DE1288720C2 - Hydraulische fluessigkeiten - Google Patents
Hydraulische fluessigkeitenInfo
- Publication number
- DE1288720C2 DE1288720C2 DE1965C0036156 DEC0036156A DE1288720C2 DE 1288720 C2 DE1288720 C2 DE 1288720C2 DE 1965C0036156 DE1965C0036156 DE 1965C0036156 DE C0036156 A DEC0036156 A DE C0036156A DE 1288720 C2 DE1288720 C2 DE 1288720C2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- adipate
- days
- boiling point
- castor oil
- methyltrioxitol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
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Description
worin R ein gerad- oder verzweigtkettiger AlkyJenrest
mit 2 bis 8 Kohlenstoffatomen ist, R1 ein Methyl-, Äthyl- oder ein Phenylrest, R- Äthylen,
Propylen oder Butylen und η 0 bis 3 ist, enthält.
Hydraulische Flüssigkeiten müssen verschiedene Bedingungen erfüllen. Zum Beispiel dürfen sie weder
das Metall noch die Gummiteile eines Bremssystems angreifen, weiterhin müssen sie stabil sein und sollen
einen hohen Siedepunkt haben und einen möglichst niederen Gefrierpunkt.
Hydraulische Flüssigkeiten auf der Basis von einem oder mehreren Polyäthylenglykolen, -äthern oder
Polyäthylenglykolen oder Gemische solcher Verbindungen sind bekannt. Sie haben aber den Nachteil,
daß sie hygroskopisch sind und stetig aus der Atmosphäre Wasser absorbieren, wobei der Siedepunkt
langsam abfällt.
Es wurde nun gefunden, daß dieser Nachteil beseitigt wird, wenn eine hydraulische Flüssigkeit mit einer
kinematischen Viskosität bei — 40° C von nicht mehr als 5000 cSt mit einem Siedepunkt von wenigstens
260° C auf der Basis von Polyoxyalkylenglykolen und Äthern derselben, gegebenenfalls enthaltend übliche
Zusätze, mindestens 50 Gewichtsprozent eines Esters der allgemeinen Formel
worin R ein gerad- oder verzweigtkettiger Alkylen· rest mit 2 bis 8 Kohlenstoffatomen ist, R1 ein Methyl-,
Äthyl- oder ein Phenylrest, R* Äthylen, Propylen oder Butylen und η 0 bis 3 ist, enthält.
Bevorzugte Säuren R(COOH)2, von welchen die
Ester abgeleitet werden, sind Bernstein-, ülutar-, Adipin-, Azelain-, Sebacin- und Isosebacinsäuren,
obgleich ebenso andere Dicarbonsäuren, wenn go
wünscht, verwendet werden können, z. B. ein im Handel erhältliches Gemisch von Adipin-, Glutar-
und Bernsteinsäuren, Bevorzugte Beispiele von Glykoläthern, von welchen die Ester hergestellt werden,
sind:
Äthylenglykolmonomethyläther;
Diäthylenglykolmonoäthyläiher;
Diäthylenglykolmonomethyläther;
Triäthylenglykolmonomethyläther;
Äthylenglykolmonoäthyläther;
Triätbylenglykolmonoäthyläther.
Bevorzugte Ester nach der vorliegenden Erfindung sind in der Tabelle I1 zusammen mit ihren physikalischen
Eigenschaften, angegeben, wobei klar ist, daß, wenn die Ester eine zu hohe Viskosität haben, besonders
bei — 400C, sie dann mit einem geeigneten
Ester oder einer kleinen Menge eines inerten Verdünnungsmittels zur Gewinnung einer Flüssigkeit gemischt
werden können, welche die Viskosi?ätserfordernisse nach der vorliegenden Erfindung hat. Beispielsweise
hat ein Gemisch von 15°,Ό Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-sebacat und 85°/o Di(methyloxitol)-adipat
die folgenden Viskositätseigenschaften
1006 cSt«-40°C
8,76 cSt λ 38° C
2,63 cSt* 99° C
Typische Additive, die nach der vorliegenden Erfindung verwendet werden können, sind Schmiermiiteladditive.
