EP0324817A1 - Commutateur a gaz electronique (commutateur a pseudo-etincelle) - Google Patents

Commutateur a gaz electronique (commutateur a pseudo-etincelle)

Info

Publication number
EP0324817A1
EP0324817A1 EP88905787A EP88905787A EP0324817A1 EP 0324817 A1 EP0324817 A1 EP 0324817A1 EP 88905787 A EP88905787 A EP 88905787A EP 88905787 A EP88905787 A EP 88905787A EP 0324817 A1 EP0324817 A1 EP 0324817A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cathode
anode
electrodes
gas discharge
switch
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88905787A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0324817B1 (fr
Inventor
Jens Christiansen
Klaus Frank
Werner Hartmann
Claudius Kozlik
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6330570&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0324817(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0324817A1 publication Critical patent/EP0324817A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0324817B1 publication Critical patent/EP0324817B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T2/00—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means
    • H01T2/02—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means comprising a trigger electrode or an auxiliary spark gap
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/02—Details
    • H01J17/30—Igniting arrangements

Definitions

  • Has metal electrodes These metal electrodes are held by an insulating wall surrounding them and have a gas discharge channel which is formed by aligned openings in these electrodes.
  • An ionizable gas filling is introduced into this discharge vessel, which is dimensioned according to the teaching of DE-28 04 393 C2 in such a way that the product of the electrode distance (d) and the gas pressure (p) is in the order of 130 Pascal mm or less be ⁇ contributes.
  • the rapid spark-like gas discharge that results when such a switch is triggered, or that occurs spontaneously as soon as the breakdown voltage is exceeded, is known in the literature as pseudo-spark gas discharge.
  • the invention relates to a gas electronic switch (pseudo radio switch) with a gas discharge chamber, in which two metal electrodes, namely a cathode and an anode, are arranged at a distance (d) from one another, the electrodes being separated by an electrically insulating wall made of ceramic Material or glass are separated from each other and the cathode is provided with a hole and the electrodes are connected to the insulating wall by a dense, metal-ceramic connection or fusing and in the gas discharge chamber there is an ionizable low-pressure gas filling under one pressure p is such that the product pxd is dimensioned such that the ignition of a gas discharge. between the electrodes at a voltage applied to this, which lies in that branch of the characteristic curve of the ignition voltage as a function of pressure, in which the ignition voltage falls with increasing pressure.
  • Such a switch is disclosed in DE-28 04 393 C2.
  • electrons or ions are generated in a discharge vessel which is arranged at a distance from one another.
  • a discharge vessel which is arranged at a distance from one another
  • pseudo-radio chambers and pseudo-radio switches In general, its insulating wall is attached in such a way that it is perpendicular to the electrodes (FIG. 1) and its length is equal to the distance between the electrodes.
  • the published investigations have so far been carried out almost exclusively for scientific purposes, so that the service life and the existence of a switch which is constantly filled with gas were not important.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a pseudo radio switch which has a sufficiently long service life for many switching operations for commercial use and in which there are as few spontaneous, undesirable breakdowns as possible.
  • Glass or a ceramic material is used for the insulating wall of the switch according to the invention and is connected to the electrodes in such a way that no significant gas can be released to the system when the switch is in operation.
  • the invention ensures that metal vapor, which originates essentially on the electrodes near the holes in the cathode and possibly in the anode, is prevented from diffusing to the insulator wall and from being deposited on it. This diffusion hindrance serves in particular the shields listed in claim 10.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the basic elements of a gas discharge chamber for a pseudo-spark gas discharge, as it results from the prior art
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a gas discharge chamber according to the invention with the associated electrodes
  • Figure 3 shows a second embodiment of a
  • FIG. 4 shows a modified design of anode and cathode, each with several holes, for a gas discharge chamber as shown in FIG. 2,
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram which shows the use of a switch according to the invention for deriving overvoltages from an electrical network
  • FIG. 6 shows a modification of the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2 with auxiliary electrodes between cathode and anode
  • FIG. 7 shows a modification of that shown in FIG. 6
  • Electrode arrangement in which the auxiliary electrodes provided between the cathode and anode are hollow,
  • FIG. 8 shows a modification of that shown in FIG. 7
  • Electrode arrangement in which a shielding plate is arranged in the cavity of the auxiliary electrodes.
  • Figure 9 shows a further embodiment of a
  • Gas discharge chamber for a switch in which, in contrast to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the cathode and the anode are flat plates, and
