EP0286039B1 - Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Flüssigkeiten - Google Patents

Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Flüssigkeiten Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0286039B1
EP0286039B1 EP88105339A EP88105339A EP0286039B1 EP 0286039 B1 EP0286039 B1 EP 0286039B1 EP 88105339 A EP88105339 A EP 88105339A EP 88105339 A EP88105339 A EP 88105339A EP 0286039 B1 EP0286039 B1 EP 0286039B1
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Prior art keywords
mmol
ions
potassium ions
determination
potassium
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EP88105339A
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French (fr)
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EP0286039A2 (de
EP0286039A3 (en
Inventor
Michael Nathaniel Prof. Berry
Michael-Harold Dr.Phil. Town
Georg-Burkhard Dipl.Chem.Dr.Rer.Nat. Kresse
Uwe Dipl.Biochem.Dr.Rer.Nat. Herrmann
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Flinders University of South Australia
Roche Diagnostics GmbH
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Flinders University of South Australia
Roche Diagnostics GmbH
Boehringer Mannheim GmbH
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Priority to EP19920106025 priority Critical patent/EP0494705A3/en
Priority to EP92106026A priority patent/EP0504948A1/de
Priority to EP91118956A priority patent/EP0476715B1/de
Priority to EP19920106023 priority patent/EP0494704A3/en
Priority to AT88105339T priority patent/ATE91025T1/de
Priority to EP92106024A priority patent/EP0508388A1/de
Priority to EP91118957A priority patent/EP0471391B1/de
Priority to EP91118973A priority patent/EP0470652B1/de
Application filed by Flinders University of South Australia, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Boehringer Mannheim GmbH filed Critical Flinders University of South Australia
Publication of EP0286039A2 publication Critical patent/EP0286039A2/de
Publication of EP0286039A3 publication Critical patent/EP0286039A3/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/64—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving ketones
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/26—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase
    • C12Q1/32—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase involving dehydrogenase
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
    • C12Q1/37—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase involving peptidase or proteinase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
    • C12Q1/40—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase involving amylase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/527—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving lyase
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/84—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving inorganic compounds or pH
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    • C12Q2334/00—O-linked chromogens for determinations of hydrolase enzymes, e.g. glycosidases, phosphatases, esterases
    • C12Q2334/10—O-linked chromogens for determinations of hydrolase enzymes, e.g. glycosidases, phosphatases, esterases p-Nitrophenol derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12Q2337/00—N-linked chromogens for determinations of peptidases and proteinases
    • C12Q2337/10—Anilides
    • C12Q2337/12—Para-Nitroanilides p-NA
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/91—Transferases (2.)
    • G01N2333/912—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • G01N2333/91205—Phosphotransferases in general
    • G01N2333/9121—Phosphotransferases in general with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. general tyrosine, serine or threonine kinases
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
    • G01N2333/924—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/962—Prevention or removal of interfering materials or reactants or other treatment to enhance results, e.g. determining or preventing nonspecific binding

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned with methods and reagents for the determination of ions, hereinafter also called analytes, in biological and non-biological fluids.
  • the invention is based on the ability of many analytes to stimulate or inhibit the activity of a sensitive enzyme.
  • the analytes may be cations or anions, metallic or non-metallic, simple or compound.
  • the analyte is present in the sample at a concentration that lies outside the range of sensitivity of the relevant analytical indicator enzyme, or that interference is caused by the presence of other ions to which the enzyme is also sensitive. This invention addresses and solves these problems in diverse ways.
  • a common method of analysing potassium and sodium in clinical biochemistry practice is flame photometry. This process depends on the principle that certain atoms, when energized by heat, become excited and emit light of a characteristic wavelength when returning to ground state.
  • the intensity of the characteristic wavelength of radiant energy produced by the atoms in the flame is directly proportional to the number of atoms excited in the flame, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance of interest in the sample.
  • the apparatus required is complex and relatively expensive and requires the use of combustible gases.
