CN111883814A - 可再充电锂电池 - Google Patents
可再充电锂电池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111883814A CN111883814A CN202010332362.6A CN202010332362A CN111883814A CN 111883814 A CN111883814 A CN 111883814A CN 202010332362 A CN202010332362 A CN 202010332362A CN 111883814 A CN111883814 A CN 111883814A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- positive electrode
- lithium battery
- rechargeable lithium
- electrode active
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 56
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
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- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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Images
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Abstract
公开了可再充电锂电池,其包括:电极层叠体,包括具有正极集流体和设置在其上的正极活性物质层的正电极、具有负极集流体、设置在其上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层的负电极及隔膜,其中,电极层叠体的高度(其为沿电极端子的突出方向的长度)和宽度(其与电极端子的突出方向垂直且与层叠表面平行)的比为约1.1至约2.3,正极活性物质层包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质,第一正极活性物质包括选自于钴、锰、镍和它们的组合的金属与锂的复合氧化物中的至少一种,第二正极活性物质包括由LiaFe1‑x1Mx1PO(0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或其组合)表示的化合物,负极功能层包括片状聚乙烯颗粒,工作电压大于或等于约4.3V。
Description
本申请要求于2019年5月3日在韩国知识产权局提交的第10-2019-0052570号韩国专利申请的优先权和权益,该韩国专利申请的全部内容通过引用包含于此。
技术领域
本公开涉及可再充电锂电池。
背景技术
诸如蜂窝电话、膝上型电脑、智能电话等的便携式信息装置或电动车辆已经使用具有高能量密度和易便携性的可再充电锂电池作为驱动电源。另外,最近已经积极地进行了通过利用高能量密度特性将可再充电锂电池用作混合动力或电动车辆的电源或电力储存器的研究。
这种可再充电锂电池的主要研究任务之一是改善可再充电锂电池的安全性。例如,如果可再充电锂电池由于内部短路、过充电和过放电而放热等,并且发生电解质分解反应和热失控现象,则电池内部的内部压力可能会快速地升高而引起电池爆炸。在这些之中,当发生可再充电锂电池的内部短路时,由于存储在每个电极中的高电能在短路的正电极和负电极中传导,因此存在爆炸的高风险。
除了可再充电锂电池的损坏之外,爆炸还可能对用户造成致命的伤害。因此,亟需开发一种能够改善可再充电锂电池的稳定性的技术。
另一方面,LFP用作低发热安全性材料,但其平均电位相对低,伴随着放电时容量的降低。因此,需要技术开发来改善这些问题。
发明内容
提供一种能够在高电压下工作并具有高容量和高稳定性的可再充电锂电池。
实施例提供了一种可再充电锂电池,该可再充电锂电池包括电极层叠体,电极层叠体包括:正电极,包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层;负电极,包括负极集流体、设置在负极集流体上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层;以及隔膜,其中,电极层叠体的高度(L)相对于宽度(W)的比(L/W)为约1.1至约2.3,高度(L)是在电极端子的突出方向上的长度,宽度(W)与电极端子的突出方向垂直且与层叠表面平行,正极活性物质层包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质,第一正极活性物质包括选自于钴、锰、镍和它们的组合的金属与锂的复合氧化物中的至少一种,第二正极活性物质包括由化学式1表示的化合物,负极功能层包括片状聚乙烯颗粒,工作电压大于或等于约4.3V。
