CN87102301A - 用于无摩擦载重运输的磁力系统 - Google Patents

用于无摩擦载重运输的磁力系统 Download PDF

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CN87102301A
CN87102301A CN87102301.6A CN87102301A CN87102301A CN 87102301 A CN87102301 A CN 87102301A CN 87102301 A CN87102301 A CN 87102301A CN 87102301 A CN87102301 A CN 87102301A
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magnet
section bar
wall
load
pole
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CN87102301.6A
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CN1007505B (zh
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彼得·施斯特
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Publication of CN87102301A publication Critical patent/CN87102301A/zh
Priority claimed from NO874460A external-priority patent/NO168571C/no
Publication of CN1007505B publication Critical patent/CN1007505B/zh
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    • B61B—RAILWAY SYSTEMS; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B61B13/00—Other railway systems
    • B61B13/12—Systems with propulsion devices between or alongside the rails, e.g. pneumatic systems
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/06—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
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    • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0605—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two belts, e.g. Hazelett-process
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    • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
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    • B22D11/0685—Accessories therefor for cooling the cast product during its passage through the mould surfaces by cooling the casting belts
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Abstract

本发明涉及一个用于无摩擦载重运输的磁力系统，它至少具有一个固定在载荷7上的磁铁(1)，并与一个铁磁性的型梁(2)相配置。重要的是，磁铁(1)对于型材(2)是这样设置的：一个磁铁(1)的极面至少与一个垂直的型壁共同作用，并基本上与这个壁平行地安置。当一个型壁(2)的两侧设置了磁铁，该磁铁就型壁而言以同性相对而置(推斥原理)，这就获得了一个特别好的实施方案。此时，在纵向上看，磁铁总是成对地安置，并且也总是成对地通过一个铁磁性板(4)进行短接。

