LV10411B - Magnetic power system for transporting charges without friction - Google Patents

Magnetic power system for transporting charges without friction Download PDF

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Publication number
LV10411B
LV10411B LVP-92-682A LV920682A LV10411B LV 10411 B LV10411 B LV 10411B LV 920682 A LV920682 A LV 920682A LV 10411 B LV10411 B LV 10411B
Authority
LV
Latvia
Prior art keywords
profile
magnets
magnet
vertical
wall
Prior art date
Application number
LVP-92-682A
Other languages
Latvian (lv)
Other versions
LV10411A (en
Inventor
Schuster Peter
Original Assignee
Schuster Peter
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from NO874460A external-priority patent/NO168571C/en
Application filed by Schuster Peter filed Critical Schuster Peter
Publication of LV10411A publication Critical patent/LV10411A/en
Publication of LV10411B publication Critical patent/LV10411B/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61B—RAILWAY SYSTEMS; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B61B13/00—Other railway systems
    • B61B13/12—Systems with propulsion devices between or alongside the rails, e.g. pneumatic systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/06—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0605—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two belts, e.g. Hazelett-process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
    • B22D11/068—Accessories therefor for cooling the cast product during its passage through the mould surfaces
    • B22D11/0685—Accessories therefor for cooling the cast product during its passage through the mould surfaces by cooling the casting belts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/14—Closures
    • B22D41/22—Closures sliding-gate type, i.e. having a fixed plate and a movable plate in sliding contact with each other for selective registry of their openings
    • B22D41/28—Plates therefor
    • B22D41/34—Supporting, fixing or centering means therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25C—HAND-HELD NAILING OR STAPLING TOOLS; MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE STAPLING TOOLS
    • B25C5/00—Manually operated portable stapling tools; Hand-held power-operated stapling tools; Staple feeding devices therefor
    • B25C5/02—Manually operated portable stapling tools; Hand-held power-operated stapling tools; Staple feeding devices therefor with provision for bending the ends of the staples on to the work
    • B25C5/0285—Hand-held stapling tools, e.g. manually operated, i.e. not resting on a working surface during operation
    • B25C5/0292—Hand-held stapling tools, e.g. manually operated, i.e. not resting on a working surface during operation with the objects to be stapled together introduced perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the tool in an opening formed by an anvil and a plunger
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
    • B27K3/02—Processes; Apparatus
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    • B27K3/0292—Processes; Apparatus involving an additional treatment during or after impregnation for improving fixation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B27K3/52—Impregnating agents containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • B27K5/00—Treating of wood not provided for in groups B27K1/00, B27K3/00
    • B27K5/001—Heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/16—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers
    • B29C48/18—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers
    • B29C48/21—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers the layers being joined at their surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/30—Extrusion nozzles or dies
    • B29C48/305—Extrusion nozzles or dies having a wide opening, e.g. for forming sheets
    • B29C48/307—Extrusion nozzles or dies having a wide opening, e.g. for forming sheets specially adapted for bringing together components, e.g. melts within the die
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F13/00—Common details of rotary presses or machines
    • B41F13/08—Cylinders
    • B41F13/10—Forme cylinders
    • B41F13/12—Registering devices
    • B41F13/14—Registering devices with means for displacing the cylinders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F13/00—Common details of rotary presses or machines
    • B41F13/08—Cylinders
    • B41F13/10—Forme cylinders
    • B41F13/12—Registering devices
    • B41F13/16—Registering devices with means for displacing the printing formes on the cylinders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B39/00—Increasing wheel adhesion
    • B60B39/003—Vehicle mounted non-skid chains actuated by centrifugal force
    • B60B39/006—Vehicle mounted non-skid chains actuated by centrifugal force characterised by a control system for the actuation of the rotating chain wheel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/10—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of change-speed gearings
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    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W10/10—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of change-speed gearings
    • B60W10/11—Stepped gearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61B—RAILWAY SYSTEMS; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B61B13/00—Other railway systems
    • B61B13/08—Sliding or levitation systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
    • B65D83/70—Pressure relief devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K17/00—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves
    • F16K17/02—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves opening on surplus pressure on one side; closing on insufficient pressure on one side
    • F16K17/14—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves opening on surplus pressure on one side; closing on insufficient pressure on one side with fracturing member
    • F16K17/16—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves opening on surplus pressure on one side; closing on insufficient pressure on one side with fracturing member with fracturing diaphragm ; Rupture discs
    • F16K17/162—Safety valves; Equalising valves, e.g. pressure relief valves opening on surplus pressure on one side; closing on insufficient pressure on one side with fracturing member with fracturing diaphragm ; Rupture discs of the non reverse-buckling-type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/004—Details
    • H01G9/08—Housing; Encapsulation
    • H01G9/12—Vents or other means allowing expansion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
    • H01M50/342—Non-re-sealable arrangements
    • H01M50/3425—Non-re-sealable arrangements in the form of rupturable membranes or weakened parts, e.g. pierced with the aid of a sharp member
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    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
    • F16H2061/1208—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures with diagnostic check cycles; Monitoring of failures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
    • F16H2061/122—Avoiding failures by using redundant parts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/12—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures
    • F16H2061/1256—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures characterised by the parts or units where malfunctioning was assumed or detected
    • F16H2061/1284—Detecting malfunction or potential malfunction, e.g. fail safe; Circumventing or fixing failures characterised by the parts or units where malfunctioning was assumed or detected the failing part is a sensor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H59/00—Control inputs to control units of change-speed-, or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion
    • F16H59/36—Inputs being a function of speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H59/00—Control inputs to control units of change-speed-, or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion
    • F16H59/36—Inputs being a function of speed
    • F16H59/38—Inputs being a function of speed of gearing elements
    • F16H59/40—Output shaft speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H59/00—Control inputs to control units of change-speed-, or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion
    • F16H59/36—Inputs being a function of speed
    • F16H59/38—Inputs being a function of speed of gearing elements
    • F16H59/42—Input shaft speed
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/86—Optimisation of rolling resistance, e.g. weight reduction 
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T30/00—Transportation of goods or passengers via railways, e.g. energy recovery or reducing air resistance
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S101/00—Printing
    • Y10S101/36—Means for registering or alignment of print plates on print press structure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S477/00—Interrelated power delivery controls, including engine control
    • Y10S477/906—Means detecting or ameliorating the effects of malfunction or potential malfunction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/4935—Impregnated naturally solid product [e.g., leather, stone, etc.]
    • Y10T428/662—Wood timber product [e.g., piling, post, veneer, etc.]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicles With Linear Motors And Vehicles That Are Magnetically Levitated (AREA)
  • Non-Mechanical Conveyors (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Current-Collector Devices For Electrically Propelled Vehicles (AREA)
  • Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
  • Friction Gearing (AREA)
  • Facsimile Scanning Arrangements (AREA)
  • Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
  • Magnetic Record Carriers (AREA)
  • Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
  • Control And Safety Of Cranes (AREA)
  • Control Of Position Or Direction (AREA)
  • Automatic Tape Cassette Changers (AREA)
  • Thiazole And Isothizaole Compounds (AREA)
  • Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)
  • Power Steering Mechanism (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)

Abstract

A magnetic power system for transporting charges without friction includes at least one magnet (1) secured to the charge (7) and cooperating with a ferromagnetic profiled carrier (2). It is essential that the magnets (1) be so arranged relative to the profiled carrier (2) that the pole faces of a magnet (1) cooperate with at least one vertical wall of the profiled carrier and be essentially parallel to this wall. A particularly good implementation is obtained when magnets are so arranged on both sides of a profiled wall (2) that relative to the wall their poles having the same polarity face each other (principle of repulsion). Seen in their longitudinal direction, the magnets are arranged in pairs and each pair is short-circuited by a ferromagnetic plate (4).

Description

LV10411 ΜΑΓΗΜΤΗΑΚ ΟΗΠΟΒΑΒ CMCTEMA ΟΠ3 TPAHCnOPTMPOBKM ΓΡΥ30Β Μ3θ6ρβΤΘΗΜΘ OTHOCMTCB Κ Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ0Μ ΟΜΟΤΘΜΘ ΟΠΗ TpaHCnOpTMpOBKM rpy30B C ManbīMM ποτθραμμ Ha τρθημθ comacHO orpaHMHMTenbHoii Mac™ π.1 φορΜγπω Μ3θ6ρβΤβΗΜΑ. M3BecTHbie MamuTHbie cunoBbie ομοτθμμ, Ha3bieaeMbie TaioKe ομοτθμ3μμ CKOnbXeHMH, OCymeCTBnfltOT ΠβρβΜΘΙΜΘΗΜβ OČbeiCTa npaKTMMeCKU 6e3 TpeHMfl, Hafl HecymnMM MaLUMHaMH Ha onpeneneHHOM paccTOHHHii Hafl stmmm HecyiflHMn LUHHaMH. OflHaKO, 3TH CHCTeMbl ΗΒΠΑΚΤΓΟΗ OneHb flOporOCTOfllflMMM M CJ10XHblMM, TaK HTO MX SKOHOMMHHOCTb CTaBMTCfl ΠΟΑ ΒΟΓφΟΟ.LV10411 C ΟΗΠΟΒΑΒ CMCTEMA ΟΠ3 TPAHCnOPTMPOBKM ΓΡΥ30Β Μ3θ6ρβΤΘΗΜΘ OTHOCMTCB Κ Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ0Μ ΟΜΟΤΘΜΘΟΜΟΤΘΜΘ TpaHCnOpTMpOBKM rpy30B C b θ b b ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac Mac Mac Mac M3BecTHbie MamuTHbie cunoBbie ομοτθμμ, Ha3bieaeMbie TaioKe ομοτθμ3μμ CKOnbXeHMH, OCymeCTBnfltOT ΠβρβΜΘΙΜΘΗΜβ OchbeiCTa npaKTMMeCKU 6e3 TpeHMfl, Hafl HecymnMMLMHHMH HaPenHHOM paccTOHHHii Hafl stmmm HecyHlHMn LUHHMMH. OflHaKO, 3TH CHCTeMbl ΗΒΠΑΚΤΓΟΗ OneHb flOporOCTOfllflMMM M CJ10XHblMM, TaK HTO MX SKOHOMMHHOCTb CTaBMTCfl ΠΟΑ ΒΟΓφΟΟ.

TaK, HanpiiMep, b οοο6ιμθημλχ Coio3a ηθμθακμχ μηχθηθροβ, ΦΡΓ, Ν1 οτ 03.01.86 onHCbiBaeTCH MamHTHaa flopora ’TpaHcpaniifl 86” ti3 γ.Θμαθη. 06pamaeT Ha ce6a BHHMaHMe το, ητο ηθο6χοαμμμ 6onbiune τθχημμθοκμθ 3aTpaTbi flna ποαηλτμλ TpaHcnopTHoro cpeflCTBa Ha BbicoTy 1 cm. K coxaneHMio, ηθ yKa3biBaeTca pacxofl ΘΗβρΓΜΜ, Heo6xOflHMblH flflfl yflepXaHHfl B ΠΟΑΒΘΙϋθΗΗΟΜ COCTOflHMM TpaHcnopTHoro cpeflCTBa βθοομ120 t. OflHaKO, ripu rpy3onoflteMHOCTM 196 ηθποβθκ θτο cooTBeTCTByeT Becy, paBHOMy npn6nM3MTenbHO, 120000 κγ, T.e. 612 κγ Ha nenoBeKa (eec οαηογο HenoeeKa npiiHMMaeTca paBHbiM, npn6nn3MTenbHO, 80 κγ). K 9T0My floāaBnaeTca eme floporocTOHmaa τθχημκβ m eme HepeuieHHbie npoOneMbi, CBB3aHHbie co οηθγομ m nbflOM.TaK, HanpiiMep, b οοο6ιμθημλχ Coio3a ηθμθακμχ μηχθηθροβ, ΦΡΓ, Ν1 οτ 03.01.86 onHCbiBaeTCH MamHTHa flopora 'TpaHcpaniifl 86' ti3 γ.Θμαθη. 06pamaeTe ce6a BHHMaHMe το, ητο ηθο6χοαμμμ 6onbiune τθχημμθοκμθ 3aTpaTbi flna ποαηλτμλ TpaHcnopTHoro cpeflCTBa Ha BbicoTy 1 cm. K coxaneHMio, ηθ yKa3biBaeTca pacxofl ΘΗβρΓΜΜ, Heo6xOflHMblH flflflfPaXHHfl B ΠΟΑΒΘΙϋθΗΗΟΜ COCTOflHMM TpaHcnopTHoro cpeflCTBa βθοομ120 t. OflHaKO, rpy3onoflteMHOCTM 196 ηθποβθκ θτο cooTBeTCTByeT Becy, paBHOMy npn6nM3MTenbHO, 120000 κγ, T.e. 612 κγ Ha neoBeKe (e n ïαηογο HenoeeKa npiiHMMaeTca paBHbiM, npn6nn3MTenbHO, 80 κγ). K 9T0My floaBnaeTca eme floporocTOHma τθχημκβ m eme HepeuieHHbie npoOneMbi, CBB3aHHbie co οηθγομ m nbflOM.

