EP0874890A1 - Detergents avec certains oligosaccharides oxydes - Google Patents

Detergents avec certains oligosaccharides oxydes

Info

Publication number
EP0874890A1
EP0874890A1 EP96944014A EP96944014A EP0874890A1 EP 0874890 A1 EP0874890 A1 EP 0874890A1 EP 96944014 A EP96944014 A EP 96944014A EP 96944014 A EP96944014 A EP 96944014A EP 0874890 A1 EP0874890 A1 EP 0874890A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
group
washing
acid
reducing end
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96944014A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0874890B1 (fr
Inventor
Beatrix Kottwitz
Jörg Poethkow
Horst Upadek
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Original Assignee
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Henkel AG and Co KGaA filed Critical Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Publication of EP0874890A1 publication Critical patent/EP0874890A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0874890B1 publication Critical patent/EP0874890B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/0036—Soil deposition preventing compositions; Antiredeposition agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
    • C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
    • C11D3/223—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin oxidised

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to detergents and cleaning agents which contain, as a builder or co-builder component, an oligosaccharide which has been modified at the reducing end in such a way that a carboxy unit is present instead of a hydroxymethylene aldehyde unit
  • detergents and cleaning agents In addition to the surfactants that are indispensable for the washing or cleaning performance, detergents and cleaning agents normally also contain so-called builder substances, which have the task of supporting the performance of the surfactants by hardening agents, that is to say essentially calcium and magnesium ions should eliminate from the wash liquor that they do not interact in a negative way with the surfactants
  • builder substances which have the task of supporting the performance of the surfactants by hardening agents, that is to say essentially calcium and magnesium ions should eliminate from the wash liquor that they do not interact in a negative way with the surfactants
  • a well-known example of such builders that improve the washing power is zeolite Na-A, which is known to be able to form complexes with calcium ions in particular that their complexes Reaction with water hardness-forming anions, in particular carbonate, to insoluble compounds is suppressed.
  • the builders in particular in textile detergents, are supposed to redistribute the dirt detached from the fiber or generally from the surface to be cleaned, and also through the reaction of water-hardness-forming substances Prevent cations with water-hardness-forming anions from forming insoluble compounds on the cleaned textile or the surface.
  • so-called co-builders usually polymeric polycarboxylates, are usually used, which, in addition to their contribution to the secondary washing ability, advantageously also have a complexing action against the water-hardness-forming cations
  • biodegradable builder substances which are understood to mean substances which occur in nature or derivatives of such natural substances which are modified as little as possible, and which are believed to have better degradability than synthetic polymers of unsaturated mono - and dicarboxylic acids
  • the invention relates to a washing or cleaning agent containing surfactant, inorganic builder, oxygen-based bleach, bleach activator and / or Enzyme, which is characterized in that it contains, as a builder or cobuilder component, an oligosaccharide which has a -COOH group instead of the -CH (OH) -CHO group at its originally reducing end.
  • oligosaccharides which contain a group -COOH instead of the group -CH (OH) -CHO at their originally reducing end as graying inhibitors in detergents and aqueous washing liquors for textile washing .
  • a further subject of the invention is a washing process for textiles in aqueous, in particular surfactant-containing liquor using the modified oligosaccharides mentioned as graying inhibitors.
  • the preferred monomer in the builder or cobuilder to be used according to the invention after oxidative modification is glucose.
  • the average degree of oligomerization n which can also assume fractional numerical values as the quantity to be determined analytically, is preferably in the range from 2 to 20, in particular 2 to 10.
  • the oligosaccharide used according to the invention as a builder or cobuilder has been oxidatively modified at its originally reducing end with the loss of a carbon atom. If the originally reducing end of the oligosaccharide was an anhydroglucose unit, there is an arabinonic acid unit after modification:
  • This oxidative modification can be carried out, for example, with the aid of Fe, Cu, Ag, Co or Ni catalysts, as described in international patent application WO 92/18542, with the aid of Pd, Pt, Rh or Os catalysts , as described in European patent EP 0 232 202, or by means of a quinone / hydroquinone system in alkaline with the addition of oxygen and optionally aftertreatment. with hydrogen peroxide.
