Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/26—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase
  • C12Q1/32—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase involving dehydrogenase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
  • C12Q1/002—Electrode membranes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/26—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
  • G01N33/54353—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals with ligand attached to the carrier via a chemical coupling agent
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
  • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
  • G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and a reagent system for the detection of an analyte in a sample by an enzymatic reaction, comprising the use of an enzyme-coenzyme complex as a non-regenerable, in particular stoichiometric reaction partner for the analyte present in the sample.
• analytes for example glucose in blood
• enzymatic methods The detection of analytes, for example glucose in blood, by enzymatic methods is known.
• the analyte to be determined is brought into contact with a suitable enzyme and a coenzyme, the enzyme being used in catalytic quantities.
• the redox equivalents that result from the reduction or oxidation of the coenzyme are transferred to mediators, which are then recorded electrochemically or photometrically in a further step.
• a calibration provides a direct relationship between the measured value and the concentration of the analyte to be determined.
• Narayanaswamy et al. (Analytical Letters 21 (7) (1988), 1 165-1 175) describe a fluorescence measurement with glucose dehydrogenase and NAD for the determination of glucose.
• the enzyme is used in catalytic, ie non- stoichiometric, amounts used.
• the fluorescence measurement detects the free NADH in the solution.
• the analytes to be determined can only be determined indirectly, i.e. through several chemical reactions. This often requires a complicated adjustment of the concentrations of the substances involved in order to optimize the reaction rate. There is also the risk that the required electrochemically active substances are unstable after prolonged storage.
• the mediators often have to be used in large excess compared to the enzyme-coenzyme system.
• the coenzyme has a high reactivity, so that the enzyme activity when the mediator disintegrates even in small amounts, e.g. ⁇ 1% or when exposed to foreign substances, e.g. B. evaporation of the substances from packaging materials decreases significantly. This can lead to incorrect signals in the analyte determination.
• the determination times for the analyte are usually in the range of at least a few seconds, for glucose e.g. be in the range of> 4 s, and the required sample volumes are large, e.g. > 0.5 ⁇ l.
• the object underlying the present invention was to at least partially avoid the disadvantages of the prior art described.
• an insensitive and fast method for the enzymatic detection of analytes should be provided, which leads to reliable measurement results even in the absence of mediators and / or indicators.
• This object is achieved in that an enzyme-coenzyme complex is used as a stoichiometric reaction partner instead of, as is usually the case, as a catalyst.
• the detection of the analyte requires only a single reaction step and is therefore extremely fast.
• mediators and indicators combined with the use of complex reagent mixtures, with low stability and high susceptibility to faults, is no longer necessary.
• the invention thus relates to a method for the detection of an analyte in a sample by an enzymatic reaction, comprising the steps:
• Another object of the invention is a reagent system for the detection of an analyte in a sample, comprising: (a) a detection reagent comprising an enzyme-coenzyme complex, wherein no regeneration of the coenzyme takes place, and
• the present invention enables simple qualitative or quantitative determination of analytes within a very short reaction time of preferably ⁇ 5 s, particularly preferably 1 1 s, most preferably ⁇ 0.1 s.
• the reaction is carried out under conditions in which there is no regeneration of the coenzyme during the determination.
• a molecular enzyme-coenzyme complex can only react with a single molecule of the analyte.
• the reaction is therefore expedient in the absence of mediators or others Substances carried out that can cause regeneration of the coenzyme.
• the detection reagent contains the enzyme-coenzyme complex in a sufficient amount to enable a qualitative and / or quantitative determination of the analyte according to the desired test format.
• the enzyme-coenzyme complex is used in a quantity, in particular for a quantitative determination of the analyte, so that the number of reacting molecules of the enzyme-coenzyme complex correlates with the analyte concentration present in the sample.
• the enzyme-coenzyme complex is particularly preferably used in an at least stoichiometric amount with respect to the analyte present in the sample, preferably in a stoichiometric excess with respect to the analyte.
• the expression “in at least a stoichiometric amount” means that the size of the sample is matched to the number of molecules of the enzyme-coenzyme complex in such a way that, for the analyte concentrations to be expected in the sample, the number of molecules of the Enzyme-coenzyme complex correlated with the analyte concentration present in the sample.
• "Stoichiometric amount” preferably means that the number of molecules of the enzyme-coenzyme complex corresponds to the maximum number of analyte molecules to be expected in the examined sample.
