EP1546063A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung inverser opalartiger strukturen - Google Patents

Verfahren zur herstellung inverser opalartiger strukturen

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Publication number
EP1546063A1
EP1546063A1 EP03798883A EP03798883A EP1546063A1 EP 1546063 A1 EP1546063 A1 EP 1546063A1 EP 03798883 A EP03798883 A EP 03798883A EP 03798883 A EP03798883 A EP 03798883A EP 1546063 A1 EP1546063 A1 EP 1546063A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
shell
shell particles
inverse
polymers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03798883A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Holger Winkler
Götz HELLMANN
Tilmannn Ruhl
Peter Spahn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merck Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
Merck Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Merck Patent GmbH filed Critical Merck Patent GmbH
Publication of EP1546063A1 publication Critical patent/EP1546063A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
    • C08J3/126—Polymer particles coated by polymer, e.g. core shell structures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
    • C04B38/04—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by dissolving-out added substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
    • C04B38/06—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by burning-out added substances by burning natural expanding materials or by sublimating or melting out added substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F257/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00
    • C08F257/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00 on to polymers of styrene or alkyl-substituted styrenes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F285/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to preformed graft polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F289/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08F251/00 - C08F287/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/60—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape characterised by shape
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/80—Optical properties, e.g. transparency or reflexibility

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of core-shell particles as a template for producing inverse opal-like structures and a method for producing inverse opal-like structures.
  • Three-dimensional photonic structures are generally understood to mean systems which have a regular, three-dimensional modulation of the dielectric constant (and therefore also of the refractive index). If the periodic modulation length corresponds approximately to the wavelength of the (visible) light, the structure interacts with the light in the manner of a three-dimensional diffraction grating, which manifests itself in angle-dependent color phenomena.
  • An example of this is the nature of the E delstein O pal d ar, which consists of a densely packed spherical packing made of silicon dioxide spheres and cavities in between that are filled with air or water. The inverse structure to this arises from the fact that regular spherical hollow volumes are arranged in the densest packing in a solid material.
  • TiO 2 in particular is a suitable material for the formation of a photonic structure because it has a high refractive index.
  • Three-dimensional inverse structures can be created by template synthesis:
  • Capillary effects are filled with a gaseous or liquid precursor or a solution of a precursor.
  • the precursor is (thermally) converted into the desired material.
  • the templates are removed, leaving the inverse structure.
  • Many such methods are known in the literature. For example, SiO 2 spheres can be arranged in the densest packing, the hollow volumes are filled with solutions containing tetraethyl orthotitanate. After several tempering steps, the balls are removed in an etching process with HF, leaving the inverse structure of titanium dioxide (V. Colvin et al. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 180).
  • De La Rue et al. (De La Rue et al. Synth. Metals, 2001, 116, 469) describe the preparation of inverse, consisting of TiO 2 opals according to the following method: A dispersion of 400 nm polystyrene balls is dried on a filter paper under an IR lamp. The filter cake is suctioned off with ethanol, transferred into a glove box and infiltrated by means of a water jet pump with tetraethyl orthotitanate. Carefully remove the filter paper from the latex-ethoxide composite and transfer the composite to a tube furnace. The calcination takes place in the tube furnace at 575 ° C. for 8 hours in an air stream, whereby titanium dioxide is formed from the ethoxide and the latex particles are burned out. An inverse TiO 2 opal structure remains.
  • Martinelli et al. (M. Martinelli et al. Optical Mater. 2001, 17, 11) describe the production of inverse TiO 2 opals using 780 nm and 3190 nm polystyrene spheres.
  • a regular arrangement in the densest spherical packing is achieved by centrifuging the aqueous spherical dispersion at 700-1000 rpm for 24-48 hours and then decanting, followed by air drying.
  • the regularly arranged balls are moistened with ethanol on a filter on a Buchner funnel and then dropwise provided with an ethanolic solution of tetraethyl orthotitanate.
  • the sample is dried in a vacuum desiccator for 4 to 12 hours. This filling procedure is repeated 4 to 5 times.
  • the polystyrene balls are then burned out at 600 ° C - 800 ° C for 8 - 10 hours.
  • Stein et al. (A. Stein et al. Science, 1998, 281, 538) describe the synthesis of inverse TiO 2 opals from polystyrene spheres with a diameter of 470 nm as a template. These are made in a 28 hour process, subjected to centrifugation and air dried. Then the latices template are applied to a filter paper.
