CN1134382C - 烯烃氧化方法、所用含银催化剂及其应用 - Google Patents
烯烃氧化方法、所用含银催化剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1134382C CN1134382C CNB998093920A CN99809392A CN1134382C CN 1134382 C CN1134382 C CN 1134382C CN B998093920 A CNB998093920 A CN B998093920A CN 99809392 A CN99809392 A CN 99809392A CN 1134382 C CN1134382 C CN 1134382C
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- KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L hectorite Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Mg+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O[Si]([O-])(O1)O[Si]1([O-])O2 KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000271 hectorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJKFIJKSBFYMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GJKFIJKSBFYMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium metasilicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960005336 magnesium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000002538 magnesium citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004337 magnesium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940091250 magnesium supplement Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L oxygen(2-);titanium(4+);sulfate Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052628 phlogopite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ABTOQLMXBSRXSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tetrafluoride Chemical compound F[Si](F)(F)F ABTOQLMXBSRXSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver carbonate Substances [Ag].[O-]C([O-])=O LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001958 silver carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940096017 silver fluoride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- REYHXKZHIMGNSE-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monofluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Ag+] REYHXKZHIMGNSE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Substances [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver sulfate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000108 silver(I,III) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Ag+].CC(O)C([O-])=O LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical class [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanic acid Chemical compound O[Ti](O)(O)O LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910000348 titanium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- CMWCOKOTCLFJOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(3+) Chemical compound [Ti+3] CMWCOKOTCLFJOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H trimagnesium dicitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
- C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
- C07D301/08—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase
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- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
- C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
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Abstract
本发明涉及烃类在氢/氧混合物存在下在含银和钛的催化剂上进行氧化的方法。所述催化剂包含a)含钛载体材料以及b)平均颗粒大小介于0.3~100nm的银颗粒。
Description
本发明涉及烃类在含银催化剂上、在氢/氧混合物存在下进行氧化的方法。
乙烯以分子氧直接氧化为环氧乙烷的方法是熟知的并且在工业上被用来生产环氧乙烷。此种用途的典型催化剂包含金属或离子银,任选地再以不同的促进剂(助催化剂)和活化剂改性。大多数这类催化剂包含小表面的多孔、惰性催化剂载体,例如α-氧化铝,例如用于承载银和促进剂。有关乙烯在载体型银催化剂存在下直接氧化的综述已由von Sachtler等人以“催化综述”为题发表在《科学与工程》23(1&2),127~149(1981)上。
又知道,已证明有利于生成环氧乙烷的银催化剂和反应条件却不能在较高级烯烃,如丙烯直接氧化中产生不相上下的好结果(US 5 763 630、US 5 703 254、US 5 760 254),所达到的环氧丙烷选择性最高仅为约50%。一般而言,这类较高级烯烃在气相中以分子氧的直接氧化,在温度低于200℃的条件下将不进行--即便在催化剂存在下--因此,难以选择性地生成氧化敏感的氧化产物如环氧化物,因为这类产物的二次反应比使用的烯烃本身氧化进行得更快。
美国专利4,833,260描述了一种硅酸钛(titaniumsilicalite)催化剂,它能使烯烃在液相中被氧化剂过氧化氢有效地环氧化。在该硅酸盐(silicalite)中,一小部分晶格硅被钛取代(US 4,410,501)。过氧化氢作为氧化剂的高成本排除了其大规模应用的可能。
硅酸钛(titanium silicalite)-催化的以纯氧作为氧化剂的环氧化,在由烷基蒽氢醌和烷基蒽醌组成的氧化还原体系存在下可成功地进行(EP 526,945)。
在含金属铂的硅酸钛(titanium silicalite)上,丙烯在液相中借助由分子氧与分子氢组成的气体混合物就地生成过氧化氢,可实现低收率(约1-2%)的氧化,环氧丙烷选择性介于60~70%(JP-A 92/352771、WO 97/47386、WO 96/023 023)。作为二次反应发生的氢化导致大量丙烷副产物的生成,由于这是一种液相反应,所以其间生成的环氧化物集中在液相中,因而此种方法就工业应用而言没有什么意义。
US 5 623 090描述了一种丙烯通过气相直接氧化而高选择性地生成环氧丙烷的方法。这是一种在氢气存在下以分子氧进行的金催化气相氧化。传统的工业二氧化钛涂以精细分散的金颗粒,被用作催化剂。在相同游离(educt)气体的情况下,另一种实施方案采用的催化剂是由金施涂到这样一种载体上构成的:该载体由分布在二氧化硅基质中的孤立钛部位组成(WO 9800415 A1、WO9800414 A1、WO 9800413 A1)。这类方法的缺点在于非常昂贵,因为催化剂含金,因此没有被考虑用于诸如环氧丙烷这类产品的工业生产。
因此,本发明的目的是提供选择性、收率和成本改善的烃类氧化的催化方法。
现已惊奇地发现,这一目的可这样实现,即,令烃类在氢/氧混合物存在下,在含银和钛的催化剂上进行反应。
因此,本发明涉及一种烃类氧化方法,按此法,含至少1种烃类、氧以及氢的混合物在含银和钛的催化剂上进行转化,其中催化剂包含一种含平均颗粒大小0.3~100nm的钛和银颗粒的载体。
原则上,本发明方法可以适用于所有烃类。术语烃类,是指饱和或不饱和烃类,例如链烷和烯烃,它们还可包含杂原子,例如N、O、P或S。作为氧化产物原料的烃类,优选氧化那些分压足以低到能够从催化剂以一致的浓度移出由它生成的产物的烃类。2~20,优选2~10个碳原子的不饱和烃类,特别是乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、2-丁烯、丁二烯和戊烯以及己烯,是优选的。
该含银催化剂包含优选施涂到载体上的银颗粒。
该含银催化剂包含细银颗粒,平均粒度介于0.3~100nm,优选0.5~20nm,尤其优选0.5~6nm。催化剂中的银含量优选介于0.5~10wt%。
粉碎和造粒的载体同样地适合作载体材料。优选表面面积大于50m2/g,优选大于100m2/g的无定形高表面载体材料,尤其是含钛的那些,诸如钛氧水合物(titanyl hydrates)、含钛的氧化锌水合物、含钛的氧化铝、二氧化钛(锐钛矿)或钛/硅混合化合物如TiO2-SiO2混合氧化物,硅酸钛(titanium silicalite)或分子筛(沸石),其中钛精细地分散在硅基质中。
原则上,氧化钛的任何晶体结构均可选择,虽然优选各种改性无定形二氧化钛和锐钛矿。氧化钛不一定要以纯组分存在,而是也可作为复合材料存在,例如与其他氧化物的组合(例如,钛酸盐)。就我们所知且不拟对本发明施加任何限制,钛部位,尤其是化学键合到二氧化硅和/或无机硅酸盐上的那些,代表催化活性的钛部位。进而,我们假定,在活性催化剂中,钛以键合到二氧化硅或硅酸盐上的氧化物[例如,-Si-O-Ti(=O)-O-Si-]的形式存在。
有利的是,本发明含硅载体材料由50%,优选75%,尤其优选大于90%硅的二氧化物形式组成。除了二氧化硅和硅酸盐之外,本发明含硅载体材料还可包含其他氧化物,例如氧化铝、氧化锆等。优选使用大比表面和高比例表面硅烷醇基团的含硅载体材料。其比表面应至少是1m2/g,优选介于25~700m2/g。
优选的含硅载体材料是合成制备的多孔二氧化硅,例如硅胶、沉淀二氧化硅、沉淀硅胶、硅酸盐(silicalite)或其类似物或混合物。此种合成制备的二氧化硅的生产方法描述在《(二氧化硅及硅酸盐胶体化学(R.G.Iler,康乃尔大学出版社,纽约,USA,1955,第VI章)》。此类二氧化硅的例子是煅烧法二氧化硅,由四氯或四氟化硅以氢和氧转化制取(例如,Cab-o-sils,MessrsCabot公司出品,或Aerosils,Messrs Degussa公司出品)。
结晶硅铝酸盐和硅酸盐(silicalite),即所谓分子筛,也可用作含硅载体材料。天然存在的结晶硅酸盐也可使用,尤其是蛇根碱(硅酸镁)、粘土材料如锂蒙脱石(硅酸锂镁)、高岭土、膨润土,以及云母矿,例如金云母(硅酸铝镁钾)或类似材料。
氧化钛可由钛前体化合物出发在含硅载体材料上就地生成,例如通过以上层清液饱和(浸渍)和/或吸入对应于载体吸收容量数量的溶剂(早期润湿)、沉淀沉积、蒸汽沉积以及通过溶胶-凝胶法,但同样也可通过胶体方法、溅射或蒸汽沉积。在浸渍中有利的是,采用能与表面硅烷醇基团起反应的钛前体化合物。
适合作为催化钛化学种的钛前体化合物在先有技术中是已知的,例如可溶性钛盐(例如卤化钛、硝酸钛、硫酸钛等无机或有机酸钛盐以及钛酸酯)。
钛衍生物,例如钛酸四烷基酯,其中烷基基团包含1~6个碳原子者,例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基等,或者其他有机钛化学种,例如乙酰丙酮络钛(titanyl acetylacetonate)、二环戊二烯基二氯化钛,是优选使用的。原钛酸四正丁酯、乙酰丙酮酸钛和四氯化钛是优选的钛前体化合物。
氧化钛也可通过在含硅载体上接枝二氯化二茂钛(titanocene chloride)从而就地生成,任选地在碱的存在下。在这种情况下,(η5-C5H2)2TiCl2与表面硅烷醇端基发生反应。接枝、干燥并煅烧后,据认为,(=SiO)3TiOH络合物便形成主要的钛化学种。该含钛载体材料在下一步中再涂以银。
为增加表面OH基团数量,催化剂在涂钛之前还可接受水处理。就此而论,水处理是指在涂钛之前,令催化剂与液态水或含水饱和氯化铵溶液和/或硝酸铵溶液和/或硝酸钙溶液和/或硝酸镧溶液进行接触,或者与多价阳离子(约2t溶液,用于交换3t,大约2t离子)进行离子交换,例如,催化剂悬浮在处理介质中,然后进行干燥(例如在300℃),或者催化剂以大于100℃,优选150~450℃的水蒸气处理1~6h。尤其优选的是,催化剂以200~450的水蒸气处理2~5h。然后除去多余的水。
为增加表面OH基团,催化剂载体还可接受水或铵盐或者多价阳离子溶液的喷雾浸渍处理,然后干燥。
银可按任何方式施涂到载体上。