ausgewählt aus Ricinusöl oder auf verschiedene Weisen behandeltem Ricinusöl, beispielweise
erstes Prcßöl aus Ricinussamen,
Ricinusöl der Spezifikation DTD 72,
Ricinusöl der Spezifikation DTD 72,
geblasenes Ricinusöl, d. h. Ricinusöl, durch das Luft oder Sauerstoff in erhitztem Zustand geblasen
wird.
ein entsprechend geblasenes Ricinusöl,
ein im Handel erhältliches äthylenoxyd-propylenoxyd-behandeltes
Ricinusöl (mit folgenden physikalischen Eigenschaften: spezifisches Gewicht bei 15,60C: 1,014 bis 1,025; kinematische Viskosität
bei 37,8r C 115 bis 125 cSt; Stockpunkt nicht höher als -37,2° C).
Andere Schmiermitteladditive, we'die den hydraulischen
Flüssigkeiten nach der vorliegenden Erfindung einverleibt sverden können, schließen Boratester,
z. B. Tricresylborat und Phosphor enthaltende Ester, ζ. B. Phosphate, beispielsweise Tricresylphosphat,
ein.
Die hydraulischen Flüssigkeiten können auch an-
dere bekannte Zusätze, z. B. Korrosionsinhibitoren usw., enthalten.
Die Wirkung auf Kautschuk bzw. Gummi der typischen Ester der vorliegenden Erfindung ist in den
Tabellen II und III aufgezeigt. Die in der Tabelle II
angegebenen Ergebnisse waren solche, welche erhalten wurden, wenn ein Stück des natürlichen Gummis
des normalerweise in hydraulischen und Bremssystemen verwendeten Typus in die unter Test bei
70° C stehende Flüssigkeit eingetaucht wurde. Der
Volumenprozentsatz der Quellung wurde bestimmt unter Verwendung des Archimedischen Prinzips, wobsi
der Gummi gewogen wurde, während er im Wasser vor und nach dem Test suspendiert war. Die Er-
gqbntsse von ähnlichen Untersuchungen, die unter Verwendung von synthetischem Gummi des norjnftlerweise
in hydraulischen Systemen verwendeten Typs durchgeführt wurde, sind in der Tabelle III
angegeben, im Falle von natürlichem Gummi ist keine besondere Grenze gegeben, aber das normalerweise
angenommene Maximum ist 5°/0, und im Fall von synthetischem Gummi ist die von einigen Herstellern
der Bremssysteme gesetzte obere Grenze 15«/», In beiden Fällen sollte der Gummi nicht übermäßig
trocken, nicht brüchig oder übermäßig weich sein. Die gesamten aufgezeigten Ester waren in dieser
Hinsicht zufriedenstellend.
99 % Di-(methyloxitol)-succinat,
1% tert. Alkylamin mit 12 bis 14 Kohlenstoffatomen.
20
Diese Zubereitung hatte Viskositäten von 168OcSt
bei -400C, 3,75 cSt bei 5O0C und 1.59 cSt bei
100° C und einen Siedepunkt von 292° C.
Diese Zubereitung, obgleich sie eine brauchbare Bremsflüssigkeit darstellt, entsprach nicht der SAE- a5
70R3-Spezifizierung im Hinblick auf die —40° C-Wassertoleranz-Klarheits-Klausel.
87,9%> Di-(methyloxitol)-succinat,
lO°/o gemischte Folyäthylenglykoidther,
Die ausgezeichneten niederen hygroskopischen Eigenschaften der Flüssigkeiten dieser Erfindung werden
weiterhin, unter Hinweis auf die Beispiele 3 bis 8 der Tabelle IV, erläutert, wobei ein unmittelbarer
Vergleich mit der Flüssigkeit B des Standes der Technik vorgenommen wird.
Zwei weitere Beispiele von korrosionsinhibitierenden
Zubereitungen sind nachfolgend unten angegeben (Beispiele 9 und 10).