Description

本发明涉及一种用于无摩擦载重运输的磁力系统，它至少具有一个磁铁，而磁铁至少带有一个极面，在这系统上固定着载荷，系统还有一个在固定梁上固定的弱磁型梁，型梁具有一个垂直定向的，在梁的方向上突出极面的型面。
公知的磁力系统也叫做滑动系统，它实际上是无摩擦地在支承轨道上、并与其相隔一定距离地向前运动。这个系统是很昂贵和复杂的，因而它的实用价值令人怀疑。
正如86年1月3日德国工程师协会-新闻杂志第一号由艾木登所写的磁性轨道“快速运输06”，为了使车辆升高一公分就需要巨大的技术耗资是显而易见的。遗憾的是，为了把120顿重的车辆保持在悬浮状态，所需能量还不能确定。在承载196人的情况下，就要大约相当于120，000Kg重量的承载能力，那么每个人对应于612Kg（每个人约重80Kg）。为此还需要昂贵的应用技术以及在下雪和结冰情况下还不能解决的问题。
在公知的日本悬浮铁路中还有较大的困难。一些困难是，首先必须在车轮上滚动，使之达200公里/小时的速度，然后开始漂浮运动。
在西德公开公报DE-OS    2426053中描述的所谓“柏林磁力铁路”的功能与前述类似，它的区别在于，导轮在磁场上方引行。
另外，由法国申请案2228650公开了一个磁力运输系统，在这个系统中安置了磁铁，特别是永久磁铁、铁磁性的型材。然而，磁铁是按吸力原则，也就是说，不同的极就型材而言相对设置。此外，它们基本上与水平放置的铁磁性墙相应配置。由此，总共可得到一个相当小的承载力。此时，支承载荷也是有效载荷的许多倍。
由西德公开公报-OS3347635公开了一个磁力系统，这个系统在磁铁对型梁的配置中，同样是吸力原则，也就是说，相互异性的极就铁磁性壁来说相对设置。在此，也只实现了一个相对较小的承载力。此外，所利用的结构耗资很大，因为需设置许多磁铁，以便能将一个确定的载荷举起。
最后，西德公开公报DE-OS    2146143展示了一个带有至少一个磁铁和至少一个极面的磁力系统，并在其上固定有载荷。另外，在一个固定横梁上安置了一个弱磁性型梁，它的型壁垂直定向，而在梁的方向上突出型面。使用可调电磁铁的导向系统作为侧面导向，使得系统的建造相当复杂。
本发明的任务是：给出一个前述类型的磁力系统，它不用任何调节就可工作，因而结构简单而轻巧，并在小能量消耗的情况下保证较安全的运行。
这个任务将通过具有权利要求1中发明技术特征的磁力系统来解决。
依此，磁铁相对于铁磁性型材应如此设置，即，磁铁的极面与型梁的垂直面基本上平行，并且通过机械的方法，一方面在平行表面之间获得一个确定的空气缝隙，另一方面要实现一个磁铁的垂直位移性。由此可达到一个没有任何调节的很好的导向性，进而一个较简单的便宜的结构就能实现了。
根据本发明思想的扩展设计，该运输系统至少具有一个磁铁，它设置在由铁磁材料制成的一个向下开口的U-型材中。此时磁铁的磁极安置在侧面，因而，这些磁极仅与型梁垂直的侧面工作。在磁铁和型轨之间的空隙允许车辆在弯道中进行悬浮滑行运动。为了在弯道中有一个准确安全的运动，最好是设置导辆，以使磁铁精确地保持在型材中间。如果试图将磁铁垂直地移开的话，那么就会形成一个愈来愈大的与外部作用相反的力（悬浮力）。在装载情况下，磁铁由型材中向外拉出，直到吸力与载荷平衡为止。因此，对于磁铁垂直的位置没有必要调节。如果磁铁被型梁的侧壁全部遮盖时，就不再有吸力了。
这种车辆的驱动可用不同的方式实现，例如使用接触支承轨的驱动滚轮，或借助于直线电动机。
按照本发明的第一个结构方案中，由铁磁性材料制成的型梁是一个向下开口的U-型材。在这种情况，至少要安置一个磁铁，同时，磁铁的磁极水平地指向，也就是侧边指向U-型材的
Figure 87102301_IMG2
缘。磁力线将经过上面封闭的U-型材流动。这是简单的结构解决方案，同时也是很经济的。
另外，型梁可由铁磁材料制成的两个基本上相互平行的垂直侧壁所构成，同时侧壁不用铁磁性连接元件所短接。在侧壁的内表面之间设置有至少两个纵向顺次排列的、极性交错的磁铁。此时，磁力线将总是在两个序列磁铁之间，以及与磁极相对安置的梁板间流行。
对一个铁磁型壁按照本发明总可配置两个极对，此时，与型壁相对安置的磁极总是相同的极化。由此，产生了推斥原理的效应。这就表明，推斥原理的运用与吸力原理相比取得了一个提高多倍的效率。
根据本发明作为型壁也可以应用一个纵向设置的铁磁管。
如果通过一个铁磁板，将两个纵向排列的磁铁之外部磁极相短接的话，效率还会提高更多。特别地就一个型梁壁而言是一种相同极性的设置中，或者在U-型材侧壁的内部和外部的磁铁设置中，通过外磁铁的外边磁极的短接可获得一个较理想的磁流。
作为一个使外磁铁短接的元件，也可使用一个向上开口的U-型材。此时，磁铁以纵向紧密地依次延伸地安置在型材
Figure 87102301_IMG3
缘的内侧边上。
由于彼此相邻的许多型材设置，或者由彼此相邻具有许多平行的并设有相应配置磁铁的型壁的型材设置，就可以使承载能力显著提高。
使用的磁铁可是永久磁铁或是电磁铁。此时永久磁铁的使用与电磁铁相比有较大的优点。例如，在用永久磁铁时不需要增加附加的能量，因为承载工作是由置入的永久磁铁无代价地完成的。能量仅需用于前进运动，例如用一个直线电机就可以实现。另一个优点是，磁铁与支承轨道的距离不必调整。在公知系统中所造成的巨大技术耗费在此消除了。这样就保证了一个安全的不易干扰的性能。由于永久磁铁的采用，沉重电磁铁的取消，明显地减少了重量。在停电的情况下也没有问题，只不过车辆停挂在永久磁铁的磁场中。由于整体结构变轻了，从而在建造中和运行中比较经济和便宜。另外，小的能量消耗，使本发明系统不污染环境，并比其他公知的系统具有明显小的噪声电平。
本发明的磁力系统允许在不同的结构解决方案中使用。这样，由该系统运输的载荷可以安置在型材/磁铁-结构的上方。由此实现了一个所谓的立置结构。
