CN1033841A - 金属工件的热处理方法 - Google Patents

金属工件的热处理方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1033841A
CN1033841A CN88108740A CN88108740A CN1033841A CN 1033841 A CN1033841 A CN 1033841A CN 88108740 A CN88108740 A CN 88108740A CN 88108740 A CN88108740 A CN 88108740A CN 1033841 A CN1033841 A CN 1033841A
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gas
cooling gas
helium
cooling
hydrogen
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CN1015066B (zh
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波尔海尔曼
福瑞德雷克·普瑞伯罗夫·库斯特
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ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH
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Degussa GmbH
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Publication of CN1033841A publication Critical patent/CN1033841A/zh
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C21D1/767—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material with forced gas circulation; Reheating thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
    • C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
    • F27B5/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
    • F27B5/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
    • F27B2005/161—Gas inflow or outflow

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
  • Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Muffle Furnaces And Rotary Kilns (AREA)
  • Electronic Switches (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)

Abstract

在真空炉中采用气体淬火对金属工件进行热处 理，使用氦气、氢气、它们的混合气、或氦和/或氢与 最高30％(体积)的惰性气体的混合气体作为冷却气 体，炉内压力“P”在1至4MPa之间，气体循环速度 “V”值按照P×V之积在250米兆帕/秒之间来确 定，其冷却速度相当于在油浴中的冷却速度。

Description

本发明是关于一种在真空炉中加热工件、接着在正压及冷却气体循环的条件下于冷却气体中淬火的金属工件热处理方法。
为了使金属工件、特别是工具硬化，将其在炉中加热至材料的奥氏体化温度，然后淬火。根据材料的种类和所要求的机械性能，淬火需要用水、油或熔融盐浴。如果使惰性气体连续进行冷却和循环，那么，高速钢和其它高级材料也可以在惰性气体中进行淬火。
在德国专利说明书2839807和2844343中描述了真空炉，在真空炉中，为了进行淬火，将冷却气体以高的气流速度和最高达0.6MPa（6巴）的压力引到炉内被加热的工件上，随后使之通过热交换器。所需要的高的冷却气体速度是借助于喷管或鼓风机来实现的。一般地，提高冷却气体压力可以获得较高的冷却速度，但是，采用目前惯用的冷却气体（例如氮气、氩气），最高只能获得约0.6MPa的正压。使用更高的压力受到压缩气体循环所需的电机功率的限制。使用0.6MPa正压的氮气作为冷却气体时，鼓风机所需的电机功率已经超过100千瓦。但是，功率更高的电机体积大、价格昂贵，通常不适合于安装在真空炉中。
对冷却气体循环和冷却气体压力的这一技术上的限制，意味着以往使用冷却气体不可能获得较高的急冷度，因此，使用冷却气体的淬火方法只限用于某些特定的材料。
本发明的目的是，研制一种在真空炉中加热工件、接着在正压及冷却气体循环的条件下于冷却气体中淬火的金属工件热处理方法，采用这种方法，不必提高冷却气体循环用的电机功率就可以获得高的急 冷度。
根据本发明，这一目的是通过以下方式来实现的：使用氦气、氢气、氦和氢的混合气、或者氦和/或氢同最高达30%（体积）惰性气体的混合气作为冷却气体，淬火时炉中冷却气体压力“P”值在1到4MPa之间，选定冷却气体速度“V”时应使P×V的乘积在10到250米·兆帕·秒-1之间。
优先选用氦气或氦与最高达30%（体积）的氢和/或惰性气体的混合气作为冷却气体。
业已证明，炉内冷却气体压力在1.4至3.0兆帕之间并使用鼓风机进行冷却气体循环是适宜的。
冷却气体速度“V”指的是冷却气体配气管出口的速度。
出人意料地发现，使用氦气和/或氢气或它们与最高达30%（体积）的惰性气体（例如氮）作为冷却气体，不必增加所用鼓风机的电机功率，可以使相应的炉子内的压力最高达到4兆帕。其结果是，气体的冷却作用增强了，从而使相当宽范围的钢（包括以往必须在油浴中淬火的那些钢种）可以被淬硬。这种高压气体淬火在工艺和成本方面均优于液体淬火介质。它对环境的损害也比较小。
在实际实施本方法时，将钢制工件在通常用于这一目的的真空炉中加热。这包括，在加热开始时，使炉子充满氦气或氢气，压力约为2兆帕，利用鼓风机使气体循环。这样作的优点是，向钢件传热不是通过辐射而是通过对流来进行的。结果是，炉料被均匀地加热且加热时间显著缩短。在750℃以上，排除炉内气体，在真空下进一步加热。在这个温度范围内，辐射加热是非常有效的，炉料加热不需要保护气体。奥氏体化温度一般在800～1300℃之间，在达到相应的奥 氏体化温度后，向炉内充以冷却气体最高可达4兆帕的正压，对炉料进行冷却。借助一个鼓风机使冷却气体循环，冷却气体离开炉子内部后，使之经过一个热交换器进行冷却，然后再将其导向炉料。连续进行这一循环直至炉料冷却。在这种情况下，利用鼓风机设定气体速度，使P×V的积在10和250米·兆帕·秒-1之间。
下面的实施例旨在更详细地说明本发明的方法：
将直径为10mm左右的低合金钢100Cr6的零件在真空炉中加热到约850℃的奥氏体化温度。达到这一温度后，向炉内充以达1.6兆帕正压的氦气，该气体在65米/秒的气体速度下其冷却能力可使上述样品在16秒内冷却到400℃，这相当于在油浴中的冷却速度。结果得到硬度为64HRC的马氏体显微组织。而使用迄今已知的气体淬火方法，100    6Cr钢不能淬硬。

