Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
  • C08G63/668—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00
  • C08G83/002—Dendritic macromolecules
  • C08G83/005—Hyperbranched macromolecules

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the production of essentially uncrosslinked hyperbranched, water-soluble or water-dispersible polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and polyether polyols which have at least 3 OH groups. It also relates to water-soluble or water-dispersible hyperbranched polyesters which can be obtained by such a process, and to the use of such water-soluble polyesters for the production of polyaddition or polycondensation polymers and for the production of printing inks, adhesives, coatings, lacquers and coatings.
• Dendrimers, arborols, starburst polymers or hyperbranched polymers are names for polymer structures which are distinguished by a branched structure and high functionality.
• Dendrimers are molecularly uniform macromolecules with a highly symmetrical structure. Due to the high functionality and the highly symmetrical structure, they have many interesting properties. The use of dendrimers has been proposed in a wide variety of technical fields. However, dendrimers have to be synthesized in multi-step syntheses starting from a central starter molecule and are therefore very expensive. Accordingly, their technical use is limited to special cases in the high price sector. More economical alternatives to dendrimers are required for wider use.
• hyperbranched polymers are both molecularly and structurally inconsistent. They have branches of different lengths and branches.
• the term "hyperbranched polymers" is described, for example, in Sunder et al. , Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, No. 14, pages 2499 to 2506 and in the literature cited there. The article also discloses typical examples of this class of polymers.
• hyperbranched does not simply mean a high degree of branching of a polymer. Rather, it is characteristic that hyperbranched polymers have particularly regularly arranged branching points.
• So-called AB x monomers are particularly suitable for the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers. These have two different functional groups A and B, which can react with one another to form a link. The functional group A is only contained once per molecule and the functional group B twice or more. The reaction of the AB x monomers with one another produces uncrosslinked polymers with regularly arranged branching points. The polymers have almost exclusively B groups at the chain ends.
• Figure 1 shows a typical example of a hyperbranched polymer which can be obtained by reacting an AB monomer.
• Fig. 1 Synthesis scheme for hyperbranched polymers from AB monomers.
• WO 93/17060 discloses a process for the production of dendrimeric polyesters.
• a polyol as starter molecule for example trimethylolpropane, is reacted with dimethylolpropionic acid in such an amount that a first-generation dendrimer is formed.
• Higher-generation dendrimers are formed by the gradual addition of dimethylolpropionic acid.
• the polyester obtained can then be further functionalized.
• dimethylolpropionic acid is also expensive and the process allows little flexibility.
• Polyesters containing polyether polyols as a building block have been disclosed several times.
• No. 4,983,712 discloses the production of radiation-curable polyesters from a mixture of terephthalic acid, adipic acid and possibly further dicarboxylic acids on the one hand, and a mixture of an ethoxylated triol or polyol and a non-ethoxylated diol on the other hand.
• the product obtained is further functionalized with acrylic acid.
• the reaction takes place in the melt at 180 ° C - 250 ° C.
• the high reaction temperature leads to undesirable side reactions such as dehydration, intermolecular crosslinking and discoloration of the product.
• EP-A 383 118 discloses the production of crosslinkable (meth) acrylic group-containing polyesters from unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, at least one ether alcohol, which may have 1 to 4 OH groups, and (meth) acrylic acid.
• EP-A 279 303 discloses the preparation of radiation-curable acrylates by reacting oxyalkylated, 2- to 6-valent alcohols, 2 to 4-valent carboxylic acids and acrylic or methacrylic acid followed by the reaction of excess carboxyl groups with epoxides.
• GB-A 2 259 514 discloses the production of a polyester for improving the water wetting of objects from a mixture of a (poly) ether diol and a (poly) ether polyol on the one hand, the proportion of the diol in the mixture being 30 to 95% by weight and a mixture of aliphatic and alicyclic di or polycarboxylic acids.
• the polyesters with polyether polyol units disclosed in the cited documents can also have branches.
• none of the documents contain information on what conditions are required in order to obtain essentially uncrosslinked and hyperbranched, ie water-soluble or water-dispersible polyesters which have a regular branching structure.
• the object of the present invention was to provide an economical process for the preparation of essentially uncrosslinked, water-soluble or water-dispersible hyperbranched polyesters from simple monomers.
• the process should have a high degree of flexibility in order to optimally adapt the properties of the water-soluble or water-dispersible hyperbranched polyesters in a simple manner for specific applications.
