EP0313888B2 - Verfahren zum Härten von Werkstücken aus Stahl - Google Patents
Verfahren zum Härten von Werkstücken aus Stahl Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0313888B2 EP0313888B2 EP88116477A EP88116477A EP0313888B2 EP 0313888 B2 EP0313888 B2 EP 0313888B2 EP 88116477 A EP88116477 A EP 88116477A EP 88116477 A EP88116477 A EP 88116477A EP 0313888 B2 EP0313888 B2 EP 0313888B2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cooling gas
- helium
- mpa
- hydrogen
- quenching
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000589614 Pseudomonas stutzeri Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009938 salting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/767—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material with forced gas circulation; Reheating thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
- C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
- F27B5/06—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types
- F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
- F27B5/06—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types
- F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
- F27B2005/161—Gas inflow or outflow
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for hardening workpieces made of steel in a vacuum oven by heating the workpieces and then quenching in a cooling gas Overpressure and cooling gas circulation.
- This object is achieved in that helium, hydrogen, mixtures of helium and hydrogen or mixtures of helium and / or water inert gas are used as cooling gas in that the cooling gas pressure "p" in the furnace is set to values between 1 and 4 MPa during quenching , and that the cooling gas velocity "v" is chosen so that the product p ⁇ v is between 10 and 250 m ⁇ MPa ⁇ sec -1 .
- cooling gas Helium or helium mixtures with up to 30 vol% Hydrogen and / or inert gases.
- the cooling gas velocity "V" refers to the outlet from the cooling gas distribution pipes.
- the steel parts are heated in a vacuum oven customary for this purpose.
- the furnace is advantageously flooded with the helium or hydrogen gas at the start of the heating at about 2 MPa pressure and the gas is circulated with a fan.
- This has the advantage that the heat is transferred to the steel parts not by radiation but by convection, which results in a uniform heating of the batch and a considerable reduction in the heating time.
- the gas is removed from the oven and further heated under vacuum. In this temperature range, the radiation heating is very effective and a protective gas for heating the batches is not necessary.
- the furnace is flooded with cold cooling gas up to 4 MPa overpressure to cool the batch.
- the cooling gas is circulated with the aid of a fan, cooled down via a heat exchanger after leaving the furnace interior and fed back to the batch. This circulation continues until the batch has cooled.
- the gas velocity is adjusted with the help of the fan so that the product pv between 10 and 250 mMPa sec -1 .
- a component with a diameter of approx. 10 mm made of the low alloy steel 100 Cr6 is heated in a vacuum furnace to the austenitizing temperature of approx. 850 ° C. After this temperature has been reached, the furnace is flooded with helium to an excess pressure of 1.6 MPa, the sample being cooled to 400 ° C. in 16 seconds at a gas velocity of 65 m.sec -1 , which corresponds to the cooling rate in an oil bath .
- a martensitic structure with a hardness of 64 HRC is obtained.
- the steel 100 6Cr cannot be hardened with the gas quenching processes known to date.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
- Muffle Furnaces And Rotary Kilns (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Description
Ein Bauteil mit ca. 10 mm Durchmesser aus dem niedriglegierten Stahl 100 Cr6 wird in einem Vakuumofen auf die Austenitisierungstemperatur von ca. 850°C erwärmt. Nach Erreichen dieser Temperatur wird der Ofen mit Helium bis zu einem Überdruck von 1,6 MPa geflutet, wobei bei einer Gasgeschwindigkeit von 65 m·sec-1 in 16 sec die Probe auf 400°C heruntergekühlt war, was der Abkühlgeschwindigkeit in einem Ölbad entspricht. Man erhält einen martensitischen Gefügezustand mit einer Härte von 64 HRC. Mit den bisher bekannten Gasabschreckungsverfahren läßt sich der Stahl 100 6Cr nicht härten.