[化学式1]
LiaFe1-x1Mx1PO4
在化学式1中,0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或它们的组合。
作为可以在高电压下工作而不降低容量的可再充电锂电池,可以通过实现早期闭孔功能来实现安全性。
附图说明
图1示意性地示出了根据本公开的实施例的可再充电锂电池的结构。
图2是根据本公开的实施例的电极层叠体的示意图。
图3示出了根据本公开的示例1和示例2的可再充电锂电池单体在穿刺安全性评估期间随时间的热传递模拟结果。
图4示出了根据对比示例1和对比示例2的可再充电锂电池单体在穿刺安全性评估期间随时间的热传递模拟结果。
图5是根据实施例的负极功能层的聚乙烯颗粒的SEM照片。
图6是根据实施例的负极组合物的SEM照片。
具体实施方式
在下文中,参照附图,详细描述本公开的实施例。在本公开的以下描述中,为了阐明本公开,将不描述公知的功能或构造。
为了清楚地说明本公开,省略了描述和关系,并且在整个公开中,相同或相似的构造元件由相同的附图标记表示。而且,由于为了更好地理解和便于描述而任意地示出了附图中所示的每个构造的尺寸和厚度,因此本公开不必限于此。
根据隔膜和电解质的种类,可再充电锂电池可以分类为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池和锂聚合物电池。根据形状也可以将可再充电锂电池分类为圆柱形、棱柱形、硬币型、袋型等。另外,根据尺寸,可再充电锂电池可以是块体型和薄膜型。关于本公开的针对锂离子电池的结构和制造方法在本领域中是公知的。
在下文中,作为可再充电锂电池的示例,例如描述了袋型可再充电锂电池。图1示意性地示出了根据实施例的可再充电锂电池的结构。参照图1,根据本公开的实施例的可再充电锂电池1可以包括壳体20、插入到壳体20中的电极层叠体10以及电连接到电极层叠体的正极端子40和负极端子50。正极端子40和负极端子50可以分别通过接线片被引出到壳体20外部,并且各自通过绝缘构件60与壳体20绝缘。
如图1中所示,电极层叠体10具有呈具有预定尺寸的矩形片状的正电极11和负电极12与设置在其间的隔膜13被层叠并在一个方向上卷绕(果冻卷型)的结构。可选地,尽管未示出,但是可以层压具有预定尺寸的板状正电极、板状负电极和板状隔膜,同时正电极和负电极可以形成为隔膜交替地堆叠在其中的堆叠(层叠)结构。
电极层叠体10可以包括至少一个正电极、至少一个负电极和至少一个隔膜。
壳体20可以包括下壳体22和上壳体21,电极层叠体10可以被容纳在下壳体22的内部空间221中。
在电极层叠体10被容纳在壳体20中之后,将密封材料涂敷到设置在下壳体22的边缘处的密封部222以密封上壳体21和下壳体22。
另外,正电极11、负电极12和隔膜13可以被浸渍在电解质中。
正电极11可以包括正极集流体和形成在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层。正极活性物质层可以包括正极活性物质、正极粘合剂以及可选地导电材料。
在下文中,描述根据本公开的实施例的可再充电锂电池1的详细构造。
根据本公开的实施例的可再充电锂电池包括电极层叠体,电极层叠体包括正电极、负电极和隔膜,电极层叠体的高度(L)相对于宽度(W)的比例(L/W)为约1.1至约2.3,高度(L)是在电极端子的突出方向上的长度,宽度(W)与电极端子的突出方向垂直且与层叠表面平行。
为了定义电极层叠体的宽度和高度,在图2中示出了电极层叠体的示意图。
图2是根据本公开的实施例的电极层叠体的示意图。
根据图2,电极层叠体的宽度(W)是指在封装的电极层叠体中与电极端子的突出方向垂直且与层叠表面平行的长度。即,在封装的电极层叠体中,它是指在正电极、负电极和隔膜层叠所沿的方向上以及在与电极端子的突出方向垂直的方向上的表面的长度。
另外,电极层叠体的高度(L)是指在封装的电极层叠体中电极端子的突出方向的长度。在这种情况下,排除由电极端子(即,负极端子和正极端子)延伸的长度。
当电极层叠体的高度相对于宽度的比例(L/W)满足1.1至2.3时,安全性可以在大于或等于约4.3V的高电压下操作时得以确保。
正电极包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层,正极活性物质层包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质。
第一正极活性物质可以包括选自于钴、锰、镍和它们的组合的金属与锂的复合氧化物中的至少一种,第二正极活性物质可以包括由化学式1表示的化合物。
[化学式1]
LiaFe1-x1Mx1PO4