  • FIG. 10 schematically shows the arrangement of a plurality of switches according to the invention, which are jointly supplied in parallel with the gas in which the gas discharge takes place.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic structure of a discharge vessel with a cathode 11 and an anode 12, which are plate-shaped and are arranged parallel to one another at a distance d and are connected to one another in a gas-tight manner by an annular, insulating wall 9.
  • a voltage which is between 5 kV and 50 is applied to the cathode and the anode via connecting terminals 50 and 51 kV, under certain circumstances may also be below or above, with which the pseudo-spark gas discharge can take place in the gas discharge channel formed by the holes 5 and 8 with a correspondingly set gas pressure.
  • the gas can be enclosed in a housing which tightly surrounds the arrangement shown.
  • a realization of the arrangement of electrodes and insulating wall according to the invention is shown in FIG.
  • the gas discharge chamber is located in a cylindrical vessel, the electrically insulating wall 9 of which consists of several sections 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d and 9e one behind the other.
  • An anode 12, a cathode 11, a screen 15 and two auxiliary electrodes 13 and 14 are located one behind the other in the gas discharge chamber, which are separated from one another by the different sections of the insulating wall 9 and are connected to it in a gas-tight manner.
  • the wall 9 is made of glass or a ceramic material.
  • the anode 12 delimits the discharge chamber at one end. The remaining electrodes are guided radially outwards through the wall 9 between their sections 9a to 9e.
  • a metal cage 2 is provided on the back of the cathode 11, the cavity 7 of which is connected to the cathode rear space through openings 6 and to the space 1 between the cathode 11 and anode 12 through a hole 5.
  • a metal cage is also provided on the back of the anode 12, the interior 23 of which is connected by a hole 8 to the space 1 between the anode 12 and the cathode 11.
  • a hard metal plate 12c is located on the rear wall of the anode cage; the rear auxiliary electrode 14 is correspondingly made of a hard metal in the central region. The hard metal filling is intended to make the electrode parts which are particularly stressed by the impact of charge carriers resistant.
  • the entire system is rotationally symmetrical, with the axis of symmetry 40 also being the axis of the two holes 5 and 8 in the center of the cathode 11 and the anode 12, respectively.
  • the cathode 11 and d and anode 12 are flat and consist of a hard ⁇ m a-II, while in the outer area 11b or 12b they are made of copper or * one Alloy with lower thermal expansion coefficients than the copper, approximating the thermal expansion coefficients of the wall 9, consist, for example, of COVAR.
  • the anode and the cathode spring back to form a narrow annular gap 3 and only lead out of the gas discharge chamber at a distance from the front of the electrodes.
  • the electric field is almost perpendicular to the when the voltage is applied to the cathode 11 and anode 12 of the switch
  • Wall 9 facing surfaces of the electrodes This can be achieved in a narrow space where the annular gap 3 is narrower than the distance d between the anode 11 and cathode 12 in the hole region 1, since the electric field then occurs in a greatly reduced manner when penetrating into the annular gap 3. In this way it is ensured that practically no charge carrier acceleration can take place into the annular gap 3, so that the critical area at the line of contact 4 between metal, insulator 9a and gas practically runs in the field-free space and is therefore no longer the essential starting point for charge carriers can. At the same time, this is important for the suppression of possible sliding discharges, which can otherwise form on the insulator surface when high voltages are present when the switch is in the holding state, and - 18th
  • the switch 30 When the switch 30 is ignited, the capacitor 28 is almost completely discharged. After a short time, the switch 30 extinguishes again if, after the voltage at the deleted switch 30 has risen again, the voltage at the connection points 26, 27 of the consumer to be regulated has not yet been sufficiently lowered. It does not ignite if the voltage has been reduced to the desired extent. Otherwise, the game repeats itself until the voltage drops below the specified value.
  • a triggerable Marx generator can be constructed in such a way that the switch chain in a multi-stage Marx generator triggers a switch in the usual way, while the other switches connected in series are used with high time acuity by using the method according to claim 29 or 30 Breakthrough.
  • switches By extending the path according to the invention along which a sliding discharge can run along the surface of the insulating wall 9, switches can be constructed which can be operated at very high holding voltages. "Depending on the filling gas, a technical limit is reached between about 50 and 100 kV. To avoid instabilities, the pressure p required for this must be chosen as large as possible, which, with a given holding voltage, leads to the necessary - 17 -
  • pulse generator and pulse shaper e.g. as a small switch or as a transfer element for
  • the development of the switch according to claim 26 is particularly suitable for use as a surge arrester.
  • the extinguishing process of the switch 30 (FIG. 5) can be carried out by external, generally passive electrical measures in such a way that a control voltage provided by triggering the switch can be defined for the consumer to be protected against overvoltage.
  • Fig. 5 explains the use of the switch 30 for such an application.