Claims (4)
- Verfahren zum Härten von Werkstücken aus Stahl in einem Vakuumofen durch Aufheizen der Werkstücke und anschließendes Abschrecken in einem Kühlgas unter Überdruck und Kühlgasumwälzung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Kühlgas Helium, Wasserstoff, Gemische aus Helium und Wasserstoff oder Gemische aus Helium und/oder Wasserstoff mit bis zu 30 Vol% inertgas verwendet werden, daß der Kühlgasdruck "p" im Ofen bei der Abschreckung auf Werte zwischen 1 und 4 MPa eingestellt wird, und daß die Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit "V" so gewählt wird, daß das Produkt p·v zwischen 10 und 250 m·MPa · sec-1 liegt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Kühlgas Helium oder Heliumgemische mit bis zu 30 Vol% Wasserstoff und/oder Inertgasen verwendet werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Ofen bei der Abschreckung ein Kühlgasdruck zwischen 1,4 und 3,0 MPa eingestellt wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kühlgasumwälzung mit einem Ventilator erfolgt.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT88116477T ATE65801T1 (de) | 1987-10-28 | 1988-10-05 | Verfahren zur waermebehandlung metallischer werkstuecke. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3736501 | 1987-10-28 | ||
| DE3736501A DE3736501C1 (de) | 1987-10-28 | 1987-10-28 | Verfahren zur Waermebehandlung metallischer Werkstuecke |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0313888A1 EP0313888A1 (de) | 1989-05-03 |
| EP0313888B1 EP0313888B1 (de) | 1991-07-31 |
| EP0313888B2 true EP0313888B2 (de) | 1998-06-17 |
Family
ID=6339263
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88116477A Expired - Lifetime EP0313888B2 (de) | 1987-10-28 | 1988-10-05 | Verfahren zum Härten von Werkstücken aus Stahl |
Country Status (28)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4867808A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0313888B2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP3068135B2 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1015066B (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE65801T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU606473B2 (de) |
| BG (1) | BG49828A3 (de) |
| BR (1) | BR8805492A (de) |
| CA (1) | CA1308631C (de) |
| CS (1) | CS274632B2 (de) |
| DD (1) | DD283421A5 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE3736501C1 (de) |
| DK (1) | DK167497B1 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2023993T5 (de) |
| FI (1) | FI86560C (de) |
| HR (1) | HRP920581B1 (de) |
| HU (1) | HU204102B (de) |
| IL (1) | IL87762A (de) |
| MX (1) | MX169690B (de) |
| NO (1) | NO169244C (de) |
| PL (1) | PL159767B1 (de) |
| PT (1) | PT88896A (de) |
| RO (1) | RO110067B1 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU1813104C (de) |
| SI (1) | SI8811937A8 (de) |
| UA (1) | UA13002A (de) |
| YU (1) | YU46574B (de) |
| ZA (1) | ZA886853B (de) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10044362A1 (de) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-04-04 | Ald Vacuum Techn Ag | Verfahren und Ofenanlage zum Vergüten einer Charge von Werkstücken aus Stahl |
| US6776854B2 (en) | 2001-02-28 | 2004-08-17 | Vacuheat Gmbh | Process and apparatus for the partial thermochemical vacuum treatment of metallic workpieces |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3819803C1 (de) * | 1988-06-10 | 1989-12-14 | Ulrich 5810 Witten De Wingens | |
| DE3828134A1 (de) * | 1988-08-18 | 1990-02-22 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur waermebehandlung von werkstuecken |
| FR2660669B1 (fr) * | 1990-04-04 | 1992-06-19 | Air Liquide | Procede et installation de traitement thermique d'objets avec trempe en milieux gazeux. |
| FR2660744B1 (fr) * | 1990-04-04 | 1994-03-11 | Air Liquide | Four a cloches. |
| US5173124A (en) * | 1990-06-18 | 1992-12-22 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Rapid gas quenching process |
| DE4100989A1 (de) * | 1991-01-15 | 1992-07-16 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur waermebehandlung in vakuumoefen |
| DE4132712C2 (de) * | 1991-10-01 | 1995-06-29 | Ipsen Ind Int Gmbh | Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke |
| DE4208485C2 (de) * | 1992-03-17 | 1997-09-04 | Wuenning Joachim | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Abschrecken metallischer Werkstücke |