• the method and the detection system allow the use of very small sample amounts, for example sample volumes ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ , in particular ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ . If necessary, the sample can be diluted before contact with the detection reagent.
• the method and detection system according to the invention is suitable for determining any analytes, for example parameters in
• Body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma or urine, but also in
• Sewage samples or food can be used both as Wet test, for example in a cuvette, or as a dry test on an appropriate reagent carrier.
• Any biological or chemical substances that can react with an enzyme-coenzyme complex in particular a redox reaction, such as glucose, lactic acid, malic acid, glycerol, alcohol, cholesterol, triglycerides, ascorbic acid, cysteine, glutathione, can be determined as analytes. Peptides etc.
• the enzymatic reaction is preferably a redox reaction in which the coenzyme is reduced or oxidized in the enzyme-coenzyme complex.
• An oxidoreductase is preferably used as the enzyme for such a reaction.
• the enzyme used is particularly preferably a dehydrogenase, for example selected from a glucose dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.47), lactate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.27, 1.1 .1.28), malate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1 .37), glycerol -Dehydrogenase (EC1.1 .1 .6), alcohol dehydrogenase (EC1.1 .1.1) or amino acid dehydrogenase, e.g.
• L-amino acid dehydrogenase (E.C.1 .4.1.5).
• Other suitable enzymes are oxidases, such as glucose oxidase (E.C.1.1 .3.4) or cholesterol oxidase (E.C.1 .1.3.6).
• Coenzymes in the sense of the present invention are preferably organic molecules which are covalently or non-covalently bound to an enzyme and which are changed, for example oxidized or reduced, by the reaction of the analyte.
• Preferred examples of coenzymes are flavin, nicotin and quinone derivatives, for example flavin nucleoside derivatives such as FAD, FADH 2 , FMN, FMNH 2 , etc., nicotine nucleoside derivatives such as NAD + , NADH / H + , NADP + , NADPH / H + etc or ubiquinones such as coenzyme Q, PQQ etc.
• the change in the coenzyme by reaction with the analyte can in principle be detected in any manner.
• all methods known from the prior art for the detection of enzymatic reactions can be used.
• the change in the coenzyme is preferably detected by optical methods.
• Optical detection methods include, for example, the measurement of absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), optical rotation dispersion (ORD), refractometry, etc.
• the change in the coenzyme is particularly preferably detected by measuring the fluorescence.
• the fluorescence measurement is highly sensitive and enables the detection of even low concentrations of the analyte in miniaturized systems.
• the method or detection system according to the invention can comprise a liquid test, the reagent e.g. is in the form of a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid or as a powder or lyophilisate.
• the method and detection system according to the invention preferably include a dry test, the reagent being applied to a support.
• the carrier can comprise, for example, a test strip comprising an absorbent and / or swellable material which is wetted by the sample liquid to be examined.
• a gel matrix with an enzyme-coenzyme complex embedded therein is used as the detection reagent.
• the gel matrix preferably has a layer thickness of 50 ⁇ m, in particular ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, and is applied to a carrier, for example an at least partially optically transparent carrier.
• the gel matrix can be a matrix comprising one or more soluble polymers, as in known dry test systems (eg AccuChek Active), and can be prepared by knife coating and drying.
• the matrix is preferably a polymer based on photopolymerizable substances, such as acrylic monomers, for example acrylamide or / and acrylic acid esters, such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate, or vinyl aromatic monomers, for example 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid, or combinations thereof.
• a liquid which contains the reagent comprising enzyme, photopolymerizable monomer and optionally coenzyme, photoinitiator and / or non-reactive constituents, can be applied to an at least partially optically transparent support, for example on a plastic film, and, for example, with UV Light is irradiated from the back, so that the monomer or monomers are polymerized on the support up to a predetermined layer thickness.
• the layer thickness can be controlled by adding absorbent substances to the reagent and / or by the duration or intensity of the irradiation. Excess liquid reagent can be removed after the polymerization and used again (see, for example, FIG. 2).
• the gel matrix can also be prepared by conventional coating procedures, the liquid reagent being applied to a support, there using suitable methods, e.g. with a doctor blade, brought to the desired thickness and then polymerized completely.
