Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
  • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
  • C07D241/42—Benzopyrazines with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
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  • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
  • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
  • C07D241/44—Benzopyrazines with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel non-peptide GLP-1 agonists, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, use of the non-peptide GLP-1 agonists for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders and diseases wherein an activation of the human GLP-1 receptor is beneficial, especially metabolic disorders such as IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
• IGT abnormal glucose tolerance
• GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1 ) is a 30 amino acid long peptide hormone secreted by the L- cells in the intestine.
• GLP-1 consists of two native forms, GLP-1 (7-36) and GLP-1 (7-37), of the following amino acid sequences:
• X is NH 2 for GLP-1 (7-36) and Gly for GLP-1 (7-37).
• GLP-1 is a so-called incretin and its primary mechanisms of actions are to:
• GLP-1 a very efficient blood glucose lowering agent (1 ).
• the very efficient blood glucose lowering as well as the glucose dependency of its action makes it an ideal candidate for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes (2-10).
• GLP-1 offers something that no other existing drug or drug candidate can provide: very efficient blood glucose lowering, even in SU (sulphonylurea)-failures (6), without the risk of serious hypoglycaemia.
• GLP-1 has also been shown to increase the rate of insulin biosynthesis (12,13) and restore the ability of the ⁇ -cells to respond rapidly to rising plasma glucose in terms of first phase insulin release in rats (14).
• GLP-1 would be expected to be able to prevent or delay the progression from IGT to full blown Type 2 diabetes.
• Patients treated with GLP-1 compared to eg metformin or sulphonylureas, will be better managed and may as a result thereof have a much later transfer to insulin requiring therapy.
• GLP-1 compounds have been shown to stimulate growth and proliferation of ⁇ -cells (15-17), thereby also supporting use of GLP-1 compounds and GLP-1 agonists for increasing the number of ⁇ -cells in a patient in vivo.
• Type 2 diabetes patients may be an impaired incretin function (18,19).
• GIP Global Inhibitory Polypeptide (19,20).
• GIP Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
• GLP-1 The ability of GLP-1 to decrease appetite and energy intake is now firmly established, both in normal, lean people and in obese people (22-24). Obese subjects have been shown to have an attenuated GLP-1 release in response to meals (25,26). This may further add to the po- 5686.204-WO tential of GLP-1 as being able to decrease weight in Type 2 diabetes patients. This use of GLP-1 is described further in WO No 98/20895 to Novo Nordisk A/S and WO No 98/28414 to Eli Lilly and Company.
• GLP-1 is rapidly metabolised by the proteolytic enzyme Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (27) into an inactive or perhaps even antagonistic metabolite (28), complicating the use of GLP-1 as a drug.
• GLP-1 and analogues of GLP-1 as well as fragments thereof in the treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and obesity are disclosed in several publications.
• GLP-1 fragments including GLP-1 (7-37) and GLP-1 (7-36), and functional derivatives thereof for use as insulinotropic agents.
• WO No 91/11457 to Buckley et al. discloses analogues of the active GLP-1 peptides 7-34, 7-35, 7-36, and 7-37 for use in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes
• WO No 98/08871 to Novo Nordisk A/S discloses derivatives of GLP-1 for use in the treatment of diabetes and obesity which are especially useful as they are both metabolically stable and very potent.
• peptides are generally not known to be orally available.
• the GLP-1 receptor is a so-called 7 transmembrane (7TM) G-protein coupled receptor. These receptors are transmembrane proteins consisting of a N-terminal extracellular part, a transmembrane core and three extracellular and three intracellular loops. The receptors are coupled to a G-protein (consisting of three subunits) and then further to an effector system.
• the effector system for the GLP-1 receptor is the adenylyl cyclase enzyme. Upon activation of the receptor, adenylyl cyclase catalyses the formation of the second messenger cAMP from ATP.
• glucagon-secretin (B) family consists of the receptors for GLP-1 , glucagon, GIP, secretin, VIP, PACAP, calcitonin, PTH, CRF, GRF and a few more.
• the (B) family is characterised by a relative large N-terminal domain of the receptor.
• the natural ligands for these receptors are all large peptides and the binding (and consecutive activation) of the receptors by their natural ligands is believed to involve both the N-terminal domain and the transmembrane region.
• They may be characterised by activating the human GLP-1 receptor without competing with GLP-1 for the GLP-1 binding site in a competition binding assay.
• G-protein coupled receptors are theoretically thought to exist in different conformations: R and R * , where R is the inactive receptor conformation and R * the active.
• R is the inactive receptor conformation
• R * the active.
• the most recent literature speculates that there may be one or more intermediate states (31 ).
• the compounds according to the invention may introduce a new model in order to accommodate their characteristics.
• this model we introduce a further receptor conformation R** which is another active receptor conformation.
• R* would then be the conformation that GLP-1 under normal circumstances stabilises where R** is the conformation that the compounds according to the invention stabilises.
• a model with two different active receptor conformations may also offer an explanation for why some of the compounds according to the invention when tested in the assays are partial and not full agonists because one conformation may be able to elicit partial agonism only and the other full agonism.
• Halogen designates an atom selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br or I.
• lower alkyl in the present context designates a saturated, branched or straight hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, fe/t-pentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl and the like.
• lower alkenyl as used herein represents a branched or straight hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, isopropenyl,
• lower alkynyl represents a branched or straight hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one triple bond.
• examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 2,4-hexadiynyl and the like.
