CN1204238A - 齿龈按摩口腔刷 - Google Patents

齿龈按摩口腔刷 Download PDF

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CN1204238A
CN1204238A CN96198933A CN96198933A CN1204238A CN 1204238 A CN1204238 A CN 1204238A CN 96198933 A CN96198933 A CN 96198933A CN 96198933 A CN96198933 A CN 96198933A CN 1204238 A CN1204238 A CN 1204238A
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mouthbrush
tpe
thermoplastic elastomer
bristle
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M·F·罗伯茨
C·T·玛斯特曼
E·H·帕克
P·J·斯维尼
M·M·特森
S·C·维特克斯
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Abstract

一种口腔刷,包括一细长的刷体、从刷体延伸的刷头部分和从刷体伸出的由特殊热塑性弹性体形成的许多刷毛。在各具体实施方案中,热塑性弹性体的肖氏A硬度至少为30。热塑性弹性体选自聚醚酰胺、聚酯、苯乙烯/乙烯/丁烯/苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚烯烃弹性体和它们的混合物。热塑性弹性体的挠曲模量至少为5MPa。

Description

齿龈按摩口腔刷
本发明涉及口腔刷和用于口腔刷的刷毛。
大多数的人都有因口中细菌而引起的龋齿和／或齿龈炎，所以减少口腔中蚀斑数量是长期以来保健工作者的目标。常用的减少口腔中蚀斑的方法是经常有规律地刷牙。
然而，受益于频繁的刷牙在一些情况下也伴随有害的副作用，诸如对牙龈的刺激、磨伤、甚至是凹陷。这些副作用可能一部分是因为牙刷毛过硬和／或尖锐。
另一种改进口腔健康的常用方法是按摩齿龈以刺激齿龈组织。常规的牙刷对齿龈的按摩效果是有限的，因此常常需要有使用按摩工具的另外的齿龈按摩过程以确保口腔健康。
用橡胶或合成橡胶针代替一部分或全部牙刷毛以减少对齿龈的刺激和／或提供齿龈按摩作用的努力已经进行过，见例如US4，288，883。
本发明的特征是改进的齿龈按摩口腔刷，它提供了好的舒适性和刺激性，同时也给牙齿提供了好的情洁性。本发明的另一个特征是用于齿龈按摩口腔刷的刷毛。
一方面，本发明的特征是包括一细长的刷体、从刷体延伸出去的刷头和包括由热塑性弹性体形成的从刷体伸出的许多刷毛的刷子部分。热塑性弹性体的肖氏A(Shore A)硬度最好至少为30并选自聚醚酰胺、聚酯、苯乙烯／乙烯／丁烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／丁二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／异戊二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚烯烃的弹性体以及它们的混合物，其挠曲模量至少为5MPa。
优选的口腔刷还包括许多由非弹性材料形成的刷毛。在一最佳具体实施方案中，此材料选自尼龙、聚酰胺、聚酯和聚对苯二酸丁二醇酯(PBT)。非弹性刷毛可包括添加剂以提高它们的清洁能力，例如磨蚀剂和抛光剂，诸如粘土、硅石、矾土、碳酸钙、磷酸钙或磷酸镁化合物、磷灰石以及它们的混合物。
优选的口腔刷也包括连接在刷头基部的垫片。垫片是由热塑性弹性体形成的并与刷毛整体结合。非弹性刷毛最好是从刷头通过垫片延伸出来。
另一方面，本发明的特征是包括许多由热塑性弹性体形成的刷毛和许多由聚苯二酰胺形成的刷毛的口腔刷。
另一方面，本发明的特征是用前述的一种刷毛按摩齿龈。
用于本发明的口腔刷是包括有为放入口中而设计的刷子部分的刷体的任何刷子。刷子部分包括许多从其伸出的刷毛，其大小是用于刷洗牙齿的表面。
另一方面，本发明的特征是包括多组分刷毛的口腔刷，最好是包括一热塑性弹性体的鞘层，它围绕着包括非弹性材料的或包括比热塑性弹性体鞘层硬度更高的热塑性弹性体的芯材料。本发明的特征也在于制造多组分刷毛的方法，例如用多种聚合物进行共挤塑。“多组分”之意是具有两种或多种组分的刷毛；“共挤塑”之意是至少有两个组分以其间有明显界面的基本上是分离相而不是以混合的形式存在的，形成刷毛的方法最好是用本技术领域中被称为“共挤塑”的方法，但本文所用“多组分共挤塑”一词包括用其它方法制造的有上述构造的刷毛。
“热塑性弹性体”一词是指能用本技术领域中熟知的常规塑料加工方法加工的非硫化橡胶状聚合材料，常规塑料加工方法是诸如挤塑和注塑法。
另一方面，本发明的特征在于包括由下述(a)和(b)的混合物形成的许多刷毛的口腔刷：(a)非弹性聚合物，诸如相对硬的基树脂(例如尼龙、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT))；(b)热塑性弹性体，诸如聚酰胺热塑性弹性体、聚酯热塑性弹性体或其它聚烯烃热塑性弹性体。在一些具体实施方案中，此混合物也含诸如相容剂、磨蚀剂和增塑剂之类的添加剂。
本发明的又一方面的特征在于包括由(a)非弹性聚合物和(b)软(例如肖氏A硬度低于90)硫化橡胶型聚合物(诸如天然橡胶、交联聚丁二烯、交联聚丙烯酸酯等)的混合物形成的许多刷毛的口腔刷。在一些具体实施方案中，混合物也含有诸如相容剂、磨蚀剂和增塑剂之类的添加剂。
本发明的其它特征和优点在其最佳具体实施方案的叙述和权利要求书中将是很明显的。
图1为口腔刷的透视图。
图2为本发明的一具体实施方案的口腔刷刷头顶视示意图。
图3为本发明的另一具体实施方案的口腔刷刷头顶视示意图。
图4为本发明的一具体实施方案的共挤塑的刷毛横截面顶视图。
图5为展示形成共挤塑长丝的本发明具体实施方案的方法示意图解。
图6和7为刷毛模塑在垫片上的口腔刷透视图。
参见图1，牙刷10包括有手柄12的塑料刷体和附有刷毛部分16的刷头14。
牙刷的刷体是用本技术领域中熟知的常规方法形成的，手柄做成能用手抓的形状，但还可以做成能装在电牙刷上的形状。刷头的构形可以改变，可以是矩形、卵形、钻石形或任何其它形状，并有修平的、成锯齿形的、V-形的、凸圆曲线的或任何其它要求形状的刷毛，如本技术领域所熟知。手柄12和刷头14的形状和大小可以改变，手柄轴和刷头轴可在同一平面上或在不同的平面上。需要时可以提供比常规刷头更大的刷头以便给热塑性弹性体刷毛提供额外的余地，同时仍然有标准数量的非弹性刷毛。
刷子部分16包括许多非弹性刷毛18和许多弹性刷毛20。如图2所示，最好是非弹性刷毛从刷头14的中部伸出，弹性刷毛布置在刷头14的外周界围绕着非弹性刷毛。图3是另外一种可能的安排。
非弹性刷毛是以丝簇形成的，用本技术领域中已知的方法附着在刷头上；弹性刷毛是由一种或多种热塑性弹性体丝簇形成的。如果每簇用一根丝，则丝的直径最好是标准预钻簇孔的一半，例如66密耳预钻孔用33密耳单丝，这样就可将单丝折摺起来成U形插入孔中。
另外，也可用弹性和非弹性聚合物的混合物形成若干或全部的刷毛。弹性材料选自热塑性弹性体和硫化橡胶型聚合物。在这两种情况中，弹性材料与非弹性材料之比最好是10∶90-90∶10。优选的刷毛直径在3-100密耳范围(末端逐渐变细或未变细的)，决定于所用的混合物和所选择的弹性体和非弹性体材料，如本领域技术熟练者所知晓。
由弹性材料和非弹性材料共混物形成的适合单丝包括但不限于下列的单丝：
组成 加工温度 牵伸比 直径 弯曲回复率
30％Pebax 253370％Zytel 151L 250℃ 4∶1 8密耳 95％
30％Pebax 253370％Zytel 151L 250℃ 4∶1 7密耳 95％
这样的共混物可用标准加工步骤(诸如单螺杆或双螺杆挤塑机)进行配混或用干共混法。