  • Ethanol is sucked into the latex template via a Büchner funnel, which is connected to a vacuum pump. Then tetraethyl orthotitanate is added dropwise with suction. After drying in a vacuum desiccator for 24 h, the latices are burned out at 575 ° C for 12 h in an air stream.
  • Vos et al. (WL Vos et al. Science, 1998, 281, 802) produce inverse TiO 2 opals by using polystyrene spheres with diameters of 180-1460 nm as templates.
  • a sedimentation technique is used to set the densest spherical packing of the spheres, which is supported by centrifugation for up to 48 h.
  • an ethanolic solution of tetra-n-propoxy orthotitanate is added to it in a glove box. After about 1 h, the infiltrated material is brought into the air to allow the precursor to react to form TiO. This procedure is repeated eight times to ensure complete filling with TiO 2 .
  • the material is then calcined at 450 ° C.
  • core-shell particles of this type are outstandingly suitable as templates for producing inverse opal structures.
  • a first object of the present invention is therefore the use of the core-shell particles, the shell of which forms a matrix and whose core is essentially solid and has an essentially monodisperse size distribution as a template for producing inverse opal structures.
  • Another object of the present invention is a method for producing inverse opal structures, characterized in that: a) a dispersion of core-shell particles, the shell of which forms a matrix and the core of which is essentially solid, is dried, b) optionally or more precursors more suitable
  • Wall materials are added and, c) the cores are subsequently removed.
  • the templates can be processed by melting processes.
  • the shell is connected to the core via an intermediate layer.
  • the core-shell particles have an average particle diameter in the range from about 5 nm to about 2000 nm. It can be particularly preferred if the core-shell particles have an average particle diameter in the range from about 5 to 20 nm, preferably 5 to 10 nm.
  • the nuclei can be called "quantum dots"; they show the corresponding effects known from the literature.
  • the core-shell particles have an average particle diameter in the range of approximately 50-500 nm.
  • Particles in the range from 100 to 500 nm are particularly preferably used, since with particles in this order of magnitude (depending on the refractive index contrast which can be achieved in the photonic structure) the reflections of different wavelengths of visible light differ significantly from one another and thus those for optical effects in the visible range particularly important opalescence particularly pronounced occurs in different colors. In a variant of the present invention, however, it is also preferred to use multiples of this preferred particle size, which then lead to reflections corresponding to the higher orders and thus to a broad play of colors.
  • the intermediate layer is a preferred one
  • Embodiment of the invention around a layer of crosslinked or at least partially crosslinked polymers.
  • Intermediate layer via free radicals, for example induced by UV radiation, or preferably via di- or oligofunctional monomers.
  • Preferred intermediate layers of this embodiment contain 0.01 to 100% by weight, particularly preferably 0.25 to 10
  • di- or oligo-functional monomers % By weight, di- or oligo-functional monomers.
  • Preferred di- or oligo-functional monomers are in particular isoprene and allyl methacrylate (ALMA).
  • AMA allyl methacrylate
  • Such an intermediate layer of crosslinked or at least partially crosslinked polymers preferably has a thickness in the range of
  • Refractive index of the core or the refractive index of the cladding is Refractive index of the core or the refractive index of the cladding.
  • copolymers which contain a crosslinkable monomer are used as the intermediate layer, the person skilled in the art does not have any problems in selecting suitable copolymerizable monomers in a suitable manner.
  • corresponding copolymerizable monomers can be selected from a so-called Q-e scheme (cf. textbooks of macromolecular chemistry).
  • Monomers such as methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate can preferably be polymerized with ALMA.
  • shell polymers are directly, via a appropriate functionalization of the core, grafted onto the core.
  • the surface functionalization of the core forms the intermediate layer according to the invention.
  • the type of surface functionalization depends mainly on the material of the core. silica
  • Surfaces can be suitably modified, for example, with silanes which have correspondingly reactive end groups, such as epoxy functions or free double bonds.
  • a styrene functionalized on the aromatic, such as bromostyrene can be used for surface modification, for example.
  • the growth of the shell polymers can then be achieved via this functionalization.
  • the intermediate layer can also cause the cladding to adhere to the core via ionic interactions or complex bonds. 5
  • the shell of these core-shell particles consists of essentially uncrosslinked organic polymers which are preferably grafted onto the core via an at least partially crosslinked intermediate layer.
  • the jacket can either consist of thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers.