在化学式1中,0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或它们的组合。
第一正极活性物质是具有每单位量高能量密度的高容量材料,因此可以使在大于或等于约4.3V的高电压下工作期间的容量劣化最小化,第二正极活性物质是低发热稳定性材料,因此可以确保稳定性。换句话说,第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质一起使用,因此可以实现高容量和高稳定性的可再充电锂电池。
具体地,根据实施例的可再充电锂电池包括包含第一正极活性物质的正电极,因此可以使在大于或等于约4.3V的高电压下工作期间的容量劣化最小化并由此改善了循环寿命特性。
基于正极活性物质层的总重量,可以包括的第一正极活性物质的量为约80wt%至约97wt%,具体地约80wt%至约95wt%,例如约85wt%至约95wt%或者约85wt%至约94wt%。
正极活性物质层还可以包括设置在正极活性物质层上的正极功能层。
例如,第一正极活性物质可以被包括在正极活性物质层中,第二正极活性物质可以被包括在正极功能层中。
在这种情况下,可以以约97:3至约80:20的重量比或者约95:5至约80:20的重量比包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质。
例如,第一正极活性物质可以被包括在正极活性物质层中,第二正极活性物质可以被分别包括在正极活性物质层和正极功能层中。
在这种情况下,可以以约94:6至约85:15的重量比包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质。
在这种情况下,基于100重量份的正极活性物质层的第二正极活性物质,可以以约20重量份至约120重量份包括正极功能层的第二正极活性物质。
当第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质满足上述范围时,可以确保高容量和安全性。
第一正极活性物质可以具体地包括LiCoO2、LibM1 1-y1-z1M2 y1M3 z1O2(0.9≤b≤1.8,0≤y1≤1,0≤z1≤1,0≤y1+z1≤1,M1、M2和M3独立地为金属Ni、Co、Mn、Al、Sr、Mg或La)和它们的组合中的一种。
例如,第一正极活性物质可以包括LiCoO2,但不限于此。
例如,M1可以是Ni,M2和M3可以独立地是诸如Co、Mn、Al、Sr、Mg或La的金属。
更具体地,M1可以是Ni,M2可以是Co,M3可以是Mn或Al,但不限于此。
第二正极活性物质可以包括LiFePO4。
负电极可以包括负极集流体、设置在负极集流体上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层,负极功能层可以包括片状(flake-shaped)聚乙烯颗粒。
当使用片状聚乙烯颗粒时,与球形聚乙烯颗粒相比,可以在闭孔温度(shutdowntemperature,或称为遮断电流温度)下有效地阻断大区域。因此,还可以包括具有包括片状聚乙烯颗粒的负极功能层的负电极来更有效地实现闭孔功能并由此防止附加的化学反应,结果实现了具有进一步改善的安全性的可再充电电池。
聚乙烯通常是HDPE(高密度聚乙烯,密度:约0.94g/cc至约0.965g/cc)、MDPE(中密度聚乙烯,密度:约0.925g/cc至约0.94g/cc)、LDPE(低密度聚乙烯,密度:约0.91g/cc至约0.925g/cc)、VLDPE(极低密度聚乙烯,密度:约0.85g/cc至约0.91g/cc)等。
片状聚乙烯颗粒可以单独使用或者以两种或更多种聚乙烯聚合物(诸如HDPE、MDPE或LDPE)的组合来使用。
设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层中包括的片状聚乙烯颗粒的平均粒径(D50)可以为约1μm至约8μm,具体地约2μm至约6μm。
如在此所使用的,当没有另外提供定义时,平均粒径(D50)可以通过本领域普通技术人员公知的方法来测得,例如,由粒径分析仪或从TEM或SEM照片测得。可选地,使用动态光散射测量装置来执行数据分析,并且对每个粒径范围的颗粒的数量计数。由此,可以通过计算容易地获得D50值。
更准确地说,片状聚乙烯颗粒的粒径可以通过动态光散射测量法来确定。具体地,可以通过颗粒的光散射性质的分析经由ISO 13320测量尺寸。对于非球形颗粒,报告了一个尺寸分布,其中用于球形颗粒体积和的预测散射图案与测量的散射图案相匹配。
另一方面,片状聚乙烯颗粒的长轴长度相对于短轴长度的比可以为约1至约5,具体地约1.1至约4.5,例如约1.2至约3.5。
另外,片状聚乙烯颗粒的厚度可以为约0.2μm至约4μm,具体地,约0.3μm至约2.5μm,例如可以为约0.3μm至约1.5μm。
如图5中所见,根据本公开的聚乙烯颗粒是片状的,平均粒径可以上述定义(D50)。