PeanbHbie TpyflH0CTn cymecTByiOT TaioKe m b cnywae ocymecTB/ieHMa ηποηοκμχ flopor Ha MamMTHOM noflyiuKe. HeKOTopbie TpaHcnopTHbie cpeflCTBa αοπχημ pa3roHBTbCii Ha Konecax no τβχ nop, noKa οημ ηθ nocTnmyT CKopocTM, paBHoii 200 KM/nac, ripu κοτοροίί HaHMHaeTca αβμχθημθ bo βθβθιιιθηηομ coctohhmm. AHanorMHHbiM o6pa30M pa6oTaeT oniicaHHaa b βμποχθηηομ 3aaBKe ΦΡΓ 24 26 653 TaK Ha3biBaeMa« ”BepnnHCKaa μθγημτηθλ flopora”, οτπμημθ κοτοροίί, OflHaKO, 3aKflWHaeTca b tom, hto HanpaBnaiomiie ροπμκμ HanpaBnaiOTca no MamnTHOMy ποπιο. ΚρΟΜΘ ΤΟΓΟ, M3 Φρ3ΗΑγ30Κθΐί 33ΗΒΚΜ 22 28 650 Μ3ΒβΟΤΗ3 Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗΒΒ TpaHcnopTHaa cMCTeMa, β κοτοροίί μθγημτμ, β HacTHOcTii, ποοτοαηηβιθ MamiiTbi, npMflaHbi $eppoMamnTHbiM ηροφΜΠΗΜ. OflHaKO, 3th MamtiTbi pacnonoxeHbi no npMHuiiny πρμτηχθημα, τ.θ. pa3HOHMeHHbie nonjoca HaxoflflTca npyr HanpoTMB npyra no OTHOuieHMK) κ ηροφΜΠΒΜ. KpOMe τογο, ohm pacnonoxeHbi b nexaiiļMX, no cymecTBy r0pM30HTanbH0 φθρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗΜΧ ΟΤΘΗΚβΧ. BcneflCTBMe 3ΤΟΓΟ, B OČmeM, flOCTMraeTCa OTHOCMTenbHO Hečonbuiaa Hcymaa cnoco6Hocīb. Τθκχθ μ b stom cnyHae rpy3onoflteMHocTb bo μηογο pa3 npeBbiuiaeT none3HbiM rpy3. 2 Μ3 ΒΗΠΟΧ<ΘΗΗΟΗ 33ΠΒΚΜ ΦΡΓ 33 47 635 M3BeCTHa Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ3Β CMHOBafl CMCTBMa, κοτορβΒ no pacnono>KeHmo MammoB no οτηοιιιθημιο κ HecymnM προφΜπηΜ TaioKe nocTpoeHa no npnHL4nny πρΜτηχθΗΜη, T.e. npoTMBononoxHbie nonioca nex<aT ppyr HanpoTMB ppyra no oTHoiueHMto k ({jeppoMammHbiM oreHKaM. Taoce m b αβηηομ cnynae flocTnraeicn nmub OTHOcmenbHO Hečonbīuan noflteMHan cuna. KpoMe τογο, ncnonb3yeMafl κοΗθτργκΐ4Μ3 nenneTCB oneHb floporocTonmeii, TaK κβκ ηθο6χοαμμο npenycMOTpeTb 6onbiuoe κοπμμθοτβο MamuTOB, ητο6μ πρμποαηητβ onpefleneHHbiii rpy3.PeanbHbie TpyflH0CT cymecTByiOT TaioKe m b cnywae ocymecTB / ieHMa ηποηοκμχ flop Ha MamMTHOM noflyiuKe. HeKOTopbie TpaHcnopTHbie cpeflCTBa αοπχημ pa3roHBTbCii If Konecax from τβχ nop, noKa οημ ηθ nocTnmyT CKopocTM, paBHoii 200 KM / nac, puck κοτοροίί HaHMHaeTca αβμχθημθ bo βθβθιιιθηηομ coctohhmm. AHanorMHHbiM o6pa30M pa6oTaeT oniicaHHaa b βμποχθηηομ 3aaBKe ΦΡΓ 24 26 653 tack Ha3biBaeMa "" BepnnHCKaa μθγημτηθλ flopora "οτπμημθ κοτοροίί, OflHaKO, 3aKflWHaeTca b tom, whereby to HanpaBnaiomiie ροπμκμ HanpaBnaiOTca of MamnTHOMy ποπιο. ΚρΟΜΘ ΤΟΓΟ, M3 Φρ3ΗΑγ30Κθΐί 33ΗΒΚΜ 22 28 650 Μ3ΒβΟΤΗ3 Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗΒΒ TpaHcnopTHaa cMCTeMa, β κοτοροίί μθγημτμ, β HacTHOcTii, ποοτοαηηβιθ MamiiTbi, npMflaHbi $ eppoMamnTHbiM ηροφΜΠΗΜ. OflHaKO, 3th MamtiTbi pacnonoxeHbi from npMHuiiny πρμτηχθημα, τ.θ. pa3HOHMeHHbie nonjoca HaxoflflTca npyr HanpoTMB does not disappear from OTHOuieHMK) κ ηροφΜΠΒΜ. KpOMe τογο, ohm pacnonoxeHbi b nexaiiMM, from cymecTBy r0pM30HTanbH0 φθρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗΜΧ ΟΤΘΗΚβΧ. BcneflCTBMe 3ΤΟΓΟ, B OČmeM, flOCTMraeTCa OTHOCMTenbHO Hatchon Hcymaa cnoco6Hocib. Τθκχθ μ b stom cnyGe rpy3onoflteMHocTb bo μηογο pa3 npeBbiuiaeT none3HbiM rpy3. 2 Μ3 ΒΗΠΟΧ < ΘΗΗΟΗ 33ΠΒΚΜ ΦΡΓ 33 47 635 M3BeCTHa Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ3Β CMHOBafl CMCTBMa, κοτορβΒ no pacnono & KeHmo MammoB from οτηοιιιθημιο κ HecymnM προφΜπηΜ TaioKe nocTpoeHa from npnHL4nny πρΜτηχθΗΜη, T.e. npoTMBononoxHbie nonioca nex < aT ppyr HanpoTMB ppyra of oTHoiueHMto k ({jeppoMammHbiM oreHKaM. Taoce m b αβηηομ cnynae flocTnraeicn nmub OTHOcmenbHO Hečonbīuan noflteMHan Cuna. KpoMe τογο, ncnonb3yeMafl κοΗθτργκΐ4Μ3 nenneTCB oneHb floporocTonmeii, TAK κβκ ηθο6χοαμμο npenycMOTpeTb 6onbiuoe κοπμμθοτβο MamuTOB, ητο6μ πρμποαηητβ onpefleneHHbiii rpy3.

HaKOHeM, b BbinoaceHHOM 3a«BKe ΦΡΓ 21 46 143 onncbiBaeTca MarHMTHaH CMnoBan cMcreMa c, no MeHbtueM Mepe, oahmm μαγημτομ m c, no MeHbuieii Mepe, oahom nonjocHOM noBepxHocTbto, Ha κοτοροΜ 3aKpenneH rpy3. KpoMe τογο, npeflycMOTpeH μ3γημτομηγκμμ HecymMM προφΜπ^ ycTaHOBneHHbiM Ha ηθποαβμχηομ onope, προφΜΠΒΗ3η οτβΗκβ κοτοροΓΟ opneHTnpoBaHa BepTMKanbHo m BbiCTynaeT 3a πpoφnπbHyκ) noBepxHOCTb b HanpaBneHMM κ onope. OflHaKO, πρΜΜβΗηβτοη HanpaBnaioman CMCTeMa c perynnpyeMbiMn aneicrpoMamMTaMM flnn o6ecneweHMfl HanpaBneHHfl b čokobom HanpaBneHMM, hto OTHOCMTenbHO ycno>KHneT KOHCTpyKi4Mio CMCTeMbl. 3aflana μ3ο6ρθτθημπ 3aKmoHaeTcn b co3flaHMM MamMTHOM ομποβομ ομοτθμμ BbiuieonMcaHHoro pofla, KOTopan o6xoamtch 6θ3 κ8κογο-πμ6ο perynMpoBaHMn m, tbkmm o6pa30M, HBnneTcn προοτοΜ μ πθγκομ b c6opKe m očecneHMBaeT Haflex<HyK) pa6oTy npM ManoM pacxone θηθργμμ.HaKOHeM, b BbinoaceHHOM 3a «BKe ΦΡΓ 21 46 143 lambsBaeTca MarHMTHaH CMnoBan cMcreMa c, no MeHbtueM Mepe, ommmm μαγημτομ m c, no MeHbuieii Mepe, oahom nonjocHOM noBepxHocTbto, Ha κοτοροΜ 3aKpenneH rpy3. KpoMe τογο, npeflycMOTpeH μ3γημτομηγκμμ HecymMM προφΜπ ^ ycTaHOBneHHbiM Ha ηθποαβμχηομ onope, προφΜΠΒΗ3η οτβΗκβ κοτοροΓΟ opneHTnpoBaHa BepTMKanbHo m BbiCTynaeT 3a πpoφnπbHyκ) noBepxHOCTb b HanpaBneHMM κ onope. OflHaKO, πρΜΜβΗηβτοη HanpaBnaioman CMCTeMa ctMiMeMeMeMeMMMaMM flnn o6ecneweHMfl HanpaBneHHfl b Chocobom HanpaBneHMM, hto OTHOCMTenbHO ycno &kt; KHneT KOHCTpyKi4Mio CMCTeMbl. 3aflana μ3ο6ρθτθημπ 3aKmoHaeTcn b co3flaHMM MamMTHOM ομποβομ ομοτθμμ BbiuieonMcaHHoro pofla, KOTopan o6xoamtch 6θ3 κ8κογο-πμ6ο perynMpoBaHMn m, tbkmm o6pa30M, HBnneTcn προοτοΜ μ πθγκομ b c6opKe m očecneHMBaeT Haflex < HyK) pa6oTy NPM Manom PacXon θηθργμμ.

CornacHO M30āpeieHMto, 3Ta 3aflana peuiaeTcn c ποΜθΐιμ>κ> μογημτηομ ομποβομ CMCTeMbl C npM3HaKaMM Π.1 φOpMyΠbl Μ3θβρβΤβΗΜΗ. B οοοτΒβτοτΒΜΜ c 9TMM, MarHMTbi pacnonotteHbi b μβγημτημχ προφΜπηχ TaK, hto noniocHbie ποβθρχηοοτμ MarHMTa nexaT, no cymecTBy, napannenbHO BepTMKanbHoii ποΒβρχΗΟοτΜ Hecymero προφΜπη, npM stom noopepcreoM μθχοημηθοκμχ cpepcTB AOCTMraeTcn, c οπηομ CTopoHbi, onpeneneHHbift B03flyuiHbiM 3a3op Mex<fly napannenbHbiMM ποβθρχηοοτπμμ, a c npyroM - B03MoxcHocTb nepeMeuteHMn MarnMTa b BepTMKanbHOM HanpaBneHMM. Tbkmm o6pa30M, nonyHaeTcn oneHb xopouian CTeneHb HanpaBneHMM 6e3 KaKOro-ΠΜδο perynMpoBaHMn, BcneflCTBMe nero Μθ)κβτδΜπ> nonyneHa 6onee npocTan m nemesa* KOHCTpyKLiMH.CornacHO M30apeieHMto, 3Ta 3aflana peuiaeTcn c ποΜθΐιμ > κ > μογημτηομ ομποβομ CMCTeMbl C npM3HaKaMM Π.1 φOpMyΠbl Μ3θβρβΤβΗΜΗ. B οοοτΒβτοτΒΜΜ c 9TMM, MarHMTbi pacnonotteHbi b μβγημτημχ προφΜπηχ Tak, whereby to noniocHbie ποβθρχηοοτμ MarHMTa nexaT of cymecTBy, napannenbHO BepTMKanbHoii ποΒβρχΗΟοτΜ load carrying προφΜπη, NPM stom noopepcreoM μθχοημηθοκμχ cpepcTB AOCTMraeTcn, c οπηομ CTopoHbi, onpeneneHHbift B03flyuiHbiM 3a3op Mex < fly napannenbHbiMM ποβθρχηοοτπμμ ac npyroM - B03MoxcHocTb nepeMeuteHMn MarnMTa b BepTMKanbHOM HanpaBneHMM. Tbkmm o6pa30M, nonyHaeTcn oneHb xopouian CTeneHb HanpaBneHMM 6e3 KaKOro-ΠΜδο perynMpoBaHMn, BcneflCTBMe nero Μθ) κβτδΜπ > nonyneHa 6onee npocTan m nemesa * KOHCTpyKLiMH.