  • the core can consist of various materials. It is only essential in the sense of the present invention that the core and, in one variant of the invention, preferably also the intermediate layer and jacket, can be removed under conditions in which the wall material is stable. The choice of suitable core / cladding / interlayer wall material combinations does not pose any difficulties for the person skilled in the art.
  • the core consists of an organic polymer, which is preferably crosslinked. 5
  • the cores consist of an inorganic material, preferably a metal or semimetal or a metal chalcogenide or
  • Metal pnictide As chalcogenides in the sense of the present
  • Invention denotes those compounds in which an element of the 16th
  • Group of the periodic table is the electronegative binding partner; as pnictide those in which an element of the 15th group of the periodic table is the electronegative binding partner.
  • Preferred cores consist of metal chalcogenides, preferably metal oxides, or metal pnictides, preferably nitrides or phosphides. Metal in the sense of these terms and also all elements, which can appear as an electropositive partner in comparison to the counterions, like the classic metals of the subgroups or the main group metals of the first and second main group, but also all of them Elements of the third main group, as well as silicon,
  • Germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth Germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
  • the preferred metal chalcogenides and metal pnictides include, in particular, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, gallium nitride, boron and
  • the starting material for the production of the core-shell particles to be used according to the invention is preferably monodisperse silicon dioxide cores, which can be obtained, for example, by the process described in US Pat. No. 4,911,903.
  • the cores are produced by hydrolytic polycondensation of tetraalkoxysilanes in an aqueous-ammoniacal medium, initially producing a sol of primary particles and then bringing the SiO 2 particles obtained to the desired particle size by continuous, controlled metering in of tetraalkoxysilane , This process can be used to produce monodisperse SiO 2 cores with average particle diameters between 0.05 and 10 ⁇ m with a standard deviation of 5%.
  • Monodisperse cores made of non-absorbent metal oxides such as TiO 2 are also used as the starting material. ZrO 2 , Zn0 2 , SnO 2 or Al 2 O 3 or metal oxide mixtures can be used.
  • the wall of the inverse opal structures obtainable according to the invention is preferably formed from an inorganic material, preferably a metal chalcogenide or metal pnictide.
  • this material is also referred to as wall material.
  • chalcogenides are compounds in which an element of the 16th group of the periodic table is the electronegative binding partner; as pnictide those in which an element of the 15th group of the periodic table is the electronegative binding partner.
  • Preferred wall materials are
  • Metal chalcogenides preferably metal oxides, or metal pnictides, preferably nitrides or phosphides.
  • Metal in the sense of these terms are all elements that can appear as electropositive partners compared to the counterions, such as the classic metals of the subgroups, such as titanium and zirconium in particular, or the main group metals of the first and second main group, but also all elements the third main group, as well as silicon, germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
  • To the preferred metal chalcogenides include in particular silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and particularly preferably titanium dioxide.
  • precursors which are liquid, sinterable or soluble and which can be converted into stable solids by a sol-gel-analogous conversion can be used as starting material (precursor) for the production of the inverse opals according to this variant of the invention.
  • Sinterable precursors are understood to mean ceramic or pre-ceramic particles, preferably nanoparticles, which - as is customary in ceramics - can be processed by sintering, possibly with the elimination of volatile by-products, into a molded part - the inverse opal.
  • Precursors of this type are known to the person skilled in the art from the relevant ceramic literature (e.g. H.P. Baldus, M. Jansen, Angew. Chem.
  • gaseous precursors that can be infiltrated into the template structure using a known CVD-analog method can also be used.
  • solutions of one or more esters of a corresponding inorganic acid with a lower alcohol such as, for example, tetraethoxysilane, tetrabutoxytitanium, tetrapropoxyzircon or mixtures thereof, are used.
  • the wall of the inverse opal is formed from the polymers of the shell of the core-shell particles, which are preferably crosslinked with one another.
  • the addition of precursors in step b) can be omitted or replaced by the addition of crosslinking agents.
  • the cores consist of an inorganic material described above.
  • a dispersion of the core-shell particles described above is dried in a first step.
  • the Drying under conditions that allow the formation of a "positive" opal structure, which then serves as a template in the further process. This can be done, for example, by carefully removing the dispersant, by slow sedimentation, or by applying a mechanical force to a pre-dried mass of the core-shell particles.
  • the mechanical action of force can, according to the invention, be such a force action that occurs in the usual processing steps of polymers.
