Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
  • F28F19/02—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
  • F28F19/02—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
  • F28F19/06—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings of metal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
  • C23C18/1603—Process or apparatus coating on selected surface areas
  • C23C18/1614—Process or apparatus coating on selected surface areas plating on one side
  • C23C18/1616—Process or apparatus coating on selected surface areas plating on one side interior or inner surface
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
  • C23C18/1633—Process of electroless plating
  • C23C18/1655—Process features
  • C23C18/1662—Use of incorporated material in the solution or dispersion, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/31—Coating with metals
  • C23C18/32—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/31—Coating with metals
  • C23C18/32—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron
  • C23C18/34—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron using reducing agents
  • C23C18/36—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron using reducing agents using hypophosphites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/31—Coating with metals
  • C23C18/38—Coating with copper
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F2245/00—Coatings; Surface treatments
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
  • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
  • Y10T428/12556—Organic component
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
  • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
  • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
  • Y10T428/12944—Ni-base component
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31678—Of metal

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for coating reactors for the high-pressure polymerization of 1-olefins. Furthermore, this invention relates to reactors and high-pressure reactor systems for the polymerization or copolymerization of 1-olefins, in particular ethylene, containing the reactors coated according to the invention, and to a process for producing ethylene homo- and copolymers in the reactors according to the invention.
• High-pressure ethylene is a large-scale industrial process. In this process, pressures above 500 bar and temperatures of 150 ° C and higher are used. The process is generally carried out in high-pressure autoclaves or in tubular reactors. High-pressure autoclaves are known in so-called compact or elongated embodiments. The well-known tubular reactors (Ulimann's Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry, Volume 19, p. 169 and p. 173 ff (1980), Verlag Chemie Weinheim, Deerfield Beach, Basel) are characterized by simple handling and low maintenance and are different from stirred autoclaves advantageous. The sales achievable in the above mentioned devices are limited.
• the limitation is the polymerization temperature and the polymerization pressure, which have a specific upper limit depending on the product type. For low-density LDPE waxes and LDPE polymers, this upper limit is approx. 330 ° C; Above this, spontaneous decomposition of ethylene can occur. Below a temperature of 150 ° C there can be problems with heat dissipation. Furthermore, the pressure loss that occurs is limiting; this pressure loss increases with falling temperature.
• a cooling medium generally water
• the temperature of the cooling medium is very important. At cooling medium temperatures below 150 ° C, a laminar layer of polyethylene can form, which acts as an insulator and can drastically reduce heat dissipation. If the temperature of the cooling medium is too high selected, the temperature difference between the reaction medium and the cooling medium is too small, which also leads to unsatisfactory heat transfer numbers (see, for example, E. Fitzer, W. Fritz, Chemische Christstechnik, 2nd edition, page 152 ff., 5 Springer Verlag Heidelberg, 1982) .
• 25 reactors are usually of high molecular weight, which can be seen macroscopically in the formation of so-called specks.
• Material containing specks has less good mechanical properties, however, since it forms predetermined cracks in the material at which material failure occurs, and is also disadvantageous in terms of the visual impression.
• PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
• a method for coating a reactor has now been found, characterized in that a metal layer or a metal-polymer dispersion layer is electrolessly deposited on the inside of the reactor of a reactor for the high-pressure polymerization of ethylene by the surfaces being coated with a metal -electro- lyt solution contacted, which in addition to the metal electrolyte contains a reducing agent and optionally a halogenated polymer to be separated in dispersed form.
• reactors coated according to the invention for the high-pressure polymerization of ethylene were found.
• the reactors according to the invention were used for the high-pressure polymerization of ethylene and a process for the high-pressure polymerization of ethylene was found.
• reactors coated with an anti-adhesive metal coating or metal-polymer dispersion layer enable a significantly improved conversion compared to non-coated reactors.
• This inventive solution to the problem is based on a method for electroless chemical deposition of metal layers or metal-polymer dispersion phases, which is known per se (W. Riedel: Functional Nickel Plating, Verlag Eugen Leize, Saulgau, 1989, pages 231 to 236, ISBN 3 -750480-044-x).