  • ion-selective electrodes An alternative method especially for sodium, potassium and chloride makes use of ion-selective electrodes.
  • each electrode would possess a unique ion-selective property that would allow it to respond to only one ion. In practice this is not the case and interfering ions exist for all ion-selective electrodes.
  • ion-specific electrodes are not absolutely specific, although generally corrections are possible.
  • the electrodes measure the potential developed in the presence of the specific ion.
  • the instrumention is relatively expensive. Neither method can be performed spectrophotometrically and the clinical need for ion measurement, therefore, results in a substantial increase in the complexity of commercially available clinical analysers, most of which are designed primarily for spectrophotometric assays. Both methods require a considerable degree of skill and knowledge for their successful implementation.
  • a major drawback of these methods is the use of solutions containing highly toxic substances. Some of the methods are complicated and imprecise (e.g. the titration method). Many of the reagents are unstable and calibration curves are non-linear (e.g. the rhodanide method). Some of these methods in addition need a pretreatment in order to eliminate interferences by the protein content of the sample.
  • Calcium is a further example of an electrolyte which is routinely determined in the clinical laboratory.
  • concentration of this metal ion in body fluids is regulated within a narrow range. Pathologically high or low concentrations can lead to life- threatening disorders such as renal insufficiency, pancreatitis, tetany and congestive heart failure.
  • the method involves the use of aggressive, highly alkaline solutions and toxic substances. It is particularly prone to interference by a number of serum components such as lipids, proteins, phosphate and bilirubin and as a result does not agree well with atomic absorption and flame photometric reference methods.
  • a further disadvantage of the colorimetric procedure is that the calibration curves are non-linear and the colour is greatly dependent on temperature.
  • the patent application DE 36 14 470 lacks the disclosure to make it a method for the potassium determination in serum with no significant interference of other ions, e.g. sodium ions.
  • I. F. Dalmonova and N. N. Ugarova, J. Anal. Chem. of USSR (1980), Vol. 35, No. 8, Part 2, 1042 - 1081 includes the general discussion of the effect of some ions like beryllium, zinc and mercury ions to some enzymes, but there is no evidence that any of these methods have been made to work without the ingredients according to the present invention.
  • the invention solves the problems by a process for the determination ions (analytes) in fluids wherein the influence of these ions on the activity of an enzyme is measured.
  • a key feature of this invention is the use of selectively binding agents to bring the free concentration of the analyte within the optimal range for the analytical enzyme, particularly when dilution of the fluid is not practicable.
  • An additional element of the invention is the use of competitive inhibitors of the relevant analytical enzyme in order to reduce its sensitivity to the analyte, thereby permitting measurement of the latter at a higher concentration. This is especially useful, for example, where selective binding agents are not readily available or are unacceptably expensive.
  • Another feature of the invention is that selective binding agents are employed to reduce the free concentrations of interfering ions to levels where interference is no longer significant. Use is also made of the fact that a competitive inhibitor may compete more effectively with interfering ions than with the analyte, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the enzyme to the analyte with respect to the interfering ion.
  • an important element is the choice of optimal reaction conditions, including the selection of an appropriate isoenzyme, such that the stimulatory or inhibitory effects of the analyte are substantially greater that those of the interfering ions.
  • the action of the analyte and interfering ions on the activity of the analytical enzyme should be additive so that, if the concentration of interfering ions is known, the concentration of the analyte can readily be determined by difference. Where an interfering ion is known to occur at a relatively constant concentration in the fluid under analysis, allowance can be made for this by including an appropriate concentration of the interfering ion in standard (calibrating) solutions.
  • Another method for assaying such analytes is the use of a competitive binding assay where the analyte displaces another ion from binding agent and the effects of the released ion on the activity of an appropriate enzyme are determined.
  • Enzymes which may be used can be for example (H. J. Evans et al., Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 17, 47; 1966): Transferases like phosphorous-containing group-transferring transferases.
  • a transferase may be pyruvate kinase.
