EP0930401B1 - Godet d'excavateur - Google Patents

Godet d'excavateur Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0930401B1
EP0930401B1 EP98123548A EP98123548A EP0930401B1 EP 0930401 B1 EP0930401 B1 EP 0930401B1 EP 98123548 A EP98123548 A EP 98123548A EP 98123548 A EP98123548 A EP 98123548A EP 0930401 B1 EP0930401 B1 EP 0930401B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ditch
digging
container
excavating bucket
bucket according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98123548A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0930401A2 (fr
EP0930401A3 (fr
Inventor
Günter Holp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Holp GmbH
Original Assignee
Holp GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Holp GmbH filed Critical Holp GmbH
Priority to DE29824510U priority Critical patent/DE29824510U1/de
Publication of EP0930401A2 publication Critical patent/EP0930401A2/fr
Publication of EP0930401A3 publication Critical patent/EP0930401A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0930401B1 publication Critical patent/EP0930401B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
    • E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
    • E02F3/28—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets
    • E02F3/36—Component parts
    • E02F3/40—Dippers; Buckets ; Grab devices, e.g. manufacturing processes for buckets, form, geometry or material of buckets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/28—Small metalwork for digging elements, e.g. teeth scraper bits
    • E02F9/2883—Wear elements for buckets or implements in general