• Another task was to provide novel water-soluble or water-dispersible hyperbranched polyesters and their use for the production of polyaddition or polycondensation polymers, and of printing inks, adhesives, lacquers and coatings.
• At least one polyether polyol (B) which has n OH groups, where n> 3,
• water-soluble or water-dispersible hyperbranched polyesters were found which can be obtained by the process described.
• the use of the water-soluble or water-dispersible, hyperbranched polyester was found for the production of printing inks, adhesives, coatings, lacquers and coatings.
• the hyperbranched and water-soluble or water-dispersible polyesters according to the present invention are hyperbranched polymers in the true sense, i.e. Molecularly and structurally inconsistent polymers. Molecularly and structurally uniform dendrimers as defined at the outset
• At least one dicarboxylic acid (A) or a suitable derivative thereof is used for the synthesis. Mixtures of different dicarboxylic acids or derivatives can of course also be used. The selection of the derivative is not restricted, provided that the reaction is not adversely affected.
• Suitable derivatives are in particular the relevant anhydrides in monomeric or polymeric form or mono- or dialkyl esters, preferably methyl or ethyl esters, which may also be mixed methyl ethyl esters.
• dicarboxylic acids (A) include saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, such as malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecane- ⁇ , ⁇ -dicarboxylic acid or alicyclic carboxylic acids such as 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid or cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.
• saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecane- ⁇ , ⁇ -dicarboxylic acid or alicyclic carboxylic acids such as 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid or cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
• the dicarboxylic acids mentioned can also be substituted, for example with one or more radicals, such as alkyl groups, in particular Ci-Cirj-alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkylene groups such as methylene or ethylidene or aryl groups, in particular Cg-Cr aryl groups.
• radicals such as alkyl groups, in particular Ci-Cirj-alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkylene groups such as methylene or ethylidene or aryl groups, in particular Cg-Cr aryl groups.
• dicarboxylic acids (A) include ethylenically unsaturated acids such as maleic acid and fumaric acid and aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid.
• Preferred dicarboxylic acids (A) are aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, in particular succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid or their mono- or dimethyl esters. Phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid or their mono- or dimethyl esters are also preferred. Adipic acid is very particularly preferred.
• a polyether polyol (B) with n OH groups is used as the second component for the synthesis, where n stands for a natural number greater than or equal to 3.
• N is preferably 3, 4, 5 or 6 and particularly preferably 3 or 4.
• polyether polyols can of course also be used.
• suitable polyether polyols include oligoglycerols with a degree of polymerization of 2 to 50, preferably 2 to 7 and particularly preferably 2 to 4.
• Ethoxylation and / or propropoxylation of compounds with at least 3 groups which have acidic H atoms are available. Ethoxylation is preferred.
• Examples of compounds which have at least 3 groups with acidic H atoms include alcohols, especially saturated alcohols which have at least 3 OH groups, such as glycerol, trimethyloletane, trimethylolpropane, ditrimethylolpropane or pentaerythrol. Suitable amines or amino
• alcohols such as diethanolamine,
• Dipropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triethanolamine, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane or diisopropylethanolamine Dipropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triethanolamine, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane or diisopropylethanolamine.
• the degree of ethoxylation is usually between 0.1 and 20 10 ethylene oxide units per OH group or group with acidic H. Preferred are 1 to 6 and particularly preferably 2 to 5 units.
• the number average molecular weight M n of the polyether polyols used is usually between 100 and 1000 g / mol. Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane, ethoxylated glycerol or ethoxylated pentaerythrol are preferably used. Star-shaped molecules with at least 3 arms made of PPO-PEO blocks are also suitable.
• components (A) and (B) are used for the reaction 30 in amounts such that the molar ratio of the OH and COOH groups is 2: 1 to 1: 2. If the ratio mentioned is greater than the upper or lower than the lower limit, water-soluble or water-dispersible, hyperbranched polymers of sufficient quality are generally no longer obtained. This does not exclude that in special cases, hyperbranched polymers can still be obtained in satisfactory quality if the specified limits are slightly under or exceeded.
• the molar ratio of the OH and COOH groups is preferably 1.8: 1 to 1: 1.8, particularly preferably 1.5: to 1: 1.5 and very particularly preferably 1.25: 1 to 1: 1 , 25th
• 45 diols can optionally also be used as chain extenders (V).