  • the voltage between the connection points 26, 27 is to be reduced by a current bypass if a certain value U of the voltage is exceeded.
  • the regulation stops as soon as this value has been lowered below the voltage U again by the response of the switch. This is achieved, for example, by connecting an RC element 28, 29 between the switch 30 and the consumer (connection points 26 and 27) (the capacitance C (28) being parallel to the switch 30).
  • Cavity 7 behind the cathode 11 (which becomes the anode in the example of claims 14, 15 and 16) interacts with the holes 5 and 8 in the main electrodes 11 and 12 of the pseudo-spark switch.
  • the charge carrier flow mentioned enters the channel defined by holes 5 and 8 in a new way, which slightly lowers the breakdown point on the ignition voltage characteristic curve, but also reduces the mentioned statistical fluctuations in the switching delay The consequence is that a large number of charge carriers are always present in the acceleration field of the switch. The reliability of switching is also greatly improved by this dark current.
  • the new switch hereby opens up areas of application in which radioactive pre-ionization is essential in other processes for charge carrier generation, namely
  • the stochastic fluctuations when triggering the switching process are small.
  • there is no need to wait for the electron to trigger the pseudo-spark discharge so that the stochastically fluctuating waiting statistics do not come into play, but smaller statistical fluctuations do occur, which are dependent on the thickness of the continuously present plasma in the cathode hole area.
  • the constant presence of such a charge carrier current has the result that the strength of the plasma additionally injected by a trigger process or the strength of a plasma additionally triggered by targeted photoelectric interaction by illuminating the space 7 behind the cathode 11 can be kept low.
  • the precision of the triggering of the switching process is enhanced by such a constant charge carrier flow
  • a particular advantage of the switch according to the invention is that it can be ignited even if, according to claims 14, 15 and 16, the cathode 11 becomes the anode and the anode 12 becomes the cathode by reversing the polarity. This is not possible with thyratrons.
  • Claims 29 and 30 describe a new triggering method of the pseudo radio switch. It is based on the fact that the switching process is triggered when the breakdown voltage is exceeded in an external circuit. However, this takes place in the presence of the DC glow discharge through the holes 6 in the shielded - 14 -
  • two additional electrodes 13 and 14 are provided behind the cathode 11, of which the electrode 13 adjacent to the cathode 11 is the glow discharge electrode, which can be connected positively or negatively, that is to say can serve as the cathode or anode of the grim discharge system.
  • the essential glow discharge flow flows from it to the opposite electrode 14, which is essentially at a potential approximately at the level of the potential of the cathode 11 of the switch (or at a potential approximately at the level of the potential of the anode at one Further development of the switch according to claim 14, 15 and 16).
  • the electrode 13 is therefore in such a spatial position that the glow discharge current can branch to the cathode 11 of the switch and to the opposite electrode 14, which is approximately at the same potential as the cathode 11.
  • the current branching is preferably carried out in such a way that only a small part of the glow discharge current flows in the direction of the cathode 11 of the switch, which is then amplified by the measures represented in claims 6, 7 and 13 to 16.
  • the pseudo-spark discharge also takes place in the desired sense if not only a hole 5 is made in the cathode 11, but several parallel holes 5, 24 as shown in FIG. 4, whereby the distances between these holes 5, 24 and their diameter should be in the vicinity of the holes 5, 24 from the order of magnitude of the electrode spacing (d) (deviating dimensions, deviating up and down to a factor of 5, are still permissible).
  • the discharge is generally initiated first at one of the holes 5, 24, e.g. by triggering to be described; however, it then spreads automatically during the switching process to the area of all the holes 5, 24 present. In this way, the current load in the areas around the individual holes 5, 24 is greatly reduced because the current is distributed over a larger area.
  • Claims 6, 7, 13, 29 and 30 deal with different trigger methods for triggering pseudo-spark discharges and the suitable designs of the switch. They all assume the injection of a plasma or the injection of charge carriers from a low-pressure gas - 12 -
  • the next most sensitive area of the switch is that electrode space in which the electron current carrying the switch current is triggered at the cathode 11. It has been shown that the contact of the plasma essentially occurs in hole 5 and that a certain area, depending on the voltage and current of the switching process, is responsible for the essential charge carrier provision. Typical values for this are, for example, areas of electron release in the order of 1 cm 2 in the area of the hole 5 at current strengths of typically 10 kA. The current density determined thereby is directly correlated with the service life of the electrode - 11 -
  • the hydrogen storage device listed in claim 12 serves this purpose.
  • a hydrogen storage 22 is shown in FIG. 2. It consists of a cylindrical body 22 made of a hydrogen-absorbing metal, e.g. made of titanium, which is e.g. made of nickel, open at the ends
  • the store 22 is kept at a temperature at which an equilibrium pressure which is suitable for the pseudo-spark discharge is established in the gas filling. In the case of titanium storage, this temperature could be around 600 ° C.