  • other kinases such as adenylate kinase or hexokinase, sensitive to magnesium ion or manganous ion may be employed.
  • Another transferase is acetate kinase (from E. coli).
  • Another example is pyridoxal kinase from brain which is sensitive to zinc ions.
  • Hydrolases like glycosidases, for example ⁇ - or ⁇ -D-galactosidase (from Escherichia coli), carboxypeptidase A (from bovine pancreas), collagenase (from Clostridium hystolicum), amylase (from saliva or pancreas) or phosphoglycolate phosphatase.
  • ⁇ - or ⁇ -D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli
  • carboxypeptidase A from bovine pancreas
  • collagenase from Clostridium hystolicum
  • amylase from saliva or pancreas
  • phosphoglycolate phosphatase for example ⁇ - or ⁇ -D-galactosidase (from Escherichia coli), carboxypeptidase A (from bovine pancreas), collagenase (from Clostridium hystolicum), amylase (from saliva or pancre
  • peptide hydrolases such as the cysteine or thiol-dependent proteinases, specific examples of which are Calpain I and II (also called calcium activated neutral protease) are described by Sasaki et al. in J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12489 - 12494, (1984).
  • Calpain I and II also called calcium activated neutral protease
  • the latter enzymes can be isolated and purified from a variety of animal tissues such as: rat liver and kidney, human and porcine erythrocytes, bovine brain, and rabbit skeletal muscle according to the method of A. Kitahara et al., J. Biochem. 95, 1759 - 1766 (1984).
  • a further example is dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I (E.C. 3.4.14.1, Cathepsin C), J. Ken McDonald, Bioch. Biophys. Res. Communication 24(5), 66, 771f.
  • Oxidoreductases like glycerol dehydrogenase (from Enterobacter aerogenes), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (from yeast) or tyrosinase (catechol oxidase).
  • Lyases like aldolase (from yeast) or carbonic anhydrase (from bovine erythrocytes).
  • Suitable enzymes are various enzymes from halophilic organisms. All enzymes do not have to be of natural source but can also be obtained by DNA recombination techniques.
  • binding agents are available for the binding of analytes or interfering ions.
  • binding or masking substances are cryptands, coronands, crown ethers, podands, spherands, hemispherands, calixarens and combinations thereof, naturally occurring ionophores, for example antibiotics, cyclic peptides like valinomycin, complexones and chelating agents, for example iminodiacetic acid, EDTA, nitrotriacetic acid and derivatives thereof.
  • Such compounds are described in Griffine (Merck), 1977, No. 1, p. 11 ff and p. 29 ff; Kunststoffe (Merck), 1977, No. 2, p.
  • chelators capable of binding multivalent ions, in particular bivalent cations are ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (referred to as EGTA) and ethylenediamino-tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
  • EGTA ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid
  • EDTA ethylenediamino-tetraacetic acid
  • binding agents that can bind multivalent ions, e.g. EDTA and its derivatives
  • agents which bind monovalent ions are less common.
  • Tetraphenylboron binds potassium ions.
  • cryptands which are examples of reagents that can selectively bind monovalent cations in aqueous solutions (R. M. Izatt et al., Chem. Reviews 85, 271 - 339).
  • Kryptofix® compounds of Merck-Schuchardt, for example: 4,7,13,16,21-Pentaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.5]-tricosan, Kryptofix® 221, page 438, Merck-Schuchardt catalogue, dated 1987/88, no. 810646 (K 221).
  • anion cryptands As masking compounds for the elimination of interfering anions the following classes of substances may potentially be used: anion cryptands, heterocyclophanes, catapinands and inorganic metal complexes or insoluble salts. Special examples of anion complexing compounds are described in the literature, e.g. azamono- or azapolycycles, macrocyclic quarternary
  • binding agents are used for the following purposes:
  • the biological fluids in which the measurement of analytes is made are blood, serum, plasma, urine, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph or intestinal secretions, exudates or transudates for example.