• the arms of AB X units can be extended using chain extenders.
• An AVAB X unit is an example.
• chain can be used to fine-tune the desired properties of the polymer. For example, the gel point or the density of the functional groups of the molecule can be influenced.
• the amount of an optionally added chain extender (V) should generally not exceed 40 mol% with respect to the amount of polyether polyol used.
• the amount should preferably not exceed 20 mol%.
• the amount is also measured in such a way that the OH / COOH ratio mentioned at the outset is also observed, including the OH groups of (V).
• diols suitable as chain extenders (V) include ethylene glycol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, butane-1,2-diol, butane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4- diol, butane-2, 3-diol, pentane-1, 2-diol, pentane-1, 3-diol, pentane-1, 4-diol, pentane-1, 5-diol, pentane-2, 3-diol, Pentane-2,4-diol, hexane-1,2-diol, hexane-1,3-diol, hexane-1,4-diol, hexane-1,5-diol, hexane-1,6-diol, hexane 2, 5-diol, heptane-1, 2-diol 1, 7-heptan
• a chain stopper (S) can also be added to fine-tune the properties of the hyperbranched polymer.
• the chain stopper is a monofunctional alcohol or a monofunctional carboxylic acid. These can react with the reactive functional end groups of the growing hyperbranched polymer and serve to fine-tune the properties, for example to limit the molecular weight.
• Mixtures of different alcohols can also be used as chain stoppers or mixtures of different carboxylic acids as chain stoppers. The use of a mixture of alcohols and carboxylic acids is generally not recommended, even if this should not be absolutely ruled out for special cases.
• the amount of optionally added chain stoppers should generally not exceed 10 mol% with respect to the amount of (A) - in the case of monocarboxylic acids - or (B) - in the case of monoalcohols. It is preferred not to use more than 5 mol%. The amount is also measured so that the OH / COOH ratio mentioned at the outset is also observed, including the OH or COOH groups of (S).
• Examples of monocarboxylic acids which can are used as chain-stoppers (S), include high-boiling straight or branched chain saturated monocarboxylic acids, in particular C ß - C rj-carboxylic acids such as hexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid , Lauric acid, palmitic acid or stearic acid.
• the carboxylic acids can be used as such or in the form of derivatives. The selection of the derivative is not restricted, provided that the reaction is not adversely affected. Suitable derivatives are in particular the relevant anhydrides in monomeric or else polymeric form or alkyl esters, preferably methyl or ethyl esters.
• suitable monoalcohols include high-boiling alcohols such as, for example, benzyl alcohol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol, glycol monoalkyl ethers, such as, for example, glycol monoethyl ether or polyethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, for example polyethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
• high-boiling alcohols such as, for example, benzyl alcohol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol
• glycol monoalkyl ethers such as, for example, glycol monoethyl ether or polyethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, for example polyethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
• reaction temperature is usually 40 to 160 ° C. Outside of this temperature range, as a rule no substantially uncrosslinked, water-soluble or water-dispersible, hyperbranched polyesters of the quality required for the applications according to the invention are achieved, even if this can in exceptional cases also be the case.
• esterification catalysts include acidic inorganic, organometallic or organic catalysts.
• aluminum compounds of the general formula Al (0R) 3 and titanates of the general formula Ti (0R) 4 can be used as acidic inorganic catalysts, where the radicals R can be the same or different and are selected independently of one another from C ⁇ -C ⁇ rj alkyl radicals.
• the radicals R in Al (OR) 3 or Ti (OR) are preferably the same and selected from isopropyl or 2-ethylhexyl.
• Preferred acidic organometallic catalysts are selected, for example, from dialkyltin oxides RSnO, where R is defined as above.
• a particularly preferred representative of acidic organometallic catalysts is di-n-butyltin oxide, which is commercially available as so-called oxo-tin.
• Preferred acidic organic catalysts are acidic organic compounds with, for example, phosphate groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfate groups or phosphonic acid groups. Sulfonic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic acid are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use acidic ion exchangers as acidic organic catalysts, for example polystyrene resins containing sulfonic acid groups, which are crosslinked with about 2 mol% of divinylbenzene.
• the esterification catalyst can furthermore be an enzyme.
• lipases or esterases are preferred.
