DE2412124C3 - Verfahren zur Herstellung von phenolischen Formmassen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Herstellung von phenolischen FormmassenInfo
- Publication number
- DE2412124C3 DE2412124C3 DE2412124A DE2412124A DE2412124C3 DE 2412124 C3 DE2412124 C3 DE 2412124C3 DE 2412124 A DE2412124 A DE 2412124A DE 2412124 A DE2412124 A DE 2412124A DE 2412124 C3 DE2412124 C3 DE 2412124C3
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- phenolic
- phenol
- aldehyde
- component
- mol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 66
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 title claims description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 40
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920002866 paraformaldehyde Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002256 xylenyl group Chemical class C1(C(C=CC=C1)C)(C)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 14
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 241000428199 Mustelinae Species 0.000 description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 7
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- -1 accelerators Substances 0.000 description 6
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-monostearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol trioctadecanoate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920003986 novolac Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011280 coal tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012766 organic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001721 transfer moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G8/00—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08G8/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes
- C08G8/08—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes of formaldehyde, e.g. of formaldehyde formed in situ
- C08G8/10—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes of formaldehyde, e.g. of formaldehyde formed in situ with phenol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G8/00—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08G8/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/05—Alcohols; Metal alcoholates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L61/00—Compositions of condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L61/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Phenolic Resins Or Amino Resins (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB425474A GB1430343A (en) | 1974-01-30 | 1974-01-30 | Method of producing phenolic moulding materials |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2412124A1 DE2412124A1 (de) | 1975-10-09 |
| DE2412124B2 DE2412124B2 (de) | 1979-09-06 |
| DE2412124C3 true DE2412124C3 (de) | 1980-06-04 |
Family
ID=9773650
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2412124A Expired DE2412124C3 (de) | 1974-01-30 | 1974-03-13 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von phenolischen Formmassen |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3894981A (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPS557851B2 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2412124C3 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2264045B1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1430343A (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5263953A (en) * | 1975-11-25 | 1977-05-26 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | Preparation of polyhydroxy compositions |
| GB1574724A (en) * | 1976-03-10 | 1980-09-10 | British Industrial Plastics | Moulding thermosetting compositions |
| US4182701A (en) * | 1976-12-17 | 1980-01-08 | Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation | Method of making molding compounds and products produced thereby |
| US4150194A (en) * | 1977-12-02 | 1979-04-17 | Ashland Oil, Inc. | Low emission phenolic resin compositions |
| US4195019A (en) * | 1978-10-10 | 1980-03-25 | Nizhnetagilskoe Proizvodstvennoe Obiedinenie "Uralkhimplast" | Wood and phenol-formaldehyde compression-moulding composition and method for preparing the same |
| US4194996A (en) * | 1978-10-10 | 1980-03-25 | Uralsky Lesotekhnichesky Institut | Phenol formaldehyde compression moulding composition comprising phenol formaldehyde-wood filler |
| US4404334A (en) * | 1982-11-18 | 1983-09-13 | Georgia-Pacific Corporation | Thermosetting resinous polyol |
| JPS60260611A (ja) * | 1984-06-08 | 1985-12-23 | Mitsubishi Petrochem Co Ltd | 高分子量クレゾ−ルノボラツク樹脂の製造方法 |
| US4634758A (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1987-01-06 | Acme Resin Corporation | Process for preparing alkoxy-modified phenolic resole resins |
| US4546124A (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1985-10-08 | Acme Resin Corporation | Polyurethane binder compositions |
| US4723592A (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1988-02-09 | Acme Resin Corporation | Process for preparing foundry cores and molds |
| US4657950A (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1987-04-14 | Acme Resin Corporation | Refractory binders |
| US4848442A (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1989-07-18 | Acme Resin Corporation | Resin binders for foundry sand cores and molds |
| MX165850B (es) * | 1984-10-12 | 1992-12-08 | Acme Resin Corp | Aglutinante de resina fenolica para usos de fundicion y refractarios |
| DE3919756A1 (de) * | 1989-06-16 | 1990-12-20 | Hoechst Ag | Vorzugsweise plattenfoermiger formkoerper |
| US5189079A (en) * | 1991-06-12 | 1993-02-23 | Acme Resin Corp. | Low free formaldehyde phenolic polyol formulation |
| US5264535A (en) * | 1991-06-12 | 1993-11-23 | Acme Resin Corp. | Low free formaldehyde phenolic polyol formulation |
| US6143811A (en) * | 1998-08-14 | 2000-11-07 | The Japan Steel Works, Ltd. | Method of producing compound pellets containing wood flour |
| JP4727958B2 (ja) * | 2004-08-19 | 2011-07-20 | 旭有機材工業株式会社 | ノボラック型フェノール樹脂の製造方法 |
| US10450400B1 (en) | 2014-01-15 | 2019-10-22 | Arclin Usa, Llc | Extruded resorcinol-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde gel resins |
| CN105038159B (zh) * | 2015-08-07 | 2017-04-05 | 常州大学 | 含反应性大分子型成核剂的聚乳酸复合材料及其制备方法 |
| CN109111612A (zh) * | 2017-06-22 | 2019-01-01 | 宜兴市聚金信化工有限公司 | 一种新型橡胶防老剂合成工艺 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2120585A (en) * | 1937-01-16 | 1938-06-14 | Bakelite Corp | Moldable compositions |
| US3010919A (en) * | 1956-11-01 | 1961-11-28 | Union Carbide Corp | Trimethylolphenol-polyol thermosetting copolymers |
| US3156670A (en) * | 1960-08-31 | 1964-11-10 | Union Carbide Corp | Heat-hardenable phenolic resins |
-
1974
- 1974-01-30 GB GB425474A patent/GB1430343A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-02-12 JP JP1705974A patent/JPS557851B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1974-03-11 FR FR7408197A patent/FR2264045B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-03-13 DE DE2412124A patent/DE2412124C3/de not_active Expired
-
1975
- 1975-02-15 US US443038A patent/US3894981A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2412124A1 (de) | 1975-10-09 |
| JPS557851B2 (enExample) | 1980-02-28 |
| JPS50110487A (enExample) | 1975-08-30 |
| US3894981A (en) | 1975-07-15 |
| GB1430343A (en) | 1976-03-31 |
| FR2264045B1 (enExample) | 1977-09-30 |
| FR2264045A1 (enExample) | 1975-10-10 |
| DE2412124B2 (de) | 1979-09-06 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C3 | Grant after two publication steps (3rd publication) | ||
| 8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |