CN1413084A - 可食热塑性塑料和营养的分段的宠物咀嚼物 - Google Patents
可食热塑性塑料和营养的分段的宠物咀嚼物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1413084A CN1413084A CN00817457A CN00817457A CN1413084A CN 1413084 A CN1413084 A CN 1413084A CN 00817457 A CN00817457 A CN 00817457A CN 00817457 A CN00817457 A CN 00817457A CN 1413084 A CN1413084 A CN 1413084A
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- thermoplastic
- edible
- starch
- edible thermoplastic
- pet
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可食热塑性塑料，由包含约30－50wt.％的包括植物和动物来源蛋白质的混合物的蛋白质，约20－50wt.％淀粉，约10－20wt.％水，约1－10wt.％可食纤维，约0.5－3wt.％金属盐水合物制成。模塑时，该热塑性塑料具有良好的强度和挺度和其它物理性能。该可食热塑性塑料可模塑成各种各样的形状，包括具有多个被多个刻痕(14)分隔的段的分段营养宠物咀嚼物(16)。刻痕(14)用于从结构上减弱该宠物咀嚼物，这样它可断裂成较小的块。模塑时，该可食热塑性塑料的密度为约1.2－1.5g/立方厘米。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及可食热塑性塑料。更具体地说，涉及一种由可食蛋白质-基营养热塑性塑料制成的宠物咀嚼物、及其使用方法。
技术背景
对许多人来说，狗和其它的宠物在家庭环境中起着提供陪伴和安全的重要作用。人们正更加关注宠物的健康和卫生。宠物咀嚼物常用于帮助按摩牙龈并增强和清洁狗或宠物的牙齿。
大多数宠物本性是嬉戏的，这是宠物主人对宠物所能容忍的。但这种嬉戏性情可能以一种破坏方式表现出来。宠物可在表现其嬉戏性的同时破坏鞋、家具、窗帘、和其它物品。由于宠物将其嬉戏能量花费在宠物咀嚼物上，宠物不太会破坏性地咀嚼家庭物品。
咀嚼在狗的生命中起着重要作用。咀嚼不仅有助于动物消化食物和吸收营养，而且咀嚼还促进健康的坚强牙齿。宠物通常在出牙时咀嚼物品。年龄2-6个月之间的小动物通过咀嚼来减轻出牙疼痛。其它的狗崽也因为出牙原因而咀嚼。即使它们的牙齿在里面，根部没有完全固定，因此咀嚼减轻了根部固定时的疼痛。
对于年长的狗和其它宠物，咀嚼也可以是一种动物游戏。大多数宠物喜欢捕捉游戏并通常咀嚼投向它们的物品。
大约自从狗成为人们生活的一部分，它们就得到动物骨头进行咀嚼。骨头减轻了出牙的疼痛，提供游戏目标，并向宠物提供一定营养。但某些动物骨头可破裂并对宠物造成内伤。
因此，已经开发出许多由宠物使用的咀嚼物。但许多咀嚼物是由可对宠物有害的成分制成的。例如，生皮骨或丝棉玩具是大多数狗所喜欢的，因为它们包含天然香味。但这些咀嚼物会破裂并对宠物造成内伤。由生皮制成的咀嚼物可通过宠物的咀嚼作用迅速破坏。另外，这些人造咀嚼物是不可食的并只能提供较少的营养。
其它的人造咀嚼物是由骨头形式的硬塑料制成的。这些咀嚼物主要为较大宠物制造。较小的宠物和小动物由于骨头的尺寸和硬度而不能咀嚼这些塑料骨头。这些塑料骨头也会破裂，因此必须小心以防对宠物造成内伤。如同生皮骨头，塑料咀嚼物也是不可食的并向宠物提供较少的营养。
目前市场上有几种人造宠物咀嚼物。一个例子是由在塑料聚合物中分散有动物膳食的模塑合成热塑性塑料制成的。该咀嚼物坚硬并造成较少的可能出现于天然骨头的牙齿磨损。但这种咀嚼物不是可食的并且没有营养。另外，该合成聚合物不是可生物降解的，而且可能会危害环境。
其它的宠物咀嚼物由具有中间材料的玉米淀粉基材料或玉米淀粉乙烯基-共聚物制成。这些咀嚼物缺少营养价值且不能替代或补充宠物的日常饮食。
在所有情况下，如果该狗是一个挑衅性咀嚼者并能够破碎异常大块的人造咀嚼物时，必须要小心。
最近，已开发出满足不同需求的宠物咀嚼物。例如，环境友善的咀嚼物由具有可生物降解共聚物的天然玉米、小麦、或米淀粉制成。其它的咀嚼物包含也可生物降解的纤维素纤维。
为了减轻对宠物的可能损害，已经开发出耐破裂的咀嚼物。
但仍然需要一种完全可食和可生物降解的宠物咀嚼物。提供一种对所有年龄或大小的宠物都安全的咀嚼物是本领域一个更深远的进步。提供一种向宠物提供营养益处的宠物咀嚼物也是一个进步。本领域的另一进步将是，该咀嚼物向宠物提供完全的营养平衡。另一进步将是，该咀嚼物有助于保持良好的口腔卫生以及宠物牙齿和牙龈的健康。提供一种可用于训练宠物的宠物咀嚼物也将是本领域的另一进步。本文公开和要求了这种宠物咀嚼物以及使用和制造方法。
发明概述