• lower alkanoyl in the present context designates a group -C(O)-H or -C(O)-lower alkyl wherein lower alkyl has the above meaning.
• Representative examples include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl and the like.
• cycloalkyl represents a saturated carbocyclic group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and the like.
• cycloalkenyl represents a carbocyclic group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond.
• Representative examples are 1-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclopentenyl, 3-cyclopentenyl, 1 -cyclohexenyl, 2-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, 2-cycloheptenyl, 3-cycloheptenyl, 2-cyclooctenyl, 1 ,4-cyclooctadienyl and the like.
• heterocyclyl as used herein represents a saturated or partially unsaturated 3 to 10 membered ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• Representative examples are pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, aziridinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl and the like.
• aryl represents a carbocyclic aromatic ring system such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, pentalenyl, azulenyl, biphenylenyl and the like.
• Aryl is also intended to include the partially hydrogenated deriva- tives of the carbocyclic aromatic systems enumerated above. Non-limiting examples of such partially hydrogenated derivatives are 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1 ,4-dihydronaphthyl and the like.
• heteroaryl represents a heterocyclic aromatic ring system containing one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur such as furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1 ,2,3-triazolyl, 1 ,2,4-triazolyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1 ,2,3-triazinyl, 1 ,2,4-triazinyl, 1 ,3,5- triazinyl, 1 ,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,
• Heteroaryl is also intended to include the partially hydrogenated derivatives of the heterocyclic systems enumerated above.
• Non-limiting examples of such partially hydrogenated derivatives are 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolinyl, indolinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazepinyl and the like.
• Aryl-lower alkyl means a lower alkyl or alkenyl as defined above, substituted by an aryl or heteroaryl as defined above, for example:
• a non-peptide is understood to refer to any chemical compound which is not a peptide.
• a peptide is defined as a linear sequence of natural amino acids coupled by peptide bonds of a length of at least 6 amino acids including derivatives thereof wherein one or more of the amino acid residues have been chemically modified, eg by alkylation, acylation, ester formation or amide formation.
• a GLP-1 agonist is understood to refer to any compound which fully or partially activates the human GLP-1 receptor.
• a partial GLP-1 agonist is understood to refer to any compound which increases the activity of the human GLP-1 receptor but which compared to GLP-1 is not able to effect a full response (E max ⁇ 100% relative to GLP-1 ).
• a GLP-1 antagonist is understood to refer to any compound which decreases the activity of the human GLP-1 receptor seen after stimulation with GLP-1.
• an inverse GLP-1 agonist is understood to refer to any compound which not only decreases the activity of the human GLP-1 receptor seen after stimulation with GLP-1 but also decreases the activity of the non-stimulated receptor (basal activity).
• a metabolic disorder is understood to refer to any disorder associated with the metabolism or resulting from a defect of the metabolism.
• GLP-1 is understood to refer to either or both of the above two native forms GLP-1 (7-36) and GLP-1 (7-37) unless otherwise specified.
• the present invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I):
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -OR 5 , lower alkyl, -SR 5 , -S(O) 2 NR 5 R 6 , -S(O)NR 5 R 6 , -S(O) 2 R 5 , -S(O)R 5 , -C(O)NR 5 R 6 , -CH 2 OR 5 , -CH 2 NR 5 R 6 , -NR 5 R 6 , -C(O)R 5 or -C(O)OR 5 , wherein R 5 and R 6 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyny
• D is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -OR 7 , -NR 7 R 8 , lower alkyl, aryl, -C(O)NR 7 R 8 , -CH 2 OR 7 , -CH 2 NR 7 R 8 or -C(O)OR 7 ,
• R 7 and R 8 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alky
• R 9 , R 9a and R 9b independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl- lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl
• R 9c and R 9d independently are hydrogen or lower alkyl
• n, r independently are 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4,
• a and B independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CN, -NO 2 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, in which the cycloalkyl ring may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -C(O)OH, -O-lower alkyl, -C(O)OCH 3 , -C(O)NH 2 , -OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 and -OCF 3 , or A and B independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CF 3
• p 1 , 2 or 3
• G is -CR 18a R 18 ⁇ -NO " -, -NR 19 -, -O- or -S-,
• K is -CR 18c R 8d -, -NR 20 , -O- or -S-,
• R 0 , R 11 , R 2 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 18a , R 18b , R 8c and R 18 ⁇ independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -OCH 2 CF 3 , -OCF 2 CHF 2 , -NO 2 , -OR 21 , -NR 21 R 22 , lower alkyl, lower 5686.204-WO alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower al
• R 21 and R 22 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloal- kenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower
• R 19 and R 20 independently are hydrogen, -OR 23 , -NR 23 R 24 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower al- 5686.204-WO kenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl
• R 23 and R 24 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, het- eroaryl-lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkynyl, or R 23
• q 1 , 2 or 3
• s 0, 1 , 2 or 3,
• a and B may be connected and together form a C 2 . 3 -alkylene radical
• L represents a group wherein n or r is 0, A is not halogen, -CN or -NO 2 , and
• M represents a group wherein n or r is 0, B is not halogen, -CN or -NO 2 ,
• the compounds have the general formula (II):
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L, M, A and B are as defined for formula (I).
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L, M, A and B are as defined for formula (I).
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are preferably independently hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, -S(O) 2 NR 5 R 6 , -S(O)NR 5 R 6 , -S(O) 2 R 5 , -C(O)NR 5 R 6 , -SR 5 , -C(O)R 5 or -C(O)OR 5 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are as defined for formula (I).