CornacHO ycoBepuieHCTBOBaHHOMy BapMaHiy ocymecTBneHMn Μ3θδρβτβΗΜη, TpaHcnopTHan ομοτθμβ μμθθτ, no MeHbujeM Mepe, οαμη μθγημτ, KOTopbiii pacnonoaceH b OTKpbITOM ΗΜ2ΚΗβΜ HanpaBneHMM U-o6pa3HOM ηροφΜΠβ M3 φθρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ0Γ0 MaTepMana. ΠρΜ 3tom, nonioca μ3γημτοβ b 6οκοβμχ HanpaBneHMnx, TaK hto ohm B3aMMOfleMCTBy>OT TonbKO c BepTMKanbHbiMM ποβθρχηοοτημμ Hecymero προφΜπη. 3a3op Mexfly Μ3γημτ3μμ m HecymeM ujmhom flonycKaeT τβιοκβ B3BeuieHHO-CKonb3nmee ΑΒΜ>κβΗΜβ TpaHcnopTHoro cpeporea Ha noBopoTax. Hto6u o6ecnenMTb τοηηοθ ΑΒΜ>κβΗΜβ TpaHcnopTHoro cpeflCTBa Ha noBopoTax, npennOHTMTenbHO pacnono>KMTb HanpaBnnraiflMe ροπμκμ, κοτοροβ yflepjKMBaioT MamMTbi tohho nocepenMHe προφΜπβΜ. Εοπμ npeflnpMHMMaeTcn nonbmca BbiTauļMTb MamMTbi b BepTMKanbHOM HanpaBneHMM, το 3 LV 10411 3T0My ΒΗΘίυΗΘΜγ Β03/1ΘΜ0ΤΒΜΚ3 6yfleT npOTMBOfleMCTBOBaTb yBenMHMBaioinaflcn cuna (cuna ynfep>KaHMfl βο βθβθιιιθηηομ coctobhmm). Πρ Harpy>KeHnii MamuTbi BbiflBnraiOTCfl M3 προφΜπη po tģx nop, noKa cnna npuTflJKeHMfl He CTaHeT paBHOM Harpy3Ke. CnepoBaTenbHO, pnn BepmKanbHoro ποπο>κθημη μθγημτοβ ηθ Tpe6yeTca HUKaKoro perynnpoBaHHfl. Ecnn Mammbi οκθ3μβ3Κ)τοη nonHOCTbK) 3KpaHnpoBaHHbiMM 6οκοβνμμ 0ΤΘΗΚ3ΜΜ HecymerO ΠροφΜΠΗ, TO 6θΠΘΘ ΗΘ Β03ΗΜΚ3ΘΤ ΗΜΚΘΚΟΜ CMnbl ΠρΜπυΚΘΗΜΑ. ΠρΜΒΟΑ TpaHCnopTHOTO CpeflCTBa ΜΟ)ΚΘΤ np0M3B0flMTbCfl pa3nMHHblM 06pa30M, HanpiiMep, c noMombK) πρμβοπημχ ροπμκοβ, KacaiouļMXC3 HecymMX llimh μπμ c noMombio sneKTpoflBuraTen^ c πρπμοπμηθμηημ μθγημτημμ ποπθμ.CornacHO ycoBepuieHCTBOBaHHOMy BapMaHiy ocymecTBneHMn Μ3θδρβτβΗΜη, TpaHcnopTHan ομοτθμβ μμθθτ of MeHbujeM mepe, οαμη μθγημτ, KOTopbiii pacnonoaceH b OTKpbITOM ΗΜ2ΚΗβΜ HanpaBneHMM U-o6pa3HOM ηροφΜΠβ M3 φθρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ0Γ0 MaTepMana. PaρΜ 3tom, nonioca μ3γημτοβ b 6οκοβμχ HanpaBneHMnx, TaK hto ohm B3aMMOfleMCTBy OT TonbKO c BepTMKanbHbiMM ποβθρχηοοτημμ Hecymero προφΜπη. 3a3op Mexfly Μ3γημτ3μμ m HecymeM Umhom flonycKaeT τβιοκβ B3BeuieHHO-CKonb3nmee κβΗΜβ TpaHcnopTHoro cpeporea Ha noBopoTax. Hto6u o6ecnenMTb τοηηοθ ΑΒΜ > κβΗΜβ TpaHcnopTHoro cpeflCTBa Ha noBopoTax, npennOHTMTenbHO pacnono & KMtb HanpaBnnraiflMe ροπμκμ, κοτοροβ yflepjKMBaioT MamMTbi Coach nocepenMHe προφΜπβΜ. Εοπμ npeflnpMHMMaeTcn nonbmca BbiTauļMTb MamMTbi b BepTMKanbHOM HanpaBneHMM, το 3 EN 10411 3T0My ΒΗΘίυΗΘΜγ Β03 / 1ΘΜ0ΤΒΜΚ3 6yfleT npOTMBOfleMCTBOBaTb yBenMHMBaioinaflcn Cuna (Cuna ynfep > KaHMfl βο βθβθιιιθηηομ coctobhmm). Arpρ Harpy > KeHnii MamuTbi BbiflBnraiOTCfl M3 προφΜπη under tgx, noKnna npuTflJKeHMfl He CTaHeT paBHOM Harpy3Ke. CnepoBaTenbHO, pnn BepmKanbHoro ποπο > κθημη μθγημτοβ ηθ Tpe6yeTca HUKaKoro perynnpoBaHHfl. Ecnn Mammbi οκθ3μβ3Κ) τοη nonHOCTbK) 3KpaHnpoBaHHbiMM 6οκοβνμμ 0ΤΘΗΚ3ΜΜ HecymerO ΠροφΜΠΗ, TO 6θΠΘΘ ΗΘ Β03ΗΜΚ3ΘΤ ΗΜΚΘΚΟΜ CMnbl ΠρΜπυΚΘΗΜΑ. ΠρΜΒΟΑ TpaHCnopTHOTO CpeflCTBa ΜΟ) ΚΘΤ np0M3B0flMTbCfl pa3nMHHblM 06pa30M, HanpiiMep, c noMombK) πρμβοπημχ ροπμκοβ, KacaiouļMXC3 HecymMX llimh μπμ c ^ c noMombio sneKTpoflBuraTen πρπμοπμηθμηημ μθγημτημμ ποπθμ.

CornacHO Μ3θ6ρβτθΗΜ(ο Hecymnii ηροφΜΠΒ M3 φβρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ0Γ0 MaTepMana b πθρβομ BapnaHTe μοποπηθημπ μοχθτ npepcTaBnaTb co6om οτκρμτμμ KHM3y U-o6pa3Hbiii προφΜπ^ B stom cnynae ρπη ycTpoMCTBa ποοτθτοηηο ηθπμημθ OflHoro Mamma, npnweM nomocbi Mamma HanpaBneHbi ropn30HTanbHO, τ.θ. κ ποπκθμ U-o6pa3Horo προφΜπη. MammHbie ομποβμθ πμημμ προχορητ Hap 3axpbiTbiM cBepxy U-o6pa3HbiM προφΜπβΜ. 3το npepcTaBnneT co6oii KOHCTpyKTMBHO HaunpocTeiimee ΡΘΙΙΙΘΗΜΘ, KOTOpoe ΟΡΗΟΒρΘΜΘΗΗΟ ηΒΠΠΘΤΟΠ OHeHb 3K0H0MMMHblM.CornacHO Μ3θ6ρβτθΗΜ (ο Hecymnii ηροφΜΠΒ M3 φβρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗ0Γ0 MaTepMana b πθρβομ BapnaHTe μοποπηθημπ μοχθτ npepcTaBnaTb co6om οτκρμτμμ KHM3y U-o6pa3Hbiii προφΜπ ^ B stom cnynae ρπη ycTpoMCTBa ποοτθτοηηο ηθπμημθ OflHoro Mamma, npnweM nomocbi mother HanpaBneHbi ropn30HTanbHO, τ.θ. κ ποπκθμ U-o6pa3Horo προφΜπη. MammHbie ομποβμθ πμημμ προχορητ Hap 3axpbiTbiM cBepxy U-o6pa3HbiM προφΜπβΜ.

KpoMe τογο, Hecymnii προφίλ μοχθτ cocTomb Μ3 flByx, no cymecTBy, napannenbHbix npyr npyry BepTHKanbHbix 6οκοβμχ οτθηοκ m3 Φθρρομθγημτηογο Marepnana, πρμηθμ 6οκοβμθ οτθηκμ 3aMKHyTbi HaKopoTKO ηθ c noMombio φeppoMammHbιx coeflMHmenbHbix θπθμθητοβ. Me>Kfly BHyipeHHMMM ποβθρχηοοταμμ οτθηοκ npeflycMOTpeHO, no MeHbuieii Mepe, nea Mamma, cnenyK)innx ppyr 3a ppyroM b npoflonbHOM HanpaBneHMM m HepepyiomMxcfl no ceoeii ποπηρΗΟΟτη. B paHHOM cnywae MamMTHbie cMnoBbie πμημμ προχοππτ Me>Kpy neyMn cnepyK)iuMMM ppyr 3a ppyroM MammaMH m cooTBeTCTByioiuMMM HecymMMH ππμτθμμ, npoTMBone>KamMMM noniocaM.KpoMe τογο, Hecymnii προφίλ μοχθτ cocTomb Μ3 flByx from cymecTBy, napannenbHbix npyr npyry BepTHKanbHbix 6οκοβμχ οτθηοκ m3 Φθρρομθγημτηογο Marepnana, πρμηθμ 6οκοβμθ οτθηκμ 3aMKHyTbi HaKopoTKO ηθ c noMombio φeppoMammHbιx coeflMHmenbHbix θπθμθητοβ. Me > Kfly BHyipeHHMMM ποβθρχηοοταμμ οτθηοκ npeflycMOTpeHO, no MeHbuieii Mepe, nea Mamma, cnenyK) innx ppyr 3a ppyroM b npoflonbHOM HanpaBneHMM m HepepyiomMxcfl no ceoeii ποπηρΗΟΟτη. B paHHOM cnywae MamMTHbie cMnoBbie πμημμ προχοππττ K p p p p p p y y n n M M M M M M M M M M p p yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr am am am am