适合的热塑性弹性体是有足够劲度和硬度以有效进行齿龈按摩并能在使用中抗撕裂和／或过度磨损的弹性体，同时又足够柔软以提供舒适性并避免齿龈按摩时刺激齿龈。适合的热塑性弹性体包括聚醚酰胺(例如PEBAX聚合物(ELF Atochem))、聚酯(例如HYTREL(DuPont))、苯乙烯／乙烯／丁烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／乙烯／丙烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／丁二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物和苯乙烯／异戊二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(例如KRATON橡胶(Shell)、聚氨酯(例如PELLETHANE聚氨酯(Dow))、聚烯烃弹性体(例如SAN-TOPRENE弹性体(Advanced Elastomer Systems))以及它们的混合物。通式如下的聚醚酰胺嵌段共聚物
Figure 96198933001152
(式中PA=聚酰胺链段，PE=聚醚链段，以商名PEBAX聚合物进行商品供应)是特别优选的。在这些共聚物中，通式
Figure 96198933001153
的尼龙12和聚四亚甲基二醇的共聚物(以商名PEBAX MX-1205聚合物提供商品供应)又是特别优选的。另一优选的热塑性弹性体包括以商名PEABX 2533销售的聚酰胺和以商名KRATON G-6713销售的嵌段共聚物的共混物，最好含有约90％聚酰胺和约10％嵌段共聚物。此共混物提供了好的柔软性而无粘性或易弯性。
如果使用相对软的热塑性弹性体，则需要有相对大的丝径以提供足够的耐用性和劲度。这种大直径丝的直径最好小于约200密耳，更优选30-100密耳。如果使用较硬、较劲挺的热塑性弹性体，则可用直径较小的丝。一般说来，适合的热塑性弹性体的肖氏A硬度为至少30，优选35-50，挠曲模量约为5-100MPa。
适合的硫化橡胶型聚合物包括但不限于天然橡胶、交联聚丁二烯、交联聚丙烯酸酯和它们的共混物。
非弹性刷毛18可用适合用于牙刷刷毛的任何材料形成。这种材料也可用作弹性和非弹性共混刷毛中的非弹性组分。优选的材料包括尼龙612和其它聚酰胺。优选的尼龙等级由Whiting公司提供(佛蒙特州百灵顿)，商名WYTEX。优选的聚酰胺包括Amoco Per-formance Products，Inc．以商名AMODEL树脂销售的聚苯二酰胺。这种聚苯二酰胺叙述于US4，603，166、US4，476，280和US4，617，342中，在此提供参考，特别优选的聚苯二酰胺是对苯二酸、间苯二酸和己二酸与六亚甲基二胺聚合形成的结晶聚苯二酰胺。其它适合的丝包括聚甲醛树脂、聚酯、氟聚合物、聚丙烯酸酯、聚砜以及它们的组合物。优选的非弹性丝的直径约为3-10密耳。
在一可选择的具体实施方案中，弹性刷毛包括围绕着不同材料的芯32并与之共挤塑的热塑性弹性体鞘30，如图4所示的横截面。鞘／芯体积比可为95∶5-5∶95。
优选的芯料是劲挺的聚合物，由于刷毛耐久性和强度的限制可使外鞘较软和／或使刷毛比其它可能的直径(只用热塑性弹性体)更小。如果需要，共挤塑的丝可有标准的直径，例如5-8密耳。优选的丝径为5-65密耳，取决于刷毛的应用。适合的芯料包括但不限于聚酰胺(例如尼龙)和聚酯(例如PBT)。
优选的鞘料包括以上所讨论过的热塑性弹性体。当有劲挺的芯时，可用较软等级的这些弹性体，例如，鞘料的硬度可低至肖氏A3。
适合的形成共挤塑丝的方法示于图5中。如图中所示，通过第一和第二挤塑机将两个组分挤塑成丝，此后将丝通过水浴并通过一系列牵伸导丝轮。当丝在两组以不同速度转动的拉丝牵伸导丝轮之间行进时，丝是处于小的张力之下的。施于丝上的张力以“牵伸比”表示，牵伸比是两组牵伸导丝轮间的速度差。优选的牵伸比是约0．1-7．0。然后再将丝通过一松弛导丝轮并收集在一收卷机上。适合的共挤塑丝包括但不限于下列各组成：
组成(鞘／芯) 体积比 牵伸率 直径
PEBAX MX1205／尼龙612 10∶90 4∶1 8密耳