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a trench clearing bucket for one Excavator according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a trench clearing bucket is known from DE-A-30 45 496.
  • NL-A-7 116 317 is a straight edge known excavator bucket on the bottom, the suitable coupling agents with both Excavator boom as well as a pull rope can be connected.
  • the spoon area which is open upwards in a rectangular shape, spanned by a curved suspension bracket.
  • US-A-3 195 747 shows an excavator bucket with a concave curved floor, on which two scraper openings adjoin so that in a swivel movement in both Cutting directions can be worked.
  • the invention is based on the object to develop a backhoe with which simplified the earthworks described above have it carried out.
  • the scraper at one the bottom on the opposite side of the head a second scraper opening for pulling off a trench edge strip, the second prospect, rectangular in outline through a free edge designed as a straight edge one opposite the first prospect End wall of the scraping vessel is bordered on the broad side. It is possible with just one spoon in one ongoing work both digging as well also create the banquets in the desired contour.
  • the coupling device a preferably hydraulically driven Rotary unit for rotating the scraper vertically through the plane of the second prospect Has axis of rotation.
  • the scraper can by means of a Swivel unit of the coupling device by a vertical to the arm of the boom Pivot axis can be pivoted.
  • connection of the coupling device can be done facilitate that the scraper a head arranged, keeping the side walls clear has a second scraper opening connecting flange plate.
  • a cover plate for closing is advantageous the second prospect. So that will in particular, prevents mud from being excavated the movement of the scraper can flow again.
  • the handling of the cover plate can be facilitated by that they have two opposing, rectangular shapes folded edge strips to slide on has on the scraper, the edge strips the facing outer edges of the side walls are dovetail-like engage behind. It is further from Advantage if the cover plate has a snap connection is releasably connectable to the scraper.
  • the scraper is advantageously by means of a Cross-section of angled stiffening plate, which preferably at its edge a welded connection firmly to the side walls and the flange plate is connected and with its legs from the facing edges of the Scraps open diagonally inwards into the scraper projects.
  • the invention also includes an excavator, the boom of which is coupled with a trench clearing spoon according to the invention.
  • the trench clearing bucket 10 shown in the drawing consists essentially of a scraper 12 and a coupling device 14 for rotatable and pivotable Connection of the scraper 12 with a handle 16 a multi-arm articulated boom 18 of a mobile excavator 20.
  • the scraper 12 is used to clear a trench 22 (Fig. 1) and peeling one of the banquets forming trench edge strip 24 (Fig. 2) and is for this by means of the kinematics of the boom 18 and the Coupling device 14 in the corresponding functional positions brought.
  • the scraper 12 has a trough-shaped bottom 26, two including an acute angle V-shaped on the Side walls 28, 30 projecting from the floor, an end wall 32 and one on a floor 26 opposite Flange plate 34 arranged at the top.
  • the of the End wall 32 facing away from the free edge of the bottom 26, the side walls 28, 30 and the flange plate 34 one of the desired cross-sectional shape of the trench 22 adapted first scraper opening 36, while the free edge 38 of the end wall 32 and the adjacent Edge edge sections 40 of the side walls 28, 30 a head-arranged, rectangular in outline border second scraper opening 43.
  • the effective ones Cutting edges on the first and second scraper openings 36, 42 are by welded cutting parts 44 and 46 made of hardened knife steel compared to the rest, consisting of welded steel sheets Wall parts of the scraper 12 reinforced. Furthermore are the bottom 26 and the end wall 32 on the outside with several stripes, spaced apart wear plates 48 arranged from one another Mistake.
  • a stiffening plate 50 angled in cross section is provided, which on its edges by welding firmly with the side walls 28, 30 and the flange plate 34 is connected and with its legs 52, 54 of the mutually facing edges of the scraper openings 36, 42 protrudes obliquely inwards into the scraper 12 (Fig. 3).
  • the scraper 12 In order to promote the cutting action of the cutting parts 44, 46, is the scraper 12 in its high central plane the basic shape is parallelogram-shaped, the scraper openings 36, 42 under one obtuse angles are oriented to each other.
  • Excavations are the bottom 26 and the rear wall 32 over one inner concave wall part 56 in an arc with one another connected.
  • the second scraper opening 42 can be opened by means of a separate one Close cover plate 58.
  • the narrow-sided edge strips are on the scraper 12 60 of the cover plate 58 folded so that it the outer edges of the side walls 28, 30 facing away from Reach behind a type of dovetail guide.
  • the closed position can be the cover plate 58 by means of a locking connection on the flange plate 34 releasable lock.
  • a locking pin 64 is via a spring tab 62 hinged to the cover plate 58, which Locking bolt when pushed into a locking opening 66 Flange plate 34 engages automatically.
  • connection means not shown on the Flange plate 34 attached coupling device 14 has a hydraulically driven rotating unit 68 360 ° rotation of the scraper 12 by a vertical through the plane of the second scraper opening 42 or axially to the shaft 16 extending axis of rotation. additionally is the scraper 12 by means of a, not shown, in deep bucket known pivot unit by one perpendicular to the stem 16 and the axis of rotation Swivel axis can be pivoted to a limited extent, so that the Scraper openings 36, 42 in that described below Can be aligned.
  • This becomes the excavation of a road or water ditch Scraper 12 can be rotated by suitable control of the on the undercarriage 70 of the excavator 20 superstructure 72, the articulated boom 18 and the coupling device 14 tracked in towing mode, the first scraper opening 36 being level Soil 26 transversely to the towing direction or desired trench course is oriented. That on this Way during the movement of the excavator 20 in the Scraper 12 picked up material on a moving Transport vehicle abandoned or in the field distributed.
  • the invention relates to a trench clearing bucket 10 for an excavator 20, with a via a coupling device 14 a boom 18 of the excavator 20 connectable scraper 12, one through a bottom 26 and two V-shaped protruding side walls 28, 30 edged first scraper opening 36 for clearing of a road ditch 22.
  • Scraper 12 on its opposite the floor Provide the head side with a second scraper opening 42.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Shovels (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Godet de curage pour un excavateur (20) ou des engins de terrassement automoteurs analogues, avec un récipient de cavage (12), qui peut être assemblé par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif d'accouplement (14) à une flèche (18) de l'excavateur (20) et qui présente une première ouverture de cavage (36) pour curer un fossé (22), bordée par un fond (26) et deux parois latérales (28, 30), les deux parois latérales (28, 30) reliées par l'intermédiaire du fond (26) partant en V du fond (26), caractérisé en ce que le récipient de cavage (12) présente, sur un côté de tête opposé au fond (26), une deuxième ouverture de cavage (42) pour aplanir une bande de bord de fossé (24), la deuxième ouverture de cavage (42), de contour rectangulaire, étant bordée sur son grand côté par une arête de bord libre (46), conçue comme tranchant rectiligne, d'une paroi. frontale (32) du récipient de cavage (12) qui est opposée à la première ouverture de cavage (36).
  2. Godet de curage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le récipient de cavage (12), guidé en étant remorqué le long d'un fossé (22), peut être amené au moyen du dispositif d'accouplement (14) dans deux positions fonctionnelles, dans chacune desquelles une des ouvertures de cavage (36, 42) est orientée transversalement à la direction de remorquage afin de curer ou d'aplanir le fossé (22).
  3. Godet de curage selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif d'accouplement (14) présente une unité de rotation (68) à fonctionnement de préférence hydraulique pour tourner le récipient de cavage (12) autour d'un axe de rotation s'étendant verticalement à travers le plan de la deuxième ouverture de cavage (42).
  4. Godet de curage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le récipient de cavage (12) peut, au moyen d'une unité de pivotement du dispositif d'accouplement (14), être pivoté autour d'un axe de pivotement s'étendant perpendiculairement au bras porte-godet (16) de la flèche (18).
  5. Godet de curage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le fond (26) du récipient de cavage (12) est bombé vers l'extérieur en forme de gouttière.
  6. Godet de curage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le récipient de cavage (12) présente une plaque de bridage (34) pour le raccordement du dispositif d'accouplement (14), disposée sur le côté de tête et reliant les parois latérales (28, 30) en laissant dégagée la deuxième ouverture de cavage (42).
  7. Godet de curage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par une plaque de recouvrement (58) pour fermer la deuxième ouverture de cavage (42).
  8. Godet de curage selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la plaque de recouvrement (58), de contour rectangulaire, présente deux bordures repliées (60) mutuellement opposées, pour l'enfoncer sur le récipient de cavage (12), les bordures (60) s'engageant à la manière d'une queue d'aronde derrière les bords extérieurs en vis-à-vis des parois latérales (28, 30)
  9. Godet de curage selon la revendication 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que la plaque de recouvrement (58) peut être assemblée de manière amovible au récipient de cavage (12) au moyen d'un assemblage par enclenchement (62, 64, 66).
  10. Godet de curage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le fond (26) et la paroi frontale (32) du récipient de cavage (12) sont mutuellement reliées suivant une trajectoire arquée au moyen d'un élément de paroi (56) à courbure intérieure concave.
  11. Godet de curage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que le récipient de cavage (12) présente une tôle de renforcement (50) de section coudée qui, sur ses arêtes de bords, est fixement assemblée, de préférence par soudage, aux parois latérales (28, 30) et à la plaque de bridage (34), et qui, par ses branches (52, 54), fait saillie en oblique vers l'intérieur dans le récipient de cavage (12) en s'éloignant des bords en vis-à-vis des ouvertures de cavage (36, 42).
  12. Excavateur (20) ou engin de terrassement automoteur analogue, avec une flèche (18) et avec un godet de curage (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes 1 à 11, accouplé à la flèche (18).
EP98123548A 1998-01-20 1998-12-09 Godet d'excavateur Expired - Lifetime EP0930401B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE29824510U DE29824510U1 (de) 1998-01-20 1998-12-09 Baggerlöffel