  • Non-biological fluids are water or aqueous extracts or mixtures, like extracts of foodstuffs or fruits or fermented liquids such as wine.
  • lithium ions are less effective as a competitor against potassium ions, the net effect is to increase the relative sensitivity of pyruvate towards potassium ions a further 50 % as compared with sodium ions. Moreover, in the presence of lithium ions the effects of potassium and sodium ions on the activity of pyruvate kinase become additive, rather than co-operative. This allows the possibility of measurement of the concentration of either potassium or sodium ions, provided that the concentration of the other ions is known.
  • Sodium ions may also be measured by means of pyruvate kinase, provided that conditions are chosen whereby the stimulation of enzyme activity by potassium ions is reduced, and a potassium ion-binding agent, e.g. Kryptofix® 222, is included in the reaction mixture.
  • a potassium ion-binding agent e.g. Kryptofix® 222
  • the sodium ions are allowed to displace potassium ions from Kryptofix® 221, the released potassium ions stimulating the activity of pyruvate kinase in proportion to the plasma sodium ion concentration.
  • compositions and reagents for the determination of ions in biological and non-biological fluids are compositions and reagents for the determination of ions in biological and non-biological fluids.
  • the reagent according to the present invention can be present in dissolved or dry form. It can be present impregnated on an appropriate carrier.
  • a diagnostic agent in the form of a test strip can be produced by impregnating a carrier material, preferably filter paper, cellulose or synthetic fibre fleece, with solutions of the necessary reagents conventionally used for the production of test strip in readily volatile solvents, such as acetone. This can take place in one or more impregnation steps.
  • the finished test papers can be used as such or stuck in known manner on to handles or preferably sealed between synthetic resins and fine meshes.
  • a fluid for example blood plasma
  • a buffered mixture containing adenosine diphosphate (ADP), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
  • ADP adenosine diphosphate
  • PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
  • NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • PK pyruvate kinase
  • LDH lactate dehydrogenase
  • the rate of NADH oxidation is proportional to the concentration of potassium ions (see Examples A - C).
  • the rate of reaction (1) is determined by the concentration of potassium ions present in the system, and this in turn limits the rate of reaction (2).
  • the rates of these reactions can be measured.
  • a standard approach is the spectrophotometric measurement of the rate of disappearance of NADH in reaction (2).
  • NADH absorbs strongly at 340 nm, whereas NAD does not. Accordingly, the fall in absorbance of the reaction mixture at 340 nm (or an alternative wavelength) provides a direct measure of the rate of the reaction and from this the concentration of potassium ions present in the mixture can be derived.
  • advantage can be taken of the fact that both reactions (1) and (2) consume H+, thus lowering the proton concentration of the reaction mixture.
  • the rate of fall in proton concentration can be measured with a pH meter, or by means of a titration procedure. In these latter cases the concentration of buffer employed will be much less than in the spectrophotometric technique.
  • Other equipment such as fluorimeters or luminometers can be used to monitor the activity of pyruvate kinase.
  • the coupled method employs glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Provided that the added glucose-6-P and -KG are in excess of any ammonium ions present, all ammonium ions will be removed while preserving the NADH in the reagent.
  • Typical concentration ranges of the main reagents for the enzymatic determination at 37 °C of potassium ions using a 10 ⁇ l sample of plasma or serum are: PK (B. stearothermophilus) 50 U/l to 10,000 U/l PEP (neutralized Tris salt) 0.3 mmol/l to 30 mmol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l to 30 mmol/l NADH 0.01 mmol/l to 0.8 mmol/l Buffer, pH 7 - 8 50 mmol/l to 500 mmol/l Mn2+ or Mg2+ 1 mmol/l to 10 mmol/l LiCl 2 mmol/l to 100 mmol/l ADP (free acid) 0.5 mmol/l to 10 mmol/l LDH (assayed at 25 °C) 5,000 U/l to 100,000 U/l Serum albumin 0 g/l to 5 g/l GDH (assayed
  • glycerol dehydrogenase Another example sensitive to potassium ions is glycerol dehydrogenase (E. C. C. Lin et al., B 235, 1820, 1960).