• Well-suited lipases and esterases are Candida cyclindracea, Candida lipolytica, Candida rugosa, Candida antarctica, Candida utilis, Chromobacterium viscosum, Geotrichum viscosus, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor javanicus, Mucor mihei, pig pancreas, pseudomonas spp.
• Candida antarctica lipase B is particularly preferred.
• the enzymes listed are commercially available, for example from Novozymes Biotech Inc., Denmark.
• the enzyme is preferably used in immobilized form, for example on silica gel or Lewatit®.
• Methods for immobilizing enzymes are known per se, for example from Kurt Faber, "Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry", 3rd edition 1997, Springer Verlag, chapter 3.2 "Immobilization” page 345-356. Immobilized enzymes are commercially available, for example from Novozymes Biotech Inc., Denmark.
• the amount of immobilized enzyme used is usually 0.1 to 20% by weight, in particular 10-15% by weight, based on the sum of (A) and (B) and optionally (V) and / or (S).
• the process according to the invention can be carried out by simply heating (A) and (B) and optionally (V) and (S) with the esterification catalyst to the desired temperature. However, it can also be carried out in the presence of a solvent. Hydrocarbons such as high-boiling paraffins or aromatics are particularly suitable. Examples include toluene, ethylbenzene or xylene. The amount of solvent is determined by the person skilled in the art depending on the type of reaction desired.
• an additive which is added at the beginning of the reaction can be used in the presence of a water-removing agent.
• Molecular sieves are particularly suitable, in particular molecular sieve 4 ⁇ , MgS0 and Na S0 4 . Additional dehydrating agents can also be added during the reaction, or dehydrating agents can be replaced by fresh dehydrating agents.
• the reaction is carried out at a pressure of less than 500 mbar.
• the most advantageous conditions for the reaction continue to depend on the type of catalyst used. If an enzyme is used, it is generally advisable to use a solvent. Toluene, for example, has proven itself as a solvent. Furthermore, the preferred temperature in this variant is 40 to 120 ° C. 50 to 80 ° C. are particularly preferred and 65 to 75 ° C. are very particularly preferred. Preferred for implementation The reaction is a pressure of 100 to 500 mbar, particularly preferably 150 to 350 mbar.
• the preferred temperature in this variant of the reaction is 60 to 160 ° C. 80 to 150 ° C. are particularly preferred. In this variant, a pressure of less than 100 mbar is preferred, and 10 to 80 mbar are particularly preferred. Intensive mixing of the reaction mixture is recommended for both variants.
• the hyperbranched, water-soluble or water-dispersible polyesters obtained by means of the process according to the invention can advantageously be used without further workup.
• Residues of solid catalysts can be removed by filtration, if appropriate after adding solvent, and the solvent can then be removed in vacuo.
• the polymers can be cleaned by methods known in principle to those skilled in the art of polymers, such as, for example, falling over.
• the water-soluble or water-dispersible, hyperbranched polyesters formed by the process have, depending on the ratio of the components (A) and (B) used, terminal 0H groups, terminal COOH groups or both OH and COOH groups. They also have pendant OH and / or COOH groups (see diagram in Fig. 1). If carboxylic acid esters have been used as the starting material, the end groups are of course not free COOH groups, but COOR groups.
• Whole or predominantly OH-terminated polymers are obtained by using 1 mol of polyether polyol (B) per mol of dicarboxylic acid (A).
• Whole or predominantly COOH-terminated polymers are obtained by using per mole (B) with n OH groups (n-1) moles of dicarboxylic acid (A).
• the hyperbranched polyesters can also be reacted with a suitable functionalizing reagent (F) which can react either with the terminal OH groups or the terminal COOH groups or also generally with C00H and OH groups.
• a suitable functionalizing reagent F
• the functionalization can preferably take place immediately after the polymerization without further working up of the hyperbranched polymer. But it can of course borrowed only in an additional step after isolation and / or processing of the hyperbranched polymer.
• Functionalization reagents which are one or more selected from the group of aliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acids or their derivatives, aliphatic or aromatic unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or their derivatives, aliphatic or aromatic monoalcohols, aliphatic or aromatic unsaturated are particularly suitable for functionalization
• Monoalcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or long-chain aliphatic monolcohols such as stearyl alcohol, or alternatively monocarboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid or stearic acid, can be used to produce esterified end groups in a targeted manner.
• Unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or unsaturated monoalcohols can also be used as (F), for example
• the preferred temperature is 20 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably 40 to 80 ° C. In both cases, the additional use of an inhibitor for radical polymerization is recommended. With saturated alcohols or carboxylic acids, the temperatures used in the polymerization can be maintained.
• Further examples include the introduction of terminal amino groups, for example by reaction of COOH end groups with diamines or polyamines such as ethylene diamine or diethylene triamine, or the reaction of OH groups with aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanates to produce isocyanate end groups.
• the water-soluble or water-dispersible hyperbranched polyesters have a molecular weight M n of 300 to 15,000 g / mol, preferably 500 to 10,000, particularly preferably 500 to 8000 g / mol.
• the polydispersity M w / M n is generally 1.1 to 50, preferably 1.2 to 40, particularly preferably 1.2 to 20.
• the hydroxyl numbers of the polyesters according to the invention are generally 50 to 1000 mg KOH / g and preferably 100 to 800 mg KOH / g.
• the acid numbers are generally 0 to 200 mg KOH / g and preferably 1 to 100 mg KOH / g.
• polyesters according to the invention have good to very good solubility in water, i.e. clear solutions with up to 50% by weight, in some cases even up to 80% by weight, of the polyesters according to the invention can be prepared in water without gel particles being visible to the naked eye.
• the hyperbranched polyesters according to the invention are also readily soluble in alcohols or aqueous solvent mixtures.
• the degree of hydrophilicity can be regulated by the selection of components (A) and (B) and optionally (V), (S) and (F).
• the hyperbranched polyesters according to the invention essentially have no intermolecular crosslinking. They are characterized by particularly low proportions of gumming and discoloration.
• Another aspect of the present invention is the use of the hyperbranched, water-soluble polyesters according to the invention for the production of adhesives, printing inks, such as, for example, flexographic and / or gravure printing inks, coatings, coatings and varnishes. Naturally, they are particularly suitable for water-based products. Adhesive, printing, coating or lacquer layers which contain the hyperbranched polyesters according to the invention have excellent adhesion to a wide variety of substrates.
• the hyperbranched polyesters can be used as such on the one hand.
• they can also be used advantageously for the production of polyaddition or polycondensation products, for example polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and polyethers, which in turn are further processed into the above-mentioned products.
• Preferred is the use of the hydroxyl group-terminated, highly functional, hyperbranched polyesters for the production of polyaddition or polycondensation products polycarbonates, polyesters or polyurethanes.
• the method according to the invention is highly flexible: by means of the method according to the invention, a large number of different products can be obtained using only a few components. It thus allows a particularly good adaptation of the desired product properties to the desired use.
• the following examples are intended to explain the invention in more detail:
• GlyEO ethoxylated glycerin (Lupranol® VP 9209, BASF) Novozym®435 lipase from Candida Antartica B on a solid support, Fa.
• Adipic acid (88 g, 0.60 mol) and PG-3 (120 g, 0.44 mol) were dissolved with stirring in 80 ml of toluene in a three-necked flask equipped for reactions under vacuum at 70 ° C.
• 14 g of the Novozym® enzyme catalyst 435 were added and the mixture was polymerized under reduced pressure (300 mbar) at 70 ° C. to remove the water formed during the polycondensation.
• the water was separated in a distillation apparatus for azeotropic distillation from likewise distilled toluene and the toluene was returned to the reactor.
• reaction solution was filtered in order to separate off the supported enzyme.
• the toluene was then removed on a rotary evaporator and the last traces of toluene were removed under high vacuum ( ⁇ 10 mbar) at 50 to 100 ° C.
• a honey-like, viscous, colorless to slightly yellow hyperbranched polyester was obtained.
• the polyester was very soluble in water.
• the properties of the polyester obtained are summarized in Table 2.
• Adipic acid (1306 g, 8.95 mol) and PG-3 (1774 g, 7.45 mol) were melted while stirring in a three-necked flask equipped for vacuum reactions at 130 ° C. 2.05 g of the acid catalyst Fascat® were added and the mixture was polymerized under reduced pressure (50 mbar) at 130 ° C. in order to remove the water formed during the polycondensation. After a reaction time of 9 hours, a honey-like, viscous, colorless to slightly yellow hyperbranched polyester was obtained. The polyester was very soluble in water. The properties of the polyester obtained are summarized in Table 2.
• Adipic acid 22 g, 0.15 mol
• TMPEO 198 g, 0.295 mol
• 7 g of the enzyme catalyst Novozym® 435 were used and the work was carried out at a pressure of 200 to 250 mbar.