Claims (4)

1、在真空炉中加热工件、随后在正压和冷却气体循环的条件下于冷却气体中淬火的金属工件热处理方法，其特征在于，使用氦气、氢气、氦和氢的混合气、或氦和/或氢同最高达30%(体积)的惰性气体作为冷却气体，淬火时炉内冷却气体压力“P”的数值在1和4MPa之间，选定冷却气体速度“V”使P×V的积在10至250米·兆帕·秒-1之间。
2、按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，使用氦气或氦与最高30%（体积）的氢和/或惰性气体作为冷却气体。
3、按权利要求1和2所述的方法，其特征在于，淬火时炉内冷却气体的压力在1.4至3.0兆帕之间。
4、按权利要求1至3所述的方法，其特征在于，使用鼓风机进行冷却气体循环。
CN88108740A 1987-10-28 1988-10-26 金属工件的热处理方法 Expired CN1015066B (zh)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE37.36501.0 1987-10-28
DE3736501A DE3736501C1 (de) 1987-10-28 1987-10-28 Verfahren zur Waermebehandlung metallischer Werkstuecke

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CN1033841A true CN1033841A (zh) 1989-07-12
CN1015066B CN1015066B (zh) 1991-12-11

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EP (1) EP0313888B2 (zh)
JP (1) JP3068135B2 (zh)
CN (1) CN1015066B (zh)
AT (1) ATE65801T1 (zh)
AU (1) AU606473B2 (zh)
BG (1) BG49828A3 (zh)
BR (1) BR8805492A (zh)
CA (1) CA1308631C (zh)
CS (1) CS274632B2 (zh)
DD (1) DD283421A5 (zh)
DE (2) DE3736501C1 (zh)
DK (1) DK167497B1 (zh)
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FI (1) FI86560C (zh)
HR (1) HRP920581B1 (zh)
HU (1) HU204102B (zh)
IL (1) IL87762A (zh)
MX (1) MX169690B (zh)
NO (1) NO169244C (zh)
PL (1) PL159767B1 (zh)
PT (1) PT88896A (zh)
RO (1) RO110067B1 (zh)
RU (1) RU1813104C (zh)
SI (1) SI8811937A8 (zh)
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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CS711188A2 (en) 1990-10-12
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CA1308631C (en) 1992-10-13
RO110067B1 (ro) 1995-09-29
PT88896A (pt) 1989-09-14
AU606473B2 (en) 1991-02-07
MX169690B (es) 1993-07-19
CS274632B2 (en) 1991-09-15
DE3736501C1 (de) 1988-06-09
US4867808B1 (zh) 1994-02-22
DK167497B1 (da) 1993-11-08
NO884389L (no) 1989-05-02
HU204102B (en) 1991-11-28
EP0313888A1 (de) 1989-05-03
CN1015066B (zh) 1991-12-11
FI86560C (fi) 1992-09-10
HRP920581B1 (en) 1997-10-31
RU1813104C (ru) 1993-04-30
HUT49651A (en) 1989-10-30
DD283421A5 (de) 1990-10-10
DK596588D0 (da) 1988-10-27
SI8811937A8 (en) 1997-06-30
DE3864007D1 (de) 1991-09-05
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ES2023993T5 (es) 1998-08-01
ES2023993B3 (es) 1992-02-16
AU2440488A (en) 1989-05-04
PL275471A1 (en) 1989-05-02
PL159767B1 (pl) 1993-01-29
NO169244C (no) 1992-05-27
NO169244B (no) 1992-02-17
US4867808A (en) 1989-09-19
FI86560B (fi) 1992-05-29
JPH01149920A (ja) 1989-06-13
UA13002A (uk) 1997-02-28
EP0313888B2 (de) 1998-06-17
ZA886853B (en) 1989-05-30
YU46574B (sh) 1993-11-16
HRP920581A2 (hr) 1995-02-28
JP3068135B2 (ja) 2000-07-24
IL87762A0 (en) 1989-02-28
ATE65801T1 (de) 1991-08-15
IL87762A (en) 1993-01-31
FI884513A0 (fi) 1988-09-30
BG49828A3 (en) 1992-02-14
FI884513A (fi) 1989-04-29
YU193788A (en) 1990-04-30

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