  • the memory 22 is arranged in a chamber behind the outer glow discharge electrode 14; the chamber is connected through holes 20 in the glow discharge electrode 14 to the cathode rear space 10, in which the glow discharge takes place.
  • Claims 1 to 16 deal with embodiments of the switch which are characterized by the use of two main electrodes (cathode 11 and anode 12), each with a hole therein, no further electrodes being arranged between the anode and cathode (cf. FIG . 2, 3 and 4).
  • the glow discharge electrodes 13 and 14 are provided with ring-shaped extensions 16 and 17 which are parallel to the wall and partially overlap and shield the wall 9.
  • the cathode 11 and the anode 12 are designed in such a way that the pseudo-spark discharge running between them cannot directly illuminate the section 9a of the wall 9.
  • the cathode 11 has an annular extension 18 parallel to the wall 9, which extends into an annular recess 18a of the anode 12.
  • the filling gas is preferably hydrogen and / or deuterium
  • the filling gas is preferably hydrogen and / or deuterium
  • ions of the gas discharge diffuse into the electrodes and into the insulating walls 9a to 9e and because the metal vapor present has a getter effect.
  • hydrogen and deuterium can be chemically bound by impurities in the electrode material and can also be lost through a relatively high solubility in metals such as copper and nickel. It is therefore sensible to use a hermetically sealed, in particular a melted, gas discharge chamber, in which lost gas can be refilled by measures which are to be influenced from the outside.
  • the gas discharge occurring during a switching process is characterized in that after the switching process has ignited, a plasma jet runs into the space behind the cathode 11 and also undesirably illuminates the wall 9 there and transports electrode material into the gas phase by means of a photo effect and sputtering processes , so that measures are also advisable there to hinder the diffusion of the electrode material onto the insulator wall 9.
  • Claims 8 and 14 are devoted to this concern. Accordingly, the arrangement shown in FIG. 2 has a screen 15 which screens part of the openings 6 of the cathode cage 2, and the glow discharge electrode 13 located in the cathode rear space is designed in such a way that it is also leads to the electrode gap (d) being as small as possible.
  • intermediate electrodes 31 and 34 which expediently run parallel to the cathode 11 and anode 12, significantly increase the dielectric strength.
  • the pressure can be at a given distance from cathode 11 and anode 12 the intermediate electrodes 31, 34 are relatively high even at high holding voltages and the electric field strength becomes relatively small in the individual areas between the electrodes 11, 12, 31, 34.
  • the susceptibility to sliding discharges along the insulating wall 9 is also greatly reduced because of the reduction in the field strength. Embodiments of such a switch are the subject of claims 21 and 22.
  • the intermediate electrodes 31 have been installed in the insulating wall 9 as parallel plates between the cathode 11 and the anode 12.
  • the technical teaching given in claim 1 or claim 3 for the anode 12 and the cathode 11 is realized in the intermediate electrodes 34, by also in the case of the intermediate electrodes 34, the connecting lines 33 between the intermediate electrodes 34, on which metal, gas and the insulator 9 collide, are protected by a gap 3a against the penetration of the electric field, starting from the respectively opposite electrodes.
  • the intermediate electrodes are designed as hollow disks which only have an annular projection in the middle of their circumference, with which they are held in the insulating wall 9.
  • the intermediate electrodes 31 and 34 have holes 32 and 35, respectively, which are aligned and thereby form a channel in which the pseudo-spark discharge takes place.
  • the cavity in the intermediate electrodes 34 is essentially a field-free space.
  • a shield plate 36 in the cavity of the intermediate electrodes 34, which shield covers the straight path between the cathode 11 and the anode 12 interrupts. So that the charge carriers can nevertheless get from the anode to the cathode, the shield plate must of course not completely block the passage through the respective intermediate electrode 34. It is therefore expedient to have 35 in the holes
  • Shield plate 36 holes 37 are provided, through which the charge carriers can reach the anode in a detour.
  • the advantage of this measure is that the dielectric strength is further increased. Further advantages are that the energy losses of the switch are reduced because the electrons are no longer accelerated as much. Another positive consequence of this is that less X-ray radiation occurs and less damage occurs to the parts of the gas discharge chamber.
  • a pseudo-spark discharge takes place because the plasma couples through the lateral holes 37 in the shield plates.
  • the embodiment of a switch shown in Fig. 9 differs from that shown in FIG. 2 in that the cathode 11 and the anode 12, apart from the cathode cage 2, are designed as flat plates. At the same time, the anode cage has disappeared. As a result, the annular gaps 3 are also eliminated.
  • the anode 12 has also been simplified by eliminating its central hole.
  • Such an embodiment of a pseudo radio switch is suitable for simpler applications in which only relatively low voltages between the anode and cathode of up to approximately 5 kV are used, so that the quality of the insulation between the anode and cathode does not have to be subject to such high demands.