  • the mechanical force is applied either: by uniaxial pressing or
  • the shaped bodies according to the invention are preferably films. Films according to the invention can preferably also be produced by calendering, film blowing or flat film extrusion.
  • the various possibilities of processing polymers under the influence of mechanical forces are well known to the person skilled in the art and can be found, for example, in the standard textbook Adolf Franck, "Plastic Compendium”; Vogel-Verlag; 1996 are taken.
  • the processing of core-shell particles by the action of mechanical force, as is preferred here, is also described in detail in the international patent application WO 2003025035.
  • the precursor is therefore a solution of an ester of an inorganic ortho acid with a lower alcohol, preferably tetraethoxysilane, tetrabutoxytitanium, tetrapro- poxyzircon or mixtures thereof.
  • a lower alcohol preferably tetraethoxysilane, tetrabutoxytitanium, tetrapro- poxyzircon or mixtures thereof.
  • Lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol or n-butanol are particularly suitable as solvents for the precursors.
  • the precursors or, alternatively, the crosslinking agent it is advantageous to allow the precursors or, alternatively, the crosslinking agent to act for some time on the core-shell particle template structure under a protective gas cushion before the condensation of the wall material, in order to bring about a uniform penetration into the cavities.
  • the template structure is mixed with the precursors or the crosslinking agent under reduced pressure, preferably in a static vacuum at p ⁇ 1 mbar.
  • the wall material is formed from the precursors either by adding water and / or by heating the reaction mixture.
  • heating in air is usually sufficient.
  • step c) The cores can be removed in step c) in various ways.
  • the cores can be removed by removing them or by burning them out.
  • step c) is a calcination of the wall material, preferably at temperatures above 200 ° C., particularly preferably above 400 ° C. If, according to the variant of the invention described above, a precursor is used to form the Used wall, it is particularly preferred if the entire core-shell particles are removed together with the cores.
  • the cores are made of suitable inorganic materials, they can be removed by etching. This procedure is particularly preferred when the sheath polymers are to form the wall of the inverse opal structure.
  • silicon dioxide cores can preferably be removed using HF, in particular dilute HF solution. With this procedure, it can again be preferred if, before the removal of the cores, the jacket is crosslinked, as described above.
  • the cavities of the inverse opal structure are to be impregnated again with liquid or gaseous materials, it can also be preferred if the jacket is not or only very slightly crosslinked.
  • the impregnation can consist, for example, of storing liquid crystals, as described, for example, in Ozaki et al., Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 514 and Sato et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10950.
  • Those obtainable according to the invention are suitable on the one hand for the use described above as a photonic material, preferably with the impregnation mentioned, but on the other hand also for the production of porous surfaces, membranes, separators, filters and porous supports. These materials can also be used, for example, as fluidized beds in fluidized bed reactors.
  • the shell of the core-shell particles according to the invention contains one or more polymers and / or copolymers or polymer precursors and, if appropriate, auxiliaries and additives, the composition of the shell being able to be selected such that it is essentially dimensionally stable and tack-free in a non-swelling environment at room temperature.
  • the person skilled in the art gains the freedom of their relevant properties, such as. B. to determine their composition, the particle size, the mechanical data, the glass transition temperature, the melting point and the weight ratio of core: shell and thus also the application properties of the core / shell particles, which ultimately also affect the properties of the inverse produced Impact opal structure.
  • Polymers and / or copolymers which may be contained in the core material or which are made up of them are high molecular weight compounds which correspond to the specification given above for the core material. Both polymers and copolymers of polymerizable unsaturated monomers are suitable, as are polycondensates and copolycondensation products of monomers with at least two reactive groups, such as, for. B. high molecular weight aliphatic, aliphatic / aromatic or fully aromatic polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyureas and polyurethanes, but also aminoplast and phenoplast resins, such as. B. melamine / formaldehyde, urea / formaldehyde and phenol / formaldehyde condensates.
  • epoxy prepolymers are usually used, for example by reaction of bisphenol A or other bisphenols, resorcinol, hydroquinone, hexanediol, or other aromatic or aliphatic di- or polyols, or phenol-formaldehyde Condensates, or their mixtures with one another with epichlorohydrin, or other di- or polyepoxides are obtained, mixed with other compounds capable of condensation directly or in solution and allowed to harden.
  • the polymers of the core material are expediently crosslinked (co) polymers, since these usually only show their glass transition at high temperatures.