PEBAX MX 1205／尼龙612 50∶50 1∶1或2∶1 55密耳
90％ PEBAX 2533和10％ DYNAFLEX G6712的共混物／尼龙612 10∶90或50∶50 4∶11∶1或2∶1 8密耳55密耳
HYTREL 3078／尼龙612 10∶90或50∶50 4∶11∶1或2∶1 8密耳55密耳
在一选择使用的具体实施方案中，刷头部分14包括整体与垫片40结合的刷毛20，垫片是附着在刷头部分14的基部的，如图6所示。垫片40提供了刷毛20对刷头部分14的好的粘合性并给刷毛18提供了支持。由垫片40提供的这种附加的支持由于减少了刷毛的有效长度而强劲了刷毛18，这就能使比较容易穿透到口中缝隙区域中的直径较小的刷毛组合成牙刷。刷毛18是从刷头部分14通过垫片40延伸出来的。垫片40是由上列的弹性材料形成的，也可用形成弹性刷毛20的相同弹性材料形成。垫片40和在刷头部分14周边上的弹性刷毛20可以模塑成为一个整体。如果模塑成为一整体，其直径最好为约4密耳至约200密耳。弹性刷毛20可与垫片40成角度伸展。
另外，垫片40可以凹进于刷头14中，使接受刷毛的垫片40的表面46基本上与刷头14的表面44齐平，如图7所示。
其它的具体实施方案是在权利要求范围内。例如，如果需要，可用热塑性弹性材料形成全部刷毛。刷毛可用热塑性弹性体共混物形成。而且，口腔刷可包括有不同相对组成的弹性刷毛，例如一些刷毛由第一热塑性弹性体或弹性体共混物形成，另一些刷毛由不同的热塑性弹性体或共混物形成。另外，弹性刷毛可包括其它聚合物，例如包括诸如油、蜡或树脂之类的增塑剂以增加其柔软性，或包括例如填料、抗氧化剂、紫外线稳定剂和磨蚀剂或抛光剂等的添加剂。适合的抛光剂包括塑料微粒、核桃壳微粒、硬木微粒、玉米棒子微粒、橡胶微粒、碳酸钙、霰石粘土、正交粘土、方解石粘土、菱形粘土、高岭粘土、膨润粘土、磷酸二钙、无水磷酸二钙、二水合磷酸二钙、磷酸三钙、焦磷酸钙、不溶性偏磷酸钠、沉淀碳酸钙、正磷酸镁、磷酸三镁、羟基磷灰石、合成磷灰石、矾土、水合矾土、水合硅石干凝胶、硅铝酸金属盐配合物、硅酸铝钠、硅酸锆、二氧化硅以及它们的组合。

Claims (44)

1．一种适合于按摩齿龈的口腔刷，该口腔刷包括：
一个细长的刷体；
一个从所说刷体延伸的刷头部分；
一个包括从所说刷头部分伸出的许多刷毛的刷子部分，该刷毛包括肖氏A硬度为30或更大的热塑性弹性体。
2．权利要求1的口腔刷，其中所说的热塑性弹性体选自聚醚酰胺、聚酯、苯乙烯／乙烯／丁烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／丁二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／异戊二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚烯烃弹性体以及它们的混合物。
3．权利要求1或2的口腔刷，其中所说的热塑性弹性体的挠曲模量至少为5MPa。
4．权利要求1的口腔刷，该口腔刷进一步包括连接在所说刷头的基部的垫片，所说垫片包括所说的热塑性弹性体并整体与所说刷毛结合。
5．权利要求1的口腔刷，其中所说的刷子部分进一步包括由非弹性材料形成的许多刷毛。
6．权利要求5的口腔刷，其中所说的非弹性材料选自尼龙和聚酰胺。
7．权利要求6的口腔刷，其中所说的非弹性材料是用对苯二酸、间苯二酸和己二酸与六亚甲基二胺聚合形成的结晶聚苯二酰胺。
8．权利要求5的口腔刷，其中所说的非弹性材料包括磨蚀添加剂。
9．权利要求5的口腔刷，它进一步包括连接于所说刷头的基部上的垫片，所说的刷毛是由从所说刷头部分通过所说垫片伸出的所说非弹性材料形成的。
10．一种口腔刷，该口腔刷包括：
一个细长的刷体；
一个从该刷体延伸的刷头部分；
一个包括从所说刷头部分伸出的许多刷毛的刷子部分，所说的刷毛包括选自聚醚酰胺、聚酯、苯乙烯／乙烯／丁烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物，苯乙烯／丁二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／异戊二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚烯烃弹性体以及它们的混合物的热塑性弹性体。