Landscapes

  • Gas-Filled Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Spark Plugs (AREA)

Abstract

Un commutateur comprend une chambre de décharge à gaz, dans laquelle sont agencées deux électrodes, c'est-à-dire une cathode (11) et une anode (12), mutuellement espacées (d) l'une de l'autre et séparées par une paroi (9a) électriquement isolante en un matériau céramique ou en verre. La cathode (11) est pourvue d'un orifice (5) et les électrodes (11, 12) sont reliées par une liaison ou fusion étanche céramique-métal avec la paroi isolante (9a). Dans la chambre de décharge à gaz se trouve un gaz ionisable de remplissage à basse pression soumis à une pression p de sorte que l'allumage d'une décharge de gaz entre les électrodes (11, 12), se fait à une tension située sur la branche gauche et descendante de la courbe de Paschen. Dans le cas d'au moins une des deux électrodes (11, 12), les lignes de connexion (4), au niveau desquelles l'électrode correspondante (11, 12), le gaz et la paroi (9a) se touchent, présentent un écart minimum par rapport à l'électrode opposée (12, 11) supérieur à l'écart (d), à condition que l'électrode en question (11, 12) soit séparée de la paroi (9a) par une fente (3) dont la largeur est inférieure à (d).
EP88905787A 1987-06-30 1988-06-30 Commutateur a gaz electronique (commutateur a pseudo-etincelle) Expired - Lifetime EP0324817B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3721529 1987-06-30
DE19873721529 DE3721529A1 (de) 1987-06-30 1987-06-30 Triggerung und isolation von pseudofunkenschaltern

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0324817A1 true EP0324817A1 (fr) 1989-07-26
EP0324817B1 EP0324817B1 (fr) 1992-08-12

Family

ID=6330570

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88905787A Expired - Lifetime EP0324817B1 (fr) 1987-06-30 1988-06-30 Commutateur a gaz electronique (commutateur a pseudo-etincelle)