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, -SR 5 , -S(O) 2 R 5 , -C(O)OR 5 , -C(O)R 5 , -NO 2 or -C(O)NR 5 R 6 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are as defined for formula (I).
• R 5 and R 6 are preferably independently hydrogen, phenyl or lower alkyl, wherein phenyl optionally is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -C(O)OH, 5686.204-WO -O-lower alkyl, -C(O)OCH 3 , -C(O)NH 2 , -OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 and -OCF 3 .
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -C(O)phenyl, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, wherein phenyl optionally is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -C(O)OH, -O-lower alkyl, -C(O)OCH 3 , -C(O)NH 2 , -OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 and -OCF 3 .
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are preferably independently hydrogen, halogen, -CF 3 , -NO 2 or -C(O)phenyl.
• R 1 to R 4 are hydrogen and one of them is different from hydrogen.
• one of R 1 to R 4 is halogen, especially chloro.
• R 3 is -NO 2 .
• R 1 to R 4 are hydrogen and the other two are different from hydrogen.
• R 1 and R 4 are both hydrogen and R 2 and R 3 are both halogen, especially chloro.
• R 1 and R 4 are both hydrogen and R 2 and R 3 are both -NO 2 .
• L is preferably a valence bond, -(CH 2 ) m S(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m S(O)(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m CHR 9 (CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) m C(O)O(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) m C(O)(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 NR 9 (CH 2 ) m C(O)O(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) m OC(O)NR 9 (CH 2 ) n C(O)O(CH 2 ) r - or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) m CONR 9 (CH 2 )
• L is a valence bond, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 C(O)O(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)O(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 4 OC(O)NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)O- or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 CONH(CH 2 ) n -, wherein n is as defined for formula (I).
• L is preferably a valence bond, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -S(O) 2 CH 2 -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 -, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 C(O)O-, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) 2 -, -S(O) 2 NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)O-, -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 4 OC(O)NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)O- or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 CONH(CH 2 ) 2 - and even more preferably L is -S(O) 2 CH 2 - or -S(O) 2 -.
• 5686.204-WO A is preferably lower alkyl, halogen, -CF 3 , -OH, -NO 2 , cycloalkyl, in which the cycloalkyl ring may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -C(O)OH, -O-lower alkyl, -C(O)OCH 3 , -C(O)NH 2 , -OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 ,
• R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 18a and R 19 are as defined for formula (I).
• A is lower alkyl, halogen, -CF 3 , -OH, cycloalkyl, in which the cycloalkyl ring may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -C(O)OH, -O-lower alkyl, -C(O)OCH 3 , -C(O)NH 2 , -OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 and -OCF 3 ,
• R 1 to R are as defined for formula (I).
• R 12 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen and lower alkyl
• R 14 to R 18 are independently selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, -NO 2 , halogen, -S(O) 2 R 21 , -CONR 21 R 22 , -OCHF 2 , -S(O) 2 NR 21 (CH) s C(O)OR 22 , wherein s is 1 or 2
• R 21 and R 22 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl or pyridyl
• R 19 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or phenyl.
• A is lower alkyl, halogen, -CF 3 , -OH, cycloalkyl,
• R 14 is -S(O) 2 CH 3 , -CONH 2 , -CONH-pyridyl, -OCHF 2 or -S(O) 2 NH(CH) 2 C(O)OCH 3 .
• A is lower alkyl.
• M is a valence bond, -NH- or -N(CH 3 )-.
• B is preferably hydrogen, halogen, -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, in which the cycloalkyl ring may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -C(O)OH, -O-lower alkyl, -C(O)OCH 3 , -C(O)NH 2 , -OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 and -OCF 3 ,
• R 12 to R are as defined for formula (I).
• B is hydrogen, -CF 3 , lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, in which the cycloalkyl ring may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -C(O)OH, -O-lower alkyl, -C(O)OCH 3 , -C(O)NH 2 , -OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 and -OCF 3 ,
• R 10 to R are as defined for formula (I).
• R 0 and R 11 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 or -NO 2
• R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen, hydroxy or lower alkyl
• R 14 to R 18 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 or -NO 2
• R 19 is hy- drogen or lower alkyl.
• B is hydrogen, -CF 3 , lower alkyl, cycloalkyl,
• B is -CF 3 or lower alkyl, and especially preferably B is lower alkyl.
• present compounds have the general formula (IV):
• M, B and R 14 are as defined for formula (I) or as defined in anyone of the preferred embodiments above.
• present compounds have the general formula (V):
• L is -S(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O)(CH 2 ) n - or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) n -, and n, A, M and B are as defined for formula (I) or as defined in anyone of the preferred embodiments above.
• M is a valence bond and B is -CF 3 or lower alkyl.
