with the collar of the tunnel inside against the connection profile.

The sealing clamping of the connection profile can also be achieved without a sleeve by means of nuts or other clamping parts.

Optionally, a connection profile is also penetrated by a mandrel. In this case, the mandrel protrudes through an opening in the connecting profile outwards to the mountain side. The mandrel is welded at the penetration point to the connection profile. In this case, a circumferential weld is provided, which causes a tight connection. The tunnel inside of the connecting profile projecting end of the mandrel has the same function as the mandrel in the embodiment described above.

The mountain side / outside protruding end of the mandrel corresponds with the correspondingly far in front of the connection profile ending anchor. It is provided on the outside of the mandrel end opposite to the thread of the armature thread. The connection of the mandrel with the anchor end is achieved by a special nut / sleeve, which is provided with a continuous bore, which at one end with a right-hand thread and at the other end with a left-handed thread is provided. The special nut can therefore be screwed at the same time on the threaded end or the end of the extension rod and the counter-threaded mandrel.

Frequent application is in underground rooms in stable mountains. These can be tunnels, storage rooms, bunkers, canals and more.

In this case, the above-described expansion is completed with a shotcrete layer.

The shotcrete application is preferably preceded by priming the PE foam sheets.

After priming, the shotcrete can be applied to the film seal in one or more layers. It is convenient to apply the shotcrete layer in layers and starting from below. This is achieved by a reciprocating movement of the sprayed concrete application tool. As shotcrete or concrete and additives and aggregates and reinforcing inserts and tools are tools into consideration, as described for example in the following publications:
DE69910173T2 . DE69801995T2 . DE69721121T2 . DE69718705T2 . DE69701890T2 . DE69700205T2 . DE69418316T2 . DE69407418T2 . DE69403183T2 . DE69122267T2 . DE69118723T2 . DE69010067T2 . DE69006589T2 . DE60010252T2 . DE60001390T2 . DE29825081U1 . DE29824292U1 . DE29824278U1 . DE29818934U1 . DE29724212U1 . DE29718950U1 . DE29710362U1 . DE29812769U1 . DE19854476C2 . DE19854476A1 . DE19851913A1 . DE19838710C2 . DE19819660A1 . DE19819148C1 . DE19754446A1 . DE19746958C1 . DE19733029C2 . DE19652811A1 . DE19650330A1 ,

In the drawing, various embodiments of the invention are shown.

1 shows a mountain outbreak 1 in the stable mountains.

At regular intervals anchors have been introduced into the mountains. For this purpose, appropriate holes were drilled and anchors were fixed with mounting cement in the holes. Of the anchors are the central axes 2 shown.

The mountain breakout 1 serves the production of a road traffic tunnel. In the tunnel, a shotcrete expansion is planned, with the exiting water to be drained and insulation by ice formation is to be prevented.

The shotcrete expansion is roughly made of a PE plastic foam layer 4 and a shotcrete layer 3 , The plastic foam layer is composed of webs, which are laid in the exemplary embodiment exclusively in the circumferential direction, but lie next to each other in the tunnel longitudinal direction and complement each other to an insulation and sealing for tunnel construction. The webs do not overlap each other in a conventional manner at the circumferentially extending edges, but push the edges together.

To attach the foam layer or the expansion of the mountains serves a variety of anchors that have been introduced into the mountains.

The anchors are arranged so that at each joint between two web edges a row of anchors in the circumferential direction with the joint ideally lie in a plane. In practice, there are deviations from this level, the limits of which are shown in the expansion. If the deviation is too large, the wrong anchor can be cut and a new, better positioned anchor can be set.

For 3 m wide foam sheeting, the web edges have a distance of 3 m. It follows that the rows of anchors belonging to two adjacent joints also have a distance of 3 m.

Between the two rows of anchors described above, a further row of anchors extending in the tunnel circumferential direction is provided in the middle of the embodiment in the middle. The distance between two circumferentially extending rows is therefore 1.5 m. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between two adjacent anchors is equal if 1.5 m, unless special features of the tunnel require a shorter distance. Compared to usual distances of 1.2 m in conventional construction results with the larger distances a very small number of anchors per square meter.

In the exemplary embodiment, special connection profiles are provided with novel expansion attachment to the anchors to the associated anchor to a joint. The attachment to the anchors between the joints takes place in the embodiment with known fasteners, as for example in the PCT / EP06 / 006358 shown and described.