• Example 4 Adipic acid / TMPEO, acid catalysis
• Adipic acid (51.9 g, 0.355 mol) and TMPEO (198 g, 0.295 mol) were reacted as described in Example 2. 0.20 g of Fascat® were used and the pressure was 70 mbar.
• the reaction time was 23 hours.
• the properties of the polyester obtained are summarized in Table 2.
• Adipic acid (29.3 g, 0.20 mol) and GlyEO (62.3 g, 0.17 mol) were reacted with stirring in 25 ml of toluene as described in Example 1.
• 7 g of the enzyme catalyst Novozym® 435 were used and the work was carried out at a pressure of 200 to 250 mbar.
• Example 6 Adipic acid / GlyEO, acid catalysis
• Adipic acid 80 g, 0.55 mol
• GlyEO 169.6 g, 0.46 mol
• 0.60 g of Fascat® were used and the work was carried out at a pressure of 60 mbar.
• the reaction time was 22 hours.
• the properties of the polyester obtained are summarized in Table 2.
• Example 7 Adipic acid / PG-3 / stearic acid as chain stopper (S), acid catalysis
• Adipic acid 99 g, 0.68 mol
• PG-3 135 g, 0.56 mol
• stearic acid 15.8 g; 0.056 g corresponds to 8.2 mol% with respect to adipic acid
• 0.16 g of Fascat® was added and polymerized at a pressure of 60 mbar and a temperature of 130 ° C.
• the reaction time was 8 hours.
• a waxy, hyperbranched polyester was obtained.
• the properties of the polyester obtained are summarized in Table 2.
• Example 8 Adipic acid / PG-3 / glycerol monostearate as chain extender (V), acid catalysis
• Adipic acid 99 g, 0.55 mol
• PG-3 (135 g, 0.56 mol)
• glycerol monostearate 20.1 g; 0.056 g corresponds to 10 mol% with respect to PG-3) were melted at 130 ° C. as melted as described in Example 2.
• 0.16 g of Fascat® was added and polymerized at a pressure of 60 mbar and a temperature of 130 ° C.
• the reaction time was 15 hours.
• the properties of the polyester obtained are summarized in Table 2.
• Example 9 Adipic acid / PG-3 / ethylene glycol as chain extender (V), acid catalysis
• Adipic acid (102.6 g, 0.70 mol), PG-3 (150 g, 0.625 mol) and ethylene glycol (2.65 g; 0.043 mol corresponds to 6.9 mol% with respect to PG-3) were at 130 ° C melted as described in Example 2 melted. 0.17 g of Fascat® were added and the mixture was polymerized at a pressure of 60 mbar and a temperature of 130 ° C. The reaction time was 21 hours.
• the properties of the polyester obtained are summarized in Table 2.
• Phthalic anhydride (99.2 g, 0.67 mol) and PG-3 (150.8 g, 0.625 mol) were melted at 130 ° C. in the apparatus described in Example 2.
• 0.20 g of Fascat® were added and the mixture was polymerized at a pressure of 150 mbar and a temperature of 150 ° C. After a reaction time of 16 h, the pressure was reduced to 50 mbar and polymerized at this pressure for a further 3 h.
• Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride (101.6 g, 0.695 mol) and PG-3 (148 g, 0.62 mol) were melted at 130 ° C. in the apparatus described in Example 2. 0.30 g of Fascat® were added and polymerized at normal pressure and a temperature of 150 ° C. After a reaction time of 4.5 hours, the pressure was reduced to 60 mbar and polymerized at this pressure for a further 9 hours.
• Adipic acid (702 g, 4.8 mol), trimethylolpropane (537 g, 4 mol), 2.4 g Fascat® and 200 g toluene were heated to 125 to 130 ° C. under nitrogen and water formed was separated off with a water separator. After a reaction time of 11 hours, the toluene was distilled off under reduced pressure. The viscous, hyperbranched polyester was soluble in butyl acetate or THF but insoluble in water.
• the acid number was determined in accordance with DIN 53402.
• M w and M n were compared to PMMA by gel permeation chromatography in THF or dimethylacetamide

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• 2002
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  • 2003-07-24 EP EP03790809A patent/EP1537166A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2007
  • 2007-01-16 US US11/585,807 patent/US20070293634A1/en not_active Abandoned

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