CornacHO Μ3θ6ρβΤΘΗΜΚ), OflHOM φθρρΟΜΘΓΗΜΤΗΟΜ ΠρΟφΜΠΒΗΟΜ ΟΤΘΗΚΘ MOTyT 6blTb npnnaHbi pee napbi MammoB. ripu stom npoTMBone>KainMe no οτηοιιιθημκ) κ οτθηκθ nomoca μμθιοτ oflMHaKOByio nonnpHOCTb. TaKMM o6pa30M BCTynaeT b πθμοτβμθ πρμηημπ OTranKMBaHMB. Bbino o6Hapy)KeHO, ητο πρμμθηθημθ npiiHUMna OTranKMBaHMn ποθβοπηθτ flOCTMHb BO ΜΗΟΓΟ pa3 6θΠΘΘ BblCOKOTO K.n.fl. ΠΟ CpaBHeHMIO C ΠρΜΗΜΜΠΟΜ ΠρΜΤΗ>ΚΘΗΜΗ. B κθηθοτβθ πpoφMΠbHOM οτθηκμ μοχθτ 6biTb TaioKe npHMeHeHa Φθρρομθγημτηθα Tpy6a, HanpaBneHan b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM. K.n.fl. eiiļe 6onbiue noBbimaeTcn, θοπμ βηθιιιημθ nomoca flByx μθγημτοβ, cneny»oinMx ppyr 3a ppyroM b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, 3aMKHyTbi nepe3 φeppoMamMTHyκ) nnMTy. B nacTHOCTM, npM paBHonomocHOM pacnono>KeHMM μθγημτοβ no OTHomeHMio κ HecyipeM οτθηκθ μπμ πρπ ρθοποποχθημμ μθγημτοβ BHyTpM μπμ cHapy>KM 6οκοββιχ οτθηοκ U-o6pa3Horo προφΜπη, nocpepcTBOM 3aMbiKaHMn Ηθκοροτκο ΒΗΘ111ΗΜΧ ΠΟΠΚ)ΟΟΒ Μ3ΓΗΜΤ0Β ρΟΟΤΜΓβΘΤΟΗ OnTMManbHblM MaTHMTHblM ΠΟΤΟΚ. B KanecTBe θπθμθητθ, 3aMbiKaiomero HaKopoTKO βηθιιιημθ MamMTbi, μο>κθτ 6biTb Taoce Mcnonb30BaH oTKpbiTbiii KBepxy U-o6pa3HbiM ηροφΜΠΒ. ΠρΜ stom MamMTbi 4 χθοτκο pacnono>KeHbi, conpnKacaacb ppyr c ppyroM b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHnn Ha BHyTpeHHeii dopoHe ποποκ προφηπΑ. riocpeflCTBOM pacnono>KeHMH ηθοκοπβκηχ προφηπθη papoM Rpyr c ppyroM, ηπη HecKonbKMx προφιιπθΜ papoM c ppyr ppyroM, KOTopbie ημθιοτ HecKonbKO napannenbHbix ppyr ppyry προφηπΒΗΜΧ οτθηοκ c cooTBeTCTByiomwM očpa30M npnpaHHbiMn MammaMM, μο)κθτ 6biTb ηοοτΜΓΗγτο 3HaMMTenbHoe noBbiuieHne rpy3onopteMHOCTn.CornacHO Μ3θ6ρβΤΘΗΜΚ), OflHOM φθρρΟΜΘΓΗΜΤΗΟΜ ΠρΟφΜΠΒΗΟΜ ΟΤΘΗΚΘ MOTyThe 6blTb npnnaHbi pee napb MammoB. ripu stom npoTMBone > KainMe no οτηοιιιθημκ) κ οτθηκθ nomoca μμθιοτ oflMHaKOByio nonnpHOCTb. TaKMM o6pa30M BCTynaeT b πθμοτβμθ πρμηημπ OTranKMBaHMB. Bbino o6Hapy) KeHO, ητο πρμμθηθημθ npiiHUMna OTranKMBaHMn ποθβοπηθτ flOCTMHb BO ΜΗΟΓΟ pa3 6θΠΘΘ BblCOKOTO K.n.fl. Pa CpaBHeHMIO C ΠρΜΗΜΜΠΟΜ ΠρΜΤΗ > ΚΘΗΜΗ. B κθηθοτβθ πpoφMΠbHOM οτθηκμ μοχθτ 6biTb TaioKe nPHMeHeHa Φθρρομθγημτηθα Tpy6a, HanpaBneHan b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM. K.n.fl. neiļe 6onbiue fromBbimaeTcn, θοπμ βηθιιιημθ nomoca flByx μθγημτοβ, cneny »oinMx ppyr 3a ppyroM b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, 3aMKHyTbi nepe3 φeppoMamMTHyκ) nnMTy. B nacTHOCTM, NPM paBHonomocHOM pacnono > KeHMM μθγημτοβ of OTHomeHMio κ HecyipeM οτθηκθ μπμ πρπ ρθοποποχθημμ μθγημτοβ BHyTpM μπμ Chapy > KM 6οκοββιχ οτθηοκ U-o6pa3Horo προφΜπη, nocpepcTBOM 3aMbiKaHMn Ηθκοροτκο ΒΗΘ111ΗΜΧ ΠΟΠΚ) ΟΟΒ Μ3ΓΗΜΤ0Β ρΟΟΤΜΓβΘΤΟΗ OnTMManbHblM MaTHMTHblM ΠΟΤΟΚ. B KanecTBe θπθμθητθ, 3aMbiKomom HaKopoTKO βηθιιιημθ MamMTbi, μο > κθτ 6biTb Taoce Mcnonb30BaH oTKpbiTbiii KBepxy U-o6pa3HbiM ηροφΜΠΒ. ΠρΜ stom MamMTbi 4 χθοτκο pacnono > KeHbi, conpnKacaacb ppyr c ppyroM b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHnn Ha BHyTpeHHeii dopoHe ποποκ προφηπΑ. riocpeflCTBOM pacnono > KeHMH ηθοκοπβκηχ προφηπθη papoM Rpyr c ppyroM, ηπη HecKonbKMx προφιιπθΜ papoM c ppyr ppyroM, KOTopbie ημθιοτ HecKonbKO napannenbHbix ppyr ppyry προφηπΒΗΜΧ οτθηοκ c cooTBeTCTByiomwM očpa30M npnpaHHbiMn MammaMM, μο) κθτ 6biTb ηοοτΜΓΗγτο 3HaMMTenbHoe noBbiuieHne rpy3onopteMHOCTn.

Mcnonb3yeMb«e MamnTbi MoryT npepcTaBnaTb co6on ποοτοαηημθ MarHMTbi nnn aneKTpOMarHMTbi. flpu stom ncnonb30BaHne ποοτοαηημχ μθγηητοβ ημθθτ 6onbuine npenMymecTBa no cpaBHeHnio c ncnonb30BaHneM sneKTpoMamnTOB. TaK, HanpnMep, npM HCn0nb30BaHMM ΠΟΟΤΟΑΗΗΜΧ MamnTOB ΗΘΤ Heo6XOflMMOCTM B KaK0n-nn60 nononHMTenbHOM SHeprnn pna nopteMa, Tax KaK pa6oia no noppepjKaHnio bo b3B6U]6hhom coctobhhh Geonnamo ocymecTBnfleTCfl ncnonb3yeMbiMM ποοτοηΗΗΜΜη MammaMM. SHeprna Tpe6yeTca TonbKO p/ia nociynaTenbHoro ρΒηχβΗηη, κοτοροβ μο>κθτ 6biTb ο6θοπθηθηο, HanpnMep, c noMombio sneKTpopBnraTena c npaMonnHeiiHbiM MamnTHbiM ποπθμ. flpyroe npenMymecTBO 3aKmoHaeTca b 0TcyTCTBnn ΗβοβχορηΜοοτη perynnpoBaTb paccTOHHne ot MamnTOB po Hecyiqnx ωηΗ. B paHHOM cnynae ηθ Tpe6yiOTca orpoMHbie τβχΗηπβοκηβ 3aTpaTbi, Heo6xopnMbie b n3BecTHbix cncieMax. TaxnM o6pa30M, oGecneHnBaeTca Hape>KHaa, HenopBepaceHHaa noMexaM pa6oTa. BcnepcTBne ncno/ib30BaHna ποοτοθηημχ MamnTOB, T.e. 0TKa3a ot ncnonb30BaHna TB>Kenbix sneKTopoMamnTOB, 3HaHnTenbH0 coKpamaeTcn eec. ilepepbiB b CHaGJKeHnn sneKTpoaHeprnen He Bbi3biBaeT Ηηκβκηχ προβπβΜ, TaK KaK TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO ocTaeTca BnceTb b MamnTHOM none ποοτοβηημχ MamnTOB. Bca KOHCTpyKLļna CTaHOBMTca πθγηθ n no3TOMy 3κοηομμηηθθ n peuieBne b οδορκβ n 3KcnnyaTaunn. BcnepcTBue Manoro ποτρβδπβΗΜΛ SHeprnn, cooTBeTCTByKDiqaa η3ο6ρθτθηηιο cncTeMa «BnaeTca TaiOKe Gonee 6naronpnflTHon c tohkh 3peHna BnnaHna Ha OKpyxcaiomyio cpepy n μμθθτ cymecTBeHHO Hn3Knii ypoeeHb uiyMa, ηθμ ppyrne M3BecTHbie οηοτθμμ.Mcnonb3yeMb «e MamnTbi MoryT npepcTaBnaTb co6on ποοτοαηημθ MarHMTbi nnn aneKTpOMarHMTbi. flpu stom ncnonb30BaHne ποοτοαηημχ μθγηητοβ ημθθτ 6onbuine npenMymecTBa no cpaBHeHney c ncnonb30BaHneM sneKTpoMamnTOB. TaK, HanpnMep, npM HCn0nb30BaHMM ΠΟΟΤΟΑΗΗΜΧ MamnTOB ΗΘΤ Heo6XOflMMOCTM B KaK0n-nn60 nononHMTenbHOM SHeprnn pna nopteMa, Tax KaKoNi n n pepeKaNaN bbB3B6U] 6hhom coctobhhh Geonnamo ocymecTBnfleTCfl ncnonb3yeMbiMM ποοτοηΗΗΜΜη MammaMM. SHeprna Tpe6yeTca TonbKO p / ia nociynaTenbHoro ρΒηχβΗηη, κοτοροβ μο > κθτ 6biTb ο6θοπθηθηο, HanpnMep, c noMombio sneKTpopBnraTena c npaMonnHeiiHbiM MamnTHbiM ποπθμ. flpyroe npenMymecTBO 3aKmoHaeTca b 0TcyTCTBnn ΗβοβχορηΜοοτη perynnpoBaTb paccTOHHne ot MamnTOB after Hecyiqnx ωηΗ. B paHHOM cnynae ηθ Tpe6yiOTca orpoMHbie τβχΗηπβοκηβ 3aTpaTbi, Heo6xopnMbie b n3BecTHbix cncieMax. TaxnM o6pa30M, oGecneHnBaeTca Acid > KHaa, HenopBepaceHHa noMexaM. BcnepcTBne ncno / ib30BaHna ποοτοθηημχ MamnTOB, T.e. 0TKa3a ot ncnonb30BaHna TB > Kenbix sneKTopoMamnTOB, 3HaHnTenbH0 coKpamaeTcn eec. ilepepbiB b CHaGJKeHnn sneKTpoaHeprne He Bbi3biBaeT Ηηκβκηχ προβπβΜ, TaK KaK TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO ocTaeTca BnceTb b MamnTHOM none ποοτοβηημχ MamnTOB. Bca KOHCTpyKLilna CTaHOBMTca πθγηθ n no3TOMy 3κοηομμηηθθ n peuieBne b οδορκβ n 3KcnnyaTaunn. BcnepcTBue Manor ποτρβδπβΗΜΛ SHeprnn, cooTBeTCTByKDiqaa η3ο6ρθτθηηιο cncTeMa "BnaeTca TaiOKe gone 6naronpnflTHon c tohkh 3peHna BnnaHna Ha OKpyxcaiomyio cpepy n μμθθτ cymecTBeHHO Hn3Knii ypoeeHb uiyMa, ηθμ ppyrne M3BecTHbie οηοτθμμ.

CooTBeTCTByK)maa Μ3θ6ρβτβΗηιο MamnTHaa cnnoBaa cncTeMa penaeT B03Mox<HbiM Mcnonb30BaHHe pa3nnHHbix KOHCTpyKTMBHbix pemeHnn. TaK rpy3, nopneaomnn τρβΗοπορτηροΒκβ c noMouibio οηοτθμμ, μο>κθτ 6biTb pacnono)KeH Hap προφηίΗ>Ηθ-Μ3ΓΗΗΤΗΜΜ ycTponcTBOM. BcnepcTBne θτογο nonyMaeTca TaK Ha3biBaeMoe BepTMKanbHoe pacnono>KeHne.CooTBeTCTByK) Earth Μ3θ6ρβτβΗηιο MamnTHaa cnnoBaa cncTeMa penaeT B03Mox < HbiM Mcnonb30BaHHe pa3nnHHbix KOHCTpyKTMBHbix pemeHnn. TaK rpy3, nopneaomnn τρβΗοπορτηροΒκβ c noMouibio οηοτθμμ, μο > κθτ 6biTb pacnono) KeH Hap προφηίΗ > Ηθ-Μ3ΓΗΗΤΗΜΜ ycTponcTBOM. BcnepcTBne θτογο nonyMaeTca TaK Ha3biBaeMoe BepTMKanbHoe pacnono > KeHne.