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-adipat,
Di-(methyloxitol)-nylonat,
wasserlösliches Polyoxyalkylenglykot mit
einer Viskosität von 55 SUS bei 37,8° C, 1 °/o Polyester aus einem Polyäthylenglykol mit
einem Molekulargewicht von oberhalb
200 und Adipinsäure,
0,5 °o Di-n-bulylamin,
0,5 °o Di-n-bulylamin,
Benzotriazol.
25%
6O°/o
l4nO
6O°/o
l4nO
0,
40 °o Di-(methyltrioxitol)-adipat,
53,9 ° ο Di-(methyloxiiol)-adipat,
53,9 ° ο Di-(methyloxiiol)-adipat,
5 "-Ό Polyoxyalkylenglykol,
0,5 °/o Di-n-butylamin,
0,5 °/o PhenyKv-naphthylamin,
0,1 °/o Benzotriazol.
1 °/o wasserlösliches Polyoxyaikyknglykol
Viskosität: 5100 SUS bei 37,8° C,
0,10Zo Benzotriazol,
1 %> tert. Alkylamin mit 12 bis 14 Kohlenstoffatomen.
Diese Zubereitung hatte Viskositäten von 1640 cSt bei -4O0C, 4,2 cSt bei 5O0C und 1,68 cSt bei
100° C und einen Anfangssiedepunkt von 282° C. Sie entsprach der SAE-70 R 3-Wassertoleranz und
den Niedertemperaturerfordernissen.
In zwei im Laboratorium durchgeführten hygroskopischen Untersuchungen bei verschiedenen Zeiten,
wie es vorausgehend beschrieben wurde, wurden 150-ml-Proben hydraulischer Flüssigkeit in offene
250-ml-Becher eingebracht und der Atmosphäre des Laboratoriums für 3 bis 6 Tage ausgesetzt. Die
Siedepunkte wurden vor und nach dem Aussetzen gemessen. Die Flüssigkeiten A und B sind typische
Flüssigkeiten des Standes der Technik, wie oben näher definiert. Die folgenden Ergebnisse wurden erhalten:
Die Gemische der Beispiele 9 und 10 wurden der gesamten Überprüfung nach der SAE-7 OR 3-Spezifizierung,
wie sie durch die Society of Automotivs Engineers aufgestellt wurde, unterworfen.
Die Flüssigkeiten waren vollkommen zufriedenstellend, abgesehen von der Siedepunkfanderung und
dem pH-Wert nach Korrosion. Jedoch wurden diese Ergebnisse nicht als nachteilig im Hinblick auf die
Tatsache angesehen, daß der Siedepunkt nach der Untersuchung demjenigen irgendeiner herkömmlichen
Flüssigkeit weit überlegen war und der pH-Wert nach Korrosion irrelevant war, wenn nur der Korrosionstest in anderer Hinsicht zufriedenstellend war.
45
50
55
Siedepunkt, 0C | nach 3 Tagen |
nach 6 Tagen |
|
anfangs | |||
Flüssigkeit A | — | 130 | |
erste Untersuchung | 223 | 134 | — |
zweite Untersuchung.. | 210 | ||
Flüssigkeit B | — | 147 | |
erste Untersuchung | 271 | 147 | — |
zweite Untersuchung.. | 272 | .... | 210 |
Beispiel 1 | 292 | 202 | |
Refcniel 2 | 282 |
B e i s pi e 1 11
39,9 «/ο Di-(methyltrioxitol)-adipat,
53,90Zo Di-(methyloxitol)-adipat,
50O Polyoxyalkenglykol,
O5°/o Di-n-butylamin,
0,5 °/o Phenyl-vnaphthylamin,
0,1 °/n Benzotriazol,
0,1 °/'o Phenothiazin.
Diese Flüssigkeit, die derjenigen des Beispiels 10 sehr ähnlich ist, durchlief alle Untersuchungen der
SAE-Spezifizierung. Das Phenothtazin schien eine
Steuerung des pH-Wertes und eine weitere Reduzierung
der Korrosion zu bewirken.