• M is -NR 9 -, wherein R 9 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and B is lower alkyl or
• R 14 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 or -NO 2
• the present invention relates to a compound of the general formula (I'):
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -OR 5 , lower alkyl, -SR 5 , -S(O) 2 NR 5 R 6 , -S(O)NR 5 R 6 , -S(O) 2 R 5 , -C(O)NR 5 R 6 , -CH 2 OR 5 , -CH 2 NR 5 R 6 or -C(O)OR 5 ;
• R 5 and R 6 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, het- eroaryl-lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkynyl; or R 5
• R 7 and R 8 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, het- eroaryl-lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkynyl; or R 7
• L and M independently are a valence bond, -(CH 2 ) m S(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m O(CH 2 ) n -,
• R 9 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl- lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocycly
• n and n independently are 0, 1 , 2 or 3;
• a and B independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CN, -NO 2 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl,
• G is -NR 19 -, -O- or -S-;
• K is -NR 20 -O- or -S-;
• R 10 , R 1 , R 2 , R 13 , R 4 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 and R 18 independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -OCH 2 CF 3 , -OCF 2 CHF 2 , -NO 2 , -OR 21 , -NR 21 R 22 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl- lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl
• R 21 and R 22 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, het- eroaryl-lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkynyl; or R 21
• R 19 and R 20 independently are hydrogen, -OR 23 , -NR 23 R 24 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower
• R 23 and R 24 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloal- kenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower
• M represents a group wherein n is 0, B is not halogen, -CN or -NO 2 ;
• the invention relates to a compound of the general formula (IT):
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L, M, A and B are as defined for formula (I').
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, -S(O) 2 NR 5 R 6 , -S(O)NR 5 R 6 , -S(O) 2 R 5 , -C(O)NR 5 R 6 or -C(O)OR 5 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are as defined for formula (I').
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 or -S(O) 2 R 5 , wherein R 5 is as defined for formula (I').
• R , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or -C(O)NR 5 R 6 , wherein R 5 and R 6 independently are hydrogen or lower alkyl.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are preferably independently hydrogen, halogen, -CN, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy.
• two of the groups R 1 to R 4 are hydrogen and the other two are different from hydrogen.
• R 1 and R 4 are both hydrogen and R 2 and R 3 are as defined for formula (I') or as defined in the above preferred embodiments thereof.
• R 2 and R 3 are both halogen.
• L is a valence bond, -(CH 2 ) m S(CH 2 ) n -,
• Still more preferred L is a valence bond, -CH 2 -, -CH 2 S-, -S-, -S(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
• L is -S-, -S(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
• A is lower alkyl, halogen
• R 10 , R , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 8 and R 19 are as defined for formula (I').
• R 10 , R 1 , R 14 , R 15 , R 6 , R 17 , R 8 and R 19 are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, -NH 2 , -CF 3 ,-CN, -S-(cycloalkyl-lower aikyl),-NHC(O)(cycloalkyl-lower alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -S-lower alkyl, -O-lower alkyl, phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, -NHC(O)O-lower alkyl and -C(O)CH 3 .
• R 19 is preferably lower alkyl or hydrogen.
• More preferred A is lower alkyl
• R 17 and R 19 are as defined for formula (I) or in the above preferred embodiments thereof.
• R 17 is preferably lower alkyl, -NH 2 or -S-lower alkyl and R 19 is preferably hydrogen.
• B is hydrogen, halogen, -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , lower alkyl,
• R 10 to R 20 are as defined for formula (I').
• R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 and R 8 are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, -NH 2 , -CF 3 ,-CN, -S-(cycloalkyl-lower alkyl), -NHC(O)(cycloalkyl-lower alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -S-lower alkyl, -O-lower alkyl, phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, -NHC(O)O-lower alkyl and -C(O)CH 3 .
• R 19 and R 20 are preferably independently selected from lower alkyl and hydrogen.
• More preferred B is -CF 3 or lower alkyl. 5686.204-WO
• the invention relates to a compound of the formula (IT) as defined above wherein R 2 and R 3 are both either halogen, -CN or -CF 3 , L is -S(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O)(CH 2 ) n - or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) n - wherein n is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, and R ⁇ R 4 , A, M and B are as defined for formula (I') or as defined in the above preferred embodiments thereof.
• the invention in another aspect relates to a compound of the formula (II') as defined above wherein L is -S(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O)(CH 2 ) n - or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) n -, wherein n is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, M is a valence bond, B is -CF 3 or isopropyl, and R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and A are as defined for formula (III') or as defined in the above preferred embodiments thereof, with the proviso that when R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen, B is isopropyl and L is -SCH 2 -, A must not be hydrogen.
• the invention relates to a compound of the formula (IT) as defined above wherein L is -S(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O)(CH 2 ) n - or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) n -, wherein n is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, at least one of the groups R 2 and R 3 are -CN, and R 1 , R 4 , A, M and B are as defined for formula (I') or as defined in the above preferred embodiments thereof.
• the invention relates to a compound of the formula (II') as defined above wherein L is -S(CH 2 ) n -, -S(O)(CH 2 ) n - or -S(O) 2 (CH 2 ) n -, wherein n is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are as defined for formula (I), A is a heterocyclic ring, and
• M is a valence bond
• B is -CF 3 , -CN, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl or halogen.