OpHaKO, rpy3, nopneacautnn TpaHcnopTnpoBKe c noMombio ομοτθμμ, μοχθτ GbiTb TaiOKe pacnono>KeH πορ npo(ļ)nnbHo-MamnTHMM ycTponcTBOM. B pe3ynbTaTe nonyHaeTca TaK Ha3bieaeMoe nopeecHoe pacnono>KeHHe. 3to nopBecHoe pacnono>KeHne mojkho paccMaTpnBaTb KaK npepnoHTHTenbHbin BapnaHT, τθκ KaK b pbhhom cnynae φβρροΜβΓΗΜΤΗΒΐβ Hecymne προφηπη, a TaiOKe npnBopHbie θπθμθητμ npepycM0TpeHbi nop Hecymeii ομοτθμομ,HanpnMep, Hecymen οποροίί. BcnepcTBne θτογο npepoTBpamaeTca nopBepaceHHOCTb aτMocφepHblM B03pencTBnaM, b μθοτηοοτη, 3nMon. Ηηχβ Μ3θ6ρβτθΗηβ ο6τ>βοηβθτοβ 6onee πορροδΗΟ co ccbinKon Ha npnnaraeMbie Ηβρτβ>κη. Ha φηΓγρ8χ n3o6pa)KeHO cnepyK3iuee: 5 LV10411 φΜΓ. 1-10 - φΜΓ. 1-φΜΓ. 2- φΜΓ. 3-φΜΓ. 4- φΜΓ. 5- φΜΓ. 6- φΜΓ. 7- φΜΓ. 8- φΜΓ. 9-φΜΓ. 10- φΜΓ. 11-14 φΜΓ. 11-φΜΓ. 12-φΜΓ.13- Φμγ.14-OpHaKO, rpy3, nopneacautnn TpaHcnopTnpoBKe c noMombio ομοτθμμ, μοχθτ GbiTb TaiOKe pacnono > KeH πορ npo (en) nnbHo-MamnTHMM ycTponcTBOM. B pe3ynbTaTe nonyHaeTca TaK Ha3bieaeMoe pikecHoe pacnono > KeHHe. 3to nopBecHoe pacnono > KeHne mojkho paccMaTpnBaTb CEC npepnoHTHTenbHbin BapnaHT, τθκ CEC b pbhhom cnynae φβρροΜβΓΗΜΤΗΒΐβ Hecymne προφηπη, a TaiOKe npnBopHbie θπθμθητμ npepycM0TpeHbi nop Hecymeii ομοτθμομ, HanpnMep, Hecymen οποροίί. BcnepcTBne θτογο npepoTBpamaeTca nopBepaceHHOCTb aτMocφepHblM B03pencTBnaM, b μθοτηοοτη, 3nMon. Ηηχβ Μ3θ6ρβτθΗηβ ο6τ > βοηβθτοβ 6onee πορροδΗΟ co ccbinKon Ha npnnaraeMbie Ηβρτβ > κη. If φηΓγρ8χ n3o6pa) KeHO cnepyK3iuee: 5 LV10411 φΜΓ. 1-10 - φΜΓ. 1-φΜΓ. 2- φΜΓ. 3-φΜΓ. 4- φΜΓ. 5- φΜΓ. 6- φΜΓ. 7- φΜΓ. 8- φΜΓ. 9-φΜΓ. 10- φΜΓ. 11-14 φΜΓ. 11-φΜΓ. 12-φΜΓ.13- Φμγ.14-

pa3nnHHbie BapnaHTbi μοποπηθημη μ cnocoObi pacnono>KeHMa HecymMX ΠρΟφΜΠβίί Μ MamUTOB, MCnonb3yeMblX B COOTBeTCTByiOmeii Μ3θ6ρβΤΘΗΜΙΟ, ΜβΓΗΜΤΗΟΜ ΟΜΠΟΒΟΜ ΟΜΟΤΘΜβ, 113 ΗΙ1Χ* • * nepBbm BapiiaHT μοποπηθημη c U-o6pa3HbiM HocymMM προφιιηβΜ m c MammaMM, pacnonoaceHHbiMM Mexpy nonKaMii προφΜππ, 6β3 rpy3a; το yme ycTpoiicTBO, κοτοροβ noKa3aHO Ha φιΐΓ.1, ho c MamMTOM,pa3nnHHbie BapnaHTbi μοποπηθημη μ cnocoObi pacnono > Kehm HecymMX ΠρΟφΜΠβίί Μ MamUTOB, MCnonb3yeMblX B COOTBeTCTByiOmeii Μ3θ6ρβΤΘΗΜΙΟ, ΜβΓΗΜΤΗΟΜ ΟΜΠΟΒΟΜ ΟΜΟΤΘΜβ 113 ΗΙ1Χ * • * nepBbm BapiiaHT μοποπηθημη c U-o6pa3HbiM HocymMM προφιιηβΜ m c MammaMM, pacnonoaceHHbiMM Mexpy nonKaMii προφΜππ, 6β3 rpy3a; το yme ycTpoiicTBO, κοτοροβ noKa3aHO If φιΐΓ.1, ho c MamMTOM,

BblTBHyTblM 113 ΠροφΜΠΗ BepTMKa/lbHO B ΗΜΧΗΘΜ ΗβΠρΗΒΠΘΗΜΙΙ ΠΟΡ ρβίίοτΒΐιβΜ rpy3a; Βτοροβ ycTpoiicTBO c pByM« nniiToo6pa3HbiMii HecymMMM προφΜΠΗΜΜ h nonapHO pacnonoxeHHbiMM Mex<py hmmm MamuTaMu; τρβτΜίί BapiiaHT μοποπηθημη c nmiTOo6pa3HbiM HecymiiM προφηπβΜ II c MammaMM, pacnono>KeHHbiMM nonapHO no o6e CTopoHbi προφηπη m 3aMKHyTbiMM Ηβκοροτκο nocpepcTaBOM ππμτ;BblTBHyTblM 113 ΠροφΜΠΗ BepTMKa / lbHO B ΗΜΧΗΘΜ ΗβΠρΗΒΠΘΗΜΙΙ ΠΟΡ ρβίίοτΒΐιβΜ rpy3a; Βτοροβ ycTpoiicTBO c pByM «nniiToo6pa3HbiMii HecymMM προφΜΠΗΜΜ h nonapHO pacnonoxeHHbiMM Mex < py hmmm MamuTaMu; τρβτΜίί BapiiaHT μοποπηθημη c nmiTOo6pa3HbiM HecymiM προφηπβΜ II c MammaMM, pacnon > KeHHbiMM nonapHO noo6e CTopoHbi προφη m m 3aMKHyTbiMM Ηβκοροτκο nocpepcTaBOM ππμτ;

BapMaHT ΜΟΠΟΠΗβΗΜΗ, KOTOpbIM noKa3aH Ha φΜΓ.4, HO C Tpy6oii ΒΜβΟΤΟ cpepHeii προφΜΐ^Ηοίί nnmbi;BapMaHT ΜΟΠΟΠΗβΗΜΗ, KOTOpbIM noKa3aH If φΜΓ.4, HO C Tpy6oii ΒΜβΟΤΟ cpepHeii προφΜΐ ^ Ηοίί nnmbi;

BapiiaHT ΜΟΠΟΠΗβΗΜΗ, KOTOpbIM nOKa3aH Ha φΐΙΓ.4, HO C 3aMblKaiOLllMM HaKOpOTKO U-06pa3HblM ΠροφΜΠΘΜ ΒΜΘΟΤΟ 3aMblKaK>mMX HaKOpOTKO ΠΠΜΤ pna MamMToe; eīpe ofliiH BapiiaHT μοποπηθημη c 3aMbiKaK)iniiM U-o6pa3HbiM HecymiiM προφΜΠΘΜ m c MammaMM, pacnonoxeHHbiMM Mexpy nonKaMii yKa3aHHoro προφΜΠΗ m 3a npepenaMM θτμχ ποποκ;BapiiaHT ΜΟΠΟΠΗβΗΜΗ, KOTOpbIM nOKa3aH Ha φΐΙΓ.4, HO C 3aMblKaiOLllMM HaKOPOTO U-06pa3HblM ΠροφΜΠΘΜ ΒΜΘΟΤΟ 3aMblKaK > mMX HaKPOTKO ΠΠΜΤ pna MamMToe; ElixiLiHiMiKiCiMiMaMiMaMaMaMaMaMMMMMmaMM, pacnonoxeHHbiMM Mexpy nonKaMii yKa3aHHoro προφΜΠΗ m 3a npepenaMM θτμχ ποποκ;

BapMaHT ΜΟΠΟΠΗΘΗΜΗ, nOKa3aHHblM Ha φΜΓ.7, HO C OTKpbITbIM KBepxy, 3aMbiKaK)UļMM Ηβκοροτκο U-o6pa3HbiM προφΜΠΘΜ prm βηθιιιημχ μβγημτοβ; BapMaHT pacnonoxBHMH peyx ycTpoMCTB comacHO Φμγ.7; ropM30HTaJlbHOG ΟΘΗβΗΜΘ ΠΟ ΠΜΗΜΜ Χ-Χ, Π0Κ333ΗΗ0Μ Ha φΜΓ.1, κοτοροβ noKa3biBaeT pacnonoaceHMe HanpaBnniomMX ροπμκοβ Ha MamMTax no OTHouieHMKD κ ποπκβΜ προφΜπη; B03M02KH0CTM pacnOJlOJKeHMH CMCTOMbl ΠΟ OTHOUieHMIO Κ ββΤΟΗΗΟΜ onope M rpy3y, M3hmx: nepBbiM cnoco6 pacnono>KeHMH c TpaHcnopTMpyeMbiM rpy30M nop ηροφΜΠΒΗΟ MarHMTHbiM ycTpoiicTBOM (nopeecHoe pacnonoaceHMe); cnoco6 pacnono>KeHMH c TpaHcnopTMpyeMbiM rpy30M nop ηροφΜΠΒΗο-MamMTHbiM ycTpoiicTBOM (eepTMKanbHoe pacnono>KeHMe); BMP c60Ky CMCTBMbl C nopBeilieHHblM rpy30M, ΠΡΜΗΘΜ rpy30M ΗΒΠΗβΤΟΗ nacca>KMpcKoe TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBo; bmp cnepepM ycTpoMCTBa, noKa3aHHoro Ha Φμγ.13. B npMMepe μοποπηθημβ, ποκβ33ηηομ Ha Φμγ.1 μ 2, b κ3μθοτβθ Hecymero προφΜπη 2 npepycMOTpeHa U-o6pa3Haa uiMHa M3 Φθρρομβγημτηογο MaTepnana. Mex<py 6 flBļ/Mfl BepTMKanbHbIMM nOnKaMM OTKpblTOro KHM3y ΠροφΜΠΛ 2 MarHMT 1 paCn0J10>KeH TaK, hto o6e noniocHbie ποβθρχηοοτμ 0Ka3biBat0Tcn Ha He6onbuioM paccTOBHMM ot 6oKOBbix οτθηοκ μ προχορητ, no cymecTBy, napannenbHO stum 6οκοβμμ οτθηιομ. BcnepcTBue οτογο, MamMTHbie cnnoBbie nmm, Μοχορη H3 stoto nonioca, Moryr npoxoflMTb nepe3 6oKOByio CTeHKy, ocHOBaHne προφΜπη m BTopyio 6oKOByio CTem<y ko BTopoMy non»ocy Mamma 1. BcnepcTBMe θτογο, xop μβγημτημχ ομποβμχ πμημμ npno6peTaeT onTMManbHbiii xapaKTep.BapMaHT ΜΟΠΟΠΗΘΗΜΗ, nOKa3aHHblM Ha φΜΓ.7, HO C OTKpbITbIM KBepxy, 3aMbiKaK) UMMM Ηβκοροτκο U-o6pa3HbiM προφΜΠΘΜ prm βηθιιιημχ μβγημτοβ; BapMaHT pacnonoxBHMH peyx ycTpoMCTB comacHO Φμγ.7; ropM30HTaJlbHOG ΟΘΗβΗΜΘ ΠΟ ΠΜΗΜΜ Χ-Χ, Π0Κ333ΗΗ0Μ Ha φΜΓ.1, κοτοροβ noKa3BaTaT pacnonoHaMa HanpaBnniomMX ροπμκοβ Ha MamMTax from OTHouieHMKD κ ποπκβΜ προφΜπη; B03M02KH0CTM pacnojlOJKeHMH CMCTOMbl TH OTHOUieHMIO ββΤΟΗΗΟΜ onope M rpy3y, M3hmx: nepBbiM cnoco6 pacnono > KeHMH c TpaHcnopTMpyeMbiM rpy30M nop ηροφΜΠΒΗΟ MarHMTHbiM ycTpoiicTBOM (pikecHoe pacnonoaceHMe); cnoco6 pacnono > KeHMH c TpaHcnopTMpyeMbiM rpy30M nop ηροφΜΠΒΗο-MamMTHbiM ycTpoiicTBOM (eepTMKanbHoe pacnono >KeHMe); BMP c60Ky CMCTBMbl C leBeLHHblM rpy30M, p rpy30M ΗΒΠΗβΤΟΗ nacca > KMpcKoe TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBo; bmp cnepepM ycTpoMCTBa, noKa3aHHoro Ha Φμγ.13. B npMMepe μοποπηθημβ, ποκβ33ηηομ Ha Φμγ.1 μ 2, b κ3μθοτβθ Hecymero προφΜπη 2 npepycMOTpeHa U-o6pa3Haa uMHa M3 Φθρρομβγημτηογο MaTepnana. Mex < py 6 flBļ / Mfl BepTMKanbHbIMM nOnKaMM OTKpblTOro KHM3y ΠροφΜΠΛ 2 MarHMT 1 paCn0J10 > KEH Tak, whereby to o6e noniocHbie ποβθρχηοοτμ 0Ka3biBat0Tcn Ha He6onbuioM paccTOBHMM ot 6oKOBbix οτθηοκ μ προχορητ of cymecTBy, napannenbHO push 6οκοβμμ οτθηιομ. BcnepcTBue οτογο, MamMTHbie cnnoBbie nmm, Μοχορη H3 STOT nonioca, Moryr npoxoflMTb nepe3 6oKOByio CTeHKy, ocHOBaHne προφΜπη m BTopyio 6oKOByio CTem < y the non BTopoMy "Mamma ocy 1 BcnepcTBMe θτογο, XOP μβγημτημχ ομποβμχ πμημμ npno6peTaeT onTMManbHbiii xapaKTep.