  • Typical concentration ranges of the main reagents for the enzymatic determination at 37 °C of potassium ions using glycerol dehydrogenase are: Glycerol dehydrogenase 50 U/l to 1,000 U/l Glycerol 0.3 mol/l to 3 mol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l to 30 mmol/l NAD 0.1 mmol/l to 5.0 mmol/l Buffer, pH 9 20 mmol/l to 500 mmol/l Serum albumin 0 g/l to 5 g/l GDH (assayed at 25 °C) 2,500 U/l to 20,000 U/l KG (free acid) 1 mmol/l to 10 mmol/l
  • acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Another enzyme sensitive to potassium ions is acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (S. Black, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 34, 86, 1951).
  • Typical concentration ranges of the main reagents for the enzymatic determination at 37 °C of potassium ions using acetaldehyde deydrogenase are: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 50 U/l to 10,000 U/l Glycolaldehyde 0.3 mmol/l to 30 mmol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l to 30 mmol/l NAD 0.05 mmol/l to 2.0 mmol/l Buffer, pH 7 - 8 50 mmol/l to 500 mmol/l Dithiothreitol 0.1 mmol/l to 2 mmol/l Serum albumin 0 g/l to 5 g/l GDH (assayed at 25
  • Acetaldehyde (0.02 mmol/l to 1 mmol/l) may be substituted for glycolaldehyde.
  • Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase also exhibits esterase activity so that potassium ion concentration can be determined by monitoring the release of 4-nitrophenol from 4-nitrophenyl acetate.
  • Typical concentration ranges of the main reagents for the enzymatic determination at 37 °C of potassium ions based on the esterase activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase are: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 5 U/l to 10,000 U/l 4-nitrophenyl acetate 0.1 mmol/l to 2 mmol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l to 30 mmol/l NADH 0.001 mmol/l to 0.1 mmol/l Buffer, pH 7 - 8 50 mmol/l to 500 mmol/l Dithiothreitol 0.1 mmol/l to 2.0 mmol/l Serum albumin 0 g/l to 5 g/l GDH (assayed at 25 °C
  • the final incubation mixture contains: 175 mmol/l Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 20 mmol/l Li+ [17 mmol/l LiOH, 3 mmol/l LiCl] 3.0 mmol/l MnCl2 2.6 mmol/l ADP (free acid) 2.9 mmol/l PEP (neutralized tris salt) 0.4 mmol/l NADH 17000 U/l LDH (assayed at 25 °C) 890 U/l PK from Bacillus stearothermophilus 4.0 mmol/l KG 8600 U/l GDH (in glycerol; assayed at 25 °C) 140 mg/l Human serum albumin
  • Potassium ion standards contain 140 mmol/l sodium ions to compensate for the stimulatory effect of sodium ions, present in plasma, on pyruvate kinase.
  • the incubation mixture and calibrating solution are the same as for Example A.
  • a correction may be made for the sodium ion concentration of the mixture by adding (or subtracting) 0.1 mmol/l potassium for every 10 mmol/l the sodium ion concentration is below (or above) 140 mmol/l sodium ions. However, this correction should be verified by analysing aqueous solutions containing known sodium and potassium concentrations.
  • Example B but human serum albumin is omitted and the medium contains in addition 6 ⁇ mol of Kryptofix® 221 per assay.
  • a pH of 7.8 is selected to minimize variations in displacement of sodium ions from Kryptofix® 221 due to the differing potassium ion content of individual specimens.
  • Example D Sodium ion concentration is assayed first as in Example D except that the assay also contains: 2.6 mmol/l ADP (free acid) 2.9 mmol/l PEP (neutralized Tris salt) 0.4 mmol/l NADH 4.0 mmol/l KG 8600 U/l GDH
  • the pH of the incubation mixture is lowered to pH 7.4 with a hydrochloric acid aliquot.