• the invention relates to a compound of an EC 50 value as determined by the method for determining the ability to stimulate cAMP formation in a cell line expressing the cloned human GLP-1 receptor disclosed herein of less than 25 ⁇ M and having the general formula (III'):
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -OR 5 , -NR 5 R 6 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, -SR 5 , -NR 5 S(O) 2 R 6 , -S(O) 2 NR 5 R 6 , -S(O)NR 5 R 6 , -S(O) 2 R 5 , -C(O)NR 5 R 6 , -CH 2 OR 5 , -CH 2 NR 5 R 6 or -C(O)OR 5 ;
• R 5 and R 6 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, het- eroaryl-lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkynyl; or R 5
• D is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -OR 7 , -NR 7 R 8 , lower alkyl, aryl, -C(O)NR 7 R 8 , -CH 2 OR 7 , -CH 2 NR 7 R 8 or -C(O)OR 7 ;
• R 7 and R 8 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, het- eroaryl-lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkynyl; or R 7
• R 9 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl- lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocycly
• n and n independently are 0, 1 , 2 or 3;
• a and B independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CN, -NO 2 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl,
• p 1, 2 or 3;
• G is -NR 19 -, -O- or -S-;
• R 10 , R 11 , R 2 , R 13 , R 14 , R 5 , R 16 , R 17 and R 18 independently are hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -OCH 2 CF 3 , -OCF 2 CHF 2 , -NO 2 , -OR 21 , -NR 21 R 22 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl- lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl
• R 21 and R 22 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, het- eroaryl-lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkynyl; or R 21
• R 19 and R 20 independently are hydrogen, -OR 23 , -NR 23 R 24 , lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower
• R 23 and R 24 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkynyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkyl, cycloalkenyl-lower alkenyl, cycloal- kenyl-lower alkynyl, aryl-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkenyl, aryl-lower alkynyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl, heterocyclyl-lower alkynyl, heteroaryl-lower
• M represents a group wherein n is 0, B is not halogen, -CF 3 , -CN or -NO 2 ;
• the cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl ring systems defined in the above formulae (I'), (II') and (III') may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents, for example selected from the group consisting of halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkanoyl such as formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, hexanoyl and the like, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -NO 2 , -CN, -CO 2 H, -O-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkyl, -CO 2 CH 3 , -CONH 2 , -OCH 2 CONH 2 , -NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -OCHF 2 , -CF 3 , -OCF 3
• the substituents may be the same or different.
• the above ring systems may also be substituted by two substituents forming a bridge, for example -OCH 2 O- or -OCH 2 CH 2 O-.
• the compounds according to the invention are preferably characterised by having a molecular weight of up to 1000, preferably of up to 600.
• the compounds according to the invention have an EC 50 value as determined by the method for determining the ability to stimulate cAMP formation in a cell line expressing the cloned human GLP-1 receptor disclosed in the following of less than 25 ⁇ M, such as of less than 10 ⁇ M, more preferred of less than 2 ⁇ M and even more preferred of less than 1 ⁇ M.
• the invention relates to a non-peptide GLP-1 agonist which activates the human GLP-1 receptor.
• Agonist activity may eg be determined by the assays described in example 172.
• Compounds may also be shown to be active by measuring insulin release from isolated human islets. This can be done according to the method disclosed in Eizirik DL, Korbutt GS, Hellerstr ⁇ m C. Prolonged exposure of human pancreatic islets to high glucose concentrations in vitro impairs the beta-cell function. J. Clin. Invest. 90:1263-1268, 1992.
• non-peptide GLP-1 agonist activates the human GLP-1 receptor without competing with GLP-1 in a competition binding assay.
• This may be determined by measuring a compound that behaves as an agonist in the assays described in example 172 in a standard receptor binding assay.
• Plasma membranes may be used prepared as in example 172. Binding assays may be carried out in polypropylene tube. The buffer may be 25 mM HEPES, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4. GLP-1 and test compounds may be dissolved and diluted as described in Example 172. Tracer (labelled GLP-1 ) may be prepared as described in (28). Tracer (30.000 cpm) + plasma membrane (0.5-2 ⁇ g) may be mixed with test compound and incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour. Non-specific binding may be determined with 10 "7 M GLP-1. Bound and unbound tracer may be separated by vacuum filtration.
• the filters can be counted in a ⁇ -scintillation counter.
• the binding of the tracer in the absence of the test compounds and GLP-1 is set to 100%.
• a compound which does not compete with GLP-1 in a competition binding assay will not displace the tracer. Therefore, the tracer will display an un- changed binding of 100% in this assay whereas different concentrations of GLP-1 will compete with the tracer resulting in a decreased binding of the tracer in the range of between 0 and up to 100%.
• non-peptide GLP-1 agonist potentiates the binding of GLP-1 to the human GLP-1 receptor in a competition binding assay.
• non-peptide GLP-1 agonist stabilises an active conformation of the human GLP-1 receptor different from the one(s) which GLP-1 stabilises.
• This may be determined eg by performing a saturation experiment determining the affinity of GLP-1 with and without the presence of the compound in question.
• the saturation experiment is a standard receptor pharmacology experiment whereby the true affinity of a compound for a receptor can be measured (32).
• the protocol for the binding assay described above may be used except for that here the tracer is diluted and two sets of samples are measured, one with 10 "6 M GLP-1 added (to determine non-specific binding) and one without (to determine total binding). The specific binding (total minus non-specific) is then plotted vs the concentration of tracer added.
• a curve fitting program eg the saturation/scatchard template in GraphPad Prism® may then determine the number of binding sites and the affinity.
• non-peptide GLP-1 agonists according to the invention may be either partial or full agonists.
• non-peptide GLP-1 agonist is a partial agonist.
• Such partial agonists may be less likely of causing the receptor to desensitise because they do not fully activate the receptor and therefore also do not fully activate the desensitisation signals.
• the non-peptide partial agonists have an E max of less than 90%, preferably less than 80% and more preferred in the range of 35 to 75% of that of GLP-1.
• the non-peptide GLP-1 agonist is a full agonist.
• the non-peptide GLP-1 agonist has at least a 10 fold selectivity towards the human GLP-1 receptor compared to the human glucagon receptor and/or the human GIP receptor. This may be determined eg by the assays described in example 172 using cells expressing the human glucagon receptor and/or the human GIP receptor and comparing the formation of cAMP with the amount obtained using the cells expressing the human GLP-1 receptor.