Ha φιΐΓ.2 npeflCTaBneHa cnTyaunB, Korpa ycTpoiicTBo, noKa3aHHoe Ha φΜΓ.1, 0Ka3biBaeTCB πορ αθηοτβμθμ oneHb 6onbiuoro rpy3a. Ηθμ panbuie bhh3 BbiTnrnBaeTca MarHMT ΠΟΑ ρβΜΟΤΒΜβΜ πρΜΚρβΠΠΘΗΗΟΓΟ K HeMy rpy3a, ΤΘΜ 6onbUie CTaHOBMTCB npOTMBoneiicTByioinaB cnna (cnna ypepxaHMn βο β3βθιιιθηηομ coctobhmm). npM Harpy>KeHMM Μ3ΓΗΜΤΜ ΒΜΤΗΓΜΒ3Κ)Τ0Η M3 ΠρΟφΜΠΗ flO ΤΘΧ nop, nOKa CMna ΠρΜΤ50ΚβΗΜΛ ΗΘ ypoBHBeTCB c BecoM rpy3a. CnepoBaTenbHO, pnn BepTMKanbHoro ποηωκβΗΜη MamMTOB ηθ Tpe6yeTcn HMKaKoro perynnpoBaHMB. B cnyHae npMMepa μοποπηθημη, npepcrraBneHHoro Ha Φμγ.3, HecymMii προφΜΠΒ 2 coctomt M3 peyx napannenbHbix ppyr ppyry, BepTMKanbHO pacnono>KeHHbix φθρροΜβΓΗΜ^ιχ ππμτ pnn 3aMbiKaHMB Ηβκοροτκο KOTOpbix He Mcnonb30Banca ppyroii φβρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗΜΜ MaTepMan. Me>Kfly BHyTp6HHMMM nOBepXHOCTBMM ΠΠΜΤ2 npeflycMOTpeHbi napbi MamMTOB, pacnono>KeHHbix ppyr 3a ppyroM b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, ΠρΜΜβΜ napbl Μ3ΓΗΜΤ0Β npOTMBOnOnO)KHblMM ΠΟΠΙΟΟβΜΜ nOBepHyTbl ppyr K ppyry,If φιΐΓ.2 npeflCTaBneHa cnTyaunB, Korpa ycTpoiicTBo, noKa3aHHoe Ha φΜΓ.1, 0Ka3biBaeTCB πορ αθηοτβμθμ oneHb 6onbiuoro rpy3a. Ηθμ panbuie bhh3 BbiTnrnBaeTca MarHMT ΠΟΑ ρβΜΟΤΒΜβΜ πρΜΚρβΠΠΘΗΗΟΓΟ K HeMy rpy3a, on 6onbUie CTaHOBMTCB npOTMBoneiicTByniB cnna (cnna ypepxaHMn βο β3βθιιιθηηομ coctobhmm). npM Harpy > KeHMM Μ3ΓΗΜΤΜ ΒΜΤΗΓΜΒ3Κ) Τ0Η M3 ΠρΟφΜΠΗ flO ΤΘΧ nop, nd CMna ΠρΜΤ50ΚβΗΜΛ ΗΘ ypoBHBeTCB c BecoM rpy3a. CnepoBaTenbHO, pnn BepTMKanbHoro ποηωκβΗΜη MamMTOB ηθ Tpe6yeTcn HMKaKoro perynnpoBaHMB. EXAMPLE B cnyHae μοποπηθημη, npepcrraBneHHoro Ha Φμγ.3, HecymMii προφΜΠΒ 2 coctomt M3 peyx napannenbHbix ppyr ppyry, BepTMKanbHO pacnono > KeHHbix φθρροΜβΓΗΜ ^ ιχ ππμτ PNN 3aMbiKaHMB Ηβκοροτκο KOTOpbix He Mcnonb30Banca ppyroii φβρρ0Μ3ΓΗΜΤΗΜΜ MaTepMan. Me > Kfly BHyTp6HHMMM nOBepXHOCTBMM ΠΠΜΤ2 npeflycMOTpeHbi napb MamMTOB, pacnono >

Ha Φμγ.4 noKa3aH BapnaHT μοποπηθημβ LUMHOo6pa3Horo Hecymero προφΜηη 2 Kax maflKoiĪ nnMTbi, no ο6θμμ ciopoHaM κοτοροίί pacnono>KeHbi προτΜΒοηοηωκΗΜβ napbi MamMTOB. Πο οτηοιιιθημιο k προφΜΓ^ΗΟΜ ιιίΜΗθ 2 npoTMBonejKauiMe napbl MamMTOB noBepHyTbi ppyr κ ppyry ορηομμθηημμμ nomocaMM, τ.β. S-S μπμ N-N (npMHUMn OTranKMBaHMB). Βηθιιιημθ nomoca napbl MamMTOB, pacnonoxeHHbix pnpoM ppyr κ ppyry b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, 3aMKHyTbi HaKopoTKO ppyr c ppyroM nepe3 φθρροΜβΓΗΜπ^ιο nnaTy. TaKMM o6pa30M, onTMMM3MpyeTcn ηοτοκ MamMTHbix ομποβμχ πμημμ, KOTopbiii προχορπτ Mex<py napaMM MamMTOB, pacnono>KeHHbix b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, προφΜηβΜ 2 μ πηΜτοίί 4.If Φμγ.4 noKa3aH BapnaHT μοποπηθημβ LUMHOo6pa3Horo Hecymero προφΜηη 2 Kax maflKiN nNMTbi, from ο6θμμ ciopoHaM κοτοροίί pacnono KeHbi προτΜΒοηοηωκΗΜβ napbi MamMTOB. Πο οτηοιιιθημιο k προφΜΓ ^ ΗΟΜ ιιίΜΗθ 2 npoTMBonejKaMaMaBl mamMTOB noBepHyTbi ppyr κ ppyry ορηομμθηημμμ nomocaMM, τ.β. S-S μπμ N-N (npMHUMn OTranKMBaHMB). Βηθιιιημθ nomoca napbl MamMTOB, pacnonoxeHHbix pnpoM ppyr κ ppyry b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, 3aMKHyTbi HaKopoTKO ppyr c ppyroM nepe3 φθρροΜβΓΗΜπ ^ ιο nnaTy. TaKMM o6pa30M, isTMMM3MpyeTcn ηοτοκ MamMTHbix ομποβμχ πμημμ, KOTopbiii προχορπτ Mex < py napaMM MamMTOB, pacnono > KeHHbix b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, προφΜηβΜ 2 μ πηΜτοίί 4.

Ha φΜΓ·5 noKa3aH npMMep ncnonHeHnn, npepcTaBneHHbiii Ha Φμγ.4; ορΗβκο, ΒΜβοτο ηροφΜΠΒΗΟΜ οτβΗΚΜ Mexpy MamMTaMM πρΜΜβΗΒβτοη φβρροΜ3ΓΗΜΤΗ3η Tpy6a. HIf φΜΓ · 5 noKa3aH npMMep ncnonHeHnn, npepcTaBneHHbiii Ha Φμγ.4; ορΗβκο, ΒΜβοτο ηροφΜΠΒΗΟΜ οτβΗΚΜ Mexpy MamMTaMM πρΜΜβΗΒβτοη φβρροΜ3ΓΗΜΤΗ3η Tpy6a. H

Ha φΜΓ.6 TaioKe noKa3aH πρΜΜβρ μοποπηθημβ, npepcTaBneHHbiM Ha Φμγ.4, TonbKo ΒΜβοτο 3aMbiKaiomeM Ηβκοροτκο nnMTbi 4 6bin Mcnonb3oeaH οτκρΗτωίί KBepxy U-o6pa3HbiM ηροφΜΠΒ. MamMTbi pacnonoxeHbi b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, nnomo npMneran ppyr κ ppyry Ha BHyTpeHHMX οτοροΗβχ πpoφMnbHbιx ποποκ.Ha φΜΓ.6 TaioKe noKa3aH πρΜΜβρ μοποπηθημβ, npepcTaBneHHbiM If Φμγ.4, TonbKo ΒΜβοτο 3aMbiKaiomeM Ηβκοροτκο nnMTbi 4 6bin Mcnonb3oeaH οτκρΗτωίί KBepxy U-o6pa3HbiM ηροφΜΠΒ. MamMTbi pacnonoxeHbi b npoponbHOM HanpaBneHMM, nnom npMneran ppyr κ ppyry Ha BHyTpeHHMX οτοροΗβχ πpoφMnbHbιx ποποκ.

Ha Φμγ.7 noKa3a»tycMneHHbiM no moimhoctm eapnaHT μοποπηθημβ, b cnynae KOToporo HecyiUMM ηροφΜΠΒ 2 npepcTaBnneT co6om noBepHyTbiii KHM3y U-o6pa3Hbiii προφηπ^ Πο OTHOuieHMto κ ero ο6θμμ 6οκοβμμ CTeHKaM xaK Mexcpy hmmm, TaKMM *e o6pa30M KaK noKa3ano Ha Φμγ. 1 m 4. TaioKe m b stom cnynae npoTMBonexauiMe 7 LV 10411 noniOCHbie ΠΟΒβρΧΗΟΟΤΜ HanpaBneHbl B OflHOM HanpaBneHMM, TaK HTO CMnOBbie ΠΜΗmm, OTTanKMBa«cb ppyr ot ppyra, cooTBeTCTByioiu|MM o6pa30M προχορπτ nepe3 φθρρθΜ3ΓΗΜΤΗΒΐθ HecymMe οτβΗΚΜ μπμ 3aMbiKaiomMe HaKopoTKO nnmbi. B οδιρβΜ, b OTHOiueHmi xopa MamnTHbix cnnoBbix πμημμ, a TaiOKe reHepnpyeMoii πορτ>βΜΗθΜ ομπμ, cnepyeT McxopMTb m KOM6MHapMM Φμγ.1 μ 4. TaKMM o6pa30M, pocTMraeTcn cooTCTByK)iiļee ycnneHne μοιρηοοτμ.Ha Φμγ.7 noKa3a »tycMneHHbiM of moimhoctm eapnaHT μοποπηθημβ, b cnynae KOToporo HecyiUMM ηροφΜΠΒ 2 npepcTaBnneT co6om noBepHyTbiii KHM3y U-o6pa3Hbiii προφηπ ^ Πο OTHOuieHMto κ ero ο6θμμ 6οκοβμμ CTeHKaM xaK Mexcpy hmmm, TaKMM * e o6pa30M CEC noKa3ano Ha Φμγ. 1 m 4 m TaioKe b stom cnynae npoTMBonexauiMe 7 EN 10411 noniOCHbie ΠΟΒβρΧΗΟΟΤΜ HanpaBneHbl B OflHOM HanpaBneHMM, TAK HTO CMnOBbie ΠΜΗmm, OTTanKMBa «cb ppyr ot ppyra, cooTBeTCTByioiu | MM o6pa30M προχορπτ nepe3 φθρρθΜ3ΓΗΜΤΗΒΐθ HecymMe οτβΗΚΜ μπμ 3aMbiKaiomMe HaKopoTKO nnmbi. B οδιρβΜ, b OTHOiueHmi xop MamnTHbix cnnoBbix πμημμ, a TaiOKe reHepnpyeMoii πορτ >

Ha Φμγ.8 noKa3aHO ycTpoiicTBO, aHanomHHoe ycipoiicTBy, noKa3aHHOMy Ha Φμγ.7,opHaKO, b naHHOM cnynae TaiOKe KaK μ b npMMepe μοποπηθημπ, npepcTaBneHHOM Ha Φμγ.6, BHeiUHMe πποτηο cneflytoinne ppyr 3a ppyroM MamtiTbi 1 3aMKHyTbi HaKopoTKO nocpencTBOM OTKpbuoro KBepxy U-o6pa3Horo προφΜππ 2. BHyTpeHHMe MamMTbi 1 omeneHbi ot 3aMbiKaiomero HaKopoTKO προφΜππ 4 nocpepcTBOM, HanpHMep, μ30ππμμοηηομ ππμτμ 8. B cnynae stoto BapMama μοποπηθημπ npaicronecKM MMeiOTca flBa KOHTypa MamnTHbix ομποβνχ πμημμ. nepebiii KOHTyp προχορΜτ οτ BHyTpeHHero Mamma 1 nepe3 BHyTpeHHMii U-o6pa3Hbiii προφΜ^ 2, KaK b npMMepe, ποκβ3βηηομ Ha Φμγ.1 . Βτοροίί KOHTyp προχορπτ Hepee 3aMbiKaK>mMM HaKopoTKO πpoφMΠb 4, BHeiUHMe MarHMTbi m 3aieM BHyTpeHHMii πpoφMnb 2. TaKMM o6pa30M, flocTMraeTCB 6onbuiaH nnOTHOCTb MarHMTHOrO nOTOKa, ΗβΜ B npMMepe, Π0Κ33ΒΗΗ0Μ Ha φΜΓ.7. OpHaKO, nocpencTBOM yBenMHeHMn rpy3onopteMHocTM K.n.fl. cymecTBeHHO He noBbimaeTcn.Ha Φμγ.8 noKa3aHO ycTpoiicTBO, aHanomHHoe ycipoiicTBy, noKa3aHHOMy Ha Φμγ.7, opHaKO, b naHHOM cnynae TaiOKe CEC μ b EXAMPLE μοποπηθημπ, npepcTaBneHHOM Ha Φμγ.6, BHeiUHMe πποτηο cneflytoinne ppyr 3a ppyroM MamtiTbi 1 3aMKHyTbi HaKopoTKO nocpencTBOM OTKpbuoro KBepxy U-o6pa3Horo προφΜππ 2. BHyTpeHHMe MamMTbi 1 omenHbi ot 3aMbiKomom HaKopoTKO προφΜππ 4 nocpepcTBOM, HanpHMep, μ30ππμμοηηομ ππμτμ 8. B cnyna stoto BapMama μοποπηθημπ npaicronecKM MMeiOTca flBa KOHTypa MamnTHbix ομποβνχ πμημμ. nepebiii KOHTyp προχορΜτ οτ BHyTpeHHero Mamma 1 nepe3 BHyTpeHHMii U-o6pa3Hbiii προφΜ ^ 2, KaK b npMMepe, ποκβ3βηηομ Ha Φμγ.1. Βτοροίί KOHTyp προχορπτ HEPES 3aMbiKaK > MMM HaKopoTKO πpoφMΠb 4 BHeiUHMe MarHMTbi m 3aieM BHyTpeHHMii πpoφMnb 2 TaKMM o6pa30M, flocTMraeTCB 6onbuiaH nnOTHOCTb MarHMTHOrO nOTOKa, ΗβΜ B EXAMPLE, Π0Κ33ΒΗΗ0Μ Ha φΜΓ.7. OpHaKO, nocpencTBOM yBenMHeHMn rpy3onopteMHocTM K.n.fl. cymecTBeHHO He noBbimaeTcn.

Ha φΜΓ.9 noKa3aHO MHoroKpaTHoe pacnonoaceHMe BapnaHTa μοποπηθημη, noKa3aHHoro Ha φΜΓ.7. C noMOīpbio θτογο ycipoMCTBa pocTMraeTCfi noBbiuieHMe MOIPHOCTM.Ha φΜΓ.9 noKa3aHO MHoroKpaTHoe pacnonoaceHMe BapnaHTa μοποπηθημη, noKa3aHHoro Ha φΜΓ.7. C sputum θτογο ycipoMCTBa pocTMraeTCfi fromBbiuieHMe MOIPHOCTM.

Ha φΜΓ.10 noKa3aHo pacnonox<eHMe μβγημτοβ 1 no o-mouieHMio κ 6οκοβμμ CTeHKaM HecymMX προφΜπβΜ 2. ΠρΜ stom, HanpaBnniomMe ροπμκμ pacnono)KeHbi TaK, hto MarHMTbi pa*e Ha ποΒοροτβχ ypep>KMBaiOTCH tohho nocepepMHe Mexpy οτβΗΚ3ΜΜ.Ha φΜΓ.10 noKa3aHo pacnonox < eHMe μβγημτοβ 1 o-mouieHMio κ 6οκοβμμ CTeHKaM HecymMX προφΜπβΜ 2 ΠρΜ stom, HanpaBnniomMe ροπμκμ pacnono) KeHbi Tak, whereby to MarHMTbi a * e H ποΒοροτβχ ypep > KMBaiOTCH tohho nocepepMHe Mexpy οτβΗΚ3ΜΜ.

Ha φΜΓ.11 nOKa3aHa B03M0>KH0CTb ΠρΜΜβΗβΗΜΗ CMCTeMbl 1,2 b nOflBeCHOM yCTpOMCTBe. Κ ΗΜΧΗβΜ CTOpOHe δβΤΟΗΗΟΜ onopbl 6 ΠρΜΚρβΠΠβΗΜ HecyilļMe ηροφΜΠΜ 2, B το >xe BpeMH KaK Ha ΒβρχΗβίί οτοροΗβ pacnonoaceHHoro nop hmm rpy3a 7, κοτορΜΜ, HanpMMep, μο>κθτ 6biTb TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO, npepycMOTpeHbi MamMTbi 1, B3aMMopeMCTBytouļMe c ηροφΜΠΠΜΜ 2. Ha ΒβρχΗβίί οτοροΗβ rpy3a ΜΠΜ TpaHcnopTHoro cpepcTBa 7, κροΜβ τογο npepycMOTpeHbi HanpaBnatouļMe ροπμκμ 3, KOTopbie B3aMMopeMCTByioT co cpepHeii Hecyipeii iumhom. nooTynaTenbHoe ρβμχθημθ ocymecTBnaeTCH c noMouibio TaiOKe pacnonoaceHHoro nocpepMHe aneicrpopBMraTenH 5 c ΠρΠΜΟΠΜΗβΜΗΜΜ MarHMTHbIM ΠΟΠβΜ.If φΜΓ.11 nOKa3aHa B03M0 > KH0CTb ΠρΜΜβΗβΗΜΗ CMCTeMbl 1.2 b nOflBeCHOM yCTpOMCTBe. Κ ΗΜΧΗβΜ CTOpOHe δβΤΟΗΗΟΜ onopbl 6 ΠρΜΚρβΠΠβΗΜ HecyilļMe ηροφΜΠΜ 2, B το > xe BpeMH CEC Ha ΒβρχΗβίί οτοροΗβ pacnonoaceHHoro nop hmm rpy3a 7 κοτορΜΜ, HanpMMep, μο > κθτ 6biTb TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO, npepycMOTpeHbi MamMTbi 1 B3aMMopeMCTBytouļMe c ηροφΜΠΠΜΜ 2 H ΒβρχΗβίί οτοροΗβ rpy3a ΜΠΜ TpaHcnopTHoro cpepcTBa 7, κροΜβ τογο npepycMOTpeHbi HanpaBnatouMe ροπμκμ 3, KOTopbie B3aMMopeMCTByioT co cpepHeii Hecyipeii iumhom. nooTynaTenbHoe ρβμχθημθ ocymecTBnaeTCH c noMouibio TaiOKe pacnonoaceHHoro nocpepMHe aneicrpopBMraTenH 5 c ΠρΠΜΟΠΜΗβΜΗΜΜ MarHMTHbIM ΠΟΠβΜ.

Ha Φμγ.12 noxa3aHo TaK Ha3biBaeMoe BepTMKanbHoe pacnonoxeHMe rpy3a 7 no OTHoiueHMio κ οΜοτβΜβ 1,2. TaiOKe m b pphhom cnynae HecymMe ηροφΜΠΜ 2 pacnono>KeHbi Ha ημχηθμ οτοροΗβ 6θτοηηομ onopbi μπμ 6οκοβμχ κοηοοπθμ 6θτοηηομ onopbl 6. Γpy3 μπμ TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO 7 pacnono>KeH Hap 6θτοηηομ onopoM 6 m nepeKpbiBaeT CHM3y 6oK0Bbie κοηοοπμ Θθτοηηομ onopbl 6, Ha KOTopbix ycTaHOBneHbi MarHMTbl 1 TaK, HTO OHM COOTBeTCTByiOmMM 06pa30M B3aMMOfleMCTByiOT b HecyuļMMM ηροφΜΠΗΜΜ 2. TlocepepMHe Ha BepxHeii οτοροΗβ 6θτοηηομ onopbl 6 ycT3H0BneHa 8If Φμγ.12 noxa3aHo TaK Ha3biBaeMoe BepTMKanbHoe pacnonoxeHMe rpy3a 7 no OTHoiueHMio κ οΜοτβΜβ 1,2. TaiOKe mb pphhom cnynae HecymMe ηροφΜΠΜ 2 pacnono > KeHbi Ha ημχηθμ οτοροΗβ 6θτοηηομ onopbi μπμ 6οκοβμχ κοηοοπθμ 6θτοηηομ onopbl 6 Γpy3 μπμ TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO 7 pacnono > KEH Hap 6θτοηηομ onopoM 6 m nepeKpbiBaeT CHM3y 6oK0Bbie κοηοοπμ Θθτοηηομ onopbl 6 H KOTopbix ycTaHOBneHbi MarHMTbl 1 Tak, HTO OHM COOTBeTCTByOmMM 06pa30M B3aMMOfleMCTBYOT b HecyuLMMM ηροφΜΠΗΜΜ 2. TlocepepMHe Ha BepxHeii οτοροΗβ 6θτοηηομ onopbl 6 ycT3H0BneHa 8

Hanpaenflioiiļafl lUMHa pna Heii3o6pa>KeHHbix 3pecb HanpaBnaKDiiļnx ponmcoe m 3ί1ΘΚΤρθβΒΜΓ3ΤβΠΛ 5 C ΠρΗΜΟΠΜΗΘΜΗΜΜ MarHMTHblM ΠΟΠΘΜ ΟΠΒ OCyiHeCTBneHMfl nocTynaTenbHoro αβμ)ΚΘΗμλ.Hanpaenflioiii lilaHa pna Heii3o6pa > KeHHbix 3pcb HanpaBnaKDilnx ponmcoe m 3ί1ΘΚΤρθβΒΜΓ3ΤβΠΛ 5 C ΠρΗΜΟΠΜΗΘΜΗΜΜ MarHMTHblM ΠΟΠΘΜ ΟΠΒ OCyiHeCTBneHMfl nocTynaTenbHoro αβμ) ΚΘΗμλ.