11．权利要求10的口腔刷，其中所说的刷子部分进一步包括由非弹性材料形成的许多刷毛
12．权利要求11的口腔刷，其中所说的非弹性材料选自聚酰胺和聚酯。
13．权利要求12的口腔刷，其中所说的非弹性材料是用对苯二酸、间苯二酸和己二酸与六亚甲基二胺聚合形成的结晶聚酰胺。
14．权利要求11的口腔刷，其中所说的非弹性材料包括一种磨蚀添加剂。
15．权利要求11的口腔刷，该口腔刷进一步包括连接在所说刷头部分的基体上的垫片，所说的刷毛是由从所说的刷头部分通过所说的垫片伸出的所说的非弹性材料形成的。
16．权利要求10的口腔刷，其中所说的热塑性弹性体的挠曲模量至少为5MPa。
17．权利要求10的口腔刷，该口腔刷进一步包括连接在所说刷头部分的基部上的垫片，所说的垫片包括所说的热塑性弹性体并整体与所说刷毛结合。
18．一种口腔刷，该口腔刷包括：
一个细长的刷体；
一个从所说刷体延伸的刷头部分；
一个包括从所说刷头部分伸出的许多刷毛的刷子部分，所说的刷毛包括挠曲模量至少为5MPa的热塑性弹性体。
19．权利要求18的口腔刷，该口腔刷进一步包括连接在所说刷头部分的基部上的垫片，该垫片包括所说的热塑性弹性体并整体与所说刷毛结合。
20．一种口腔刷，该口腔刷包括：
一个细长的刷体；
一个从该刷体延伸的刷头部分；
一个包括从所说刷头部分伸出的包含热塑性弹性体的许多刷毛和包含聚苯二酰胺的许多刷毛的刷子部分。
21．权利要求20的口腔刷，其中所说的聚苯二酰胺是用对苯二酸、间苯二酸和己二酸与六亚甲基二胺聚合形成的。
22．权利要求21的口腔刷，其中所说的聚苯二酰胺包括一磨蚀添加剂。
23．权利要求20的口腔刷，该口腔刷进一步包括连接在所说刷头部分的基部上的垫片，该垫片包括所说的热塑性弹性体并整体与包括所说热塑性弹性体的所说刷毛结合。
24．权利要求23的口腔刷，其中包括所说聚苯二酰胺的刷毛从所说刷头部分通过所说垫片伸出。
25．一种按摩齿龈的方法，该方法包括用肖氏A硬度至少为3．0的热塑性弹性体形成的刷毛接触齿龈。
26．一种按摩齿龈的方法，该方法包括用挠曲模量至少为5MPa的热塑性弹性体形成的刷毛接触齿龈。
27．一种按摩齿龈的方法，该方法包括用选自聚醚酰胺、聚酯、苯乙烯／乙烯／丁烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／丁二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／异戊二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚烯烃弹性体以及它们的混合物的热塑性弹性体形成的刷毛接触齿龈。
28．一种口腔刷，该口腔刷包括：
一个细长的刷体；
一个从该刷体延伸的刷头部分；
一个包括从所说刷头伸出的许多刷毛的刷子部分，所说的刷毛包括环绕着非热塑性弹性体芯料的热塑性弹性体鞘，热塑性弹性体选自聚醚酰胺、聚酯、苯乙烯／乙烯／丁烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／丁二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯／异戊二烯／苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚烯烃弹性体以及它们的混合物。
29．权利要求28的口腔刷，其中所说的刷毛是用共挤塑形成的。
30．权利要求28的口腔刷，其中所说的芯材料选自聚酰胺和聚酯。
31．权利要求28的口腔刷，其中所说的刷毛具有的直经为5-8密耳。
32．权利要求28的口腔刷，该口腔刷进一步包括连接在所说刷头部分的基部上的垫片，所说垫片包括所说的热塑性弹性体并整体与所说刷毛结合。
33．一种制造牙刷刷毛的方法，该方法包括共挤塑各种聚合物以形成有许多分离相的细长单丝。