本发明涉及一种可用于动物咀嚼物和宠物食物的可食热塑性塑料。该热塑性塑料由植物和动物来源蛋白质的组合制成。加入其它成分以保证动物获得完全满意的卡数和营养。为此，该可食热塑性塑料包含淀粉，纤维，和金属盐水合物。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中，该热塑性塑料由约30-50wt.％的植物蛋白质和动物蛋白质的混合物，约20-50wt.％淀粉，约10-20wt.％水，约1-10wt.％可食纤维，和约0.5-3wt.％金属盐水合物制成。如果模塑该热塑性塑料，其密度优选约1.2-1.5g/立方厘米。
目前优选的植物蛋白质是大豆蛋白质。大豆蛋白质可得自各种各样的来源，包括大豆蛋白质浓缩物，大豆蛋白质分离物，和其组合。
植物蛋白质也可包含来自其它的植物(包括谷类)的蛋白质。这种谷类可包括，但不限于，小麦，黑麦，燕麦，大麦，玉米，米，小米，和高粱。谷类蛋白质优选自麦醇溶蛋白，谷蛋白，裸麦醇溶蛋白，燕麦蛋白，大麦醇溶蛋白，玉米醇溶蛋白，米谷蛋白，高粱醇溶蛋白，和其组合。应该理解，大豆、谷类和其它的植物蛋白质的组合在本发明的范围内。
动物蛋白质也可来自各种各样的来源，包括，但不限于，酪蛋白，白蛋白，胶原，明胶，角蛋白，以及这些和其它的动物来源蛋白质的组合。
用于热塑性塑料的淀粉可以是天然的未改性的淀粉，化学改变的淀粉，预胶凝化淀粉，以及这些和其它的淀粉的组合。如果使用天然淀粉，该天然淀粉优选包括玉米淀粉，高直链淀粉的玉米淀粉，马铃薯淀粉，甜马铃薯淀粉，小麦淀粉，米淀粉，木薯淀粉，高粱淀粉，以及这些和其它的天然未改性的淀粉的组合。
可用于本发明的化学改变的淀粉的例子包括，但不限于，羟乙基淀粉，羟丙基淀粉，羧甲基淀粉，乙酰基化高直链淀粉，淀粉乙酸酯，淀粉马来酸酯，淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸酯，淀粉琥珀酸酯，淀粉邻苯二甲酸酯，羟丙基化高直链淀粉(hydroxypropylate high amylose starch)，交联淀粉，淀粉磷酸酯，羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯，淀粉丙酰胺，以及这些和其它的化学改变的淀粉的组合。
本发明的可食纤维可包括可溶性和不溶性纤维。这些纤维可包括膳食纤维，天然纤维素纤维，以及这些和其它的纤维的组合。
本发明的可食热塑性塑料优选包括金属盐水合物。在某些实施方案中，该金属盐水合物可以是钙，钠，钾，锌，铁，铝，或磷盐，或其混合物。金属盐水合物也可以是氯化物，碳酸盐，硫酸盐，乳酸盐，草酸盐，硼酸盐，磷酸盐，或乙酸盐，或其混合物。目前优选用于本发明的某些金属盐水合物的例子包括CaCl2·2H2O、CaSO4·2H2O、AlK(SO4)2·12H2O、AlNH4(SO4)2·12H2O、FeCl2·6H2O、CaHPO4·2H2O、Ca(C3H5O3)2·5H2O、和Na2B4O7·10H2O。
在某些实施方案中，本发明的可食热塑性塑料可包含调味料，这样对宠物更加可口。该调味料的存在量优选为约0.5-15wt.％。这些调味料可包括天然调味料例如鸡粉，火鸡粉，洋葱粉，大蒜粉，植物油，肉，动物产品，鸡肉，鸡脂肪，牛皮，牛肉，牛脂肪，猪皮，猪肉，猪脂肪，干肉丝，以及这些和其它的调味料的组合。
可食热塑性塑料也可包含最高20wt.％的可食增塑剂。更优选，可食热塑性塑料可包含12-18wt.％可食增塑剂。可食增塑剂优选包括，但不限于，甘油，脱水山梨醇，乙二醇，丙二醇，二甘醇，二丙二醇，甘露糖醇，山梨醇，以及这些和其它的可食增塑剂的组合。
可加入最高10wt.％的改性剂以提高可食热塑性塑料的机械和加工性能。这种改性剂包括藻酸钠，果胶，角叉菜胶，角豆胶，琼脂，甘露聚糖，碳水化合物树胶，和其组合。
可向热塑性塑料中加入营养物以增加可食热塑性塑料的营养含量。这种营养物可包括维生素，无机物，痕量元素，动物脂肪，植物油，卵磷脂，和草药。营养物的加入量优选为可食热塑性塑料的最高5wt.％。
维生素可包括，但不限于，维生素A，维生素，B，维生素B2，维生素B3，维生素B12，维生素C，维生素D，维生素E，烟酸，生物素，甲萘醌，叶酸，吡哆辛，和其组合。
无机物如钙，钾，镁，和钠也可作为营养物提供。也可包含痕量浓度的其它的营养物如铁，磷，锌，锰，碘，硒，和钴。
油在宠物饮食中是重要的，用以提供健康的毛皮覆盖。因此，油如亚麻种子油，向日葵油，亚麻酸，牛脂肪，猪脂肪，和鸡脂肪可加入到可食热塑性塑料中。
也可加入某些天然草生植物如亚麻种子，迷迭香，茴香，黄春菊，缬草，荨麻叶，红莓叶，海索草，丝兰，和洋苏草以向宠物提供营养。
由于该热塑性塑料是可食且包含营养物，它会发生变质。因此，在某些实施方案中，该热塑性塑料可包含防腐剂如丙酸钙，山梨酸，山梨酸钾，丁基化羟基茴香醚(BHA)，丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)，乙氧喹(ethoxyquin)，乳酸，苯甲酸，苯甲酸钠，p-羟基苯甲酸乙酯，p-羟基苯甲酸丙酯，以及这些和其它的已知的防腐剂的组合。
宠物口腔卫生对喜欢与宠物关系密切的许多宠物主人是重要的。在某些实施方案中，该热塑性塑料包含卫生添加剂以清洁和护理宠物的口腔。典型的卫生添加剂可包括抗牙垢剂，焦磷酸钙，三聚磷酸钠，柠檬酸锌，磷酸氢钙，脱薄荷醇化薄荷油(薄荷素油)(dementholized peppermint oil)，薄荷油，山梨醇，和脱水山梨醇。