Ha cļ)w\ 13 u 14 npenciaBneH npaKrvmecKMii npuMep μοποπηθημα. B πβηηομ cnynae rpy30M m TpaHcnopTHbiM cpepcTBOM 7 aermeTCH nepeB03yunee nacca)KMpoB TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO. Ha ero βθρχηθμ οτοροΗβ 3aKpenneHbi MamiiTU 1, KOTOpbie BXOflBT B OTKpbITbIM KHM3y U-06pa3HblM HeCyiiļMM npOCļJMnb. MOJKHO BMfleTb, HTO TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO 7 nepeMemae-rca b ποηβθοηομ pacnonoaceHMi. 9Ha cl) w 13 u 14 npenciaBneH npaKrvmecKMii npuMep μοποπηθημα. B πβηηομ cnynae rpy30M m TpaHcnopTHbiM cpepcTBOM 7 aermeTCH nepeB03yunee nacca) KMpoB TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO. Ha Difference βθρχηθμ οτοροΗβ 3aKpenneHbi MamiTu 1, KOTOpbie BXOflBT B OTKpbITbIM KHM3y U-06pa3HblM HeCyiiMM npOClJMnb. MOJKHO BMfleTb, HTO TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBO 7 nepeMemae-rca b ποηβθοηομ pacnonoaceHMi. 9

CriMCOK Π03Μ4Μίί: 1 - Mammu; 2 - Hecymne προφιιπιι; 3 - HanpaBnfliomMe ροπμκμ; 4 - cpeppoMamMTHbie namu; 5 - aneKTpoflBuraTenb c npflMomiHefiHbiM MamuTHbiM ποπθμ; 6 - GeTOHHaa onopa; 7 - rpy3 μπμ TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBo; 8 - M30n«LlM0HHaH ΠΠΜΤβ.CriMCOK Π03Μ4Μίί: 1 - Mom; 2 - Hecymne προφιιπιι; 3 - HanpaBnfliomMe ροπμκμ; 4 - cpeppoMamMTHbie home; 5 - aneKTpoflBuraTenb c npflMomiHefiHbiM MamuTHbiM ποπθμ; 6 - GeTOHHaa onop; 7 - rpy3 μπμ TpaHcnopTHoe cpepcTBo; 8 - M30n «LlM0HHaH ΠΠΜΤβ.

Claims (18)

LV 10411 IZGUDROJUMA FORMULA 1. Magnētiska spēka sistēma kravu transportēšanai ar maziem berzes radītiem zudumiem, kas satur vismaz vienu magnētu, kuram ir vismaz viena polu virsma, kuram piestiprinātas kravas, un magnētiski mīkstu nesošo profilu, kas piestiprināts uz nekustīga balsta, ar vertikāli orientētu profilētu sieniņu, kas izvirzīta ārpus polu virsmām balsta virzienā, a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka konstrukcijas vienkāršošanas nolūkā magnēta (I) polu virsma novietota paralēli nesošā profila (2) vertikālajai virsmai, turklāt ar mehānisku līdzekļu palīdzību tiek panākta vienā pusē noteikta gaisa atstarpe starp paralēlajām virsmām, bet otrā pusē iespēja nobīdīt magnētu (I) vertikālā virzienā.1. A magnetic force system for the transport of goods with small frictional losses containing at least one magnet having at least one pole surface to which the load is attached and a magnetically soft bearing profile attached to the rigid support by a vertically oriented profiled part. the wall protruding outside the poles in the direction of the support is that, for the purpose of simplification of the structure, the surface of the pole (I) is positioned on the vertical surface of the supporting profile (2), furthermore, by means of mechanical means, a defined air gap between the two sides is provided. parallel surfaces, and on the other side the possibility of moving the magnet (I) in the vertical direction. 2. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka vismaz viens magnēts (I) novietots uz leju vaļējā U-veida profilā (2) no feromagnētiska materiāla.A system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that at least one magnet (I) is positioned downwardly in an open U-shaped profile (2) from a ferromagnetic material. 3. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. un 2. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka starp magnēta (I) polu virsmām un profila (2) vertikālajām sieniņām paredzēta atstarpe.A system according to claims 1 and 2 of the invention, characterized in that a space is provided between the pole surfaces of the magnet (I) and the vertical walls of the profile (2). 4. Sistēma sakaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka profils (2) veidots no divām vertikālām, savstarpēji tieši nesaslēgtām sānu sieniņām no feromagnētiska materiāla turklāt starp sieniņu iekšējām virsmām paredzēti vismaz divi viens aiz otra garenvirzienā novietoti magnēti (I), kas vērsti viens pret otru ar dažāda nosaukuma poliem.4. The system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that the profile (2) is made up of two vertical, mutually non-directly connected sidewalls of ferromagnetic material and at least two longitudinally spaced longitudinal planes between the walls. magnets (I) facing each other with poles of different names. 5. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka profila (2) vienai vertikālajai feromagnētiskajai sieniņai piestiprināti divi magnētu pāri, turklāt attiecībā pret sieniņu pretējie poli ir ar vienādu nosaukumu (N-N, S-S) (atgrūšanās).The system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that two magnet pairs are attached to one vertical ferromagnetic wall of the profile (2), the opposite poles being identical to the wall (NN, SS) (repulsion). ). 6. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 5. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka par feromagnētisko sieniņu paredzēta caurule (2), kas novietota būtībā sarp magnētu (1) virknēm.A system according to claim 5 of the invention, characterized in that a tube (2) is provided on the ferromagnetic wall, which is arranged essentially between the strings of the magnet (1). 7. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 5. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka divu vienam aiz otra garenvirzienā sekojošu magnētu (I) ārējie poli saslēgti tieši ar feromagnētisku plāksni (4).System according to claim 5 of the invention, characterized in that the outer poly (2) of the two magnets (I), which follow one another in longitudinal direction, is directly connected to the ferromagnetic plate (4). 8. Sistēma sakaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 7. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka tieši saslēgtās plāksnes (4) izveidotas kā aukšdaļā vaļējs U-veida profils, uz kura iekšējās malas ciešā secībā viens aiz otra piestiprināti magnēti (1).A system according to claim 7 of the invention, characterized in that the directly connected plates (4) are formed as a high-profile U-shaped profile, on which the magnets (1) are fixed in close proximity to the inner edges. 9. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1., 2. un 4. punktu, kas a t Š ķ i r a s ar to, ka par feromagnētisko nesošo profilu (2) paredzēts apakšdaļā vaļējs U-veida profils, kura iekšpusē starp abām vertikālajām sānu sieniņām paredzēts vismaz viens magnēts (1), turklāt uz sieniņu atbilstošās ārējās malas paredzēts vismaz viens magnētu (1) pāris, bez tam magnētu vienādu polu virsmas vērstas pretī viena otrai attiecībā pret vertikālajām sieniņām (atgrūšanās princips).A system according to claims 1, 2 and 4 of the invention, characterized in that a ferromagnetic bearing profile (2) is provided at the bottom of an open U-shaped profile, at least between the two vertical side walls. one magnet (1), furthermore at least one pair of magnets (1) is provided on the corresponding outer edges of the wall, and the same polar surfaces of the magnet are facing each other relative to the vertical walls (repulsion principle). 10. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 8. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka ārējie magnēti (1) cieši saslēgti ar aukšdajā vaļēju U-veida profilu (4), turklāt ārējais magnēts (1) ekranizēts no U-veida profila (4) ar izolācijas plāksnes (8) palīdzību.A system according to claim 8 of the invention, characterized in that the outer magnets (1) are tightly connected to the high open U-shaped profile (4) and the outer magnet (1) is shielded from the U-shaped profile. (4) with insulation plate (8). 11. Sistēma sakaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1-9. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka kravas celtspējas palielināšanas nolūkā viens otram blakus novietoti vairāki profili (2) ar attiecīgi izvietotiem magnētiem (1).11. The system according to the invention formulas 1-9. characterized by the fact that several profiles (2) with magnets (1) are arranged adjacent to each other for the purpose of increasing the load capacity. 12. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas iepriekšējiem punktiem, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka magnētiskajām ierīcēm ir vadrullīši (3), kas atrodas mijiedarbībā ar vertikālajām profilētajām sieniņām, kuri notur magnētus (1) noteiktā attālumā no nesošo profilu (2) sieniņām.A system according to the preceding claims of the invention, characterized in that the magnetic devices have guide rollers (3) interacting with the vertical profiled walls that hold the magnets (1) at a certain distance from the walls of the bearing profile (2). . 13. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka magnēti (1) ir pastāvīgi magnēti.A system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that the magnets (1) are permanent magnets. 14. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka magnēti (1) ir elektromagnēti.14. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the magnets (1) are electromagnetic. 15. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka krava (7), ko transportē sistēma (1,2), novietoti virs profilmagnētiskās ierīces (vertikālais novietojums).The system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that the load (7) transported by the system (1,2) is positioned above the profile magnetic device (vertical position). 16. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka krava (7), ko transportē sistēma (1, 2), novietota zem profilmagnētiskās ierīces (paceltais stāvoklis).A system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that the load (7) transported by the system (1, 2) is positioned under the profile magnetic device (raised position). 17. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka transportēšanas nolūkā sistēmā (1, 2) paredzēts elektrodzinējs (5) ar taisnvirziena magnētisko lauku.A system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that for transport purposes the system (1, 2) is provided with an electric motor (5) with a rectangular magnetic field. 18. Sistēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kas a t š ķ i r a s ar to, ka transportēšanas nolūkā sistēmā (1, 2) paredzēti piedziņas rullīši, kas atrodas mijiedarbībā ar profilu, ar piedziņu vismaz no viena dzinēja.A system according to claim 1 of the invention, characterized in that for transport purposes, the system (1, 2) is provided with drive rollers interacting with the profile driven by at least one engine.
LVP-92-682A 1986-02-27 1992-12-30 Magnetic power system for transporting charges without friction LV10411B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3606459 1986-02-27
DE3635258A DE3635258C1 (en) 1986-02-27 1986-10-16 Magnetic force system for low-friction transport of loads
PCT/EP1987/000100 WO1987005271A1 (en) 1986-02-27 1987-02-23 Magnetic power system for transporting charges without friction
NO874460A NO168571C (en) 1986-02-27 1987-10-26 MAGNETIC POWER SYSTEM FOR FRICTION-FREE TRANSPORT OF LOAD
NO904687A NO174497B (en) 1986-02-27 1990-10-29 Magnetic power system for low friction transport of cargo

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LV10411B true LV10411B (en) 1995-06-20

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EP0234543A1 (en) 1987-09-02
LV10412A (en) 1995-02-20
PT84386A (en) 1987-03-01
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YU31587A (en) 1989-04-30
MA20886A1 (en) 1987-10-01
GR3001078T3 (en) 1992-04-17
CN1042334A (en) 1990-05-23
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DK545487D0 (en) 1987-10-19
HU205302B (en) 1992-04-28
DE3635258C1 (en) 1987-10-01
HUT46870A (en) 1988-12-28
RU2069156C1 (en) 1996-11-20
DK15291A (en) 1991-01-29
JPH088724B2 (en) 1996-01-29
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NO174497B (en) 1994-02-07
MX168302B (en) 1993-05-17
EP0356370B1 (en) 1991-05-08
FI89886C (en) 1993-12-10
NO904687D0 (en) 1990-10-29
NO904687L (en) 1987-10-26
PT84386B (en) 1989-07-31
AU617253B2 (en) 1991-11-21
CN87102301A (en) 1987-09-30
OA08832A (en) 1989-03-31
WO1987005271A1 (en) 1987-09-11
JPH088726B2 (en) 1996-01-29
CA1270913A (en) 1990-06-26
FI89886B (en) 1993-08-31
ATE63267T1 (en) 1991-05-15
DK168622B1 (en) 1994-05-09
LV10412B (en) 1995-06-20
RO105680B1 (en) 1992-11-30
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CN1007505B (en) 1990-04-11
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GR3002334T3 (en) 1992-12-30

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