然而，由该系统所运输的载荷也可以安置在型材/磁铁-结构的下方。由此，获得了所谓的悬挂结构。这一悬挂结构可认为是较优良的变型，因为，此时设置的铁磁型梁，也作为一个承载系统，例如一个混凝土梁，下面的驱动元件。因此避免了对气候影响的敏感性，尤其在冬天。
下面，借助附图中的多个实施例对本发明进行详细描述。
它表明：
图1至图10是本发明磁力系统中所用支承型材和磁铁的不同结构方案和配置方式，其中：
图1是第一种实施方案，它具有U形支承型梁和在型材
Figure 87102301_IMG4
缘之间设置的磁铁，未加载荷状态，
图2是与图1中相同的结构，然而具有在载荷下由型材中垂直拉下的磁铁，
图3：第二种结构，具有两个板形支承型梁和它们之间总以成对设置的磁铁，
图4：第三种结构，具有一个板形的支承型梁，以及在该型材的两侧总以成对方式安置有通过板材短接的磁铁，
图5：一种如图4中的实施例，具有一个取代中间型板的管子，
图6：一种如图4中的实施结构，具有一个短接的U-型材以取代用于磁铁的短接板，
图7：另外一种实施方案，具有U-型支承梁，并在
Figure 87102301_IMG5
缘之间和
Figure 87102301_IMG6
缘的外部安置有磁铁，
图8：一种如图7中的结构，具有一种向上开口的、用于外面磁铁的短接U-型材，
图9：一种按图7结构的多倍设置，
图10：一个根据图1中直线Ⅹ-Ⅹ的水平剖面图，它描绘了磁铁上的导轮与型材
Figure 87102301_IMG7
缘的配置关系，
图11到图14：是系统就混凝土梁和载荷的一些配置方案，
图11：第一种结构形式，具有在型材/磁铁-结构下面的运输载荷（悬挂结构），
图12：一种具有在型材/磁铁-结构上面运输载荷的结构形式（立置结构），
图13：一个具有悬挂载荷的系统侧视图，这里载荷是一个旅客运输车辆，
图14：一个按照图13结构的前视图。
在图1和2中所描绘的实施例中安置了一个作为支承型材（2）的由铁磁材料制成的U形的轨道。在向下开口的型材（2）的两个垂直
Figure 87102301_IMG8
缘之间这样设置了一个磁铁（1），即，它的两个极面总是与侧壁靠近有距地安置，并基本上和它们平行。因此，磁力线能够由一个磁极出发通过邻近的侧壁，型材基部和第二个侧壁到达磁铁（1）的第二个极。这样，磁力线就取得了一个最佳的分布。
图2展示了在很大的载荷下按图1所示的一个结构状况。磁铁通过一个在其上固定的重量向下拉得越远，反作用力（悬浮力）就越大。在承载时，磁铁由型材中拉出来，直到吸力与载荷平衡为止。因此，对于磁铁垂直的位置不需要调整。
在图3所描绘的实施例中，支承型梁（2）是由两个彼此平行的、垂直安置的铁磁板所构成，它们没有通过另外的铁磁材料所短接。在板（2）的两个内表面之间，总在纵向依次排列安置了磁铁对，其中各磁铁对的磁极彼此反向设置。
在图4中所描绘的实施方案展示了作为滑板的轨道式支承型梁（2）的结构，在它的两侧总是安置了相对放置的磁铁对。对于型轨（2）来说，对面放置的磁铁以同性极相互对置，就是S-S，或者N-N（推斥原理）。在纵向上总是依次安置的磁对之外面磁极通过一个铁磁板（4）而彼此短接。由此，磁力线流处于最优化，即，它们在纵向设置的磁对，并总在型材（2）、以及板（4）间穿流。
图5展示了一个象图4中一样的实施例，然而在磁铁之间的型材壁被一个铁磁管所代替。
图6展示了一个同样如图4中的一个结构，代替短接板（4）的是使用了一个向上开口的U形型材。磁铁按纵向彼此紧密连接地安置于型材
Figure 87102301_IMG9
缘的内侧。
在图7中所描绘的实施例展示了一个磁力放大的结构方案，在这种情况下，型梁（2）是一个向下开口的U形型材，相对它的两个侧壁或者
Figure 87102301_IMG10
缘来说，不但在它们之间，而且在它们的外面，磁铁是以图1和图4同样的或相似的方式设置的。在此，总是相对设置的极面以同性相对，以使磁力线，在相互推斥的原则下，通过铁磁的梁壁和短接板得到一个适宜的分布。磁力线分布的总和，也就是产生的承载能力，就是由图1和图4组合的结果。这就获得了一个相应的磁力放大。
图8展示了一个如同在图7中相似的结构，但是此处，与图6中相似的依次紧接的外部磁铁1通过一个向上开口的U-型材（2）所短接，这内部的磁铁（1）通过例如一个绝缘板（8）与短接型材（4）隔开。在这个实施例中，实际上存在两个磁力线环路。第一个环路由内部的磁铁（1）经过内部的U-型材（2）形成，如同图1的例子。第二个循环经过短接型材（4）、外部的磁铁、以及内部型材（2）构成。因此，取得了比图7例子中大的磁密度。但由于重量的增大，所以总效率基本上没有提高。
图9展示了图7实施方案的一个多倍设置。通过这个结构提高了承载能力。
在图10中磁铁（1）与型梁侧壁的配置关系是很清楚的。此时，导轮（3）安置成使磁铁在弯道中准确地保持在两壁中间。
图11展示了在悬挂结构中，系统（1，2）的应用方案。在一个混凝土梁（6）的下边，固定安装了型梁（2），同时在梁下安装的载荷（7）的上方，例如载荷可是一个运输车辆，设置有磁铁（1），并与型材（2）共同作用。在载荷或在车辆的上边另外安装的导轮（3），与一个中心轨道配合工作。借助一个同样中心安置的直线电机（5）来实现前进运动。
图12展示了一个所谓的与系统（1，2）有关的载荷（7）的立置结构，型梁（2）在此位于混凝土梁的下边，并在混凝土梁（6）的侧臂内。载荷或车辆（7）设置在梁（6）的上方，并从下面钳住混凝土梁（6）的侧臂，磁铁（1）的支承使它们与支承梁（2）相应地共同作用。在混凝土梁（6）的上边中心支承着一个用于未画出的导轮和用于为作向前运动的直线电机（5）的导轨。
在图13和14中描绘了一个实际的实施例。载荷或车辆（7）在此是一个客运车辆。在它的上边固定了磁铁（1），它伸入一个向下开口的U-型支承梁中。显然，车辆（7）是在悬挂结构中运行的。