  • the oligosaccharide starting material which can be modified by means of such oxidation processes is preferably an oligosaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 20 to 50, DE being a customary measure of the reducing action of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100.
  • DE dextrose equivalent
  • So-called glucose syrups (DE 20-37) and dextrins are particularly useful, both of which are accessible by partial hydrolysis of starch, which can be carried out by customary, for example acid- or enzyme-catalyzed, processes and which are as such or in higher polymer form, for example as starch can be used in the above-mentioned oxidation processes if the polymer chain structure of the starch also degrades accordingly under the conditions of the oxidation.
  • Washing and cleaning agents according to the invention preferably contain 0.5% by weight to 10% by weight, in particular 2% by weight to 7% by weight, of the oxidatively modified oligosaccharide, which is normally used in the form of its alkali metal salt.
  • concentrations of oxidatively modified oligosaccharide in the wash liquor of from 0.001% by weight to 0.05% by weight are preferred.
  • the detergents and cleaning agents according to the invention which can be present in particular as particulate solids, pastes, homogeneous solutions or suspensions, can in principle contain all the ingredients known and customary in such agents, in addition to the active ingredient used according to the invention.
  • the washing and cleaning agents according to the invention can in particular include surface-active surfactants, bleaching agents, bleach activators, water-miscible organic solvents, enzymes, additional builder substances, sequestering agents, electrolytes, pH regulators and further auxiliaries, such as optical brighteners, color transfer inhibitors, foam regulators, abrasives and dye - and fragrances.
  • an agent according to the invention preferably contains a water-soluble and / or water-insoluble, organic and / or inorganic (main) builder.
  • Builder substances are total in the washing or cleaning agents according to the invention preferably in amounts of up to 60% by weight, in particular from 5% by weight to 40% by weight.
  • Particularly suitable water-soluble inorganic builder materials are polyphosphates, preferably sodium triphosphate.
  • crystalline or amorphous alkali alumosilicates are used as water-insoluble, water-dispersible inorganic builder materials, in amounts of up to 50% by weight, preferably not more than 40% by weight and in liquid compositions in particular from 1% by weight to 5% by weight. %, used.
  • the crystalline sodium aluminosilicates in detergent quality in particular zeolite A, zeolite P and optionally zeolite X, are preferred. Quantities close to the upper limit mentioned are preferably used in solid, particulate compositions.
  • Suitable aluminosilicates in particular have no particles with a grain size above 30 ⁇ m and preferably consist of at least 80% by weight of particles with a size below 10 ⁇ m.
  • Their calcium binding capacity which can be determined according to the information in German patent DE 24 12837, is generally in the range from 100 to 200 mg CaO per gram.
  • Suitable substitutes or partial substitutes for the aluminosilicate mentioned are crystalline alkali silicates, which can be present alone or in a mixture with amorphous silicates.
  • the alkali metal silicates which can be used as builders in the agents according to the invention preferably have a molar ratio of alkali oxide to SiO 2 below 0.95, in particular from 1: 1, 1 to 1:12, and can be amorphous or crystalline.
  • Preferred alkali silicates are the sodium silicates, in particular the amorphous sodium silicates, with a Na 2 O: SiO 2 molar ratio of 1: 2 to 1: 2.8.
  • Preferred crystalline layered silicates are those in which x assumes the values 2 or 3 in the general formula mentioned.
  • ⁇ - and ⁇ -sodium disilicates Na 2 Si 2 O 5 y H 2 O
  • ⁇ -sodium di silicate can be obtained, for example, by the method described in the international patent application WO 91/08171.
  • ⁇ -sodium silicates with a modulus between 1.9 and 3.2 can be produced according to Japanese patent applications JP 04/238 809 or JP 04/260610.
  • Crystalline sodium silicates with a modulus in the range from 1.9 to 3.5 are used in a further embodiment of agents according to the invention.
  • alkali alumino-silicate in particular zeolite
  • the weight ratio of aluminosilicate to silicate, based in each case on anhydrous active substances is preferably 4: 1 to 10: 1.
  • the weight ratio of amorphous alkali silicate to crystalline alkali silicate is preferably 1: 2 to 2: 1 and in particular 1: 1 to 2: 1.