催化剂制备优选采用浸渍方法。施加到载体上的银量,优选介于0.5~10wt%,具体取决于载体的表面、孔隙结构以及化学表面状态。优选无定形和结晶的高表面材料(大于50m2/g),例如钛氧水合物、无定形含钛的氧化锌水合物、二氧化钛(锐钛矿)或钛/硅混合化合物如TiO2-SiO2混合氧化物,硅酸钛(titaniumsilicalite)或分子筛,其中钛部位以孤立形式存在于二氧化硅基质中者,例如硅酸钛(titanium silicalite)(MFI结构,二维十环孔隙体系)、Ti-β和/或Ti-Alβ(三维十二环孔隙体系)、Ti-ZSM-5和/或Ti-ZSM-11(MFI结构,十环通道)、Ti-ZSM-12(-维十二环通道体系)、Ti-ZSM-48、Ti-MCM-41(中孔),优选作为适合涂布银的载体材料。钛氧水合物以及钛/硅混合化合物是优选的载体。钛氧水合物可通过有机和无机钛前体的水解(例如,对钛矿石的处理)制取。生成钛氧水合物的水解也可在任何惰性载体材料,例如云母、二氧化硅的存在下进行。尤其优选随后让载体材料在250~600℃的含氧气流中进行煅烧。该载体材料包含精细分散状态的固定化银。尤其优选低钛(III)含量(0.01~2%)且低硫酸盐含量(0.1~2wt%,优选0.2~1.0wt%)的钛氧水合物。硫酸盐可来自例如硫酸盐方法的生产过程,或者是载体生产时加入的,或者后来以试剂(例如,硫酸或硫酸钠)处理载体时加入的。含银催化剂的活性可通过加入促进剂而略微提高(约5~10%)。优选使用选自(IUPAC(国际纯粹及应用化学联合会)元素周期系,1985)族1、2、5和13的促进剂,特别是钾、钽和/或铝,以及周期系的镧系和锕系,特别是铕、镧和镨的促进剂。促进剂含量介于0.1~5%,优选0.5~3%是有利的。
含银催化剂也可通过沉淀沉积法制备,按此法,无机或有机银化合物的水溶液(硝酸银、硫酸银、氟化银、乳酸银等)在搅拌下滴加到催化剂载体的悬浮体中。优选使用含水溶剂。其他溶剂,例如醇,也可使用。若该银盐溶液与碱混合(例如,与碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸铯或碱液或碱土金属碱液)直至pH达到7~9,银将以银氧羟(oxohydroxo)络合物或者氢氧化银/碳酸银形式沉积在载体表面上。为达到超细银颗粒的均匀沉积,应通过慢慢滴加该碱性水溶液来控制pH的变化。已发现,沉淀的消化同时银化合物不发生附聚的可能性,通过在以碱性水溶液中和该水溶液期间或者,更好地--中和之后加入羧酸或其盐(优选柠檬酸镁或钠)而增加。当pH维持在7~9的范围内时,实际上不发生银化合物因羰基化而被还原。干燥以后,载体上沉淀的氢氧化银或碳酸银转化为氧化银,后者当在高于200℃煅烧时分解并释放出氧,或者通过还原作用(例如,氢或肼)而转化为元素银。按此方式生成的纳米级银颗粒以均匀和粘附的方式固定在载体表面。
作为沉淀沉积法的替代方案,银颗粒也可通过早期润湿、溅射(例如在钛氧水合物、二氧化钛或分子筛上溅射5wt%银)、化学蒸汽沉积或者由胶体悬浮体等途径施涂到载体上。载体与银组分的共沉淀也是可能的。以不同方法生产的含银载体催化剂的不同之处在于其银颗粒大小。按浸渍法获得的银颗粒大小相当于沉淀沉积法生成的银颗粒的1/2~1/3。
反复进行少量银(例如,每种情况约1~3wt%的银)的浸渍或沉淀沉积方法,有利于含银催化剂的生成。因此在本发明方法中,优选这样制备的催化剂:在洗涤和干燥之后反复地按所描述的浸渍方法将1~4wt%,优选1~2wt%数量的银施加到载体上。当用于丙烯以分子氧在分子氢存在下的直接氧化时,本发明按此方式制备的催化剂(例如,在二氧化钛上载有5wt%银)能够在收率等于1.5~3%和环氧丙烷选择性大于95%的条件下生产环氧丙烷。仅发现少量乙烷、甲烷和丙酮作为副产物生成(相当于生成环氧丙烷的约1%(体积)的副产物)。
氧化催化剂的活性随着时间的推移可能略微降低。于是,该催化剂可在一般300~600℃,优选300~400℃的氧气流中进行再生。再生也可通过简单地以水或稀过氧化氢溶液(约3~10%)在室温或更高温度洗涤这些催化剂,随后在150~250℃干燥来实现。
催化剂制备中,可发生所用银化合物的热还原,例如在高于200℃,优选300~400℃温度的煅烧期间。
本发明方法可在气相、液相或者也可在超临界相中,在20~200℃的温度以及任何压力下进行。
如果本发明氧化过程在液相中进行,操作在1~10bar压力和溶剂存在下是有利的。卤化溶剂,例如二氯甲烷,适合用作该催化剂悬浮介质的溶剂。醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、叔丁醇及其混合物,乃至水都是合适的溶剂。
在本发明方法中,使用的催化剂以及气体用量均不受限制。在气相反应情况下,通过催化剂床层的气体物流数量应介于约0.5~20l/g催化剂/h(“空间速度”)。
本发明方法在气态氧和氢存在下进行,任选地加入惰性气体,例如氮、氩、氦或二氧化碳。对于丙烯氧化来说,优选30~70℃(银/二氧化钛体系)或50~180℃(银/含钛体系)的温度。生成环氧丙烷的收率介于1.5~3%。
反应混合物的组成,包含诸如丙烯之类的至少1种烃类以及氧、氢和任选的惰性气体,可在宽范围内变化。本发明方法优选在“氢化条件”下实施,就是说,除了过量氢之外仅使用非常少量的氧。因此,在本发明方法中优选采用下列气体比例:氢/烃/氧/氮:20~80%(体积)/5~30%(体积)/1~10%(体积)/0~50%(体积)。优选的氢/烃/氧/氮是:40~75%/7~15%/3~10%/0~20%。用于反应的氧可以是各种不同来源的,例如纯氧、空气或者其他氧/惰性气体混合物。
本发明方法提供在烃类转化率等于1~3%条件下的优异部分氧化选择性。由于选择性非常高,生成的副产物比传统氧化催化剂显著减少。本发明方法尤其优选用于烯烃环氧化,特别是丙烯环氧化。在烯烃转化率等于1.5~3%(按转化的烯烃计)的条件下,可达到大于95%(按转化的烯烃计)的环氧化物选择性。