  • crosslinked polymers can either already in the course of
  • Copolycondensation may have been crosslinked or they may be completed the actual (co) polymerization or (co) polycondensation have been post-crosslinked in a separate process step.
  • the shell material as for the core material, in principle polymers of the classes already mentioned are suitable, provided that they are selected or constructed in such a way that they correspond to the specification given above for the shell polymers.
  • Polymers that meet the specifications for a sheath material are also found in the groups of polymers and copolymers of polymerizable unsaturated monomers, as well as the polycondensates and copolycondensates of monomers with at least two reactive groups, such as.
  • Some other examples may illustrate the wide range of polymers suitable for making the sheath.
  • polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polybutadiene, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyoxymethylene, polyesters, polyamides, polyepoxides, polyurethane, rubber, polyacrylonitrile and polyisoprene are suitable, for example.
  • sheath is comparatively high-index, are suitable for the
  • Coat for example, polymers with a preferably aromatic basic structure such as polystyrene, polystyrene copolymers such as. B. SAN, aromatic-aliphatic polyesters and polyamides, aromatic polysulfones and polyketones, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and, with a suitable choice of a high-index core material, also polyacrylonitrile or polyurethane.
  • polystyrene polystyrene copolymers
  • B. SAN aromatic-aliphatic polyesters and polyamides, aromatic polysulfones and polyketones, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and, with a suitable choice of a high-index core material, also polyacrylonitrile or polyurethane.
  • Core-shell particles the core consists of cross-linked polystyrene and the shell of a polyacrylate, preferably polyethyl acrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate and / or a copolymer thereof.
  • Wall of the inverse opal structure formed by sheath polymers it is preferred if the weight ratio of core to mantel in the range from 5: 1 to 1:10, in particular in the range from 2: 1 to 1: 5 and particularly preferably in the range is less than 1: 1.
  • the core-shell particles which can be used according to the invention can be produced by various processes.
  • a preferred way of obtaining the particles is a process for the production of core-shell particles, by a) surface treatment of monodisperse cores, and b) application of the shell from organic polymers to the treated cores.
  • the monodisperse cores are obtained in a step a) by emulsion polymerization.
  • a crosslinked polymeric intermediate layer is preferably applied to the cores in step a) Emulsion polymerization or applied by ATR polymerization, which preferably has reactive centers to which the jacket can be covalently attached.
  • ATR-Polymerization stands here for Atomic Transfer Radicalic Polymerization, as for example in K. Matyjaszewski, Practical Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, Polym. Mater. Be. Closely. 2001, 84. Encapsulation of inorganic materials using ATRP is described, for example, in T.
  • the liquid reaction medium in which the polymerizations or copolymerizations can be carried out consists of the solvents, dispersants or diluents customarily used in polymerizations, in particular in processes of emulsion polymerization.
  • the selection is made in such a way that the emulsifiers used to homogenize the core particles and shell precursors can develop sufficient effectiveness.
  • Aqueous media, in particular water, are favorable as a liquid reaction medium for carrying out the process according to the invention.
  • Thermally activatable polymerization initiators that decompose either thermally or photochemically, form radicals, and thus trigger the polymerization.
  • thermally activatable polymerization initiators preference is given to those between 20 and 180 ° C., in particular between 20 and
  • Polymerization initiators are particularly preferred Peroxides, such as dibenzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, peresters,
  • Peroxides such as H 2 O 2 , salts of peroxosulfuric acid and peroxodisulfuric acid, azo compounds, boralkyl compounds and homolytically decomposing hydrocarbons.
  • Photoinitiators which are used depending on the requirements of the polymerized material in amounts between 0.01 and 15 wt .-%, based on the polymerizable components can be used singly or, more advantageously to exploit synergistic effects, in combination w ⁇ applied together.
  • redox systems are used, such as salts of peroxodisulfuric acid and peroxosulfuric acid in combination with low-valent sulfur compounds, especially ammonium peroxodisulfate in combination with 5 sodium dithionite.
  • Polyaddition products are obtained analogously by reaction with compounds which have at least two, preferably three reactive groups, such as, for. B. epoxy, cyanate, isocyanate, or isothiocyanate 0 groups, with compounds that carry complementary reactive groups.
  • isocyanates react with alcohols to form urethanes, with amines to form urea derivatives, while epoxides react with these complementaries to form hydroxyethers or hydroxyamines.