  • the reaction rate may then be monitored at 340 nm but may also be measured at a slightly higher wavelength to minimize possible interference by the 2-nitrophenol liberated in the sodium ion indicator reaction.

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Claims (18)

  1. Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Körperflüssigkeiten, wonach der Einfluß der Kaliumionen auf die Aktivität einer mikrobiellen Transferase, einer mikrobiellen Oxydoreduktase, einer Lyase oder einer Hydrolase gemessen wird.
  2. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, wonach die mikrobielle Transferase eine Pyruvatkinase des Bacillus stearothermophilius ist und die mikorbielle Oxydoreduktase eine Glyzerindehydrogenase oder eine Acetaldehyddehydrogenase ist.
  3. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, wobei störende Ionen von einer Bindesubstanz maskiert werden.
  4. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 - 3, wonach die Konzentration der zu bestimmenden Ionen mit Hilfe der Bindesubstanz auf für die Messung optimale Werte reduziert wird, falls eine Probenverdünnung nicht durchführbar und/oder die Affinität des Enzyms für die Kaliumionen herabgesetzt werden muß.
  5. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 3 - 4, wonach die störenden Ionen durch Kryptanden, Koronanden, Podanden, Kronenether, Spheranden, Hemispheranden, Kalixarenen und deren Kombinationen, natürlich vorkommende Ionophore, zyklische Peptide, Komplexons und Cheliermittel sowie deren Derivate gebunden werden.
  6. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 - 5, wonach die störenden Natriumionen durch Kryptofix® 221 gebunden werden.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 4 und 5, wonach die Bindesubstanz Kryptofix® 222 ist.
  8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 - 7, wonach die Bindesubstanzen mit den Indikatorionen einen Komplex bilden und die Indikatorionen von den Kaliumionen stöchiometrisch aus dem Komplex verdrängt werden und wonach der Einfluß der verdrängten Indikatorionen auf die Aktivität des Enzyms gemessen wird und damit ein indirektes Maß für die Konzentration der Kaliumionen darstellt.
  9. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 - 8, wonach Ionen, welche das Indikatorenzym kompetitiv hemmen, in das Assay miteinbezogen werden, wenn die Affinität des Enzymes zu den Kaliumionen herabgesetzt werden muß.
  10. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 9, wonach die kompetitiven Inhibitoren Lithiumionen sind.
  11. Verbindung zur Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Körperflüssigkeiten, die eine mikrobielle Transferase oder mikrobielle Oxidoreduktase umfaßt, deren Aktivität dein Einfluß der Kaliumionen unterliegt.
  12. Verbindung zur Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Körperflüssigkeiten gemäß Anspruch 11, die eine mikrobielle Transferase oder mikrobielle Oxidoreduktase und eine Bindesubstanz umfaßt, wobei die Bindesubstanz die störenden Ionen in der Flüssigkeit bindet und/oder die Konzentration der Kaliumionen auf für die Messung optimale Werte erniedrigt und/oder die Affinität der mikrobiellen Transferase oder Oxidoreduktase zu den Kaliumionen herabsetzt.
  13. Verbindung gemäß Anspruch 12, wonach die Bindesubstanz ein Kryptand ist.
  14. Verbindung gemäß Anspruch 12, wonach der die störenden Ionen bindende Kryptand Kryptofix® 221 ist, und Kryptofix® 222 die Konzentration der Kaliumionen erniedrigt und/oder die Affinität der mikrobiellen Transferase oder der mikrobiellen Oxidoreduktase herabsetzt.