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5091819A (fr)
EP (1) EP0324817B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02500868A (fr)
DE (2) DE3721529A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1989000354A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (44)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3904013A1 (de) * 1989-02-10 1990-08-16 Knorr Bremse Ag Klotzbremseinrichtung fuer schienenfahrzeuge
DE3904031A1 (de) * 1989-02-10 1990-08-16 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter
DE58909869D1 (de) * 1989-12-20 2000-05-18 Siemens Ag Hohlelektrodenschalter
EP0473814B1 (fr) * 1990-09-03 1995-05-24 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Interrupteur à électrodes creuses
EP0473813A1 (fr) * 1990-09-03 1992-03-11 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Interrupteur à électrodes creuses
DE4100565A1 (de) * 1991-01-10 1992-07-16 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter
DE59106733D1 (de) * 1991-04-25 1995-11-23 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter.
EP0513403A1 (fr) * 1991-04-25 1992-11-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Interrupteur à décharge dans un gaz
EP0520592B1 (fr) * 1991-06-27 1995-08-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Système d'emmagasinage d'hydrogène pour interrupteur à plasma
DE4214331C2 (de) * 1992-04-30 1995-07-06 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter und Verfahren zu dessen Fertigung
DE4214359A1 (de) * 1992-04-30 1993-11-04 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter
DE4218479A1 (de) * 1992-06-04 1993-12-09 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter
JPH06212469A (ja) * 1992-07-16 1994-08-02 Imura Japan Kk ガス拡散電極及び該ガス拡散電極を用いた電気化学反応装置
DE4226076A1 (de) * 1992-08-06 1994-02-10 Siemens Ag Elektrodenanordnung für Gasentladungsschalter
DE4240198C1 (de) * 1992-11-30 1994-03-24 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter
DE4306038C2 (de) * 1993-02-26 1996-05-15 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter
DE4306036C2 (de) * 1993-02-26 1996-08-22 Siemens Ag Gasentladungsschalter
JP3075024B2 (ja) * 1993-07-28 2000-08-07 富士電機株式会社 電磁波駆動型スイッチ
US5477106A (en) * 1993-07-29 1995-12-19 Litton Systems, Inc. Cathode placement in a gas discharge closing switch
US5403991A (en) * 1993-08-19 1995-04-04 Refranco Corp. Reactor and method for the treatment of particulate matter by electrical discharge
WO1995005263A1 (fr) * 1993-08-19 1995-02-23 Refranco Corp. Traitement de la matiere particulaire par decharges electriques
US5702621A (en) * 1993-08-19 1997-12-30 Refranco Corp. Method for the treatment of comminuted matter by electrical discharge
FR2715007B1 (fr) * 1994-01-13 1996-02-09 Centre Nat Rech Scient Commutateur pseudospark déclenché par décharge corona.
US5502356A (en) * 1994-05-02 1996-03-26 Plex Corporation Stabilized radial pseudospark switch
IT1269978B (it) * 1994-07-01 1997-04-16 Getters Spa Metodo per la creazione ed il mantenimento di un'atmosfera controllata in un dispositivo ad emissione di campo tramite l'uso di un materiale getter
DE69529725T2 (de) 1994-11-28 2003-11-27 Aisin Seiki K.K., Kariya Radbremsdruck-Steuerungssystem
KR0166644B1 (ko) * 1995-11-28 1999-01-15 박주탁 대전력 의사방전 스위치
US6104022A (en) * 1996-07-09 2000-08-15 Tetra Corporation Linear aperture pseudospark switch
US8789772B2 (en) 2004-08-20 2014-07-29 Sdg, Llc Virtual electrode mineral particle disintegrator
US10060195B2 (en) 2006-06-29 2018-08-28 Sdg Llc Repetitive pulsed electric discharge apparatuses and methods of use
US10407995B2 (en) 2012-07-05 2019-09-10 Sdg Llc Repetitive pulsed electric discharge drills including downhole formation evaluation
JP6039983B2 (ja) 2012-09-28 2016-12-07 株式会社デンソー 内燃機関用のスパークプラグ及びその製造方法
WO2014198301A1 (fr) * 2013-06-11 2014-12-18 Alstom Technology Ltd Ensemble de commutation sous vide
US10113364B2 (en) 2013-09-23 2018-10-30 Sdg Llc Method and apparatus for isolating and switching lower voltage pulses from high voltage pulses in electrocrushing and electrohydraulic drills
US9696782B2 (en) 2015-02-09 2017-07-04 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Battery parameter-based power management for suppressing power spikes
US10158148B2 (en) 2015-02-18 2018-12-18 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Dynamically changing internal state of a battery
US9748765B2 (en) 2015-02-26 2017-08-29 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Load allocation for multi-battery devices
US9939862B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2018-04-10 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Latency-based energy storage device selection
US10061366B2 (en) 2015-11-17 2018-08-28 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Schedule-based energy storage device selection
US9793570B2 (en) 2015-12-04 2017-10-17 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Shared electrode battery
RU2638954C2 (ru) * 2016-04-27 2017-12-19 Виктор Дмитриевич Бочков Коммутирующее сильноточное устройство
US10483727B2 (en) * 2017-09-01 2019-11-19 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Cooling system for tanks
CN111564353A (zh) * 2020-04-10 2020-08-21 西安电子科技大学 一种高能电子束源控制系统、方法、装置、零件制作方法
CN115021083B (zh) * 2022-05-31 2023-10-20 西北核技术研究所 一种陶瓷封装密封式低抖动自击穿气体开关