In the drawing an anchor 5 shown schematically. The anchor 5 is at the end protruding from the mountains with a fastener 14 connected. At the fastener 14 lies the plastic foam layer 4 at. At the foam layer side, the the fastener 14 opposite there is a fastener 15 , The fasteners 14 and 15 tension the foam layer 4 between themselves.

In addition, the fasteners carry a spacer 13 for a wire mesh 12 , The wire mesh 12 has two tasks. It serves to build up the shotcrete layer 3 in that it prevents the concrete from rebounding from the foam layer from falling off. In addition, the wire mesh forms 12 a reinforcement for the shotcrete layer.

In the shotcrete construction of the expansion in relation to the form so much weight that the expansion would collapse before reaching sufficient strength without the anchor. The anchors direct the weight of the shotcrete expansion into the mountains.

After solidification of the shotcrete construction, the anchors form a solid composite of the expansion with the mountains.

5 shows a possible honeycomb form for the in 2 illustrated wire mesh / wire mesh 12 , Other embodiments, for example, show simple grid shapes.

4 shows a spacer 13 for the positioning of the wire mesh. The spacer 13 is with a nut against the fastener 15 pressed.

The spacer 13 has various arms, where the wire mesh 43 can be hooked. In the embodiment, seven arms are provided. But there are also known spacers, which have only four arms.

The 6 . 7 . 8th . 11 . 12 show the attachment according to the invention of foam web edges in the plastic foam layer 4 with connection profiles 50 ,

The connection profiles are curved in the circumferential direction of the tunnel. In the drawing, the curvature is not considered for illustrative reasons.

In the exemplary embodiment, the length of the connecting profiles is 3.20 m. In other embodiments at least 1 m, preferably at least 1.5 m, even more preferably at least 2 m, and most preferably at least 2.5 m.

In the connection profile holes are introduced according to the distance between different anchor. Depending on the embodiment, the distance is at least 0.8 m, preferably at least 1.1 m and even more preferably at least 1.4 m.

The connecting profile consists of sheet metal with a thickness of 2 mm and has in cross-section a U-like shape with two outwardly bent free legs. The legs show a 45 degree inclination to the rest of the sheet. With these legs engages the connection profile 50 in triangular incisions 58 on the foam surface of the web edges 56 and 57 , The cuts run parallel to the edge of the sheet. The engagement in the cuts secures the web edges in the desired position on the joint profile 50 ,

To the connection profile also includes threaded rods, which are in holes of the connection profile 50 sit and with the connection profile after 12 are tightly welded. The threaded rods protrude with one end 51 on the mountain side opposite the connection profile 50 before and with the other end 52 inside the tunnel in front of the connection profile. The mountain end is for bolting with the anchors 55 certainly. The screw connection is done with threaded sleeves 54 , The threaded sleeves 54 have a through hole and are threaded at each end. The anchor-side thread is provided with a normal thread corresponding to the anchor. The connecting profile facing sleeve end is provided with an opposite thread. The end corresponding to this sleeve 51 the threaded rod in the connecting profile has the same, with respect to the anchor 55 opposite thread 61 ,

The opposite thread has the consequence that a threaded sleeve 54 simultaneously with the anchor 55 and the protruding threaded rod end 51 can be screwed. In the embodiment, a fuse of the threaded sleeve 54 provided in the end position with a locking nut, not shown.

The end projecting into the interior of the tunnel 60 in the connection profile 50 sitting threaded rod is in turn with a standard thread 62 Mistake.

The end projecting into the interior of the tunnel 60 in the connection profile 50 a squeezable threaded rod is intended to pass through the foam layers, there to include a clamping device and spacers, then a reinforcing grid for a shotcrete construction and a clamping device.

The clamping device 52 consists of parallel concrete bars 160 passing through tabs 161 be spaced. The distance is chosen so that the Kunststoffschaumbahnränder 56 and 57 in the area of the incisions 58 against the connection profile 50 is pressed. There are holes for that 162 in the one with the bars 160 welded tabs 161 with which the clamping device on the threaded rod end 60 can be pushed. The necessary clamping effect is achieved by nuts 53 generated.

In the illustrated clamping position are the web edges 56 and 57 closing together, so that there is no thickness that can cause a cold bridge.

In the exemplary embodiment, the compression of the plastic foam web edges is 56 and 57 limited by a spacer sleeve, not shown.