本发明的特征在下面有关催化剂制备和催化剂试验反应的实施例中将得到展示。
实施例
实例A
催化剂试验规定(试验规定)
采用10mm内径、20cm长管式金属反应器,由油恒温器调节温度。通过一组4个质量流量控制器(烃、氧、氢、氮)向反应器中加入游离气体。反应采用0.5g粉碎催化剂,在46℃(银/二氧化钛)和/或140℃(银/二氧化钛-二氧化硅混合氧化物)以及1bar超计压力下进行。游离气体由上面计量加入到反应器中。标准催化剂负荷为2l/g催化剂/h。丙烯被选作“标准烃类”的例子。为实施氧化反应,一律选择代表如下标准气体组成的富氮气体流:N2/H2/O2/C3H6:15/62/10/12%。反应气体由气体色谱术定量分析。各单个反应产物的气体色谱分析是通过FID/TCD联合方法实施的,其中(被分析物)通过3个毛细管柱。
FID:HP-Innowax,0.32mm内径、60m长、0.25μ膜厚。
WLD:HP-Plot O,0.32mm内径、30m长、20μ膜厚
HP-Plot Molsieve 5A,0.32mm内径、30m长、12μ膜厚。
实例1:丙烯氧化:
催化剂:2wt%银通过浸渍、煅烧,载于钛氧水合物上。
该实例展示本发明载体型银催化剂的制备。787mg硝酸银(5wt%银,以使用的载体为基准)溶解在100mL水中,在室温和搅拌下加入11g钛氧水合物(10g干物质)。悬浮体在室温下搅拌1h,分离出固体,然后以20mL水洗涤一遍。湿固体在120℃干燥3h,然后在250℃的空气中煅烧2h,继而在400℃煅烧5h。
获得泛灰的白色催化剂,含2.1wt%银(EDX)。透射电子显微镜(TEM)鉴定显示出纳米级银颗粒,平均粒度小于3nm。
在按照试验规定的试验中,在环氧丙烷选择性94%的条件下达到1.5%的丙烯转化率。
实例2:异丁烷氧化:
催化剂:2wt%银通过浸渍、煅烧载于钛氧水合物上。
催化剂制备与实例1相同。
该催化剂用于按照试验规定的异丁烷氧化。
在按照试验规定的试验中,在氧化异丁烷转化率等于1.1%条件下,达到88%的叔丁醇选择性和5%乙酸(acetic)选择性。
实例3:1-丁烯氧化
催化剂:2wt%银通过浸渍、煅烧载于钛氧水合物上。
催化剂制备与实例1相同。
该催化剂用于按照试验规定的1-丁烯氧化。
在按照试验规定的试验中,在1-丁烯转化率等于1.4%条件下,达到93%的环氧丁烷选择性。
实例4:丙烯氧化
催化剂:1.4wt%银通过浸渍、煅烧载于钛氧水合物上。
该实例展示本发明载体型银催化剂的制备。制备按与实例1相同方式实施,不同的是,在100mL水中含有475mg硝酸银(3wt%银,以使用的载体为基准)。
获得泛灰的白色催化剂,含1.4wt%银(EDX)。透射电子显微镜(TEM)鉴定显示出纳米级银颗粒,平均粒度小于6nm。
该催化剂被用于按试验规定的丙烯氧化。
在按照试验规定的试验中,在丙烯转化率1.1%的条件下达到95%的环氧丙烷选择性。
实例5:丙烯氧化
催化剂:5wt%银通过沉淀沉积、煅烧,载于钛氧水合物上。
该实例展示本发明载体型银催化剂的制备。20g钛氧水合物在室温和搅拌下加入到1588mg硝酸银溶于100mL水的溶液中。以2M碳酸钠溶液将pH调节到8,以便使银沉淀沉积。pH调节好以后,水悬浮体搅拌0.5h,加入30mg柠檬酸镁,在室温下再继续搅拌2h。分离出固体,以去离子水洗涤2遍,每次70mL。湿固体在150℃干燥1.5h,然后在250℃的空气中煅烧2h,然后在400℃煅烧5h。
获得泛灰的白色催化剂,含5wt%银(EDX)。透射电子显微镜(TEM)鉴定显示出纳米级银颗粒,平均粒度介于2~10nm。
该催化剂被用于按试验规定的丙烯氧化。
在按照试验规定的试验中,在丙烯转化率0.7%的条件下达到94%的环氧丙烷选择性。
实例6:丙烯氧化
催化剂:5wt%银通过溅射、煅烧,载于钛氧水合物上。
本实例展示本发明载体型银催化剂的制备。
技术数据:Leybold蒸汽沉积装置(A1100);标靶:PK 200(200mm直径);起始压力:1×10-5mbar;工作压力:1×10-3mbar氩气;烧瓶:1L圆底烧瓶,带70°角110mm瓶口;转速:6rpm;沉积时间:120min;阴极输出:110W。
15g预干燥(150℃,2h)钛氧水合物粉末放入到烧瓶中,然后在其上溅射银。
固体在150℃干燥1.5h,然后在250℃空气中煅烧2h,继而在400℃煅烧5h。
获得5wt%银(EDX)的无烟煤颜色的催化剂。透射电子显微镜(TEM)鉴定显示出纳米级银颗粒,平均粒度小于5nm。
该催化剂被用于按试验规定的丙烯氧化。
在按照试验规定的试验中,在丙烯转化率1.0%的条件下达到93%的环氧丙烷选择性。
实例7:丙烯氧化
催化剂:2wt%银通过浸渍、煅烧载于TS1上。
该实例展示本发明制备载体型银催化剂的方法。787mg硝酸银(5wt%银,以使用的载体为基准)溶解在100mL水中,在室温和搅拌下加入10gTS1。悬浮体在室温下搅拌1h,分离出固体,然后以20mL水洗涤一遍。湿固体在120℃干燥3h,然后在250℃的空气中煅烧2h,继而在400℃煅烧5h。
获得泛灰的白色催化剂,含2.0wt%银(EDX)。透射电子显微镜(TEM)鉴定显示出纳米级银颗粒,平均粒度小于6nm。
该催化剂被用于按试验规定在140℃的丙烯氧化。