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2804393C2 (de) * 1978-02-02 1987-01-02 Jens Prof. Dr. 8520 Buckenhof Christiansen Verfahren zum Erzeugen und Beschleunigen von Elektronen bzw. Ionen in einem Entladungsgefäß, sowie dazugehöriger Teilchenbeschleuniger und ferner dazugehörige Anwendungen des Verfahrens
DE3100924A1 (de) * 1981-01-14 1982-08-05 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München "gasentladungs-ueberspannungsableiter"
US4628399A (en) * 1985-03-27 1986-12-09 Kabushiki Kaisha Sankosha Anti-overvoltage protector

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO8900354A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1989000354A1 (fr) 1989-01-12
DE3873729D1 (de) 1992-09-17
JPH02500868A (ja) 1990-03-22
EP0324817B1 (fr) 1992-08-12
US5091819A (en) 1992-02-25
DE3721529A1 (de) 1989-01-12

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0324817B1 (fr) Commutateur a gaz electronique (commutateur a pseudo-etincelle)
EP0024584B1 (fr) Dispositif de dérivation de surtensions avec éclateur
DE1298175B (de) Schaltfunkenstrecke von geringer Eigeninduktivitaet
EP0473814B1 (fr) Interrupteur à électrodes creuses
EP0024583A1 (fr) Dispositif de dérivation de surtensions
DE2602078A1 (de) Niederdruck-gasentladungsrohr mit zuendeinrichtung
DE1640255A1 (de) Funkenstreckenschalter
DE1902214A1 (de) Anordnung zum Schutz gegen UEberspannungen
DE10140950B4 (de) Gekapselter Überspannungsableiter auf Funkenstreckenbasis
EP0734106A1 (fr) Dispositif de dérivation de surtensions et d'extinction du courant de ligne subséquent
EP0433480B1 (fr) Commutateur à électrode creuse
DE1640259A1 (de) Mehrstufen-Funkenstreckenschalter in Kaskadenanordnung
DE4100565C2 (fr)
DE2905166C2 (de) Vakuum-Funkengenerator
DE1589414B1 (de) Spektrale Strahlungsquelle
DE4306036C2 (de) Gasentladungsschalter
EP1413027B1 (fr) Limiteur de surtension scelle hermetiquement utilisant des eclateurs
EP0229303A1 (fr) Eclateur, en particulier pour application de prééclateur de bougie d'allumage pour moteur à combustion interne
DE9117007U1 (de) Gasentladungsschalter
DE974934C (de) Gasgefuellte elektrische Glimmentladungsroehre mit Kaltkathode und mindestens drei Entladungsstrecken
EP1168895B9 (fr) Dispositif à impulsions avec un système de production de rayonnement et procédé de production de rayonnement
DE2204988B2 (de) Entlader
DE967016C (de) Durch Löschgas betätigte Schutzvorrichtung zur wiederholten Unterbrechung eines Stromes
DE3904031A1 (de) Gasentladungsschalter
DE4301558A1 (de) Getriggerter Gasentladungsschalter

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): CH DE FR GB LI

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19890701

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19910118

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): CH DE FR GB LI

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 3873729

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19920917

ET Fr: translation filed
GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)
PLBI Opposition filed

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009260

26 Opposition filed

Opponent name: SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, BERLIN UND MUENCHEN

Effective date: 19930511

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 19940808

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19940812

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 19940926

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 19950626

Year of fee payment: 8

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

RDAG Patent revoked

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009271

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: PATENT REVOKED

GBPR Gb: patent revoked under art. 102 of the ep convention designating the uk as contracting state

Free format text: 950622

27W Patent revoked

Effective date: 19950622