13 shows a further embodiment with a connection profile 50 and a connection with the armature deviating from the aforementioned embodiment. This will be the connection profile 50 between a nut 85 and a sleeve 82 clamped. The sleeve 82 has two threaded holes designed as blind holes. In the mountain-side blind hole sits a threaded rod 80 , whose diameter and thread are the threaded rod end 51 to 12 corresponds and which over the sleeve 54 with the anchor 55 to be connected.

In the pointing to the interior of the tunnel threaded hole sits a threaded rod / mandrel 81 , The threaded rod / mandrel 81 has the same diameter and thread as well as the same tasks as the threaded rod end 60 to 12 ,

The sleeve 82 has connection profile side a collar 83 ,

Between the collar 83 and the connection profile 50 is a seal 84 intended. The sleeve 82 will with the collar 83 and the seal 84 pressed against the connection profile. The pressing pressure arises because of the threaded rod 80 at the same time a nut 85 sitting. The pressing pressure is achieved by turning the nut 85 and / or by turning the sleeve 82 set.

The connection is dense, because this compound is an application of in the PCT / EP06 / 006358 provided blind hole principle includes. That's about the threads of the threaded rod 80 penetrating mountain water ends in the associated blind hole.

In addition, the construction has the advantage that the anchor 55 through the correspondingly wide holes in the connection profile 50 into the anchor holes in the mountains can be driven. The anchors must then no longer run parallel, but can differ greatly from each other. This is conducive to the rigidity of the connection of the expansion with the mountains.

3 shows yet another embodiment.

In the embodiment is a rock anchor 150 over a sleeve 160 with an extension bar 170 connected.

The rock anchor and the sleeve are designed as threaded rods. In this case, the rock anchor has a common thread, while the extension rod has an opposite thread on the sleeve-side end. The sleeve 160 is provided with a through hole for the anchor and the extension rod. The through hole is also provided on the anchor side with a standard thread and extension rod side with an opposite thread, so that the extension rod and the armature can be interconnected by a sleeve rotation and solved by a reverse sleeve rotation from each other.

The extension bar 170 also works with a connection profile 190 together. The connection profile 190 has a welded sleeve 180 , In the sleeve 180 and the connection profile 190 a through threaded hole is provided. On the mountain side is the extension bar 170 with the sleeve 180 screwed, at the opposite end is another thorn-like threaded rod 120 screwed. The further threaded rod 120 has the same task as the mandrel / threaded rod 51 to 6 ,

In the embodiment is between the extension rod 170 and the threaded rod in the sleeve 180 a seal 181 provided to prevent leaking through the sleeve leakage flow.

In another embodiment, two internally threaded blind holes are provided in the sleeve instead of the continuous threaded bore. Due to the blind holes a leakage flow in the sleeve is also excluded.

The extension bar 170 is through a lock nut 110 in the sleeve 180 secured. The same fuse is on the threaded rod / mandrel 120 intended.

When mounting it is not necessary that holes are drilled during the laying of the plastic foam sheets.

The holes for those with the connection profile 50 corresponding anchor 50 can be brought in advance for laying together with the other anchor holes in the mountains. Complex measurements are omitted when working with a template, which is held by the drilling robot at the location that is planned for the relevant connection profile.

The connection profile 50 should complement itself with other connection profiles to a Ausbaubogen. This results in overlapping joints, as in 9 based on two profiles 70 and 71 are shown. The attachment lines of the profiles on which the anchors 55 and bars 51 and 80 and the sleeve 54 lie, are in 9 With 72 designated.

In 9 the slope is visible, which consists of a round tunnel cross-section from the ridge to the tunnel sole. There, the mountain water should drain outside on the expansion.

So that the mountain water does not penetrate between the connection profiles and the plastic foam, the lower ends of the upper profiles overlap 70 the upper ends of the lower profiles 71 Outside.

In further embodiments, it may be provided that the plastic foam webs not only run in the tunnel circumferential direction. It may also be additionally provided that run in the ridge area or on the side walls of plastic foam sheets in the tunnel longitudinal direction. In the connection profiles, which then run in the tunnel longitudinal direction, the same overlap in the direction of fall as after 9 intended.

As far as connection profiles which run in the tunnel circumferential direction, come to connection profiles which extend in the tunnel longitudinal direction, a connecting cross is provided in further embodiments. The cross is in 10 shown. It has four connection ends 75 with the same cross-section as the adjoining connection profiles and can with an upper end as needed 75 under the lower end of an upper connection profile 50 grab or with a lower end 75 over the top of a lower connection profile 50 to grab.