可食热塑性塑料在模塑时具有一定的物理性能。在一个实施方案中，模塑的热塑性塑料的拉伸强度为约1-5MPa。更优选，拉伸强度是约1.5-2.5MPa。模塑的热塑性塑料也可具有约6-100％的百分伸长率。更优选，百分伸长率是约20-80％。模塑的热塑性塑料也可具有约65-2600MPa的杨氏模量。更优选，杨氏模量是约65-1000MPa。
本发明还涉及一种模塑成为分段构型的营养宠物咀嚼物，这样各个段可折断并根据需要供给宠物。宠物咀嚼物可成型为具有许多被以下称作刻痕的很多刻痕，凹痕，孔眼，或切口或其它的定域结构减弱处分隔的段。刻痕用于减弱在预定位置上的宠物咀嚼物。这种减弱的宠物咀嚼物可在刻痕位置上断裂，这样取出一段，给予宠物。宠物咀嚼物可以各种各样的横截面构型成型。这些横截面可包括，但不限于，环，正方形，长方形，多边形，椭圆形，星形，或想象的形状如某个州的轮廓，狗品种，或其它的符号。
在某些优选实施方案中，宠物咀嚼物可由上述热塑性塑料成型，但在本发明范围内也可使用其它的已知的和新的组合物来形成独特的分段构型。
宠物咀嚼物可成型为基本上线性的还可以是弯曲的、环形的、或呈现其他形状。
宠物咀嚼物优选具有约4-12英寸的常规长度。尽管长度可根据需要延伸至几个英尺。
本发明还公开了一种使用分段的营养宠物咀嚼物来训练宠物的方法。该方法包括得到一种营养的宠物咀嚼物，施加力以折断该宠物咀嚼物，将宠物咀嚼物段递送给宠物，然后让宠物咀嚼该段。
附图的简要描述
图1是本发明营养的宠物咀嚼物的一个实施方案的透视图；
图2是本发明营养的宠物咀嚼物的一个实施方案的透视图；和
图3是本发明营养的宠物咀嚼物的一个实施方案的透视图。
本发明的详细描述
本发明涉及一种用于宠物咀嚼物的可食热塑性塑料。通过配制可食热塑性塑料以向宠物提供平衡的营养，同时护理宠物口腔卫生。该可食热塑性塑料优选通过结合植物和动物蛋白质，淀粉，碳水化合物，各种营养物，膳食纤维，卫生添加剂，防腐剂，水，加工助剂，调味料，着色剂，和改性剂而制成。
本发明的可食热塑性塑料具有良好的加工流动性和优异的机械性能，这使得它可用于模塑成宠物咀嚼物和其他形式。
在本发明目前优选的一个实施方案中，该可食热塑性塑料包含约30-50wt.％的植物和动物蛋白质的组合以及20-50wt.％淀粉。
模塑时，该可食热塑性塑料具有良好的机械性能。拉伸强度优选为约1-5MPa。百分伸长率优选为约6-100％，杨氏模量优选为约65-2600MPa和更优选约65-1000MPa。
模塑的可食热塑性塑料的纹理、柔顺性、和坚硬性鼓励咬啃，这对狗和其它的宠物是有益的。咬啃作用使得宠物牙齿柔软地刺入该模塑热塑性塑料，促进清洁、健康的牙齿和新鲜的呼吸。
蛋白质优选为植物和动物蛋白质的组合。植物蛋白质和动物蛋白质包含不同的氨基酸，无机物，痕量元素，维生素，和其它的营养物。因此，植物和动物蛋白质在可食热塑性塑料中的组合提供了氨基酸，无机物，痕量元素，维生素，和其它的营养物的营养平衡。
如上所述，该可食热塑性塑料可用植物蛋白质配制。这种植物蛋白质包括大豆蛋白质。大豆蛋白质可在本发明的一个实施方案中单独使用或与其它的植物或动物蛋白质结合使用。大豆蛋白质可以各种形式如大豆蛋白质分离物，大豆蛋白质浓缩物，和其组合使用。在可食热塑性塑料的某些实施方案中，也可使用来自其他来源如谷类的植物蛋白质。这些谷类可包括小麦，黑麦，燕麦，大麦，玉米，米，稷，和高粱。因此，在本发明的某些实施方案中，植物蛋白质可包括谷蛋白，玉米醇溶蛋白，大麦醇溶蛋白，燕麦蛋白，高粱醇溶蛋白，裸麦醇溶蛋白，panicin，和米谷蛋白。
动物蛋白质可单独使用或与植物蛋白质结合使用。合适的动物蛋白质的例子包括酪蛋白，白蛋白，胶原，明胶，和角蛋白。在本发明的一个实施方案中，微生物如面包师的酵母或啤酒酵母也可提供蛋白质源。
除了以上列举的天然存在的蛋白质，化学改性蛋白质也可用于提高组合物的加工流动性和物理性能。
淀粉是本发明可食热塑性塑料的另一成分。淀粉可以是天然的未改性的淀粉，化学改性淀粉，预胶凝化淀粉，以及这些和其它的淀粉的组合。在本发明的某些实施方案中，可以使用天然淀粉，如玉米淀粉，包括玉蜀黍，蜡状玉蜀黍，和高直链淀粉玉米淀粉，马铃薯淀粉，甜马铃薯淀粉，小麦淀粉，米淀粉，木薯淀粉，和其组合。淀粉和其它的碳水化合物可以谷类粉，如小麦粉，米粉，玉米粉，以及这些和其它的面粉的组合的形式提供。
为了提供平衡的营养，该可食热塑性塑料可通过加入营养物而富含营养。在本发明的某些实施方案中，营养成分可包括维生素和无机物。所有的狗和宠物都因最佳健康而需要合适数量和比率的维生素和无机物。维生素A，维生素B1，维生素B2，维生素B3，维生素B12，维生素C，维生素E，维生素D，烟酸(维生素PP)，生物素(维生素H)，甲萘醌(维生素K)，叶酸(维生素B0)，和吡哆辛(B6)为宠物所需要。因此，这些和其它的维生素可在本发明的某些实施方案中加入可食热塑性塑料。
无机物对骨骼形成、肌肉新陈代谢、流体平衡、和神经系统功能是重要的。无机物以较多的或痕量的浓度存在于生物体中。因此在本发明的某些实施方案中，该可食热塑性塑料富含无机物。可以较多浓度包括的无机物是钙，钾，镁，和钠。尽管痕量元素的膳食要求是最低的，但它们对保持良好的健康是重要的。可以痕量浓度包括的无机物是铁，磷，锌，锰，碘，硒，和钴。