34．权利要求33的方法，其中所说的聚合物之一包括一种热塑性弹性体。
35．权利要求33的方法，其中所说的聚合物是以鞘／芯的几何形状共挤塑的。
36．权利要求33的方法，该方法进一步包括在单丝上施以张力以牵伸单丝。
37．权利要求36的方法，其中张力是以1∶1-7∶1的牵伸比施于单丝的。
38．一种口腔刷，该口腔刷包括：
一个细长的刷体；
一个从刷体延伸的刷头部分；
一个包括从所说刷头部分伸出的许多刷毛的刷子部分，所说的刷毛包括环绕着硬度大于所说热塑性弹性体鞘的热塑性弹性体芯的热塑性弹性体鞘。
39．一种口腔刷，该口腔刷包括：
一个细长的刷体；
一个从所说刷体延伸的刷头部分；
一个包括从所说刷头部分伸出的许多刷毛的刷子部分，所说的刷毛包括弹性聚合物和非弹性聚合物的共混物。
40．权利要求39的口腔刷，该口腔刷进一步包括连接在所说刷头部分的基部上的垫片，该垫片包括所说的热塑性弹性体并整体与所说刷毛结合。
41．权利要求39的口腔刷，其中所说的弹性聚合物选自热塑性弹性体和硫化橡胶型聚合物。
42．权利要求41的口腔刷，其中所说的弹性聚合物包括选自聚酰胺热塑性弹性体、聚酯热塑性弹性体和聚烯烃热塑性弹性体的热塑性弹性体。
43．权利要求41的口腔刷，其中所说的弹性聚合物包括选自天然橡胶、交联聚丁二烯和交联聚丙烯酸酯和它们的混合物的硫化橡胶型聚合物。
44．权利要求39的口腔刷，其中所说的弹性聚合物和非弹性聚合物是以10∶90-90∶10的比率提供的。
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CN101885948A (zh) * 2010-06-13 2010-11-17 陕县青山磨料制品有限公司 一种植物纤维抛光研磨粉及其生产方法
CN104010546A (zh) * 2011-10-27 2014-08-27 葛兰素史密斯克兰消费者保健股份有限公司 牙刷
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CN111836566A (zh) * 2018-03-14 2020-10-27 格卡有限公司 具有圆形筋肋的成鬃长丝的涂刷
CN112107111A (zh) * 2020-09-15 2020-12-22 浦江中创新材料科技有限公司 刷丝及其生产设备
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JP4112002B2 (ja) 2008-07-02
BR9611346A (pt) 1999-07-13
CN1120684C (zh) 2003-09-10
MX9803635A (es) 1998-09-30
US20060085931A1 (en) 2006-04-27
WO1997016995A1 (en) 1997-05-15
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US20090013484A1 (en) 2009-01-15
US20070234496A1 (en) 2007-10-11
KR100447358B1 (ko) 2004-11-16
US6151745A (en) 2000-11-28
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US8156600B2 (en) 2012-04-17
US20050086753A1 (en) 2005-04-28
DE69626696D1 (de) 2003-04-17
US5987688A (en) 1999-11-23
US20020084550A1 (en) 2002-07-04
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KR19990067429A (ko) 1999-08-16
EP0918477A1 (en) 1999-06-02

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