• the enzyme After polymerization or embedding in the gel matrix, the enzyme is in a protected microenvironment. If the polymeric gel matrix is sufficiently crosslinked, the enzyme molecules are in an immobilized form. Low molecular weight substances or glucose or other analytes or coenzymes can diffuse freely through the polymer network.
• the enzyme can either be polymerized into the matrix together with its coenzyme, or the matrix can be brought into contact with a solution of the coenzyme after the polymerization, so that the corresponding enzyme-coenzyme complex is formed.
• concentration of the enzyme in the gel matrix is preferably chosen so high that a stoichiometric reaction with the analyte to be determined and a direct determination of the coenzyme changing by the reaction is possible.
• the reaction consists of only one catalytic reaction, for example a redox reaction, which can take place in the millisecond or microsecond range.
• the coenzyme modified by the reaction is optimally protected from interferences by binding to the active center of the enzyme and optionally also by incorporation into the gel matrix.
• FIG 1 shows a first embodiment of the detection system according to the invention.
• a reagent layer (2) for example a gel matrix with an enzyme-coenzyme complex, is applied to an optically transparent support (1).
• the enzyme-coenzyme complex is in such a form that no regeneration of the coenzyme can take place during the analyte determination.
• a sample (3) for example blood, is placed on the reagent layer.
• the enzymatic reaction between the analyte contained in the sample (3) and the enzyme-coenzyme complex contained in the reagent layer (2) is determined by optical methods.
• Light from a light source (4) for example a laser or an LED, is radiated onto the reagent layer (2) from behind (through the carrier).
• FIG. 2 shows the manufacture of a detection system according to the invention.
• a liquid reagent (12) is applied, for example, at a first position (13) to an optically transparent carrier (11), for example a plastic film.
• the liquid reagent (12) is irradiated at a second position from below through the carrier (11) with light from a light source (14).
• the carrier is moved in the direction (15) indicated by the arrow.
• a polymerized reagent layer (16) is formed directly on the carrier (11). Excess liquid reagent is located above the polymer layer (16).
• the thickness of the polymerized reagent layer (16) can be controlled by the reagent composition, the duration and intensity of the light irradiation and by the properties of the carrier (1 1).
• FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a fluorescence-based sensor from below.
• a polymerized reagent layer for example produced by the continuous process in FIG. 2, can be cut and applied to a support (21) using known techniques. After the sample has been applied to the upper side, excitation light (23), e.g. UV light, radiated.
• excitation light e.g. UV light
• reagents can also be applied to a carrier.
• An example of such an embodiment in the form of a disk is shown in FIG. 4.
• reagent spots (32) are arranged on the optically transparent carrier (31).
• FIGS. 5A and 5B show the fluorescence of a detection system according to the invention (glucose dehydrogenase and NAD + ) with increasing glucose concentration under a CCD camera.
• Example 1 Stoichiometric detection of glucose in the glucose dehydrogenase (GlucDH) / NAD + system in a cuvette
• the solution with the enzyme system does not fluoresce without glucose. Glucose and NAD + also do not produce fluorescence.
• Example 2 Detection of glucose in the GlucDH / NAD + system in a polymer film
• a suspension of the following substances was mixed in a plastic test tube.
• the clear solution was poured onto a 1 25 mm thick corona-treated polycarbonate film and exposed for 20 min using a conventional exposure apparatus (Isel UV exposure device 2).
• the film was briefly washed with water and then air dried.
• the resulting layer thickness was ⁇ 2 ⁇ m.
• a freshly prepared glucose / NAD + solution (GKL-3 solution, 300 mg / dl glucose, 1 ml / 6.4 mg NAD + ) was spotted on the film. A strong fluorescence was immediately visible under the UV lamp.
• Example 3 Influencing the layer thickness by adding a UV adsorber
• a polymer layer was produced which contained a blue dye (absorption maximum ⁇ 650 nm) for better recognition (recipe 2).
• a yellow dye was added to the starting formulation as a UV absorber (formulation 3).
• the mixture was homogenized by stirring and by ultrasonic bath treatment, distributed on a 140 ⁇ m Pokalon film (corona-treated, stage 4) with the pipette and exposed on a UV exposure device (Actina U4, W. Lemmen GmbH) for 1 min.
• the resulting layer thickness was measured with a micrometer screw and was 240.5 ⁇ m.
• the mixture was spread on a sheet as previously described and then polymerized.
• the resulting layer thickness was measured with a micrometer screw and was 79.3 ⁇ m.

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