• the deposition of the metal layer or the metal-polymer dispersion phases serves to coat the inner walls of the high-pressure reactor known per se.
• the metal layer to be deposited by the method according to the invention comprises an alloy or alloy-like mixed phase composed of a metal and at least one further element.
• the metal-polymer dispersion phases according to the invention additionally comprise a polymer, in the context of the invention a halogenated polymer, which is present in the metal layer is dispersed.
• the metal alloy is preferably a metal-boron alloy or a metal-phosphorus alloy with a boron or phosphorus content of 0.5 to 15% by weight.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the coatings according to the invention is a so-called “chemical nickel system”, that is to say phosphorus-containing nickel alloys with a phosphorus content of 0.5 to 15% by weight; particularly preferred are high phosphorus-containing nickel alloys with 5 to 12% by weight.
• chemical or autocatalytic deposition of metal phosphorus or metal boron does not provide the electrons required for this through an external power source, but rather through chemical conversion in the electrolyte itself (oxidation of a reducing agent).
• the coating is carried out, for example, by immersing the workpiece in a metal electrolyte solution which has been mixed beforehand with a stabilized polymer dispersion.
• metal electrolyte solutions are usually used as metal electrolyte solutions, to which the following components are added in addition to the electrolyte: a reducing agent such as a hypophosphite or boranate (for example NaBH 4 ), a buffer mixture for adjusting the pH Wert, an alkali metal fluoride such as NaF, KF or LiF, carboxylic acids and a deposition moderator such as Pb 2+ .
• a reducing agent such as a hypophosphite or boranate (for example NaBH 4 )
• a buffer mixture for adjusting the pH Wert for example NaBH 4
• an alkali metal fluoride such as NaF, KF or LiF
• carboxylic acids carboxylic acids
• a deposition moderator such as Pb 2+
• Ni 2+ , hypophosphite, carboxylic acids and fluoride and, if appropriate, deposition moderators such as Pb 2+ are particularly preferably used.
• Such solutions are sold, for example, by Riedel, Galvano- und Filtertechnik GmbH, Halle, Westphalia and Atotech GmbH, Berlin.
• Particularly preferred are solutions which have a pH around 5 and about 27 g / 1 NiS0-6 H 2 0 and about 21 g / 1 NaH 2 P ⁇ 2 -H 2 0 with a PTFE content of 1 to 25 g / 1 included.
• the optionally used halogenated polymer of the process according to the invention is preferably fluorinated.
• suitable fluorinated polymers are polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy polymers (PFA, for example with C - to C 8 -alkoxy units),
• PTFE dispersions polytetrafluorethylene dispersions
• PTFE dispersions with a solids content of 35 to 60% by weight and an average particle diameter of 0.05 to 1.2 ⁇ m, in particular 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m, are preferably used.
• Spherical particles are preferably used because the use of spherical particles leads to very homogeneous composite layers. The advantage of using spherical particles is faster layer growth and better, in particular longer, thermal stability of the baths, both of which offer economic advantages. This can be seen particularly clearly in comparison to systems using irregular polymer particles which are obtained by grinding the corresponding polymer.
• the dispersions used can be a nonionic detergent (for example polyglycols, alkylphenol ethoxylate or, if appropriate, mixtures of the substances mentioned, 80 to 120 g of neutral detergent per liter) or an ionic detergent (for example alkyl and haloalkylsulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, Alkylphenol ether sulfates, tetraalkylammonium salts or optionally mixtures of the substances mentioned, 15 to 60 g of ionic detergent per liter) to stabilize the dispersion.
• a nonionic detergent for example polyglycols, alkylphenol ethoxylate or, if appropriate, mixtures of the substances mentioned, 80 to 120 g of neutral detergent per liter
• an ionic detergent for example alkyl and haloalkylsulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, Alkylphenol ether sulfates, tetraalkylam
• Coating is carried out at a slightly elevated temperature which, however, must not be so high that the dispersion is destabilized. Temperatures of 40 to 95 ° C have proven to be suitable. Temperatures of 80 to 91 ° C. are preferred and 88 ° C. is particularly preferred.