• the agonistic effect mediated by the non-peptide GLP-1 agonists can be antagonised by a GLP-1 antagonist.
• GLP-1 antagonist 6-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-1 -hydroxy-2-[2-(4- morpholinyl)ethyl]-1 ,6-dihydropyrrolo[3',4'5,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3(2H)-one.
• 6-(2,5-Dichlorobenzyl)-1-hydroxy-2-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1 ,6-dihydropyrrolo[3',4'5,6]- pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3(2H)-one may be prepared according to the method below:
• 6-(2,5-Dichlorobenzyl)-1-hydroxy-2-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1 ,6-dihydropyrrolo[3',4',5,6]- pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3(2H)-one was prepared by a slight modification of a reported procedure (Dodd et al., J Org. Chem.
• the non-peptide agonists may activate the human receptor both in the absence of GLP-1 and in the presence of GLP-1 but only activate the rat GLP-1 receptor in the presence of GLP-1.
• the compounds of the present invention may have one or more asymmetric centres and it is intended that any optical isomers, as separated, pure or partially purified optical isomers or racemic mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the invention.
• geometric isomers may be formed. It is intended that any geometric isomers, as separated, pure or partially purified geometric isomers or mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the invention. Likewise, molecules having a bond with restricted rotation may form geometric isomers. These are also intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
• the present invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present compounds.
• Such salts include pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts, ammonium and alkylated ammonium salts.
• Acid addition salts include salts of inorganic acids as well as organic acids. Representative examples of suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric acids and the like.
• suitable organic acids include formic, acetic, trichloroacetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, benzoic, cinnamic, citric, fumaric, glycolic, lactic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, oxalic, picric, pyruvic, salicylic, succinic, methane- sulfonic, ethanesulfonic, tartaric, ascorbic, pamoic, bismethylene salicylic, ethanedisulfonic, gluconic, citraconic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, EDTA, glycolic, p-aminobenzoic, glutamic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic acids and the like.
• compositions include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts listed in J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 2, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• metal salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium salts and the like.
• ammonium and alkylated ammonium salts include ammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, ethylammonium, hydroxyethylammonium, diethylammonium, butylammonium, tetramethylammonium salts and the like.
• Also intended as pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are the hydrates which the present compounds are able to form.
• the acid addition salts may be obtained as the direct products of compound synthesis.
• the free base may be dissolved in a suitable solvent containing the appropriate acid, and the salt isolated by evaporating the solvent or otherwise separating the salt and solvent.
• the compounds of the present invention may form solvates with standard low molecular weight solvents using methods well known to the person skilled in the art. Such solvates are also contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention.
• the invention also encompasses prodrugs of the present compounds which on administration undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming active pharma- cological substances.
• prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of the general formula (I) which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound of the formula (I).
• Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in "Design of Prodrugs", ed. H. Bund- gaard, Elsevier, 1985.
• the invention also encompasses active metabolites of the present compounds.
• the compounds according to the present invention activate the human GLP-1 receptor and are accordingly useful for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders and diseases in which such an activation is beneficial.
• the invention relates to a compound according to the invention for use as a medicament.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, at least one compound according to the invention together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
• the invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of a disorder or disease wherein an activation of the human GLP-1 receptor is beneficial.
• the invention also relates to a method for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders or diseases wherein an activation of the human GLP-1 receptor is beneficial the method com- prising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to the invention.
• the present compounds to activate the human GLP-1 receptor are useful for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders and diseases, such as metabolic disorders, wherein an activation of the said receptor is beneficial. Accordingly, they may find use in the treatment and/or prevention of hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, insulin resistance, IGT, obesity, diabetes as a consequence of obesity, diabetic dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Furthermore, they may find use in the treatment and/or prevention of appetite regulation and energy expenditure disorders such as eating disorders eg bulimia, and other conditions where a weight reduction is required. They may also find use in the treatment and/or prevention of anxiety, movement disorder, aggression, psychosis, seizures, panic attacks, hysteria or sleep disorders. A further application is for the inhibition of intesti- nal motility.
• the present compounds are used for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of hyperglycemia.
• the present compounds are used for the manufacture of a medicament for lowering blood glucose in a mammal.
• the present compounds are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of IGT.
• the present compounds are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of Type 2 diabetes.
• the present compounds are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the delaying or prevention of the progression from IGT to Type 2 diabetes. In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention the present compounds are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the delaying or prevention of the progression from non-insulin requiring Type 2 diabetes to insulin requiring Type 2 diabetes.
• the present compounds are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of Type 1 diabetes.
• Such treatment and/or prevention is normally accompanied by insulin therapy.
• the present compounds are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of obesity.
• the present compounds are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of an appetite regulation or energy expenditure disorder.
• the present compounds may be administered in combination with one or more further pharmacologically active substances eg selected from antidiabetics, antiobesity agents, antihypertensive agents and agents for the treatment and/or prevention of complications resulting from or associated with diabetes.
• pharmacologically active substances eg selected from antidiabetics, antiobesity agents, antihypertensive agents and agents for the treatment and/or prevention of complications resulting from or associated with diabetes.
• Suitable antidiabetics comprise insulin, GLP-1 derivatives such as those disclosed in WO 98/08871 to Novo Nordisk A/S which is incorporated herein by reference as well as orally active hypoglycaemic agents.