在按照试验规定的试验中,在丙烯转化率0.9%的条件下达到94%的环氧丙烷选择性。
实例8:
本实例描述一种催化剂载体的制备,它由涂银颗粒的硅和钛的氧化物组成。该含硅和钛的催化剂载体是通过以二氯化二茂钛浸渍二氧化硅制取的。
20g煅烧法二氧化硅(Aerosil 200,Messrs Degussa,200m2/g)悬浮在0.5mL硝酸铵溶液中,在50℃搅拌2h,过滤出来,以50mL水洗涤3遍,在120℃干燥2h,然后在300℃干燥3h。
1568mg二氯化二茂钛(Messrs Merck)溶解在300mL氯仿中,加入10g干Aerosil 380(Messrs Degussa,煅烧法二氧化硅,380m2/g),搅拌30min,加入1867mg三乙胺,搅拌120min,吸滤,以50mL氯仿洗涤,在120℃干燥,然后在300℃煅烧3h,继而在500℃煅烧1h。
按照与实例1相同的方式涂布银颗粒。
获得泛灰的白色催化剂,含2wt%银(EDX)。透射电子显微镜(TEM)鉴定显示出纳米级银颗粒,平均粒度小于5nm。
按照试验规定在140℃的试验中,在环氧丙烷选择性94%条件下达到1.1%的丙烯转化率。
实例9:
本实例描述一种催化剂载体的制备,它由涂银颗粒的硅、铝和钛的氧化物组成。该含硅和钛的催化剂载体是通过以二氯化二茂钛浸渍二氧化硅/氧化铝混合氧化物制取的。
制备程序与实例8相同,不同的是,用煅烧法含硅和铝的混合氧化物代替Aerosil 200(MOX 170,Messrs Degussa,1%Al2O3/99%SiO2,170m2/g)。
获得泛灰的白色催化剂,含2wt%银(EDX)。透射电子显微镜(TEM)鉴定显示出纳米级银颗粒,平均粒度小于5nm。
按照试验规定在140℃的试验中,在环氧丙烷选择性94%条件下达到1.3%的丙烯转化率。
Claims (10)
1.烯烃在氢/氧混合物存在下在包含下列成分的含银催化剂上进行氧化的方法:
a)含钛载体以及
b)平均颗粒大小介于0.3~100nm的银颗粒。
2.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,用钛氧水合物,二氧化钛和硅/钛混合氧化物作为催化剂的载体。
3.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在施加钛以前,含硅催化剂载体接受以水或含水盐溶液的处理,然后除掉多余水。
4.权利要求3的方法,其特征在于,所述的含水盐溶液是氯化铵、硝酸铵、硝酸钙或硝酸镧的水溶液。
5.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,使用选自1985年IUPAC周期系族1、2和族5以及族13的促进剂。
6.权利要求5的方法,其特征在于所述族1、2的促进剂是钾、铯、镁,族5的促进剂是钽,族13的促进剂是铝。
7.权利要求2的方法,其特征在于,当钛氧水合物和/或二氧化钛用作催化剂载体时,采用0.1~1wt%硫酸盐含量。
8.一种烯烃氧化用含银催化剂,它包含:
a)用钛载体以及
b)平均颗粒大小介于0.3~100nm的银颗粒。
9.权利要求8所述的含银催化剂,其特征在于,用钛氧水合物,二氧化钛和硅/钛混合氧化物作为催化剂的载体。
10.权利要求8的催化剂在烯烃氧化中的应用。
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DE19835481A DE19835481A1 (de) | 1998-08-07 | 1998-08-07 | Verfahren zur Oxidation von Kohlenwasserstoffen |
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US6323351B1 (en) | 1997-06-30 | 2001-11-27 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for the direct oxidation of olefins to olefin oxides |
US6562986B2 (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 2003-05-13 | Dow Global Technologies, Inc. | Process for the direct oxidation of olefins to olefin oxides |
ATE234825T1 (de) * | 1998-12-16 | 2003-04-15 | Dow Global Technologies Inc | Verfahren zur direktoxidation von olefinen zu olefinoxiden |
DE10032400A1 (de) * | 2000-07-06 | 2002-01-17 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh | Auf Trägermaterialien immobilisierte Silber-Nanopartikel als Katalysatoren |