• Deposition rates of 1 to 15 ⁇ m / h have proven to be useful.
• the deposition speed can be influenced as follows by the composition of the immersion baths:
• the deposition rate is increased by higher temperatures, there being a maximum temperature which is limited, for example, by the stability of the optionally added polymer dispersion.
• the separation speed is reduced by lower temperatures.
• the deposition rate is increased by higher electrolyte concentrations and reduced by lower ones; where concentrations of 1 g / 1 to 20 g / 1 Ni 2+ are useful, concentrations of 4 g / 1 to 10 g / 1 are preferred; for Cu 2+ 1 g / 1 to 50 g / 1 are advisable.
• the deposition rate can also be increased by higher concentrations of reducing agent;
• the rate of separation can be increased by increasing the pH. It is preferred to set a pH between 3 and 6, particularly preferably between 4 and 5.5.
• activators such as alkali fluorides, for example NaF or KF, increases the rate of separation.
• the polymer content of the dispersion coating is mainly influenced by the amount of polymer dispersion added and the choice of detergents.
• the concentration of the polymer plays the greater role here; high polymer concentrations of
• Immersion baths lead to a disproportionately high proportion of polymer in the metal-phosphorus-polymer dispersion layer or metal-boron-polymer dispersion layer.
• the surfaces treated according to the invention enable good heat transfer, although the coatings can have a not inconsiderable thickness of 1 to 100 ⁇ m. 3 to 20 ⁇ m, in particular 5 to 16 ⁇ m, are preferred.
• the polymer content of the dispersion coating is 5 to 30% by volume, preferably 15 to 25% by volume, and 19 to 21% by volume is particularly preferred.
• the surfaces treated according to the invention also have excellent durability.
• the tempering period is generally 5 minutes to 3 hours, preferably 35 to 60 minutes.
• Another object of the present invention is a method for producing a coated reactor which has a particularly adhesive, durable and heat-resistant coating and therefore achieves the object of the invention in a special way.
• This method is characterized in that a 1 to 15 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 5 ⁇ m thick, metal-phosphor layer is additionally applied by electroless chemical deposition before the metal-polymer dispersion layer is applied.
• the electroless chemical application of a 1 to 15 ⁇ m thick metal-phosphor layer to improve the adhesion is again carried out using metal electrolyte baths, to which, however, no stabilized polymer dispersion is added in this case.
• metal electrolyte baths to which, however, no stabilized polymer dispersion is added in this case.
• For tempering is preferably dispensed with at this time, since this generally has a negative effect on the adhesiveness of the subsequent metal-polymer dispersion layer.
• the workpiece is placed in a second immersion bath which, in addition to the metal electrolyte, also comprises a stabilized polymer dispersion. This forms the metal-polymer dispersion layer.
• Annealing is then preferably carried out at 100 to 450 ° C., in particular at 315 to 400 ° C.
• the annealing time is generally 5 minutes to 3 hours, preferably 35 to 45 minutes.
• tubular reactors are used as reactors for the high-pressure polymerization of ethylene, tubular reactors being preferred.
• Tubular reactors can be coated particularly well by a preferred variant of the process according to the invention, by pumping the metal-electrolyte solution or the metal-electrolyte-polymer dispersion mixture through the reactor to be coated.
• the coated tubes according to the invention can be easily installed in polymerization plants for high-pressure polymerization and non-coated tubes can be replaced in the process.
• the ethylene polymerization in the plants according to the invention which contain the tubes according to the invention, usually takes place at temperatures from 400 to 6000 bar, preferably from 500 to 5000 bar and particularly preferably 1000 to 3500 bar.
• the reaction temperature is 150 to 450 ° C, preferably 160 to 250 ° C.
• Ethylene is particularly suitable as a monomer in the polymerization process according to the invention. It is also possible to prepare copolymers with ethylene, in principle all olefins which can be copolymerized with ethylene by free radicals are suitable as comonomers. Are preferred
• 1-olefins such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-decene,
• Acrylates such as acrylic acid, acrylic acid methyl ester, acrylic acid ethyl ester, acrylic acid n-butyl ester or acrylic acid tert. -butyl ester; Methacrylic acid, methacrylic acid methyl ester, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid n-butyl ester or methacrylic acid ester. -butyl ester;
• Vinyl carboxylates vinyl acetate being particularly preferred
• Unsaturated dicarboxylic acid derivatives maleic anhydride and maleic alkylimides such as maleic acid methylimide are particularly preferred.