当片状聚乙烯颗粒的尺寸和厚度在上述范围内时,即使少量也可以有效地关闭离子通道。当设置包括片状聚乙烯颗粒的负极功能层时,与包括球形聚乙烯颗粒的情况相比,在相同的反应条件下,反应速率可以根据温度而增加,从而改善可再充电锂电池的稳定性改善效果。在熔融前的片状聚乙烯颗粒的情况下,覆盖孔的区域比熔融前的球形聚乙烯颗粒的覆盖孔的区域薄且宽。当聚乙烯颗粒在预定温度或更高温度下熔融以关闭离子通道时,因为片状聚乙烯颗粒具有比由熔融的球形聚乙烯颗粒闭孔的电极板的面积大的面积,所以反应速率更快。
即,在电池的热失控期间包括在负极功能层中的聚乙烯颗粒熔化以关闭离子通道,从而限制离子的移动以实现闭孔功能可以防止附加的电化学反应。
例如,如图6中所示,由于根据实施例的片状聚乙烯颗粒以薄且宽的形状设置在用于负极功能层的组合物中的孔上,因此片状聚乙烯颗粒由于热/物理冲击而在热失控期间更快速地熔融,从而抑制离子的通道。
另一方面,电极层叠体可以具有约17.5cc至约30cc的体积,但是根据用途,可以被制造为具有大于或等于约30cc的体积的单元单体。
另外,电极层叠体可以具有约600Wh/L至约750Wh/L的能量密度。
能量密度与可再充电电池的容量对应,并且可以通过将可再充电电池在标准充电和放电条件(例如,以0.5C充电/以0.2C放电)下的能量(Wh)除以可再充电电池的体积(L),然后将商标准化来获得。
例如,电极层叠体的能量密度可以在约630Wh/L至约720Wh/L或者约650Wh/L至约690Wh/L的范围内。
根据实施例的可再充电电池包括具有在前述范围内的能量密度的电极层叠体,因此可以实现高电压和高容量。
根据实施例的可再充电电池例如可以具有约4.3V至约4.5V的工作电压。
正极活性物质层还可以可选地包括正极导电材料和正极粘合剂。
基于正极活性物质层的总重量,正极导电材料和正极粘合剂的量可以分别是约1wt%至约7wt%。
正极导电材料用于对正电极赋予导电性,并且只要它是在电池中不引起化学变化的电子导电材料,就可以使用。导电材料的示例可以包括:诸如天然石墨、人造石墨、炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、碳纤维等的碳基材料;包括铜、镍、铝、银等的金属粉末或金属纤维的金属基材料;诸如聚亚苯基衍生物的导电聚合物;或它们的混合物。
正极粘合剂良好地粘合到正极活性物质颗粒,并且还用于将正极活性物质良好地粘合到集流体。其示例可以是聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、二乙酰纤维素、聚氯乙烯、羧化聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、含氧化乙烯的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、环氧树脂、尼龙等,但不限于此。
作为正极集流体,可以使用铝、镍等,但不限于此。
电解质包括非水有机溶剂和锂盐。
非水有机溶剂用作用于传输参与电池的电化学反应的离子的介质。
非水有机溶剂可以包括碳酸酯类、酯类、醚类、酮类、醇类或非质子性溶剂。碳酸酯类溶剂可以包括碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)、碳酸乙丙酯(EPC)、碳酸甲乙酯(MEC)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)等,酯类溶剂可以包括乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸正丙酯、乙酸二甲酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、γ-丁内酯、癸内酯、戊内酯、甲羟戊酸内酯、己内酯等。醚类溶剂可以包括二丁基醚、四乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃、四氢呋喃等,酮类溶剂可以包括环己酮等。醇类溶剂包括乙醇、异丙醇等,非质子溶剂的示例包括诸如R-CN(其中,R是C2至C20直链烃、支链烃或环状烃,并且可以包括双键、芳环或醚键)的腈、诸如二甲基甲酰胺的酰胺、诸如1,3-二氧戊环的二氧戊环、环丁砜等。
可以单独使用非水有机溶剂或以两种或更多种的混合物使用非水有机溶剂。当以混合物使用有机溶剂时,可以根据期望的电池性能来控制混合比。
碳酸酯类溶剂可以包括环状碳酸酯和直链碳酸酯的混合物。以约1:1至约1:9的体积比一起混合环状碳酸酯和直链碳酸酯,并且当将该混合物用作电解质时,可以增强电解质性能。
除了包括碳酸酯类溶剂之外,本公开的非水有机溶剂还可以包括芳香烃类有机溶剂。在这种情况下,可以以约1:1至约30:1的体积比混合碳酸酯类溶剂和芳香烃类有机溶剂。
作为芳香烃类有机溶剂,可以使用化学式2的芳香烃类化合物。
[化学式2]
在化学式2中,R1至R6相同或不同,并且选自于氢、卤素、C1至C10烷基、卤代烷基和它们的组合。
芳香烃类有机溶剂的具体示例可以包括苯、氟苯、1,2-二氟苯、1,3-二氟苯、1,4-二氟苯、1,2,3-三氟苯、1,2,4-三氟苯、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2,3-三氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、碘苯、1,2-二碘苯、1,3-二碘苯、1,4-二碘苯、1,2,3-三碘苯、1,2,4-三碘苯、甲苯、氟甲苯、2,3-二氟甲苯、2,4-二氟甲苯、2,5-二氟甲苯、2,3,4-三氟甲苯、2,3,5-三氟甲苯、氯甲苯、2,3-二氯甲苯、2,4-二氯甲苯、2,5-二氯甲苯、2,3,4-三氯甲苯、2,3,5-三氯甲苯、碘甲苯、2,3-二碘甲苯、2,4-二碘甲苯、2,5-二碘甲苯、2,3,4-三碘甲苯、2,3,5-三碘甲苯、二甲苯和它们的组合,但不限于此。
非水电解质还可以包括碳酸亚乙烯酯或化学式3的碳酸亚乙酯类化合物,以改善电池的循环寿命。
[化学式3]
在化学式3中,R7和R8可以相同或不同,并且可以选自于氢、卤素基团、氰基(CN)、硝基(NO2)和氟代C1至C5烷基,其中,R7和R8中的至少一个选自于卤素基团、氰基(CN)、硝基(NO2)和氟代C1至C5烷基,前提条件是R7和R8不都为氢。
碳酸亚乙酯类化合物的示例可以包括碳酸二氟亚乙酯、碳酸氯代亚乙酯、碳酸二氯亚乙酯、碳酸溴代亚乙酯、碳酸二溴亚乙酯、碳酸硝基亚乙酯、碳酸氰基亚乙酯或碳酸氟代亚乙酯。可以在合适的范围内使用循环寿命改善添加剂的量。
溶解在有机溶剂中的锂盐为电池供应锂离子,基本上使可再充电锂电池工作,并改善锂离子在正电极与负电极之间的传输。锂盐的示例包括选自于LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAsF6、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、Li(CF3SO2)2N、LiN(SO3C2F5)2、LiC4F9SO3、LiClO4、LiAlO2、LiAlCl4、LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2)(其中,x和y是自然数)、LiCl、LiI和LiB(C2O4)2(双(草酸)硼酸锂、LiBOB)的至少一种支持盐。锂盐的浓度可以在约0.1M至约2.0M的范围内。当锂盐以上述浓度范围被包括时,电解质可以由于最佳的电解质导电性和粘性而具有优异的性能和锂离子迁移率。
负极功能层还可以包括无机颗粒和粘合剂。
片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的总重量:粘合剂的重量(即,片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的总重量与粘合剂的重量之比)可以是约80:20至约99:1的重量比,具体地,约85:15至约97:3的重量比。
可以以约95:5至约10:90的重量比,具体地以约70:30至约30:70的重量比包括片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒。
当片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的量在上述范围内时,可以确保电池的循环寿命特性和输出特性。
无机颗粒可以包括例如Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2、SnO2、CeO2、MgO、NiO、CaO、GaO、ZnO、ZrO2、Y2O3、SrTiO3、BaTiO3、Mg(OH)2、勃姆石或它们的组合,但不限于此。除了包括无机颗粒之外,还可以包括诸如丙烯酸化合物、酰亚胺化合物、酰胺化合物或它们的组合的有机颗粒,但有机颗粒不限于此。
无机颗粒可以是球形、片状、立方体或无定形的。无机颗粒的平均粒径(D50)可以为约1nm至约2500nm,例如约100nm至约2000nm、约200nm至约1500nm或者约300nm至约1500nm。无机颗粒的平均粒径可以是累积尺寸分布曲线中体积比为50%时的平均粒径(D50)。
负极功能层的厚度可以为约1μm至约10μm,具体地约3μm至约10μm。
另外,负极活性物质层的厚度与负极功能层的厚度的比可以为约50:1至约10:1,具体地约30:1至约10:1。
当负极功能层的厚度在上述范围内时,可以显著地改善热稳定性,同时维持优异的循环寿命特性。
具体地,当负极功能层的厚度的比被包括在上述范围内时,可以改善热安全性,同时使能量密度的降低最小化。