Die hydraulischen Flüssigkeiten dieser Erfindung, wie sie in den Beispielen beschrieben sind, sind für
die Verwendung unter Hochtemperaturbedingungen geeignet, haben verhältnismäßig geringe - hygroskopische
Eigenschaften und behalten hohe Siedepunkte über ausgedehnte Verwendungszeiten.
It
Ester Viskositäten, eSt, bei
-AQ0C I 380C 990C
-AQ0C I 380C 990C
SAE 7 GR Siedepunkt, 0C
DHmethylojdtoO-succinat ,
Di-(methyldioxitol)-succinat Di-(raethyltrioxitol)-succinat
Di-(äthyloxitolJ-SMCcinat ... Di-(äthyldioxitol)-succinat .
Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-succinat . Di-(metbyloxitol)-adipat ...
Di-(methyldioxitol)-adipat . Di-(methyltrioxitol)-adipat .
Di-(äthyloxitol)-adipat
Di-(äthyldioxitol)-adipat ... Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-adipat ...
Di-(methyloxitol]hsebacat ..
Di-(methyldioxitol)-sebacat Di-(methyltrioxitol)-sebacat
Di-(äthyloxitol)-sebacat
Di-(äthyldioxitol)-sebacat .. Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-sebacat .. Di-(methyloxitol)-azelat ...
Di-(methyldioxitol)-azelat .. Di-(methyltrioxitol)-azelat .
Di-(äthyloxitol)-azelat
Di-(äthyldioxitol)-azelat ... Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-azelat ... Di-(metbyloxitol)-nylonat *)
1565
8 zu viskos
,1870
14
zu viskos
534
2
11000
696,3 2 11704 fest fest fest fest fest fest
812 2
9 fest 2 6
647 5,26
10,8
24,25
10,8
24,25
5,33
11,22
18,65
11,22
18,65
5,63
9,78
13,89
13,89
5,95
9,94
17,95
17,95
8,26
14,43
26,00
14,43
26,00
8,73
10,35
27,00
10,35
27,00
8,27
12,99
24,51
12,99
24,51
8,44
11,78
19,73
11,78
19,73
5,23
1,55
2,56
4,63
1,59
2,69
4,06
1,76
2,73
3,43
1,83
2,70
2,95
2,38
69
2,56
4,63
1,59
2,69
4,06
1,76
2,73
3,43
1,83
2,70
2,95
2,38
69
5,r;
2,55
4,03
5,94
2,38
3,39
5,58
2,75
3,18
4,75
1,67
4,03
5,94
2,38
3,39
5,58
2,75
3,18
4,75
1,67
293 298 303 287 277 321 293 308 309 316 316 316 321 302 307 340 314
316 336 310 318 333 284 298 282
*) Ein Ester, hergestellt durch Umsetzen von Äthylenglykolmonomethyläther
Adipinsäure, 45 bis 60 o/o Glutarsäure und 25 bis 35 °/0 Bernsteinsäure.
Tabelle Π */o Volumenzunahme bei natürlichem Gummi bei 70° C
3S mit einem Gemisch aus ungefähr 15 bis 25 %
Tabelle ΙΠ
Flüssigkeit | 2 Tage | 1 Woche |
Di-imethyloxitoO-succinat | 2,36 | 1,26 |
Di-(methyldioxitol)-succinat ... | -3,98 | 2,53 |
DHäthyltriGxitoO-succinat | 0,23 | 0,39 |
Di-(methyloxitol)-adipat | 4,39 | 3,77 |
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-adipat .... | -0,31 | -1,53 |
Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-adipat | 1,17 | 2,82 |
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-azela? | 1,32 | 1,22 |
Di-(methyloxitol)-nylonat | 2,71 | 2,21 |
Ester
4» Di-(methyldioxitol)-succinat
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-succinat
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-adipat .
Di-(äthyloxitol)-adipat
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-succinat
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-adipat .
Di-(äthyloxitol)-adipat
Di-(äthyldioxitol)-adipat ...
Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-adipat ...