US20030092921A1 (en) * | 2001-06-05 | 2003-05-15 | Stangland Eric E. | Method of making gold-titania catalyst for oxidation of hydrocarbons |
EP1453605B1 (en) | 2001-08-01 | 2006-03-22 | Dow Global Technologies Inc. | Method of increasing the lifetime of a hydro-oxidation catalyst |
WO2007002503A1 (en) * | 2005-06-23 | 2007-01-04 | Cop Energy Technologies Llc | Hydrogen production using electrochemical reforming and electrolyte regeneration |
US7273826B2 (en) * | 2005-07-26 | 2007-09-25 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Epoxidation catalyst |
CA2627522A1 (en) * | 2005-10-31 | 2007-05-10 | Ucl Business Plc | Antimicrobial films |
US7569510B2 (en) * | 2006-02-27 | 2009-08-04 | Philip Morris Usa Inc. | Catalysts to reduce carbon monoxide such as in the mainstream smoke of a cigarette |
JP5576607B2 (ja) * | 2006-09-15 | 2014-08-20 | 株式会社日本触媒 | アルキレンオキシド製造用触媒、その製造方法、および該触媒を用いたアルキレンオキシドの製造方法 |
BRMU8802471Y1 (pt) * | 2008-09-01 | 2016-11-22 | Electrolux Do Brasil Sa | disposições construtivas introduzidas em componentes de fogões |
RU2515510C1 (ru) * | 2013-04-16 | 2014-05-10 | ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ НАУКИ ИНСТИТУТ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОЙ ХИМИИ им. Н.Д. ЗЕЛИНСКОГО РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК (ИОХ РАН) | Способ приготовления катализатора для полного окисления углеводородов, катализатор, приготовленный по этому способу, и способ очистки воздуха от углеводородов с использованием полученного катализатора |
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IT1152299B (it) | 1982-07-28 | 1986-12-31 | Anic Spa | Procedimento per l'espossidazione di composti olefinici |
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US5173469A (en) | 1989-11-09 | 1992-12-22 | Huels Aktiengesellschaft | Silver catalyst suitable for oxidation of ethylene and process for the production of the catalyst |
JP3044836B2 (ja) | 1991-05-28 | 2000-05-22 | 東ソー株式会社 | プロピレンオキシドの製法 |
IT1250756B (it) | 1991-08-02 | 1995-04-21 | Eniricerche Spa | Procedimento per la produzione di ossidi olefinici |
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US5703254A (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1997-12-30 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Propylene oxide process using mixed precious metal catalyst supported on alkaline earth metal carbonate |