  • the water-soluble organic builder substances include aminopolycarboxylic acids, in particular nitrilotriacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, polyphosphonic acids, in particular aminotris (methylenephosphonic acid), ethylenediamine tetrakis (methylenephosphonic acid) and 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, and polycarboxylic acids, in particular citric acids, in particular citric acids , as well as polymeric (poly) carboxylic acids, in particular the polycarboxylates of international patent application WO 93/16110 which are accessible by oxidation of polysaccharides, polymeric acrylic acids, methacrylic acids, maleic acids and copolymers of these, which also contain small amounts of polymerizable substances without carboxylic acid functionality may contain polymerized.
  • aminopolycarboxylic acids in particular nitrilotriacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • polyphosphonic acids in particular aminotris (m
  • the relative molecular weight of the homopolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids is generally between 5,000 and 200,000, that of the copolymers between 2,000 and 200,000, preferably 50,000 to 120,000, in each case based on free acid.
  • a particularly preferred acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer has a relative molecular weight of 50,000 to 100,000.
  • Suitable, albeit less preferred, compounds of this class are copolymers of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with vinyl ethers, such as vinyl methyl ethers, vinyl esters, ethylene, propylene and styrene, in which the proportion of acid is at least 50% by weight.
  • Terpolymers can also be used as water-soluble organic builder substances which contain two unsaturated acids and / or their salts as monomers and vinyl alcohol and / or a vinyl alcohol derivative or a carbohydrate as third monomer.
  • the first acidic monomer or its salt is derived from a monoethylene-unsaturated C 3 -C 8 carboxylic acid and preferably from a C 3 -C 4 monocarboxylic acid, in particular from (meth) acrylic acid.
  • the second acidic monomer or its salt can be a derivative of a C 4 -C 8 dicarboxylic acid, preferably a C 4 -C 8 dicarboxylic acid, maleic acid being particularly preferred.
  • the third monomeric unit is formed from vinyl alcohol and / or an esterified vinyl alcohol.
  • Preferred terpolymers contain 60% by weight to 95% by weight, in particular 70% by weight to 90% by weight of (meth) acrylic acid or (meth) acrylate, particularly preferably acrylic acid or acrylate, and maleic acid or maleate and 5% by weight to 40% by weight, preferably 10% by weight to 30% by weight, of vinyl alcohol and / or vinyl acetate.
  • the weight ratio of (meth) acrylic acid or (meth) acrylate to maleic acid or maleate is between 1: 1 and 4: 1, preferably between 2: 1 and 3: 1 and in particular 2: 1 and 2 , 5: 1 lies. Both the amounts and the weight ratios are based on the acids.
  • the second acidic monomer or its salt can also be a derivative of an allylsulfonic acid which is in the 2-position with an alkyl radical, preferably with a C 1 -C 4 -alkyl radical , or an aromatic radical, which is preferably derived from benzene or benzene derivatives.
  • Preferred terpolymers contain 40% by weight to 60% by weight, in particular 45 to 55% by weight of (meth) acrylic acid or (meth) acrylate, particularly preferably acrylic acid or acrylate, 10% by weight to 30% by weight .-%, preferably 15 wt .-% to 25 wt .-% methallyl sulfonic acid or methallylsulfonate and as a third monomer 15 wt .-% to 40 wt .-%, preferably 20 wt .-% to 40 wt .-% of one Carbohydrate.
  • This carbohydrate can be, for example, a mono-, di-, oligo- or polysaccharide, where mono-, di- or oligosaccharides are preferred. Among these, sucrose is particularly preferred.
  • the third monomer predetermined breaking points are presumably built into the polymer, which are responsible for the good biodegradability of the polymer.
  • These terpolymers can be prepared in particular by processes which are described in German patent specification DE 42 21 381 and German patent application DE 43 00 772 and generally have a relative molecular mass between 1,000 and 200,000, preferably between 200 and 50,000 and in particular between 3,000 and 10,000.
  • copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE 43 03 320 and DE 44 17 734 and which preferably contain acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or vinyl acetate as monomers.
  • the organic builder substances can be used, in particular for the production of liquid agents, in the form of aqueous solutions, preferably in the form of 30 to 50 percent by weight aqueous solutions. All of the acids mentioned are generally used in the form of their water-soluble salts, in particular their alkali salts.
  • the conventional organic builder substances mentioned can be present in amounts of up to 5% by weight, in particular from 1% by weight to 4% by weight. Amounts close to the above upper limit are preferably used in paste-like or liquid agents according to the invention.
  • the agents according to the invention can contain one or more surfactants, in particular anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable nonionic surfactants are, in particular, alkyl glycosides and ethoxylation and / or propoxylation products of alkyl glycosides or linear or branched alcohols each having 12 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl part and 3 to 20, preferably 4 to 10, alkyl ether groups.