可食热塑性塑料也可包括金属盐水合物以补充无机物。这种金属盐水合物可包括钙，钠，钾，锌，或铁盐。作为无机营养物，金属盐水合物也可以是碳酸盐，硫酸盐，乳酸盐，草酸盐，硼酸盐，磷酸酯，硫酸盐，氯化物盐或其混合物。目前优选的金属盐水合物的例子包括，但不限于，FeCl2·6H2O、CaHPO·2H2O、Ca(C3H5O3)2·5H2O、CaSO4·2H2O、AlK(SO4)2·12H2O、AlNH4(SO4)2·12H2O、CaCl2·2H2O、和Na2B4O7·10H2O。金属盐供给用于平衡膳食的无机物，而且在制造小动物出牙处理物中起着改性剂作用。优选，可食热塑性塑料包括至少一种CaSO4·2H2O、AlK(SO4)2·12H2O、AlNH4(SO4)2·12H2O、和Na2B4O7·10H2O以提高可食热塑性塑料的物理性能和用作加工助剂。另外，金属盐如硼砂和其它的硼酸盐是无毒的并具有抑菌，杀真菌，和杀虫性能，这样可延长可食热塑性塑料的储存期。
纤维也是本发明的一个重要方面。用于可食热塑性塑料的天然粗纤维可包括可溶性和不溶性膳食纤维。不溶性纤维可来自麦麸。可溶性纤维的来源包括蔬菜纤维，水果纤维，和某些谷类纤维如燕麦和大麦。
膳食纤维是一种重要的排泄膨胀剂。麦麸是一种有效的排泄膨胀剂。天然粗纤维的主要生理作用包括促进规律性、防止便秘、和防止结肠和其它的癌。
口腔卫生添加剂也可包括在该可食热塑性塑料中以促进健康的牙齿和牙龈以及良好的呼吸。典型的卫生添加剂可包括抗牙垢剂和清凉剂。卫生添加剂如焦磷酸钙、三聚磷酸钠、柠檬酸锌和磷酸氢钙用作清洁磨料以清洁宠物的牙齿。清凉剂如薄荷素油，薄荷油，山梨醇，和脱水山梨醇有助于宠物保持愉悦的呼吸气息。
皮肤和头发对狗和其它的宠物十分重要。可向可食热塑性塑料中加入脂肪酸之类的成分和其它的天然产物以促进健康的皮肤和头发。脂肪对于良好的皮肤健康是必要的并提供必要的ω-脂肪酸以保持皮肤细胞中的水分。本发明范围内的脂肪酸可来自动物脂肪如牛油，鸡脂肪，猪脂肪，鱼肉，和鱼油。其它的脂肪酸如亚麻种子油提供其它的必要脂肪酸如有助于减少对跳蚤叮咬的过敏反应严重性的ω3。卵磷脂也可加入可食热塑性塑料中，这有助于消化和吸收供给外皮的脂肪。可以加入天然草本植物如迷迭香和洋苏草以刺激毛球生长和皮肤抓痕的愈合。另外，维生素E，生物素，和烟酸助剂可包括在可食热塑性塑料的某些实施方案中，这有助于毛发和皮肤的生长和健康。
防腐剂通常是食品中必需的。目前，狗食制造商使用几种抗氧化剂以防脂溶性维生素的降解和防止食物变质。由于本发明的热塑性塑料是可食和可生物降解的，防腐剂可能是必需的以防热塑性塑料的变质。这些防腐剂可包括丁基化羟基茴香醚(BHA)，丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)，乙氧喹(6-乙氧基-1，2-二氢-2，2，4-三甲基喹啉)，维生素C，和维生素E。BHA和BHT通常一起使用且美国食品和药品署一般认为是安全的(GRAS)。乙氧喹是一种由Monsanto化学公司制造的抗氧化剂，已在美国用于狗食许多年。但乙氧喹目前在欧洲受禁止。用于本发明的防腐剂也可包括杀菌剂，如丙酸钙，山梨酸，山梨酸钾，乳酸，苯甲酸，苯甲酸钠，p-羟基苯甲酸乙酯，和p-羟基苯甲酸丙酯。
可食热塑性塑料的其它成分是水。水在混合和加工各成分的过程中用作增塑剂。优选在可食热塑性塑料中包括有效量的水以提高该组合物的加工流动性。本发明的水含量可调节为约8-20wt.％。大多数水含量在加工和模塑热塑性塑料的过程中被去除，然后将产品干燥。最终的模塑制品优选包含约8-15wt.％水。如果存在太多的水，该热塑性塑料可能发霉和腐烂。
其它的增塑剂可用作加工助剂。这些增塑剂提高了热塑性塑料的加工流动性。增塑剂还增强由热塑性塑料制成的制品的柔韧性。
在本发明的某些实施方案中，增塑剂的存在量最高为20wt.％。在本发明的其它实施方案中，增塑剂的存在量为约12-18wt.％。增塑剂应该是可食且与本发明的热塑性塑料化学相容。典型的可用于本发明的可食增塑剂包括甘油，脱水山梨醇，乙二醇，丙二醇，二甘醇，二丙二醇，甘露糖醇，和山梨醇。
由于可食热塑性塑料要制成多宠物有吸引力，可在可食热塑性塑料中包括调味料。这些调味料提供能吸引和引诱宠物的香味和气味。在某些实施方案中，调味料优选分布在整个模塑组合物中，这样该有吸引力的气味或香味保持在该模塑热塑性塑料的整个期限中。可用于本发明的调味料包括植物和动物香料如大蒜粉，盐，洋葱粉，植物油，玉米油，花生油，动物肉，动物产品，牛皮，猪皮，鸡肉，鸡脂肪，牛肉，牛脂肪，猪肉，猪脂肪，和干肉丝。
某些改性剂可加入热塑性塑料以增强机械性能，提高加工性能，和提高热塑性塑料的味道。这些改性剂可包括碳水化合物树胶如果胶，角叉菜胶，角豆胶，琼脂，甘露聚糖，和藻酸钠。
本发明的可食热塑性塑料可容易地通过挤塑、注塑、转移模塑、和压塑而成型。模塑产品可具有优异的物理性能，拉伸强度，柔韧性，刚性，和表面硬度，并向宠物提供平衡营养。
在制备可食热塑性塑料时，各成分应该充分混合。混合可以各种方式进行，如在室温下使用搅拌混合机进行简单共混。各成分也可在高速混合器中预混。