DE69737516T2 (de) * | 1997-06-30 | 2007-11-29 | Dow Global Technologies, Inc., Midland | Katalysatorzusammensetzung und Verfahren zur Direktoxidation von Propen zu Propenoxid |
-
1998
- 1998-08-07 DE DE19835481A patent/DE19835481A1/de not_active Ceased
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1999
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- 1999-07-27 WO PCT/EP1999/005370 patent/WO2000007964A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-07-27 JP JP2000563599A patent/JP2002522401A/ja active Pending
- 1999-07-27 CA CA002339769A patent/CA2339769A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-07-27 AU AU55071/99A patent/AU5507199A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-07-27 CN CNB998093920A patent/CN1134382C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-27 US US09/762,179 patent/US6603028B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-27 PL PL99345815A patent/PL345815A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-07-27 KR KR1020017001561A patent/KR20010072281A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-07-27 RU RU2001106608/04A patent/RU2232157C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-27 HU HU0103181A patent/HUP0103181A3/hu unknown
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- 1999-07-27 EP EP99941468A patent/EP1102732A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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2001
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HUP0103181A3 (en) | 2004-04-28 |
EP1102732A1 (de) | 2001-05-30 |
KR20010072281A (ko) | 2001-07-31 |
RU2232157C2 (ru) | 2004-07-10 |
HUP0103181A2 (hu) | 2001-12-28 |
BR9912852A (pt) | 2001-05-08 |
CN1311765A (zh) | 2001-09-05 |
US20030204102A1 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
PL345815A1 (en) | 2002-01-14 |
AU5507199A (en) | 2000-02-28 |
JP2002522401A (ja) | 2002-07-23 |
MXPA01001369A (es) | 2001-09-01 |
DE19835481A1 (de) | 2000-02-17 |
US6603028B1 (en) | 2003-08-05 |
CA2339769A1 (en) | 2000-02-17 |
ID28474A (id) | 2001-05-31 |
WO2000007964A1 (de) | 2000-02-17 |
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