• Hydrogen, aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, CH-acidic compounds such as mercaptans or alcohols, olefins and alkanes are suitable as molecular weight regulators.
• the polymerization can be started with oxygen-containing gases such as air, but also with organic peroxo compounds or with organic azo compounds such as AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile).
• organic peroxo compounds are preferred, with benzoyl peroxide and di-tert-butyl peroxide being particularly preferred.
• the polymers of ethylene produced by the process according to the invention can have very different molar masses depending on the reaction conditions.
• Preferred molar masses M w are between 500 and 600,000 g.
• the low number of specks which is usually specified in the form of a speck grade, is particularly advantageous in the ethylene polymers prepared according to the invention, a low speck grade usually corresponding to a low number of specks.
• the polymers produced according to the invention are particularly suitable for the production of moldings and flat structures, such as films or bags.
• the removed reactor tube (length 150 m, diameter 15 mm) was contacted at a temperature of 88 ° C with an aqueous Nikkeisalzates, the solution the following Composition had: 27 g / 1 NiS0 4 -6 H 2 0, 21 g / 1 NaH 2 P0-2 H 2 0, lactic acid CH 3 CHOHC0 2 H 20 g / 1, propionic acid C 2 H 5 C0 2 H 3 g / 1, Na citrate 5 g / 1, NaF 1 g / 1 (Note: Electroless nickel electrolyte solutions of this and other concentrations are commercially available, for example from Riedel Galvano- und Filtertechnik GmbH, Halle, Westphalia; or from Atotech Kunststoff GmbH, Berlin) ) .
• the pH was 4.8. To achieve uniform layer thicknesses, the solution was pumped through the pipe at a flow rate of 0.1 m / s. At a deposition speed of 12 ⁇ m / h, the process is finished after 75 min. The layer thickness achieved was 16 ⁇ m. The coated tube was then rinsed with water, dried and annealed at 400 ° C. for one hour.
• the removed reactor tube (length 150 m, diameter 15 mm) was contacted at a temperature of 88 ° C. with an aqueous nickel salt solution, the solution having the following composition: 27 g / 1
• the pH was 4.8.
• the solution was pumped through the pipe at a flow rate of 0.1 m / s. At a deposition rate of 12 ⁇ m / h, 25 min. worked to get the achieved layer thickness of 5 microns.
• the nickel salt solution was then additionally mixed with 1% by volume of a PTFE dispersion with a density of 1.5 g / ml.
• This PTFE dispersion contained 50% by weight solids.
• the process was finished in two hours (layer thickness 16 ⁇ m).
• the coated tube was rinsed with water, dried and annealed at 350 ° C for one hour.
• the polymerization was carried out in a reactor of 400 m in total. A detailed description of the reactor and the polymerization conditions can be found in DE-A 40 10 271. The reactor was divided into 3 zones; at the beginning of each zone was initiated with peroxide solution. The dimensions of the zones are shown in Table 1.
• the speck mark was determined using an automatic in-line measuring device (Brabender, Duisburg, "Autographers"). For this purpose, a small part of the polymer melt was shaped into a film using an approx. 10 cm wide slot die at 200 ° C., the thickness of which was approx. 0.5 mm. The number of specks was determined using a video camera and an automatic counting device. The number was then classified in the speck grade.
• zone number 1 was coated according to the invention and the corresponding experiments were carried out. The results are shown in Table 2. It is to be expected that coating the other zones will lead to a further increase in sales.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemically Coating (AREA)
• Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
• Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
• Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
• Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
• Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
• Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
• Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
• Paints Or Removers (AREA)

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• 1998
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  • 1999-12-24 AT AT99965554T patent/ATE245210T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-12-24 ES ES99967007T patent/ES2197710T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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  • 1999-12-24 EP EP99964672A patent/EP1144724B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
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