另外，该可食热塑性塑料可在具有杆(L/D＞4∶1)或片材模头的双螺杆挤出机中混合。双螺杆挤出机可以是具有反-或共旋转螺杆的多模式双螺杆挤出机。所有成分可通过将各成分由双螺杆挤出机预定区域中的各个料斗加料到挤出机中而直接在双螺杆挤出机中混合。
加工条件可根据需要变化以获得有效的混合并形成匀质组合物。例如，可以改变沿着挤出机的温度分布，压力，螺杆速度，螺杆构型，各成分的加料速率，和生产速率。可用于制造热塑性塑料的双螺杆挤出机的一个例子是由Leistritz销售的双螺杆挤出机，Micro-18。
宠物咀嚼物的水分含量可通过干燥而调节。水含量是优选约8-12wt.％。
挤出机由6个区组成。每个区具有不同的温度范围。区1的温度可以是约85℃。区2的温度可以是约90-100℃。区3的温度可以是约110-120℃。区4的温度可以是约110-120℃。区5的温度可以是约100℃。区6的温度可以是80-95℃。模头温度是约80℃，螺杆速度可设定为约150rpm。目前优选的挤出机模头压力可以是约160-880psi。
参考图1，营养的宠物咀嚼物10可具有多个由多个刻痕14分隔的段12。该营养的宠物咀嚼物10可由以上公开的可食热塑性塑料或用于制造宠物咀嚼物的其他已知的和新的材料如营养组合物，塑料，生皮，和类似物制成。
营养的宠物咀嚼物10可以挤塑、注塑、压塑之类的方式模塑。刻痕14可在模塑过程中形成，或可通过切割、穿孔、或其它类似弱化方式随后加入。
现在参考图1-3，营养的宠物咀嚼物10的横截面20可成型为各种各样的形式例如正方形22，长方形24，和环26。横截面20也可成型为星、椭圆、或想象的形状如狗品种、商标形状、某个州的轮廓等。
模塑时，该营养的宠物咀嚼物可具有良好的拉伸强度，其范围为约1-5MPa，优选约1.5-2.5MPa。它可具有良好的柔韧性，其中百分伸长率为约20-100％，优选约20-80％。杨氏模量可以是约65-2,600MPa，优选约65-1,000MPa。
该营养宠物咀嚼物10由多个段12形成。营养的宠物咀嚼物的长度16可以是约4英寸至几英尺，但为了方便，该长度优选为约4-12英寸。段18的长度也可变化，使用例如1/4英寸，1/2英寸，3/4英寸，最高1英寸或更高的长度。
在训练宠物的过程中，段12可通过将弯曲力横向施加到刻痕14上而掰断和取出。一旦取出一段，它可作为奖赏给予宠物，投向宠物用作补偿，或用作简单的咀嚼玩具。
本发明通过以下的详细实施例进一步描述。这些实施例无意于限定已在前述说明中给出的本发明范围。在以下实施例中，将本发明范围内的组合物模塑成例如描述于美国测试和材料协会(ASTM D638-86)的标准测试试样。该模塑制品的拉伸性能按照ASTM标准方法D638-86，使用Instron通用测试系统(型号4465)测试。
实施例1
可食热塑性塑料的物理性能
可食热塑性塑料由植物蛋白质和动物来源蛋白质材料组合物与淀粉或碳水化合物的组合而制成。将各成分在高速混合器(Henschel MixersAmerica，Inc.，FM10加热器混合器)中，在室温下，以混合器速度1800rpm预混3-4分钟。各成分利用一个具有6英寸片材模头(具有6个机筒区)的Leistritz Micro-18共旋转双螺杆挤出机进一步加工。
每个区具有以下的温度分布：区1约90℃，区2约90-100℃，区3约110℃，区4约110℃，区5约90℃，和区6约85℃。模头温度是约80C。螺杆速度设定为约150rpm。模头压力是约160-880psi。
在挤出片材之后，按照美国测试和材料协会(ASTM D638-86)加工ASTM标准测试试样。片材厚度是约2.00mm。
该组合物的各成分和结果在表1中给出。表1还给出了由植物蛋白质，动物蛋白质，和淀粉的组合制成的模塑可食热塑性塑料的物理性能。
这些物理性能表现出非常良好的结果以及该可食热塑性塑料用于宠物咀嚼物的合适强度。拉伸强度是约1.0-2.0MPa。对于该用途，该热塑性片材具有良好的硬度和优异的挺度。百分伸长率是约17.0-103％。杨氏模量是约65-166MPa。
结果表明，由小麦谷蛋白和明胶的组合制成的宠物咀嚼物的伸长率百分数比采用大豆蛋白质分离物和酪蛋白的组合以及大豆蛋白质浓缩物，小麦谷蛋白，和明胶的组合时都要大。
该可食热塑性塑料具有优异的柔软性和挺度，但杨氏模量可能低于所需。
样品4表明，该小动物出牙处理物由大豆蛋白质浓缩物，小麦谷蛋白，和明胶的组合制成。样品4的热塑性塑料与样品2和3相比较好地结合了刚度和挺度，而且具有较高的拉伸强度和较好的伸长率百分数和杨氏模量。
表1