| US5478985A (en) * | 1993-09-20 | 1995-12-26 | Surface Combustion, Inc. | Heat treat furnace with multi-bar high convective gas quench |
| DE4419332A1 (de) * | 1994-06-02 | 1995-12-14 | Wuenning Joachim | Industriebrenner mit geringer NO¶x¶-Emission |
| US5524020A (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1996-06-04 | Grier-Jhawar-Mercer, Inc. | Vacuum furnace with movable hot zone |
| AT405190B (de) * | 1996-03-29 | 1999-06-25 | Ald Aichelin Ges M B H | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur wärmebehandlung metallischer werkstücke |
| DE69723608T3 (de) * | 1996-04-26 | 2010-07-01 | Nippon Steel Corp. | Primärkühlverfahren für das kontinuierliche Glühen von Stahlbändern |
| DE19709957A1 (de) * | 1997-03-11 | 1998-09-17 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur Gasabschreckung metallischer Werkstücke nach Wärmebehandlungen |
| US5934871A (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 1999-08-10 | Murphy; Donald G. | Method and apparatus for supplying a anti-oxidizing gas to and simultaneously cooling a shaft and a fan in a heat treatment chamber |
| FR2779218B1 (fr) * | 1998-05-29 | 2000-08-11 | Etudes Const Mecaniques | Cellule de trempe sous gaz |
| DE19824574A1 (de) * | 1998-06-02 | 1999-12-09 | Linde Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur effektiven Abkühlung von Behandlungsgut |
| DE19920297A1 (de) * | 1999-05-03 | 2000-11-09 | Linde Tech Gase Gmbh | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
| DE59903032D1 (de) | 1999-09-24 | 2002-11-14 | Ipsen Int Gmbh | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
| FR2801059B1 (fr) * | 1999-11-17 | 2002-01-25 | Etudes Const Mecaniques | Procede de trempe apres cementation a basse pression |
| DE10030046C1 (de) * | 2000-06-19 | 2001-09-13 | Ald Vacuum Techn Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen der Abkühlwirkung einer strömenden Gasatmosphäre auf Werkstücke |
| US20020104589A1 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2002-08-08 | Van Den Sype Jaak | Process and apparatus for high pressure gas quenching in an atmospheric furnace |
| DE10108057A1 (de) * | 2001-02-20 | 2002-08-22 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zum Abschrecken von metallischen Werkstücken |
| FR2835907B1 (fr) * | 2002-02-12 | 2004-09-17 | Air Liquide | Installation de trempe par gaz et procede de trempe correspondant |
| EP1491642B1 (de) * | 2002-03-25 | 2010-12-29 | Hirohisa Taniguchi | Vorrichtungen zum abkühlen von heissen gasen und system zur behandlung von heissen gasen |
| FR2844809B1 (fr) * | 2002-09-20 | 2007-06-29 | Air Liquide | Procede de refroidissement rapide de pieces par transfert convectif et radiatif |
| WO2005123970A1 (en) * | 2004-06-15 | 2005-12-29 | Narasimhan Gopinath | A process and device for hardening metal parts |
| PL202005B1 (pl) * | 2004-11-19 | 2009-05-29 | Politechnika & Lstrok Odzka In | Urządzenie do hartowania z zamkniętym obiegiem wodoru |
| DE102005045783A1 (de) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-03-29 | Sistem Teknik Endustriyel Elektronik Sistemler Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd. Sirketi | Einkammer-Vakuumofen mit Wasserstoffabschreckung |
| CN101880760A (zh) * | 2010-07-09 | 2010-11-10 | 中国第一汽车集团公司 | 大型压铸模具的真空等温热处理工艺 |
| US9995481B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2018-06-12 | Eclipse, Inc. | Method and apparatus for a dual mode burner yielding low NOx emission |
| CN105695716A (zh) * | 2016-01-29 | 2016-06-22 | 柳州市安龙机械设备有限公司 | 硬质合金刀具的热处理方法 |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1132171B (de) * | 1960-06-24 | 1962-06-28 | Heraeus Gmbh W C | Verfahren zum Gluehen, Schmelzen oder Giessen von Metallen in einem unter Vakuum stehenden Behaelter und Abkuehlen mittels Schutzgas, sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchfuehrungdieses Verfahrens |
| DE1919493C3 (de) * | 1969-04-17 | 1980-05-08 | Ipsen Industries International Gmbh, 4190 Kleve | Atmosphären-Vakuumofen |
| US4030712A (en) * | 1975-02-05 | 1977-06-21 | Alco Standard Corporation | Method and apparatus for circulating a heat treating gas |
| US4167426A (en) * | 1978-04-20 | 1979-09-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Method for annealing silicon steel |