• the orally active hypoglycaemic agents preferably comprise sulphonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, oxadiazolidinediones, thiazolidinediones, glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon antagonists such as those disclosed in WO 99/01423 to Novo Nordisk A/S and Alanex Corporation, potassium channel openers such as those disclosed in WO 97/26265 and WO 99/03861 to Novo Nordisk A/S which are incorporated herein by reference, insulin sensitizers, DPP-IV inhibitors, inhibitors of hepatic enzymes involved in stimulation of gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis, glucose uptake modulators, compounds modifying the lipid metabolism such as antihyperlipidemic agents and antilipidemic agents, compounds lowering food intake, PPAR and RXR agonists and agents acting on the ATP-dependent potassium channel of the ⁇ -cells.
• the present compounds are administered in combination
• the present compounds are administered in combination with a sulphonylurea eg tolbutamide, glibenclamide, glipizide or giicazide.
• a sulphonylurea eg tolbutamide, glibenclamide, glipizide or giicazide.
• the present compounds are administered in combination with a biguanide eg metformin.
• the present compounds are administered in combination with a meglitinide eg repaglinide.
• the present compounds are administered in combination with a thiazolidinedione eg troglitazone, ciglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone or the compounds disclosed in WO 97/41097 to Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation.
• a thiazolidinedione eg troglitazone, ciglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone or the compounds disclosed in WO 97/41097 to Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation.
• the present compounds may be administered in combination with the insulin sensitizers disclosed in WO 99/19313 to Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation.
• the present compounds are administered in combination with an ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitor eg miglitol or acarbose.
• an ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitor eg miglitol or acarbose.
• the present compounds are administered in combination with an agent acting on the ATP-dependent potassium channel of the ⁇ -cells eg tolbutamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, giicazide or repaglinide.
• an agent acting on the ATP-dependent potassium channel of the ⁇ -cells eg tolbutamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, giicazide or repaglinide.
• the present compounds may be administered in combination with nateglinide.
• the present compounds are administered in combination with an antihyperlipidemic agent or antilipidemic agent eg cholestyramine, colestipol, clofibrate, gemfibrozil, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, probucol or dextrothyroxine.
• an antihyperlipidemic agent or antilipidemic agent eg cholestyramine, colestipol, clofibrate, gemfibrozil, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, probucol or dextrothyroxine.
• the present compounds are administered in combination with more than one of the above-mentioned compounds eg in combination with a sulphonylurea and metformin, a sulphonylurea and acarbose, repaglinide and metformin, insulin and a sulphonylurea, insulin and metformin, insulin and troglitazone, insulin and lovastatin, etc.
• the compounds according to the invention may be administered in combination with one or more antiobesity agents or appetite regulating agents.
• Such agents may be selected from the group consisting of CART agonists, NPY antagonists, MC4 agonists, orexin antagonists, H3 antagonists, TNF agonists, CRF agonists, CRF BP antagonists, urocortin agonists, ⁇ 3 agonists, MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) agonists, MCH (melanocyte-concentrating hormone) antagonists, CCK agonists, serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, mixed serotonin and noradrenergic compounds, 5HT agonists, bombesin agonists, galanin antagonists, growth hormone, growth hormone releasing compounds, TRH agonists, uncoupling protein 2 or 3 modulators, leptin agonists, DA agonists (bromocriptin, doprexin), lipase/amylase inhibitors, PPAR modulators, RXR modulators or TR ⁇ agonists.
• the antiobesity agent is leptin.
• the antiobesity agent is dexamphetamine or amphetamine.
• the antiobesity agent is fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine.
• the antiobesity agent is sibutramine.
• the antiobesity agent is orlistat.
• the antiobesity agent is mazindol or phentermine.
• the present compounds may be administered in combination with one or more antihypertensive agents.
• antihypertensive agents are ⁇ -blockers such as alprenolol, atenolol, timolol, pindolol, propranolol and metoprolol, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors such as benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, quinapril and ramipril, calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine, felodipine, nicardipine, 5686.204-WO isradipine, nimodipine, diltiazem and verapamil, and ⁇ -blockers such as doxazosin, urapidil, prazosin and terazosin. Further reference can be made to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th Edition, Gennaro
• the compounds of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, in either single or multiple doses.
• the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be formulated with pharmaceutically ac- ceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants and excipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as those disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,19 th Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1995.
• compositions may be specifically formulated for administration by any suitable route such as the oral, rectal, nasal, pulmonary, topical (including buccal and sublin- gual), transdermal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous and intradermal) route, the oral route being preferred. It will be appreciated that the preferred route will depend on the general condition and age of the subject to be treated, the nature of the condition to be treated and the active ingredient chosen.
• compositions for oral administration include solid dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, dragees, pills, lozenges, powders and granules. Where appropriate, they can be prepared with coatings such as enteric coatings or they can be formulated so as to provide controlled release of the active ingredient such as sustained or prolonged release according to methods well-known in the art.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous and nonaqueous injectable solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders to be reconstituted in sterile injectable solutions or dispersions prior to use. Depot in- jectable formulations are also contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention.
• Suitable administration forms include suppositories, sprays, ointments, cremes, gels, inhalants, dermal patches, implants etc.
• a typical oral dosage is in the range of from about 0.001 to about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg body weight per day, and more preferred from about 0.05 to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day administered in one or more dosages such as 1 to 3 dosages.