  15. Verbindung zur Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Körperflüssigkeiten, wobei die Verbindung vorzugsweise bei 37°C verwendet wird und folgende Bestandteile hat: PK (B. stearothermophilus) 50 U/l bis 10000 U/l PEP (neutralized Tris salt) 0,3 mmol/l bis 30 mmol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l bis 30 mmol/l NADH 0,01 mmol/l bis 0,8 mmol/l Puffer, pH 7-8 50 mmol/l bis 500 mmol/l Mn²⁺ oder Mg²⁺ 1 mmol/l bis 10 mmol/l LiCl 2 mmol/l bis 100 mmol/l ADP (freie Säure) 0,5 mmol/l bis 10 mmol/l LDH (gemessen bei 25°C) 5000 U/l bis 100000 U/l Serumalbumin 0 g/l bis 5 g/l GDH (gem. bei 25°C) 2500 U/l bis 20000 U/l KG (freie Säure) 1 mmol/l bis 10 mmol/l
  16. Verbindung zur Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Körperflüssigkeiten, wobei die Verbindung vorzugsweise bei 37°C verwendet wird und folgende Bestandteile hat: Glyzerindehydrogenase (Enterobacter aerogenes) 50 U/l bis 1000 U/l Glyzerin 0,3 mol/l bis 3 mol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l bis 30 mmol/l NAD 0,1 mol/l bis 5,0 mmol/l Puffer, pH 9 20 mmol/l bis 500 mmol/l Serumalbumin 0 g/l bis 5 g/l GDH (gemessen bei 25°C) 2500 U/l bis 20000 U/l KG (freie Säure) 1 mmol/l bis 10 mmol/l
  17. Verbindung zur Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Körperflüssigkeiten, wobei die Verbindung vorzugsweise bei 37°C verwendet wird und folgende Bestandteile hat: Acetaldehyddehydrogenase Hefe 50 U/l bis 10000 U/l Glykolaldehyd 0,3 mmol/ bis 30 mmol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l bis 30 mmol/l NAD 0,05 mmol/l bis 2,0 mmol/l Puffer, pH 7-8 50 mmol/l bis 500 mmol/l Dithiothreitol 0,1 mmol/l bis 2 mmol/l Serumalbumin 0 g/l bis 5 g/l GDH (gem. bei 25°C) 2500 U/l bis 20000 U/l KG (freie Säure) 1 mmol/l bis 10 mmol/l
  18. Verbindung zur Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Körperflüssigkeiten, wobei die Verbindung vorzugsweise bei 37°C verwendet wird und folgende Bestandteile hat: Acetaldehyddehydrogenase Hefe 50 U/l bis 10000 U/l 4-nitrophenylacetat 0,3 mmol/ bis 30 mmol/l Kryptofix® 221 0 mmol/l bis 30 mmol/l NAD 0,001 mmol/l bis 0,1 mmol/l Puffer, pH 7-8 50 mmol/l bis 500 mmol/l Dithiothreitol 0,1 mmol/l bis 2 mmol/l Serumalbumin 0 g/l bis 5 g/l GDH (gem. bei 25°C) 2500 U/l bis 20000 U/l KG (freie Säure) 1 mmol/l bis 10 mmol/l
EP88105339A 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Flüssigkeiten Expired - Lifetime EP0286039B1 (de)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP91118956A EP0476715B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Chlorid-Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP19920106023 EP0494704A3 (en) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Method and composition for the determination of calcium ions in fluids
AT88105339T ATE91025T1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Bestimmung von kaliumionen in fluessigkeiten.