Claims (18)

1、用于无摩擦载重运输的磁力系统，至少具有一个磁铁，而磁铁至少带有一个极面，在这系统上固定着载荷，系统还有一个在固定梁上固定的弱磁型梁，型梁具有一个垂直定向的，在梁的方向上突出极面的型壁，其特征在于：
磁铁(1)的极面与型梁(2)的垂直面基本上是平行的安置，并且通过机械的方法一方面在平行表面之间获得一个确定的空气间隙，另一方面获得一个磁铁(1)的垂直移动性。
2、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：
至少一个磁铁（1）安置在一个向下开口的铁磁材料制成的U-型材（2）中。
3、按照权利要求1和2的系统，其特征在于：
在磁铁（1）的极面和型材（2）的垂直壁之间总是设置一个小的间隙宽度。
4、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：
型材（2）由两个铁磁材料制成的基本上垂直的、不相互短接的侧壁所构成，并且在壁的内表面之间至少安置有两个纵向顺次排列的总以异性磁极对置的磁铁（1）。
5、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：
型材（2）的每一个垂直的铁磁性壁配置两个磁铁对，并且就壁而言对置的磁极总是相同的（N-N，S-S）（推斥）。
6、按照权利要求5的系统，其特征在于：
作为铁磁性的壁是一个基本上在磁铁序列（1）之间中心安置的管子（2）。
7、按照权利要求5的系统，其特征在于：
两个纵向连续安置的磁铁（1）的外面磁极总是通过一个铁磁性板（4）相短接。
8、按照权利要求7的系统，其特征在于：
短接的板（4）设置成向上开口的U-型材，在其内侧依次紧密地固定有磁铁（1）。
9、按照权利要求1，2和4的系统，其特征在于：作为铁磁性的型梁（2）设置成一个向下开口的U-型材，而在型材的内部，两个垂直侧壁之间至少安置一个磁铁（1），并在壁的相应外侧总至少安置有一个磁铁对（1），其与垂直壁有关的总是相同极性的磁极面彼此对置（推斥原理）。
10、按照权利要求9的系统，其特征在于：
外部的磁铁（1）通过一个向上开口的U-型材（4）所短接，而内部的磁铁（1）用一个绝缘板（8）与U-型材（4）进行屏蔽。
11、按照前面所述权利要求至少一个的系统，其特征在于：为了提高承载能力，设置了许多型材（2）并与适当排到的磁铁（1）相邻安置。
12、按照前面所述权利要求的系统，其特征在于：与垂直型壁共同作用的导轮（3）是和磁铁结构相应配置的，导轮（3）将磁铁（1）与型梁2的壁之间保持在预先确定的距离。
13、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：磁铁（1）是永久磁铁。
14、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：磁铁（1）是电磁铁。
15、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：
在型梁/磁铁一结构的上方安置了由系统（1，2）所要运输的载荷7（立置结构）。
16、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：在型梁/磁铁结构的下方安置了由系统（1，2）所要运输的载荷7（悬挂结构）。
17、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：在系统（1，2）中设置了一个用于运输的直线电机（5）。
18、按照权利要求1的系统，其特征在于：在系统（1，2）中设置了用于运输的、与型材面共同作用的、至少由一个电机操作的传动滚轮。
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