样品No.成分1 1 2 3 4大豆蛋白质2 23.6 --- 31.1 15.55小麦谷蛋白3 23.6 31.1 --- 15.55酪蛋白4 --- --- 8.5 ---明胶5 12.8 8.5 --- 8.5玉米淀粉6 --- 25.4 25.4 25.4大蒜粉7 1.72 1.1 1.1 1.1洋葱粉8 1.72 1.1 1.1 1.1卵磷脂9 0.85 0.6 0.6 0.6火鸡粉10 4.3 2.8 2.8 2.8鸡粉11 4.3 2.8 2.8 2.8CaCO3 12 0.85 0.6 0.6 0.6磷酸三钙13 0.85 0.6 0.6 0.6VD3 14 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03H2O15 8.47 8.47 8.47 8.47甘油16 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9机械性能试样水分含量(wt.％) 14.0 11.0 13.0 10.0拉伸强度(MPa) 1.62 0.978 1.47 1.53伸长率(％) 52.5 103 17.0 65.2杨氏模量(MPa) 203 65.1 11.6 166加工性能T模头(℃) 74 68 75 80螺杆速度(rpm) 150 150 150 150加料器比率(％) 14 23 18 24模头压力(psi) 560 160 230 170
1成分基于100份的总重
2大豆蛋白质：样品No.3是PROFAM648分离的大豆蛋白质，ArcherDaniels Midland Company；样品Nos.1，4是PROFINEVF大豆蛋白质浓缩物，Central SOYA Co.，Inc。
3小麦谷蛋白：GEM OF THE WESTVital小麦谷蛋白，Manildra MillingCorporation
4酪蛋白：来自牛奶(bovine milk)，约90％蛋白质(缩二脲)和0.2％乳糖，SIGMA化学公司
5明胶：250 Bloom，Dynagel，Inc.
6玉米淀粉：C Polar Tex 05735，稳定化和交联的玉米淀粉E1442(羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯)，CERESTAR USA，INC.
7大蒜粉：Tone′s Brothers，Inc.
8洋葱粉：Tone′s Brothers，Inc.
9卵磷脂：Enhance 97，Central Soya Co.，Inc.
10火鸡粉：Mondovi食品公司
11鸡粉：Mondovi食品公司
12CaCO3：LIGHT碳酸钙，Specialty矿物公司
13磷酸三钙：FMC食品级，FMC公司磷化学分部
14维生素D3：维生素，Inc.
15水：蒸馏水，WalMart Stores，Inc.
16甘油：甘油99.5％USP，Ashland化学公司
实施例2
淀粉，碳水化合物，和改性剂对热塑件塑料的物理性能的作用
表2给出了淀粉，碳水化合物，和改性剂对可食热塑性塑料的物理性能的作用。测试试样的成分和制备方法与实施例1相同。结果在表2中给出。
样品1和2表明，大豆蛋白质浓缩物和小麦谷蛋白与碳水化合物和小麦粉的组合具有比大豆蛋白质浓缩物和小麦谷蛋白与玉米淀粉的组合更高的拉伸强度和杨氏模量。
在样品3中，加入5.3wt.％的藻酸钠作为改性剂。结果表明，拉伸强度和杨氏模量通过加入藻酸钠而增加。
在样品4中，碳水化合物树胶(nutricol)作为改性剂加入，其量为基于样品1总重的2.7wt.％。结果表明，拉伸强度和杨氏模量通过加入碳水化合物树胶而增加。因此，可食热塑性塑料的物理性能可通过加入改性剂而改进。
表2
样品No.成分1 1 2 3 4大豆蛋白质浓缩物(VF) 15.55 15.55 14.7 15.1小麦谷蛋白 15.55 15.55 14.7 15.1明胶 8.5 8.5 8.0 8.24玉米淀粉 25.4 --- 24.1 24.7小麦粉2 --- 25.4 --- ---藻酸钠3 --- --- 5.3 ---Nutricol GP751 F4 --- --- --- 2.75大蒜粉 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1洋葱粉 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1卵磷脂 0.6 0.6 0.52 0.55火鸡粗粉 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.75鸡粗粉 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.75CaCO3 0.6 0.6 0.52 0.55磷酸三钙 0.6 0.6 0.52 0.55VD 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03H2O 8.47 8.47 8.01 8.23甘油 16.9 16.9 16.0 16.5机械性能试样水分含量(wt.％) 10.0 12.0 11.1 11.0拉伸强度(MPa) 1.53 1.99 2.23 1.76伸长率(％) 65.2 27.4 40.3 63.8杨氏模量(MPa) 166 316 263 380加工性能T模头(℃) 80 78 77 76螺杆速度(rpm) 150 150 150 150加料器比率(％) 24 31 30 22模头压力(psi) 170 180 210 260
1成分与表1相同，且基于100份的总重
2小麦粉：GOLD METAL FLOUR，通用，General Mills Sales，Inc.