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19801938 1998-01-20
DE19801938A DE19801938A1 (de) 1998-01-20 1998-01-20 Baggerlöffel

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0930401A2 EP0930401A2 (fr) 1999-07-21
EP0930401A3 EP0930401A3 (fr) 2000-06-21
EP0930401B1 true EP0930401B1 (fr) 2002-11-20

Family

ID=7855122

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98123548A Expired - Lifetime EP0930401B1 (fr) 1998-01-20 1998-12-09 Godet d'excavateur

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0930401B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE228191T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19801938A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0930401T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT201700002086A1 (it) * 2017-01-10 2018-07-10 Fael Spa Mezzo di scavo di trincee per cavidotti

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1092394B (de) * 1954-02-03 1960-11-03 Hans Liebherr Bagger, dessen Grabwerkzeug aus einem sowohl als Greifer als auch als Tiefloeffel verwendbaren Schaufelpaar besteht
US3195747A (en) * 1961-06-05 1965-07-20 Kash Products Inc Backhoe and bucket incorporated therein, and method of digging earth
NL6703795A (fr) * 1965-02-18 1967-07-25
AU3100671A (en) * 1971-07-08 1973-01-11 Vickers Ruhoff Proprietary Limited Improved excavator dipper bucket
BE790525A (fr) * 1971-10-25 1973-04-25 Pennings Franciscus A
NL7116317A (fr) * 1971-11-26 1973-05-29
DE3037789A1 (de) * 1980-10-07 1982-05-13 Körner, Anneliese, 3405 Rosdorf Baggerschaufel
DE3045496A1 (de) * 1980-12-03 1982-07-01 Fiege Bau GmbH, 3400 Göttingen Zum ausraeumen eines grabens bestimmter baggerloeffel
DE3231551A1 (de) * 1982-08-25 1984-03-01 Erich 8440 Straubing Sennebogen Baggerloeffel und damit versehener bagger
DE29719262U1 (de) * 1997-10-22 1998-02-12 Alvermann, Jörg, 32657 Lemgo Schaufel für den Anbau an die Dreipunkt-Aufhängung landwirtschaftlicher Traktoren