  • polyaddition reactions can advantageously be carried out in an inert solvent or dispersant. It is also possible to use aromatic, aliphatic or mixed aromatic-aliphatic polymers, e.g. B. polyester, polyurethane,
  • dispersion aids are used to produce the stable dispersions required for these polymerization-polycondensation or polyaddition processes.
  • Water-soluble, high-molecular organic compounds with polar groups such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, copolymers of vinyl propionate or acetate and vinyl pyrrolidone, partially saponified copolymer list of an acrylic ester and acrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohols with different residual acetate content, cellulose ethers, 0 gelatin, block copolymers are preferably used as dispersants , modified starch, low molecular weight, carbon and / or sulfonic acid group-containing polymers or mixtures of these substances.
  • polar groups such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, copolymers of vinyl propionate or acetate and vinyl pyrrolidone, partially saponified copolymer list of an acrylic ester and acrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohols with different residual acetate content, cellulose ethers, 0 gelatin, block copolymers are preferably used as dispersants , modified starch, low molecular weight
  • Particularly preferred protective colloids are polyvinyl alcohols with a residual acetate content of less than 35, in particular 5 to 39 mol% and / or vinylpyrrolidone-oleyl propionate copolymers with a vinyl ester content of less than 35, in particular 5 to 30% by weight.
  • Nonionic or ionic emulsifiers can be used.
  • Preferred emulsifiers are, where appropriate, ethoxylated or propoxylated, longer-chain alkanols or alkylphenols with different degrees of ethoxylation or propoxylation (for example adducts with 0 to 50 mol of alkylene oxide) or their neutralized based, sulfated, sulfonated or phosphated derivatives.
  • Neutralized dialkylsulfosuccinic acid esters or alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonates are also particularly suitable.
  • Combinations of these emulsifiers with the protective colloids mentioned above are particularly advantageous since they give particularly finely divided dispersions.
  • reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure,
  • the reaction time and the use of suitable catalyst systems, which influence the degree of polymerization in a known manner, and the selection of the monomers used for their preparation - according to type and proportion - can be set to the desired combinations of properties of the required polymers.
  • the particle size can be set, for example, via the selection and amount of the initiators and other parameters, such as the reaction temperature. The appropriate setting of these parameters does not pose any difficulties for the person skilled in the field of polymerization.
  • Monomers which lead to polymers with a high refractive index are generally those which either have aromatic partial structures or those which have heteroatoms with a high atomic number, such as, for example, B. halogen Atoms, in particular bromine or iodine atoms, sulfur or metal ions, ie have atoms or groupings of atoms which increase the polarizability of the polymers.
  • Monomers or monomer mixtures are obtained which do not contain the mentioned partial structures and / or atoms with a high atomic number or only in a small proportion.
  • Group b): Acrylates which have aromatic side chains, such as, for. B. Phenyl (meth) acrylate ( abbreviation for the two compounds phenyl acrylate and phenyl methacrylate), phenyl vinyl ether, benzyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl vinyl ether, and compounds of the formulas:
  • Such compounds are suitable which contain sulfur bridges in parts of oxygen bridges, such as, for. B .:
  • R represents hydrogen or methyl.
  • the phenyl rings of these monomers can carry further substituents. Such substituents are suitable for modifying the properties of the polymers produced from these monomers within certain limits. They can therefore be used in a targeted manner, in particular in order to optimize the properties of the moldings according to the invention that are relevant in terms of application technology.
  • Suitable substituents are in particular halogen, NO 2 , alkyls with one to twenty carbon atoms, preferably methyl, alkoxides with one to twenty carbon atoms, carboxyalkyls with one to twenty carbon atoms, carbonylalkyls with one to twenty carbon atoms, or - OCOO alkyls with one to twenty carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl chains of these radicals can in turn optionally be substituted or by double-bonded ones Heteroatoms or assemblies, such as. B. -O-, -S-, -NH-, -COO-, -OCO- or -OCOO- in non-adjacent positions.
  • the refractive index of polymers can also be increased by polymerizing in monomers containing carboxylic acid groups and converting the “acidic” polymers thus obtained into the corresponding salts with metals of higher atomic weight, such as, for example, B. preferably with K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Sn or Cd.
  • the abovementioned monomers which make a high contribution to the refractive index of the polymers produced therefrom, can be homopolymerized or copolymerized with one another. They can also be copolymerized with a certain proportion of monomers that make a lower contribution to the refractive index.