| DE2839807C2 (de) * | 1978-09-13 | 1986-04-17 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Vakuumofen mit Gaskühleinrichtung |
| DE2844843C2 (de) * | 1978-10-14 | 1985-09-12 | Ipsen Industries International Gmbh, 4190 Kleve | Industrieofen zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
| US4302256A (en) * | 1979-11-16 | 1981-11-24 | Chromalloy American Corporation | Method of improving mechanical properties of alloy parts |
| GB2052030B (en) * | 1980-04-28 | 1984-02-08 | Gen Electric | Construction of special atmosphere furnace |
| JPS58147514A (ja) * | 1982-02-24 | 1983-09-02 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | ガス冷却熱処理法 |
| US4462577A (en) * | 1982-12-16 | 1984-07-31 | C.I. Hayes Inc. | Apparatus for gas cooling work parts under high pressure in a continuous heat treating vacuum furnace |
| AT395321B (de) * | 1983-07-05 | 1992-11-25 | Ebner Ind Ofenbau | Verfahren zum abkuehlen von chargen in diskontinuierlich arbeitenden industrieoefen, insbesondere von stahldraht- oder - bandbunden in haubengluehoefen |
| JPS60187620A (ja) * | 1984-03-06 | 1985-09-25 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | 真空炉 |
| DE3416902A1 (de) * | 1984-05-08 | 1985-11-14 | Schmetz Industrieofenbau und Vakuum-Hartlöttechnik KG, 5750 Menden | Verfahren und vakuumofen zur waermebehandlung einer charge |
| JPS60262913A (ja) * | 1984-06-11 | 1985-12-26 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | 強制対流冷却のガス導入方法 |
| DE3736502C1 (de) * | 1987-10-28 | 1988-06-09 | Degussa | Vakuumofen zur Waermebehandlung metallischer Werkstuecke |
-
1987
- 1987-10-28 DE DE3736501A patent/DE3736501C1/de not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-09-14 ZA ZA886853A patent/ZA886853B/xx unknown
- 1988-09-15 IL IL87762A patent/IL87762A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-09-30 FI FI884513A patent/FI86560C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-04 NO NO884389A patent/NO169244C/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-05 AT AT88116477T patent/ATE65801T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-05 ES ES88116477T patent/ES2023993T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-05 EP EP88116477A patent/EP0313888B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-05 DE DE8888116477T patent/DE3864007D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-17 BG BG085722A patent/BG49828A3/xx unknown
- 1988-10-17 YU YU193788A patent/YU46574B/sh unknown
- 1988-10-17 MX MX013445A patent/MX169690B/es unknown
- 1988-10-17 SI SI8811937A patent/SI8811937A8/sl unknown
- 1988-10-25 JP JP63267341A patent/JP3068135B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-25 BR BR8805492A patent/BR8805492A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-25 US US07/261,927 patent/US4867808A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-25 PL PL1988275471A patent/PL159767B1/pl unknown
- 1988-10-25 RO RO135630A patent/RO110067B1/ro unknown
- 1988-10-26 UA UA4356709A patent/UA13002A/uk unknown
- 1988-10-26 RU SU884356709A patent/RU1813104C/ru active
- 1988-10-26 DD DD88321108A patent/DD283421A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-26 CN CN88108740A patent/CN1015066B/zh not_active Expired
- 1988-10-27 CS CS711188A patent/CS274632B2/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-27 CA CA000581505A patent/CA1308631C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-27 AU AU24404/88A patent/AU606473B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-10-27 DK DK596588A patent/DK167497B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-27 HU HU885614A patent/HU204102B/hu unknown
- 1988-10-28 PT PT88896A patent/PT88896A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1992
- 1992-09-29 HR HRP-1937/88A patent/HRP920581B1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10044362A1 (de) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-04-04 | Ald Vacuum Techn Ag | Verfahren und Ofenanlage zum Vergüten einer Charge von Werkstücken aus Stahl |
| DE10044362C2 (de) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-09-12 | Ald Vacuum Techn Ag | Verfahren und Ofenanlage zum Vergüten einer Charge von Werkstücken aus Stahl |
| US6776854B2 (en) | 2001-02-28 | 2004-08-17 | Vacuheat Gmbh | Process and apparatus for the partial thermochemical vacuum treatment of metallic workpieces |
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