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0930401A2 (fr) 1999-07-21
ATE228191T1 (de) 2002-12-15
DK0930401T3 (da) 2003-03-17
EP0930401A3 (fr) 2000-06-21
DE59806349D1 (de) 2003-01-02
DE19801938A1 (de) 1999-07-22

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE19754399C2 (de) Vorrichtung zur Bearbeitung einer länglichen Vertiefung im Erdreich
DE2217849A1 (de) Baggertieflöffel
DE69004812T2 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Pfählen aus Ortbeton.
DE3603675A1 (de) Als erdbewegungsgeraet ausgebildete kombination von einer fraese und einem behaelter
DE4208245C2 (de) Auslegersystem für Bagger
DE19727549C2 (de) Vorrichtung sowie Verfahren zum Ausheben und Auffüllen von Erdreich
EP0273400B1 (fr) Lame de soutien et d'évacuation pour véhicule excavateur
DE3015452C2 (de) Schaufelrad für einen Schwimmsaugbagger
DE1484632A1 (de) Lade- und Schuerfkuebel
DE3234019A1 (de) Hydraulikbaggerausruestung
EP0930401B1 (fr) Godet d'excavateur
DE102006013451A1 (de) Arbeitsgerät für einen Bagger
DE19739915C2 (de) Bankettefräsaggregat
DE3402269A1 (de) Vorrichtung zur gewinnung von unter druck formbaren materialien, wie beispielsweise torf, lehm bzw. ton, abgesetzter klaerschlamm u.dgl.
DE4213523B4 (de) Mobiles Fräsladegerät, insbesondere Bodenfräsgerät
DE19512714C2 (de) Böschungsprofiliergerät
EP0459100B1 (fr) Godet
DE2429659A1 (de) Loeffelbagger, insbesondere tiefloeffelbagger
DE1913581A1 (de) Maschine fuer Untertagearbeiten
DE3045496A1 (de) Zum ausraeumen eines grabens bestimmter baggerloeffel
DE3607838A1 (de) Schneidradvorrichtung
DE29505595U1 (de) Böschungsprofiliergerät
DE1634691C (de) Arbeitsgerät fur Baumaschinen, ins besondere Bagger, mit mehreren meißelarti gen Zahnen
DE19920115C2 (de) Abstands- und Führungseinrichtung für Baggerwerkzeuge
DE69029715T2 (de) Schneidkopf für eine Nassbaggervorrichtung, insbesondere für einen Schneidsaugbagger

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK FR IT LI NL

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Free format text: 7E 02F 3/40 A, 7E 02F 5/02 B

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20001019

AKX Designation fees paid

Free format text: AT BE CH DE DK FR IT LI NL

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20010119

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: HOLP GMBH

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK FR IT LI NL

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 228191

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 20021215

Kind code of ref document: T

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 59806349

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20030102

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: T3

ET Fr: translation filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20030821

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 20041201

Year of fee payment: 7

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20051231

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: *HOLP G.M.B.H.

Effective date: 20051231

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20131219

Year of fee payment: 16

Ref country code: DK

Payment date: 20131219

Year of fee payment: 16

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 20131219

Year of fee payment: 16

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: EBP

Effective date: 20141231

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: NL

Ref legal event code: V1

Effective date: 20150701

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: NL

Ref legal event code: V1

Effective date: 20150701

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20150701

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20141231

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20141231

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 18

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20141231

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 19

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 20161222

Year of fee payment: 19

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20171221

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20171222

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20171221

Year of fee payment: 20

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: MM01

Ref document number: 228191

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20171209

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20171209

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 59806349

Country of ref document: DE