Di-(metbyltrioxitol)-sebacat
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-azelat ..
Di-(äthyltrioxitolj-azelat ...
Di-(äthyltrioxitol)-adipat ...
Di-(metbyltrioxitol)-sebacat
Di-(methyltrioxitol)-azelat ..
Di-(äthyltrioxitolj-azelat ...
Di-(methyloxitol)-nylonat ..
·/· Volumenzunahme Lei synthetischem Gummi
Tage bei 1200C
7,48 4,72 2,44 8,52
14,1
12,9 8,6 2,65 7,62
13,20
Tabelle IV Untersuchungen der hygroskopischen Eigenschaften
Beispiel
Gemisch
Siedepunkt, 0C, bei anfangs 1 Tag 2 Tage
Siedepunkt, 0C, nach
Tagen 14Tagen) 5 Tagen | 6Tagen
Tagen 14Tagen) 5 Tagen | 6Tagen
80 »/β DHmethyloxitol)-nylonat
20 «/ο Spezial Ridmisöl
8OVo Di-Onethyloxitol^succinat
20% Spezial Rkinusöl
80 Ve Di-(fnethylöxitol)-adipat
20% Spezial Ridüusöl
Vo Feuchtigkeit bei den obigen vier Untersuchüagen
294 292
297 268
48,5
284 270
287 221
46 239
242
242
234
161
161
61,5
221
216
216
210
146
146
61,0
186 187
184 126
Bei | Gemisch | Siedepunkt, ° C, | I | 280 | ) | ITag | bei | Siedepunkt, ° C, nach | 3 Tagen | 4 Tagen | S Tagen | 6 Tagen |
spiel | vKIUItfVll | anfangs | \ 279 | \ 282 | 2 Tage | |||||||
6 | 8 °/o luftgeblasenes Ricinusöl | I | 238 | — | — | 201 | — | |||||
12·/β Spezial Ricinusöl | 268 | 221 | ||||||||||
80·/· Di-(methyloxitol)-nylonat | ||||||||||||
7 | 5 ·/· Polyäthylen—Propylenglykol- | |||||||||||
äther.mit einer Viskosität von un | 254 | — | — | 204 | ||||||||
gefähr 5100 SUS bei 37,8° C ...
2·/· Polyäthylenglykoladipat |
232 | |||||||||||
mit Molgewicht 400 | ||||||||||||
93V»Di-(methyloxitol)-nyIonat | ||||||||||||
8 | 4·/· Polyäthylenglykoladipat | 249 | — | — | 205 | — | ||||||
mit Molgewicht 400 | 227 | |||||||||||
96·/· Di-(methyloxitol)-ylonat | 209 | — | — | 148 | — | |||||||
FlüssigkeitB | 182 |
Das Spezial-Ricinusöl war ein äthylenoxyd-propylenoxyd behandeltes Ricinusöl.
FlüssigkeitB (enthaltend 10·/· »geblasenes Kastoröl«, 5·/» Triäthylenglykol und 85·/· hochsiedender
Qlykoiäther, wobei die letzten beiden Flüssigkeiten geringe Mengen an Korrosionsinhibitoren enthalten;
»geblasenes Kastoröl« wird durch Erhitzen und
Blasen von Kastoröl [Ricinusöl] mit Luft erhalten und hat die folgenden Eigenschaften: Spezifisches
Gewicht: 0,0981; Viskosität bei 60° C 585 Redwood-Sekunden; Säuregehalt berechnet als Oleinsäure:
3,6%), welche einen Anfangssiedepunkt von 271° C hatte.