  • Such copolymerizable monomers with a lower refractive index contribution are, for example, acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl ethers or vinyl esters with purely aliphatic radicals.
  • bifunctional or polyfunctional compounds which are compatible with the above can also be used as crosslinking agents for producing crosslinked polymer cores from free-radically produced polymers mentioned monomers are copolymerizable, or they can subsequently react with the polymers with crosslinking.
  • Group 1 bisacrylates, bismethacrylates and bisvinyl ethers of aromatic or aliphatic di- or polyhydroxy compounds, in particular of butanediol (butanediol di (meth) acrylate, butanediol bis-vinyl ether), hexanediol (hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, hexanediol bis- vinyl ether), pentaerythritol, hydroquinone, bis-hydroxyphenylmethane, bis-hydroxyphenyl ether, bis-hydroxymethyl-benzene, bisphenol A or with ethylene oxide spacers, propylene oxide spacers, or mixed ethylene oxide-propylene oxide spacers.
  • butanediol butanediol di (meth) acrylate, butanediol bis-vinyl ether
  • hexanediol hexanediol di
  • crosslinkers in this group are e.g. B. di- or polyvinyl compounds, such as divinybenzene, or also methylene-bisacrylamide, triallyl cyanurate, divinylethylene urea, trimethylolpropane tri- (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tricinyl ether, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra vinyl ethers, and crosslinkers with two or more different reactive ends, such as. B. (Meth) allyl (meth) acrylates of the formulas:
  • Group 2 reactive crosslinking agents which have a crosslinking action, but mostly have a postcrosslinking action, e.g. B. with heating or drying, and which are copolymerized into the core or shell polymers as copolymers.
  • Examples include: N-methylol- (meth) acrylamide, acrylamidoglycolic acid, and their ethers and / or esters with C 1 to C 6 alcohols, diacetone acrylamide (DAAM), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MEMO), vinyl trimethoxysilane, m-isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate (TMI).
  • DAAM diacetone acrylamide
  • GMA glycidyl methacrylate
  • MEMO methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
  • TMI m-isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate
  • Group 3 Carboxylic acid groups which have been incorporated into the polymer by copolymerization of unsaturated carboxylic acids are crosslinked like polyvalent metal ions.
  • Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid and veneric acid are preferably used as unsaturated carboxylic acids.
  • Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Sn, Cd are suitable as metal ions.
  • Ca, M g and Zn, Ti and Zr are particularly preferred.
  • monovalent metal ions such as Well or K.
  • Group 4 Post-crosslinked additives. This is understood to mean additives which are functionalized to a degree or higher and which react irreversibly with the polymer (by addition or preferably condensation reactions) to form a network. Examples of these are compounds which have at least two of the following reactive groups per molecule: epoxy, aziridine, isocyanate acid chloride, carbodiimide or carbonyl groups, furthermore, for. B. 3.4-Dihydroxy-imidazolinone and its derivatives (®Fixapret @ brands from BASF).
  • postcrosslinkers with reactive groups such as. B. epoxy and isocyanate groups, complementary, reactive G groups in the polymer to be crosslinked.
  • reactive groups such as. B. epoxy and isocyanate groups
  • isocyanates react with alcohols to form urethanes, with amines to form urea derivatives, while epoxides react with these complementary groups to form hydroxyethers or hydroxyamines.
  • Post-crosslinking is also understood to mean photochemical curing, an oxidative, or an air- or moisture-induced curing of the systems.
  • the above-mentioned monomers and crosslinking agents can be combined with one another in a targeted manner and (co) polymerized, so that an optionally crosslinked (co) polymer is obtained with the desired refractive index and the required stability criteria and mechanical properties.
  • the coating of organic polymers is applied by grafting, preferably by emulsion polymerization or ATR polymerization.
  • grafting preferably by emulsion polymerization or ATR polymerization.
  • the methods and monomers described above can be used accordingly.
  • a receiver In a 5 l double-jacket reactor heated to 75 ° C. with a double propeller stirrer, argon protective gas inlet and reflux condenser, a receiver is heated to 4 ° C. and consists of 1519 g demineralized water, 2.8 g 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (MERCK), 25.2 g of styrene (from MERCK) and 1030 mg of sodium dodecyl sulfate (from MERCK) are added and dispersed with vigorous stirring.
  • MERCK 1,4-butanediol diacrylate
  • styrene from MERCK
  • sodium dodecyl sulfate from MERCK
  • reaction is dissolved by successively injecting 350 mg of sodium dithionite (MERCK), 1.75 g of ammonium peroxodisulfate (MERCK) and again 350 mg of sodium dithionite (MERCK), each in about 20 ml of water. started. The injection takes place by means of disposable syringes.
  • MERCK sodium dithionite
  • MERCK ammonium peroxodisulfate
  • MERCK sodium dithionite
  • a monomer emulsion consisting of 56.7 g of 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (from MERCK), 510.3 g of styrene (from MERCK), 2.625 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate (from MERCK), 0.7 g of KOH and 770 g of water are metered in continuously over a period of 120 min via the wobble piston pump.
  • a third monomer emulsion consisting of 200 g of ethyl acrylate (from MERCK), 0.550 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate (from MERCK) and 900 g of water continuously over a period of 240 min
  • the template is introduced into the double jacket reactor as a protective gas cushion for about one minute.
  • the reactor is heated to 95 ° C. and a steam distillation is carried out in order to remove residual, unreacted monomers from the latex dispersion.
  • the result is a dispersion of core-shell particles in which the shell has a weight fraction of approx. 22%.
  • the polystyrene core is cross-linked, the intermediate layer is also cross-linked (p (MMA-co-ALMA)) and is used to graft the jacket from uncrosslinked ethyl acrylate.
  • the templating structure i.e. H.
  • 5 g of the latex dispersion are poured into a flat glass bowl with a diameter of 7 cm and dried in the air, producing colorful, iridescent tinsel.
  • Such a tinsel is evacuated in a round bottom flask with the oil rotary vane pump.
  • a precursor solution consisting of 5 ml of tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate in 5 ml of absolute ethanol is then added in a static vacuum so that the dissolved precursor, driven by capillary forces, can penetrate the cavities of the template.
  • An argon cushion is placed over the solution in which the impregnated template is located. This arrangement is left static for a few hours before the impregnated tinsel in the argon protective gas stream removed and calcined in a corundum boat in a tube furnace at 500 ° C.
  • Figure 1 Scanning electron micrograph of the inverse opal structure made of titanium dioxide (Example 2).
  • the regular arrangement of the identical hollow volumes can be seen over a large area.
  • the hollow volumes are connected to one another by channels, which results in the possibility of filling via the liquid or gas phase

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3034563A1 (de) 2014-12-19 2016-06-22 Eckart GmbH Goldfarbene Effektpigmente mit hohem Chroma und hoher Brillanz, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung derselben
EP3034566A1 (de) 2014-12-19 2016-06-22 Eckart GmbH Metalleffektpigmente mit hohem Chroma und hoher Brillanz, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung derselben
EP3034564A1 (de) 2014-12-19 2016-06-22 Eckart GmbH Effektpigmente mit hoher Transparenz, hohem Chroma und hoher Brillanz, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung derselben
EP3034562A1 (de) 2014-12-19 2016-06-22 Eckart GmbH Absorbierende effektpigmente mit hohem chroma und hoher brillanz, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und verwendung derselben
US10391043B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2019-08-27 Eckart Gmbh Effect pigments with high chroma and high brilliancy, method for the production and use thereof
US10759941B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2020-09-01 Eckart Gmbh Metal effect pigments with high chroma and high brilliancy, method for the production and use thereof
US10799432B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2020-10-13 Eckart Gmbh Effect pigments with high chroma and high brilliancy, method for the production and use thereof
US10934436B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2021-03-02 Eckart Gmbh Effect pigments having high transparency, high chroma and high brilliancy, method for the production and use thereof
US10947391B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2021-03-16 Eckart Gmbh Gold-coloured effect pigments having high chroma and high brilliancy, method for the production and use thereof
US11202739B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2021-12-21 Eckart Gmbh Red-coloured decorative pigments with high chroma and high brilliancy, method for their production and use of same

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TWI291944B (en) 2008-01-01
TW200418745A (en) 2004-10-01
WO2004031102A1 (de) 2004-04-15
CN1684925A (zh) 2005-10-19
AU2003255503A1 (en) 2004-04-23
CA2500327A1 (en) 2004-04-15
KR20050074466A (ko) 2005-07-18
BR0314827A (pt) 2005-08-02
US20060254315A1 (en) 2006-11-16
JP2006501124A (ja) 2006-01-12
DE10245848A1 (de) 2004-04-01

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