  • Corresponding ethoxylation and / or propoxylation products of N-alkylamines, vicinal diols, fatty acid esters and fatty acid amides, which correspond to the long-chain alcohol derivatives mentioned with regard to the alkyl part, and of alkylphenols having 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, can also be used.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are in particular soaps and those which contain sulfate or sulfonate groups with preferably alkali ions as cations.
  • Usable soaps are preferably the alkali salts of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids with 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Such fatty acids can also be used in a form that is not completely neutralized.
  • the useful surfactants of the sulfate type include the salts of the sulfuric acid half-esters of fatty alcohols with 12 to 18 carbon atoms and the sulfation products of the nonionic surfactants mentioned with a low degree of ethoxylation.
  • the surfactants of the sulfonate type which can be used include linear alkylbenzenesulfonates with 9 to 14 C atoms in the alkyl part, alkanesulfonates with 12 to 18 C atoms, and olefin sulfonates with 12 to 18 C atoms, which are used in the reaction of corresponding monoolefins arise with sulfur trioxide, as well as alpha-sulfofatty acid esters, which arise in the sulfonation of fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters.
  • Such surfactants are present in the cleaning or washing agents according to the invention in amounts of preferably 5% by weight to 50% by weight, in particular 8% to 30% by weight. In agents according to the invention for cleaning dishes, however, the lower limits mentioned may be undershot; the surfactant content in such compositions is preferably 0.1% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 0.2% by weight to 5% by weight.
  • Suitable peroxygen-based bleaching agents which may be present in agents according to the invention are, in particular, organic peracids, hydrogen peroxide and inorganic salts which give off hydrogen peroxide under the washing or cleaning conditions, such as perborate, percarbonate and / or persilicate. If solid peroxygen compounds are to be used, they can be used in the form of powders or granules, which can also be coated in a manner known in principle. If a washing or cleaning agent according to the invention contains peroxygen compounds, they are present in amounts of preferably 10% by weight to 30% by weight, in particular 15% by weight to 25% by weight, sodium percarbonate being particularly preferred .
  • WO 94/24044 WO 95/02555, WO 95/02672, WO 95/06615, WO 95/15291 or WO 95/15292 are known.
  • An alkali percarbonate stabilized with special borates as known from European patent applications EP 459 625, EP 487 256 or EP 567 140, or an alkali percarbonate coated with a combination of alkali salts, such as from European patent applications EP 623 553 or EP 592 969, is preferably used known a.
  • the bleach activators optionally contained in the agents according to the invention include, in particular, compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give substituted perbenzoic acid and / or peroxocarboxylic acids having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Particularly suitable are substances which have O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups.
  • Multi-acylated alkylenediamines in particular tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetyiglycolouril (TAGU), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyI-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), are preferred.
  • TAED tetraacetylethylene diamine
  • TAGU tetraacetyiglycolouril
  • DADHT 1,5-diacetyI-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine
  • acylated phenol sulfonates especially nonanoyl or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate
  • acylated polyhydric alcohols especially triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate and 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran as well as acetyiated sorbitol and mannitol
  • acylated sugar derivatives in particular pentaacetylfacylacetylglucose (p and octaacetyl lactose and acetylene, optionally N-alkyated, glucamine and gluconolactone.
  • the bleach activator combinations known from German patent application DE 4443 177 can also be used.
  • salts or complexes of transition metals such as Mn, Co or Fe can be used as so-called bleach catalysts.
  • Enzymes which can be used in the agents are those from the class of the proteases, ⁇ lipase, cutinases, amylases, pullutanases, hemicellulases, xylanases, cellulases, oxidases and peroxidases and mixtures thereof. Enzymes obtained from fungi or bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces griseus, Humicola lanuginosa, Humicola insolens, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes or Pseudomonas cepacia are particularly suitable.
  • the enzymes which may be used can, as for example in the international patent applications be described in WO 92/11347 or WO 94/23005, adsorbed on carrier substances and / or embedded in coating substances in order to protect them against premature inactivation. They are contained in the washing and cleaning agents according to the invention in amounts of preferably not more than 5% by weight, in particular from 0.2% by weight to 2% by weight.