409683/321
Claims (1)
- Patentanspruch:Hydraulische Flüssigkeit mit einer kinematischen Viskosität bei -400C von nicht mehr als 5000 cSt mit einem Siedepunkt von wenigstens 260° C auf der Basis von Polyoxyalkylenglykolen und Äthern derselben, gegebenenfalls enthaltend übliche Zusätze, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie mindestens 50 Gewichtsprozent eines Esters der allgemeinen Formel
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB25326/64A GB1083324A (en) | 1964-06-18 | 1964-06-18 | Improvements in or relating to hydraulic fluids |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE1288720B DE1288720B (de) | 1969-02-06 |
DE1288720C2 true DE1288720C2 (de) | 1975-01-16 |
Family
ID=10225877
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE1965C0036156 Expired DE1288720C2 (de) | 1964-06-18 | 1965-06-18 | Hydraulische fluessigkeiten |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3623987A (de) |
AT (1) | AT279787B (de) |
BE (1) | BE665653A (de) |
DE (1) | DE1288720C2 (de) |
DK (1) | DK123038B (de) |
GB (1) | GB1083324A (de) |
NL (1) | NL6507855A (de) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3914182A (en) * | 1970-01-20 | 1975-10-21 | Burmah Oil Trading Ltd | Hydraulic fluids |
US3779930A (en) * | 1970-06-16 | 1973-12-18 | Ici Australia Ltd | Fluids |
GB1341901A (en) * | 1971-01-21 | 1973-12-25 | Burmah Oil Trading Ltd | Hydraulic fluids |
US4260505A (en) * | 1978-10-25 | 1981-04-07 | Olin Corporation | Tris-(polyalkoxyalkylated) isocyanurate compounds and their use as functional fluids |
US4719025A (en) * | 1984-08-07 | 1988-01-12 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Synthetic lubrication oil compositions |
JPH06100881A (ja) * | 1992-09-18 | 1994-04-12 | Kyoseki Seihin Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | 冷凍機油組成物 |
JP3512415B2 (ja) * | 1993-09-14 | 2004-03-29 | ユニケマ・ケミー・ベー・ヴェー | 基剤液 |
GB2296714B (en) * | 1994-12-15 | 1998-03-25 | Abbey | Coating composition |
KR101445160B1 (ko) * | 2007-02-09 | 2014-09-29 | 고큐 아르코르 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 유제, 및 이를 함유하는 윤활제, 보습제 및 외용제 |
DE102009019698B4 (de) | 2009-05-05 | 2012-02-23 | Rhein-Chemie Rheinau Gmbh | Verwendung von Schmierleistungsadditiven als Schmierstoffe für Metallbearbeitungen oder als Schmierstoffe für Maschinen |
US11124727B2 (en) * | 2017-06-28 | 2021-09-21 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Low VOC lubricant compositions |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2629693A (en) * | 1947-07-01 | 1953-02-24 | Shell Dev | Lubricating composition |
US2542785A (en) * | 1947-12-29 | 1951-02-20 | Du Pont | Hydraulic fluids |
US2916457A (en) * | 1953-12-01 | 1959-12-08 | Hoechst Ag | Pressure transmitting fluids for brakes and hydraulic apparatus |
US2857421A (en) * | 1954-10-27 | 1958-10-21 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Reclamation of used synthetic lubricating oils |
BE586528A (de) * | 1959-01-14 | |||
US3274113A (en) * | 1963-08-28 | 1966-09-20 | Sun Oil Co | Oxidation resistant hydraulic oil |
-
1964
- 1964-06-18 GB GB25326/64A patent/GB1083324A/en not_active Expired
-
1965
- 1965-06-16 DK DK302165AA patent/DK123038B/da unknown
- 1965-06-18 DE DE1965C0036156 patent/DE1288720C2/de not_active Expired
- 1965-06-18 BE BE665653A patent/BE665653A/xx unknown
- 1965-06-18 NL NL6507855A patent/NL6507855A/xx unknown
- 1965-06-18 AT AT553565A patent/AT279787B/de active
-
1970
- 1970-01-08 US US3553A patent/US3623987A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NL6507855A (de) | 1965-12-20 |
GB1083324A (en) | 1967-09-13 |
US3623987A (en) | 1971-11-30 |
DE1288720B (de) | 1969-02-06 |
BE665653A (de) | 1965-10-18 |
DK123038B (da) | 1972-05-08 |
AT279787B (de) | 1970-03-25 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
E77 | Valid patent as to the heymanns-index 1977 |