This applies mutatis mutandis to the interaction with the running in the tunnel longitudinal direction and in the direction of the tunnel further connection profiles.

After assembly of the foam layer and the reinforcing mesh in the tunnel, in the exemplary embodiment, a fast-binding cement milk is first sprayed thinly onto the foam layer and grid. The dried cement slurry forms an advantageous primer for a subsequent application of shotcrete. The shotcrete is applied in layers, starting at the tunnel sole. In the exemplary embodiment, the tunnel runs horizontally, so that the shotcrete is laid in horizontal layers, which are superimposed from bottom to top of the foam layer. The layers have a width which corresponds to the desired shotcrete layer thickness. In other embodiments, a smaller width of the layers is provided, so that first a first shotcrete layer is applied to the foam layer, which completely covers the foam layer. Thereafter, another shotcrete layer is applied, which completely covers the previously discussed shotcrete layer. This is repeated until the desired thickness of the shotcrete layer is reached.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

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Claims (33)

Expansion for civil engineering, especially tunnel construction or removal of tunnels in stable mountains, in particular with insulation and sealing in the form of a plastic foam layer, using anchors that are placed in the stable mountain, wherein the foam layer is held by fasteners to the anchors, wherein the foam layer is clamped between the fasteners, one of which is arranged on the outside of the foam layer and the other on the inside of the foam layer, wherein the outside fastener has a connection with the anchor, and on the inside of the foam layer, a shotcrete layer is built, wherein the plastic foam layer is composed of webs and the web edges are sealingly held with connecting profiles. Construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the connection profiles at the same time form the fastener. Construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the use of connecting profiles which engage in recesses of the foam layer and / or on elevations of the foam layer. A construction according to claim 3, characterized by elevations and / or depressions on the foam layer which have been prepared in whole or in part. Construction according to claim 3, characterized in that the connection profiles are pressed into the plastic foam, so that the elevations and / or depressions are wholly or partly caused by the connection profiles. Assembly according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the connecting profiles are pressed into partially prepared recesses of the plastic foam and attack on partially prepared elevations in the plastic foam, so that the final shape of the elevations and depressions are partly caused by the connection profiles. Construction according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the depressions and elevations run parallel to the web edge and have a distance of at least 10 mm, preferably at least 20 mm and most preferably at least 30 mm to the web edge. Installation according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the web edges are overlapping in the connection area. Assembly according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the web edges are butted in the connection region. Construction according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by the use of connecting profiles having a width of 30 to 200 mm, preferably a width of 40 to 150 mm and most preferably a width of 50 to 100 mm. Installation according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the web edges extend in the circumferential direction of the tunnel. Construction according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the connecting profiles at a joint of circumferentially extending web edges form a one-piece or multi-part expansion arc, which preferably extends over the entire length of the joint. An assembly according to claim 12, characterized by connecting profiles which overlap in the tunnel circumferential direction at the ends, wherein the lower ends of the upper connecting profiles over the upper ends of the lower connecting profiles lie. An expansion according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the connecting profiles form a one-part or multi-part expansion part at a joint of web edges running in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel. An assembly according to claim 14, characterized by connecting profiles which overlap in the tunnel longitudinal direction at tunnel slopes at the ends, wherein the lower ends of the upper connecting profiles over the upper ends of the lower connecting profiles lie. An expansion according to any one of claims 12 to 15, characterized in that a connecting cross is provided at the points where the connecting sections extending in the tunnel circumferential direction abut connecting profiles extending in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel, wherein the connecting cross has the same cross-section as the connecting profiles at the ends to be connected , A construction according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized by straight or curved elevations and / or depressions and / or elevations with an angular and / or round cross-section, preferably by elevations and / or depressions with a triangular cross section, wherein the elevations and depressions in relation on the thickness of the plastic foam layer has a depth or height, which is equal to 20%, preferably at least 30%, and more preferably at least 40% of the thickness dimension. Expansion according to 17, characterized in that the cross-sectionally angular elevations correspond with recesses of round cross-section and vice versa. Construction according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the elevations and / or depressions run along the joint of the web edges. An assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterized by connecting profiles of straight or formed sheet metal and / or straight or shaped profile bars and / or straight or shaped wire and / or wire meshes, wherein the profile bars are preferably connected to each other, still more preferably wherein the profile bars are interconnected by connecting plates or connecting webs. Construction according to one of claims 18 to 20, characterized in that the web edges of the plastic foam are clamped between profiled bars and / or wire and / or wire mesh on one side and sheet metal on the other side, wherein a) surveys on one side may be located exactly opposite elevations on the other side, b) surveys can be arranged on one side offset to surveys on the other side c) surveys on the one hand can face a surface without elevations and without depressions. Construction according to one of claims 1 to 21, characterized by the use of sheets having a thickness of 0.5 to 4 mm, preferably 1 to 3 mm, more preferably 1.5 to 2.5 mm and or with a length of at least 1 m, preferably a length of at least 1.5 m, even more preferably with a length of at least 2 m and most preferably with a length of at least 2.5 m. and or with elevations and depressions, which are preferably formed by folds or folds of the sheet, even more preferably with bends on the lateral edge, wherein the angle creates an angle of inclination of 30 to 90 degrees, and or by using profiled bars with a diameter of at least 6 mm, preferably at least 8 mm and more preferably at least 10 mm, and preferably with profiled bars of round material and or with anchor distances in the circumferential direction of the tunnel of at least 0.8 m, preferably of at least 1.1 m, even more preferably of at least 1.4 m, wherein the anchor distances in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel are at least 1 m, preferably at least 1.4 m, even more preferably at least 1.7 m. Installation according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that the connection profiles are wholly or partly made of metal, preferably steel, or wholly or partly of plastic, preferably with fiber reinforcement, or wholly or partly of a composite material. An expansion according to any one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that at least 3, preferably at least 4 and even more preferably at least 5 expansion profiles are assembled to form a removal bow. An assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that a series of anchor holes and anchors are provided in the mountains at a junction of two web edges and the connecting profiles are connected to these anchors directly or via extension rods, the extension rods preferably via threaded sleeves with the anchors are connected, the threaded holes correspond with an external thread at the anchor ends and an external thread at the end of the extension rod, in particular with threaded sleeves, which are provided with two opposing, mutually aligned threaded holes and correspond with opposing threads at the anchor end and at the end of the extension rod, so that the Threaded sleeve is connected by rotation at the same time with the anchor end and the end of the extension rod. An assembly according to claim 25, characterized in that a plurality of anchor bores and anchors are arranged parallel to each other in the mountains, as far as the anchors cooperate with a common connection profile. An assembly according to claim 25 or 26, characterized in that the connecting profiles formed as sheets are arranged on the mountain side on the expansion and the profiled bars or wires or grids are arranged on the inside of the expansion. An expansion according to any one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the connection profile is welded or screwed on the mountain side with a sleeve and that the sleeve sealingly receives the end of an anchor or the end of an extension rod or that the anchor or the extension rod welded directly to the connection profile or screwed. Removal according to claim 28, characterized in that the extension rod is screwed into the connecting profile, wherein the mountain side as well as tunnel inside a clamping means, preferably a nut, is provided so that a clamping is provided on both sides of the connection profile, wherein preferably the clamping indirectly with a sleeve takes place, which is provided on the connection profile and receives the threaded rod in a blind hole, which is provided with a thread and can be clamped against the connection profile, even more preferred, wherein the sleeve with a collar presses a seal against the connection profile and wherein the sleeve Tunnel inside is provided with a further threaded rod, which is intended for receiving the profile bars, rods, wires or grid for clamping the foam layer. An assembly according to claim 28, characterized in that a connecting profile is provided with open holes, so that the connection profile can be pushed onto the anchor ends or on the extension rods or the anchors can be pushed through the open holes in the connection profile in the anchor holes in the mountains, wherein a two-sided clamping of the connection profile between clamping means on the anchor ends or the extension rod is provided. An assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that the tunnel inner side clamping means for the clamping of the foam layer is formed by a grid or by reinforcing steel bars, preferably formed by mutually parallel and parallel to the longitudinal direction of the connecting profiles extending rods which are interconnected by tabs are and are tightened with nuts. Construction according to any one of Claims 1 to 31, characterized by the use of PE foam having a density of 30 kg per cubic meter plus / minus 30%, preferably plus / minus 20% and even more preferably plus / minus 10%, preferably one Thickness of at least 40 mm, more preferably of at least 70 mm, and most preferably of at least 100 mm. Construction according to claim 32, characterized by the use of cross-linked PE foam.

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