3藻酸钠：藻酸钠盐，Research化学有限公司
4Nutricol GP751 F：共混有角叉菜胶和葡萄糖的NUTRICOLKonjac粉，FMC公司Marine Colloids分部
实施例3
水分含量对可食热塑性塑料的物理性能的作用
表3给出了水分含量对可食热塑性塑料的物理性能的作用。物理性能如拉伸强度和杨氏模量通过降低水分含量而增加。伸长率百分数随着测试试样中水分含量的下降而降低。
另外，水分含量对可食热塑性塑料的保养和防护是重要的。该实施例说明，约8-12wt.％的水分含量可在防止变质的同时具有最佳的物理特性。
表3
样品No.成分1 1 2 3大豆蛋白质浓缩物(VF) 15.55 相同 相同小麦谷蛋白 15.55 相同 相同明胶 8.5 相同 相同玉米淀粉 25.4 相同 相同大蒜粉 1.1 相同 相同洋葱粉 1.1 相同 相同卵磷脂 0.6 相同 相同火鸡粗粉 2.8 相同 相同鸡粗粉 2.8 相同 相同CaCO3 0.6 相同 相同磷酸三钙 0.6 相同 相同VD3 0.03 相同 相同H2O 8.47 相同 相同甘油 16.9 相同 相同机械性能试样水分含量(wt.％) 10.0 9.0 61拉伸强度(MPa) 1.53 4.08 4.76伸长率(％) 65.2 16.1 5.38杨氏模量(MPa) 166 1451 2610加工条件相同的加工条件：T模头＝80(℃)，螺杆速度150(rpm)，模头压力＝600(psi)
1成分与表1相同，且基于100份的总重
实施例4
膳食纤维对可食热塑性塑料的物理性能的作用
表4说明了纤维对可食热塑性塑料的物理性能的作用。正如样品1和2所示，拉伸强度和杨氏模量通过加入膳食纤维而提高，而伸长率百分数随着加入膳食纤维而下降。
膳食纤维不仅提高可食热塑性塑料的物理性能，而且还具有促进规律性、防止便秘、和防止结肠和其它癌的生理作用。纤维还有助于清洁宠物牙齿。
因此，可食热塑性塑料的纤维含量优选为约0.5-10wt.％。
表4
样品No.成分1 1 2大豆蛋白质浓缩物(VF) 100 100小麦谷蛋白 100 100明胶 54.5 54.5玉米淀粉 163.6 163.6膳食纤维2 --- 72.7大蒜粉 7.3 7.3洋葱粉 7.3 7.3卵磷脂 3.6 3.6火鸡粗粉 18.2 18.2鸡粗粉 18.2 18.2CaCO3 3.6 3.6磷酸三钙 3.6 3.6VD3 0.2 0.2H2O 54.5 54.5甘油 109 109机械性能试样水分含量(wt.％) 10.0 10.0拉伸强度(MPa) 1.53 2.34伸长率(％) 65.2 25.7杨氏模量(MPa) 166 325加工条件T模头(℃) 80 80螺杆速度(rpm) 150 150模头压力(psi) 170 880
1成分与表1相同，且基于100份大豆蛋白质浓缩物的总重
2膳食纤维：纯化粉状纤维素，BH65 FCC级，50微米，国际填料公司(International Filler Corporation)。
Claims (44)
1.一种可食热塑性塑料，包含：
约30-50wt.％蛋白质，其中所述蛋白质包含植物和动物来源蛋白质的混合物；
约20-50wt.％淀粉；
约10-20wt.％水；
约1-10wt.％可食纤维；
约0.5-3wt.％金属盐水合物；和
其中所述可食热塑性塑料所模塑时的密度为约1.2-1.5g/立方厘米。
2.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述植物来源蛋白质是大豆蛋白质。
3.根据权利要求2的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述大豆蛋白质选自大豆蛋白质浓缩物，大豆蛋白质分离物，和其组合。
4.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述植物来源蛋白质选自谷蛋白，玉米醇溶蛋白，大麦醇溶蛋白，燕麦蛋白，高粱醇溶蛋白，裸麦醇溶蛋白，米谷蛋白，和其组合。
5.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述动物来源蛋白质选自酪蛋白，白蛋白，胶原，明胶，角蛋白，和其组合。
6.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述淀粉是天然未改性的淀粉，化学改性的淀粉，预胶凝化淀粉，或其组合。
7.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述淀粉是选自玉米淀粉，高直链淀粉玉米淀粉，马铃薯淀粉，甜马铃薯淀粉，小麦淀粉，米淀粉，木薯淀粉，高粱淀粉，和其组合的天然淀粉。
8.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述淀粉是选自羟基乙基淀粉，羟丙基淀粉，羧基甲基淀粉，乙酰基化高直链淀粉，淀粉乙酸酯，淀粉马来酸酯，淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸酯，淀粉琥珀酸酯，淀粉邻苯二甲酸酯，羟丙基化高直链淀粉，交联淀粉，淀粉磷酸酯，羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯，淀粉丙酰胺，和其组合的化学改性淀粉。
9.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述可食纤维选自可溶性和不溶性膳食纤维，可溶性和不溶性天然纤维素纤维，和其组合。
10.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述金属盐水合物是钙，钠，钾，锌，铁，铝或磷盐，或其混合物。
11.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述金属盐水合物是氯化物，碳酸盐，硫酸盐，乳酸盐，草酸盐，硼酸盐，磷酸酯，或乙酸盐或其混合物。
12.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述金属盐水合物是FeCl2·6H2O、CaHPO4·2H2O、Ca(C3H5O3)2·5H2O、CaSO4·2H2O、AlK(SO4)2·12H2O、AlNH4(SO4)2·12H2O、Na2B4O7·10H2O、CaCl2·2H2O、或其组合。
13.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，它进一步包含约0.5-15wt.％的调味料。
14.根据权利要求13的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述调味料是鸡粉，火鸡粉，洋葱粉，大蒜粉，植物油，肉，动物产品，鸡肉，鸡脂肪，牛皮，牛肉，牛脂肪，猪皮，猪肉，猪脂肪，干肉丝或其组合。
15.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，它进一步包含最高约20wt.％的可食增塑剂。
16.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，它进一步包含约12-18wt.％的可食增塑剂。
17.根据权利要求15的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述可食增塑剂选自甘油，脱水山梨醇，乙二醇，丙二醇，二甘醇，二丙二醇，甘露糖醇，山梨醇，和其组合。
18.根据权利要求16的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述可食增塑剂选自甘油，脱水山梨醇，乙二醇，丙二醇，二甘醇，二丙二醇，甘露糖醇，山梨醇，和其组合。
19.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，它进一步包含最高10wt.％的改性剂以提高可食热塑性组合物的机械和加工性能。
20.根据权利要求19的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述改性剂是藻酸钠，果胶，角叉菜胶，角豆胶，琼脂，甘露聚糖，碳水化合物树胶，或其组合。
21.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，它进一步包含最高5wt.％的营养物。
22.根据权利要求21的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述营养物包含维生素，无机物，痕量元素，动物脂肪，植物油，卵磷脂，和草药中的至少一种。