负极集流体可以包括选自于铜箔、镍箔、不锈钢箔、钛箔、泡沫镍、泡沫铜、涂覆有导电金属的聚合物基底和它们的组合中的一种。
负极活性物质可以包括可逆地嵌入/脱嵌锂离子的材料、锂金属、锂金属合金、能够掺杂/脱掺杂锂的材料、或者过渡金属氧化物。
能够可逆地嵌入/脱嵌锂离子的材料的示例可以包括碳质材料,即,通常用在可再充电锂电池中的碳基负极活性物质。碳基负极活性物质的示例可以是结晶碳、非晶碳或它们的组合。结晶碳可以是诸如无定形、板状、片状、球形或纤维形的天然石墨或人造石墨的石墨,非晶碳可以是软碳、硬碳、中间相沥青碳化产物、烧制焦炭等。
锂金属合金包括锂与选自于Na、K、Rb、Cs、Fr、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Si、Sb、Pb、In、Zn、Ba、Ra、Ge、Al和Sn的金属的合金。
能够掺杂/脱掺杂锂的材料可以是硅基材料或锡基材料,例如Si、SiOx(0<x<2)、Si-Q合金(其中,Q是选自于碱金属、碱土金属、第13族元素、第14族元素、第15族元素、第16族元素、过渡金属、稀土元素和它们的组合的元素,但不是Si)、Si-C复合物、Sn、SnO2、Sn-R合金(其中,R是选自于碱金属、碱土金属、第13族元素、第14族元素、第15族元素、第16族元素、过渡金属、稀土元素和它们的组合的元素,但不是Sn)、Sn-C复合物等。可以将这些材料中的至少一种与SiO2混合。元素Q和元素R可以选自于Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ra、Sc、Y、Ti、Zr、Hf、Rf、V、Nb、Ta、Db、Cr、Mo、W、Sg、Tc、Re、Bh、Fe、Pb、Ru、Os、Hs、Rh、Ir、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag、Au、Zn、Cd、B、Al、Ga、Sn、In、Ge、P、As、Sb、Bi、S、Se、Te、Po和它们的组合。
过渡金属氧化物可以包括锂钛氧化物。
在负极活性物质层中,基于负极活性物质层的总重量,负极活性物质的量是约95wt%至约99wt%。
负极活性物质层还可以可选地包括负极导电材料和负极粘合剂。
基于负极活性物质层的总重量,负极导电材料和负极粘合剂的各自的量可以是约1wt%至约5wt%。
负极导电材料用于对负极赋予导电性,负极导电材料的类型与上述正极导电材料的类型相同。
负极粘合剂改善负极活性物质颗粒彼此之间的粘合性质以及负极活性物质颗粒与集流体的粘合性质。负极粘合剂可以是非水溶性粘合剂、水溶性粘合剂、两亲性粘合剂(水溶性/非水溶性粘合剂)或它们的组合。
非水溶性粘合剂可以是聚氯乙烯、羧化聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、含氧化乙烯的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺或它们的组合。
水溶性粘合剂可以是苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸钠、丙烯和C2至C8烯烃的共聚物、(甲基)丙烯酸和(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的共聚物、或者它们的组合。
两亲性粘合剂可以是丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯基橡胶。
当水溶性粘合剂用作负极粘合剂时,还可以使用纤维素类化合物作为增稠剂来提供粘性。纤维素类化合物包括羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素或它们的碱金属盐中的一种或更多种。碱金属可以是Na、K或Li。基于100重量份的负极活性物质,可以包括约0.1重量份至约3重量份的增稠剂。
根据本公开的实施例的可再充电锂电池同时地包括具有第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质的正极活性物质层以及包括片状聚乙烯颗粒并设置在负电极上的负极功能层,因此可以使容量劣化最小化并降低由于热/物理冲击引起的热增加速率并由此有效地呈现闭孔效应。
另一方面,隔膜13可以如上所述设置在正电极11与负电极12之间。隔膜13可以例如选自于玻璃纤维、聚酯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯或它们的组合。它可以具有非织造织物或织造织物的形式。例如,在可再充电锂电池中,主要使用诸如聚乙烯和聚丙烯的聚烯烃类聚合物隔膜。为了确保耐热性或机械强度,可以使用包括陶瓷组分或聚合物材料的涂覆隔膜。可选地,它可以具有单层结构或多层结构。
在下文中,参照示例更详细地说明本公开的上述方面。然而,这些示例是示例性的,本公开不限于此。
(可再充电锂电池单体的制造)
示例1:
在N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中混合95wt%的正极活性物质、3wt%的聚偏二氟乙烯粘合剂和2wt%的科琴黑导电材料以制备正极活性物质浆料,其中,正极活性物质是通过以9:1的重量比混合作为第一正极活性物质/第二正极活性物质的LiCoO2/LiFePO4来制备的。将正极活性物质浆料涂覆在铝集流体上,然后对其干燥并压缩,从而制造出具有正极活性物质层的正电极。
在纯水中混合98wt%的石墨、0.8wt%的羧甲基纤维素和1.2wt%的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶以制备负极活性物质浆料。将负极活性物质浆料涂覆在铜集流体的两个表面上,然后对其干燥并压缩,从而制造出具有负极活性物质层的负电极。
在醇类溶剂中混合48wt%的2μm片状PE颗粒(长轴长度/短轴长度=约2,厚度=约0.6μm)、47wt%的氧化铝(平均粒径(D50)=1.2μm)和5wt%的丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯基橡胶粘合剂,从而制备出PE/氧化铝浆料。
将PE/氧化铝浆料涂覆在负电极的两个表面上,然后对其干燥并压缩,从而制造出具有包括片状PE颗粒的涂层的负电极。
将负电极/隔膜/正电极/隔膜层叠以形成果冻卷型的电极层叠体(电极层叠体的L/W=2.3)。
将果冻卷型的电极层叠体和电解质(1.0M LiPF6,在EC/DEC=50:50v/v中)放入电池壳体中并密封,从而制造出袋状单体。
示例2
除了将电极层叠体的L/W变为1.1之外,根据与示例1相同的方法制造出可再充电锂电池单体。
对比示例1
除了将电极层叠体的L/W变为2.5之外,根据与示例1相同的方法制造出可再充电锂电池单体。
对比示例2
除了将电极层叠体的L/W变为1之外,根据与示例1相同的方法制造出可再充电锂电池单体。
评估示例:穿刺安全性评估
制造出根据示例1和示例2以及对比示例1和对比示例2的每种十个可再充电电池单体,并执行它们的穿刺安全性评估。
通过在0.05C的截止下以0.5C和4.3V对示例1和示例2以及对比示例1和对比示例2的可再充电锂电池单体充电并且在一小时后,使用直径为3mm的钉(pin)以80mm/sec穿刺来执行穿刺安全性评估,检查结果。
在执行穿刺安全性评估的同时,进行可再充电锂电池单体的热传递模拟,结果示于图3和图4中。
图3示出了根据本公开的示例1和示例2的可再充电锂电池单体在穿刺安全性评估期间随时间的热传递模拟结果。
图4示出了根据对比示例1和对比示例2的可再充电锂电池单体在穿刺安全性评估期间随时间的热传递模拟结果。
参照图3,在L/W在1.1至2.3的范围内的可再充电锂电池单体中,热传递在穿刺期间顺利地执行,并且引起在电池单体的爆炸/起火之前的早期闭孔,因此可以确保穿刺安全性。
相反,参照图4,在L/W小于1.1或L/W大于2.3的可再充电锂电池单体中,热传递没有顺利地执行,并且可能导致早期闭孔的失败并引起电池单体的爆炸/起火。换句话说,当L/W不满足1.1至2.3的范围时,热传递没有顺利地执行,因此确保不了安全性。
另一方面,示例1和示例2以及对比示例1和对比示例2的可再充电锂电池单体的穿刺安全性评估结果示于表1中。在表1中,数字是指出现不起火、冒烟和起火的电池单体的个数。
(表1)
L/W | 不起火 | 冒烟 | 起火 | |
示例1 | 2.3 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
示例2 | 1.1 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
对比示例1 | 2.5 | 5 | 2 | 3 |
对比示例2 | 1.0 | 5 | 2 | 3 |
如表1中所示,对于电极层叠体的长宽比(L/W)在1.1至2.3的范围内的示例1和示例2的电池单体,热传递在穿刺试验中在整个电极层叠体上执行,因此确保了优异的安全性。
然而,对比示例1和对比示例2的电池单体不满足1.1至2.3的L/W,难以确保穿刺安全性,因此,与对比示例1和对比示例2的电池单体相比,示例1和示例2表现出非常优异的安全性。
在上文中,已经描述和示出了本公开的某些实施例,然而,对于本领域普通技术人员来说清楚的是,本公开不限于所描述的实施例,并且在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的情况下可以进行各种修改和变型。因此,修改或变型的实施例如此不可以与本公开的技术思想和方面分开理解,并且修改的实施例在本公开的权利要求的范围内。
<符号说明>
1:可再充电锂电池 11:正电极
12:负电极 13:隔膜
10:电极层叠体 20:壳体
21:上壳体 22:下壳体
40:正极端子 50:负极端子