  • the organic solvents which can be used in the agents according to the invention include alcohols with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in particular methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and tert-butanol, diols with 2 to 4 carbon atoms , in particular ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, as well as their mixtures and the ethers derivable from the compound classes mentioned.
  • Such water-miscible solvents are preferably present in the washing, cleaning and disinfecting agents according to the invention not more than 30% by weight, in particular from 6% by weight to 20% by weight.
  • the agents according to the invention can contain system and environmentally compatible acids, in particular citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid and / or adipic acid, but also contain mineral acids, in particular sulfuric acid, or bases, in particular ammonium or alkali metal hydroxides.
  • Such pH regulators are preferably not contained in the agents according to the invention in excess of 20% by weight, in particular from 1.2% by weight to 17% by weight.
  • the agents can contain further constituents customary in washing and cleaning agents.
  • These optional components include, in particular, enzyme stabilizers, additional graying inhibitors such as carboxymethyl cellulose, color transfer inhibitors, for example polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinylpyrdine-N-oxide, foam inhibitors, for example organopolysiloxanes or paraffins, and optical brighteners, for example stilbene disulfonic acid derivatives.
  • the preparation of solid agents according to the invention is not difficult and can be carried out in a known manner, for example by spray drying or granulation, with enzymes, bleaching agents and any other thermally sensitive ingredients if necessary, be added separately later.
  • agents according to the invention with increased bulk density, in particular in the range from 650 g / l to 950 g / l, a method known from European patent EP 486 592 and having an extrusion step is preferred.
  • Liquid or pasty washing or cleaning agents according to the invention in the form of solutions containing customary solvents are generally prepared by simply mixing the ingredients, which can be added in substance or as a solution to an automatic mixer.
  • Foam inhibitor granules, water and salts, based on the basic detergent were 5.5% by weight at the reducing end of oxidatively modified oligosaccharide co-builder B1 with an average degree of oligomerization of approximately 2.5 (M1), 5.5% by weight on reducing end of oxidatively modified oligosaccharide co-builder B2 with an average degree of oligomerization of approximately 15 (M2) or, for comparison, 5.5% by weight of maleic acid / acrylic acid copolymer (V1).
  • Fabric A WFK test fabric B: bleaching nettle C: terry cloth
  • tissue samples were weighed out as described above and then boiled out in a 5% EDTA solution with a liquor ratio of 1:20 (textile weight to EDTA solution) and then rinsed thoroughly several times with distilled water. The tissues were dried and weighed again. The difference in weight of the samples before and after treatment, expressed as a percentage of the weight, gives the soluble incrustation.
  • Tissue A WFK test fabric B: stinging nettle
  • the reflectance of the test fabric washed 25 times with the respective agent was determined in order to determine the graying of the fabric caused by the washing processes.
  • Table 4 below shows the measured reflectance values (low values mean high graying) as mean values of duplicate determinations.
  • Fabric A WFK test fabric B: bleaching nettle C: terry cloth
EP96944014A 1996-01-03 1996-12-19 Detergents avec certains oligosaccharides oxydes Expired - Lifetime EP0874890B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19600018 1996-01-03
DE19600018A DE19600018A1 (de) 1996-01-03 1996-01-03 Waschmittel mit bestimmten oxidierten Oligosacchariden
PCT/EP1996/005713 WO1997025399A1 (fr) 1996-01-03 1996-12-19 Detergents avec certains oligosaccharides oxydes

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0874890A1 true EP0874890A1 (fr) 1998-11-04
EP0874890B1 EP0874890B1 (fr) 2000-02-16

Family

ID=7782053

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96944014A Expired - Lifetime EP0874890B1 (fr) 1996-01-03 1996-12-19 Detergents avec certains oligosaccharides oxydes

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US6187055B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0874890B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2000502742A (fr)
AT (1) ATE189829T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19600018A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2143800T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997025399A1 (fr)

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ES2143800T3 (es) 2000-05-16
DE19600018A1 (de) 1997-07-10
DE59604471D1 (de) 2000-03-23
WO1997025399A1 (fr) 1997-07-17
ATE189829T1 (de) 2000-03-15
EP0874890B1 (fr) 2000-02-16
US6187055B1 (en) 2001-02-13

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