23.根据权利要求22的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述维生素选自维生素A，维生素B1，，维生素B2，维生素B3，维生素B12，维生素C，维生素D，维生素C，维生素E，烟酸，生物素，甲萘醌，叶酸，吡哆辛，和其组合。
24.根据权利要求22的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述无机物选自钙，钾，镁，钠，和其组合。
25.根据权利要求22的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述痕量元素选自铁，磷，锌，锰，碘，硒，和钴。
26.根据权利要求22的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述草药选自亚麻种子，亚麻种子油，向日葵油，亚麻酸，迷迭香，洋苏草，茴香，黄春菊，缬草，荨麻叶，覆盆子叶，海索草，丝兰，和其组合。
27.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，它进一步包含防腐剂，其中所述防腐剂选自丙酸钙，山梨酸，山梨酸钾，丁基化羟基茴香醚(BHA)，丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)，乙氧喹，乳酸，苯甲酸，苯甲酸钠，p-羟基苯甲酸乙酯，p羟基苯甲酸丙酯，和其组合。
28.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，它进一步包含一种卫生添加剂。
29.根据权利要求28的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述卫生添加剂选自抗-牙垢剂，焦磷酸钙，三聚磷酸钠，柠檬酸锌，磷酸氢钙，薄荷素油，薄荷油，山梨醇，和脱水山梨醇。
30.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述热塑性塑料在模塑时的拉伸强度为约1-5MPa。
31.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述热塑性塑料在模塑时的拉伸强度为约1.5-2.5MPa。
32.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述热塑性塑料在模塑时的百分伸长率为约6-100％。
33.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述热塑性塑料在模塑时的百分伸长率为约20-80％。
34.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述热塑性塑料在模塑时的杨氏模量为约65-2,600MPa。
35.根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料，其中所述热塑性塑料在模塑时的杨氏模量为约65-1,000MPa。
36.一种包含根据权利要求1的可食热塑性塑料的营养的宠物咀嚼物。
37.一种营养的宠物咀嚼物，包含：
多个被多个刻痕分隔的段，其中所述刻痕从结构上减弱了每段之间的宠物咀嚼物，这有助于各个段从宠物咀嚼物上断裂和分离。
38.根据权利要求37的营养的宠物咀嚼物，其中所述段包括选自环，正方形，长方形，多边形，椭圆形，星形，或想象的形状的横截面。
39.根据权利要求37的营养的宠物咀嚼物，它包含一种可食热塑性塑料，其中包含约30-50wt.％的包括植物和动物来源蛋白质的混合物的蛋白质，约20-50wt.％淀粉，约10-20wt.％水，约1-10wt.％可食纤维，约0.5-3wt.％金属盐水合物，且其中所述可食热塑性塑料在模塑时的密度为约1.2-1.5g/立方厘米。
40.根据权利要求37的营养的宠物咀嚼物，其中所述宠物咀嚼物是基本上线性的。
41.根据权利要求37的营养的宠物咀嚼物，其中所述宠物咀嚼物的长度为约4-12英寸。
42.根据权利要求37的营养的宠物咀嚼物，它通过挤塑、压塑、转移模塑、或注塑而制成。
43.一种训练宠物的方法，包括：
得到一种分段的营养的宠物咀嚼物，包括多个被多个刻痕分隔的段；
从所述营养的宠物咀嚼物上选择性折断一段；
将所述折断的段递送给宠物；和
让宠物咀嚼所述段。
44.根据权利要求43的训练宠物的方法，其中所述营养的宠物咀嚼物包含一种可食热塑性塑料，其中包含约30-50wt.％的包括植物和动物来源蛋白质的混合物的蛋白质，约20-50wt.％淀粉，约10-20wt.％水，约1-10wt.％可食纤维，约0.5-3wt.％金属盐水合物，且其中所述可食热塑性塑料在模塑时的密度为约1.2-1.5g/立方厘米。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/467,412 US6455083B1 (en) | 1998-05-05 | 1999-12-20 | Edible thermoplastic and nutritious pet chew |
| US09/467,412 | 1999-12-20 |
Publications (2)
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| EP (1) | EP1241946B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP4596723B2 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1198511C (zh) |
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| US8227007B2 (en) | 2005-08-05 | 2012-07-24 | T.F.H. Publications, Inc. | Direct melt processing of resins |
| US8231920B2 (en) | 2005-08-05 | 2012-07-31 | T.F.H. Publications, Inc. | Direct melt processing of resins |
| CN101695344B (zh) * | 2005-10-31 | 2013-07-10 | 桂格燕麦公司 | 用于可压热处理的食品的凝胶及其制备方法 |
| CN101209030B (zh) * | 2006-12-27 | 2010-09-22 | 周青标 | 一种高蛋白功能性宠物咀嚼物及其制备方法 |
| CN101223937B (zh) * | 2007-01-18 | 2011-06-15 | 周青标 | 一种含有营养棒的可食性宠物咀嚼物及其制备方法 |
| CN101864175B (zh) * | 2009-04-16 | 2012-05-23 | 西南科技大学 | 热塑性动物蛋白/淀粉共混材料及其制备方法 |
| CN102020790B (zh) * | 2010-11-11 | 2013-03-06 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种降解速率可调的天然高分子薄膜材料及制备方法 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1198511C (zh) | 2005-04-27 |
| WO2001045517A1 (en) | 2001-06-28 |
| EP1241946B1 (en) | 2006-12-13 |
| EP1241946A4 (en) | 2004-10-13 |
| DE60032387D1 (de) | 2007-01-25 |
| AU7846500A (en) | 2001-07-03 |
| JP2003517824A (ja) | 2003-06-03 |
| EP1241946A1 (en) | 2002-09-25 |
| JP4596723B2 (ja) | 2010-12-15 |
| US6455083B1 (en) | 2002-09-24 |
| DE60032387T2 (de) | 2007-10-11 |
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