• the exact dosage will depend upon the frequency and mode of administration, the sex, age, weight and general condition of the subject treated, the nature and severity of the condition treated and any concomitant diseases to be treated and other factors evident to those skilled in the art.
• a typical unit dosage form for oral administration one or more times per day such as 1 to 3 times per day may contain of from 0.05 to about 1000 mg, preferably from about 0.1 to about 500 mg, and more preferred from about 0.5 mg to about 200 mg.
• parenteral routes such as intravenous, intrathecal, intramuscular and similar administra- tion
• typically doses are in the order of about half the dose employed for oral administration.
• the compounds of this invention are generally utilized as the free substance or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• One example is an acid addition salt of a compound having the utility of a free base.
• a compound of the formula (I) contains a free base such salts are prepared in a conventional manner by treating a solution or suspension of a free base of the formula (I) with a chemical equivalent of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, for example, inorganic and organic acids. Representative examples are mentioned above.
• Physiologically acceptable salts of a compound with a hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as sodium or ammonium ion.
• solutions of the novel compounds of the formula (I) in sterile aqueous solution, aqueous propylene glycol or sesame or peanut oil may be employed.
• aqueous solutions should be suitable buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
• the aqueous solutions are particularly suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration.
• the sterile aqueous media employed are all readily available by standard techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include inert solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous solution and various organic solvents.
• solid carriers are lactose, terra alba, sucrose, cyclodextrin, talc, gelatine, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or lower alkyl ethers of cellulose.
• liquid carriers are syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, phospholipids, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, polyoxyethylene or water.
• the carrier or diluent may include any sustained release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or mixed with a wax.
• compositions formed by combining the novel compounds of the formula (I) and the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are then readily administered in a variety of dosage forms suitable for the disclosed routes of administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form by meth- ods known in the art of pharmacy.
• Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, and which may include a suitable excipient. These formulations may be in the form of powder or granules, as a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• the preparation may be tabletted, placed in a hard gelatine capsule in powder or pellet form or it can be in the form of a troche or lozenge.
• the amount of solid carrier will vary widely but will usually be from about 25 mg to about 1 g.
• the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, emulsion, soft gelatine capsule or sterile injectable liquid such as an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspension or solution.
• a typical tablet which may be prepared by conventional tabletting techniques may contain:
• Active compound (as free compound or salt thereof) 5.0 mg Lactosum Ph. Eur. 67.8 mg
• the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise the compound of the formula (I) in combination with further pharmacologically active substances such as those described in the foregoing.
• R 1 to R 4 are as defined for formula (I) and R represents CF 3 , C 1- ⁇ -alkyl, phenyl, phenyl-C 1-6 -alkyl or 2-furanyl.
• STEP 2 A mixture of 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxyquinoxaline (50 mg, 0.218 mmol), potassium carbonate (31 mg, 0.224 mmol) and 2-mercapto-5-methylthiadiazole (31 mg, 0.219 mmol) in 3 ml of acetone was stirred while adding caesium fluoride (40 mg, 0.262 mmol) and two drops of DMF. The mixture was stirred and heated at 55 °C for 16 hours. The cooled mixture was filtered and washed with acetone. The organic solution was evaporated and the residue was crystallised from methanol to afford 13 mg (18%) of the title compound as off white crystals.
• EXAMPLE 32 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ): ⁇ 1.5 (t, 3H), 3.6 (s, 3H), 4.5 (q, 2H), 8.2 (s, 1 H), 8.4 (s, 1 H); MS (APCI positive) 365.
• EXAMPLE 33 6,7-Dichloro-2-methyl-3-(isobutyl-1-sulfonyl)quinoxaline
• the crude alkylation product was dissolved in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (5 ml), then mCPBA (574 mg, 1.32 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight.
• the reaction mixture was quenched by addition of a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate.
• the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with 1 ,2- dichloroethane.
• the product was purified by flash column chromatography using ethyl ace- tate:hexane 1 :5.
• the crude alkylation product was dissolved in 1 ,2- dichloroethane to which was added mCPBA (1.1 g, 1.3 mmol). The oxidation reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with 1 ,2-dichloroethane. The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure to a pale yellow solid. The product was purified by HPLC.
• the title compound was prepared using the first step of example 24.
• the title compound was prepared according example 18 using 1-phenyl-1 H-tetrazole-5-thiol.
• the compound was prepared using the same procedure as described for example 57 using ethanol amine instead of propargylamine.
• reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.
• the reaction was quenched by addition of a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. After separating the layers, the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding a white solid. This solid was further purified by column chromotography affording two components as a white solid.
• EXAMPLE 68 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ): ⁇ 1.43 (d, 6H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 4.10 (m, 1 H), 8.20 (s, 1 H), 8.28 (s, 1 H); MS (APCI positive) 319.
• EXAMPLE 69 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ): ⁇ 1.41 (d, 3H), 1.45 (d, 3H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 3.75 (m, 1 H), 8.27 (s, 1 H), 8.34 (s, 1 H); MS (APCI positive) 303.
• the title compound was prepared using the same procedure as described in example 7.
• the sulfide was prepared as described in example 12 and oxidised with mCPBA.
• a white solid was isolated and purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate:petroleum ether 30:70).
• STEP 2 The title compound was then prepared from the compound prepared in step 1 using the same procedure as described in example 19. 41 % yield of a yellow solid was isolated and purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate: petroleum ether 10:90).
• step 1 the following compound was made:

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