60:绝缘构件 221:下壳体的内部空间
222:密封部
Claims (17)
1.一种可再充电锂电池,所述可再充电锂电池包括:
电极层叠体,包括:正电极,包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层;负电极,包括负极集流体、设置在负极集流体上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层;以及隔膜,
电极层叠体的高度L和宽度W的比例L/W为1.1至2.3,高度L是在电极端子的突出方向上的长度,宽度W与电极端子的突出方向垂直且与层叠表面平行,
正极活性物质层包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质,第一正极活性物质包括选自于钴、锰、镍和它们的组合的金属与锂的复合氧化物中的至少一种,第二正极活性物质包括由化学式1表示的化合物,
负极功能层包括片状聚乙烯颗粒,
工作电压大于或等于4.3V,
[化学式1]
LiaFe1-x1Mx1PO4
在化学式1中,0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或它们的组合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,电极层叠体具有17.5cc至30cc的体积。
3.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,电极层叠体具有600Wh/L至750Wh/L的能量密度。
4.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,工作电压为4.3V至4.5V。
5.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,包括80wt%至97wt%的第一正极活性物质。
6.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,以97:3至80:20的重量比包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质。
7.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,正极活性物质层还包括设置在正极活性物质层上的正极功能层。
8.根据权利要求7所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,
第一正极活性物质被包括在正极活性物质层中,并且
第二正极活性物质被包括在正极活性物质层和正极功能层中的至少一个中。
9.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,第一正极活性物质包括选自于LiCoO2、LibM1 1-y1-z1M2 y1M3 z1O2和它们的组合中的一种,其中,0.9≤b≤1.8,0≤y1≤1,0≤z1≤1,0≤y1+z1≤1,M1、M2和M3独立地为金属Ni、Co、Mn、Al、Sr、Mg或La。
10.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,第二正极活性物质包括LiFePO4。
11.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒的平均粒径D50为1μm至8μm。
12.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒的长轴长度相对于短轴长度的比为1至5。
13.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒的厚度为0.2μm至4μm。
14.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,负极功能层还包括无机颗粒和粘合剂。
15.根据权利要求14所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的总重量:粘合剂的重量为80:20至99:1的重量比。
16.根据权利要求14所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,以95:5至10:90的重量比包括片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒。
17.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,负极功能层具有1μm至10μm的厚度。
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