EP92106024A EP0508388A1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Bicarbonationen in Flüssigkeiten
EP19920106025 EP0494705A3 (en) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Determination of ions in fluids
EP91118973A EP0470652B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Natrium-Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP92106026A EP0504948A1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Nachweis von Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP91118957A EP0471391B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Nachweis von Ionen in Flüssigkeiten

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AUPI231187 1987-06-05

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EP0286039A3 EP0286039A3 (en) 1988-12-28
EP0286039B1 true EP0286039B1 (de) 1993-06-23

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EP91118973A Expired - Lifetime EP0470652B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Natrium-Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP88903229A Pending EP0309525A1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Bestimmung von ionen in flüssigkeiten
EP19920106025 Withdrawn EP0494705A3 (en) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Determination of ions in fluids
EP19920106023 Withdrawn EP0494704A3 (en) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Method and composition for the determination of calcium ions in fluids
EP91118956A Expired - Lifetime EP0476715B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Chlorid-Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP88105339A Expired - Lifetime EP0286039B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Bestimmung von Kaliumionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP92106024A Withdrawn EP0508388A1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Bicarbonationen in Flüssigkeiten
EP91118957A Expired - Lifetime EP0471391B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Nachweis von Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP92106026A Withdrawn EP0504948A1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Nachweis von Ionen in Flüssigkeiten

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EP91118973A Expired - Lifetime EP0470652B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Natrium-Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP88903229A Pending EP0309525A1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Bestimmung von ionen in flüssigkeiten
EP19920106025 Withdrawn EP0494705A3 (en) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Determination of ions in fluids
EP19920106023 Withdrawn EP0494704A3 (en) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Method and composition for the determination of calcium ions in fluids
EP91118956A Expired - Lifetime EP0476715B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Verfahren und Zusammensetzung zum Nachweis von Chlorid-Ionen in Flüssigkeiten

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EP91118957A Expired - Lifetime EP0471391B1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Nachweis von Ionen in Flüssigkeiten
EP92106026A Withdrawn EP0504948A1 (de) 1987-04-10 1988-04-02 Nachweis von Ionen in Flüssigkeiten

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7885697B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2011-02-08 Dexcom, Inc. Transcutaneous analyte sensor
US8792953B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2014-07-29 Dexcom, Inc. Transcutaneous analyte sensor
US9414777B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2016-08-16 Dexcom, Inc. Transcutaneous analyte sensor

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NO176072C (no) 1995-01-25
DD269919A5 (de) 1989-07-12
IL101586A (en) 1995-12-08
IE62537B1 (en) 1995-02-08
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YU69988A (en) 1990-02-28
CN1089808C (zh) 2002-08-28
EP0286039A2 (de) 1988-10-12
DK687488D0 (da) 1988-12-09
EP0470652A2 (de) 1992-02-12
KR890700833A (ko) 1989-04-27
ATE91025T1 (de) 1993-07-15
EP0471391A2 (de) 1992-02-19
ATE148793T1 (de) 1997-02-15
LV11068B (en) 1996-04-20
IL86017A (en) 1995-12-08
HU9201057D0 (en) 1992-06-29
JP3080770B2 (ja) 2000-08-28
EP0470652A3 (en) 1992-07-29
KR920009425B1 (ko) 1992-10-16
EP0309525A1 (de) 1989-04-05
CS170892A3 (en) 1992-12-16
JPH05130894A (ja) 1993-05-28
CN1088109C (zh) 2002-07-24
HU9201058D0 (en) 1992-06-29
EP0494704A2 (de) 1992-07-15
DE3855714T2 (de) 1997-05-07
DE3855714D1 (de) 1997-01-30
JPH05130895A (ja) 1993-05-28
DE3881931D1 (de) 1993-07-29
EP0504948A1 (de) 1992-09-23
DE3890267T1 (de) 1989-05-03
DE3855790D1 (de) 1997-03-20
EP0476715A3 (en) 1992-07-22
IL101585A0 (en) 1992-12-30
ATE146600T1 (de) 1997-01-15
NO932856L (no) 1988-11-30
ES2058165T3 (es) 1994-11-01
IL101586A0 (en) 1992-12-30
FI942873A (fi) 1994-06-16
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NO932856D0 (no) 1993-08-11
ES2098300T3 (es) 1997-05-01
KR920010132B1 (ko) 1992-11-16
EP0508388A1 (de) 1992-10-14
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HU9201060D0 (en) 1992-06-29
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HUT51677A (en) 1990-05-28
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ES2097782T3 (es) 1997-04-16
ATE146599T1 (de) 1997-01-15
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IL101585A (en) 1995-12-08
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IE940436L (en) 1988-10-10
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JPH05130893A (ja) 1993-05-28
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DK687488A (da) 1988-12-09
EP0476715A2 (de) 1992-03-25

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