CN110313088A - 用氧化铝和二氧化钛包封的锂混合氧化物颗粒及其使用方法 - Google Patents

用氧化铝和二氧化钛包封的锂混合氧化物颗粒及其使用方法 Download PDF

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CN110313088A
CN110313088A CN201880012071.XA CN201880012071A CN110313088A CN 110313088 A CN110313088 A CN 110313088A CN 201880012071 A CN201880012071 A CN 201880012071A CN 110313088 A CN110313088 A CN 110313088A
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titanium dioxide
particle
lithium
mixed
aluminium oxide
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D·埃斯肯
C·霍夫曼
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Wingchuang Degusai Co Ltd
Evonik Operations GmbH
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Wingchuang Degusai Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及制备包封的混合的锂氧化物颗粒的方法，其中混合的氧化锂颗粒和包含氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物通过比功率为0.1‑1kW/kg混合氧化锂和总共使用的混合物的混合单元在剪切条件下进行干混。包含氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物作为包封材料的包封的混合氧化锂颗粒，其中氧化铝和二氧化钛是聚集的初级颗粒形式，且氧化铝与二氧化钛的重量比为10:90‑90:10。本发明还涉及包含包封的混合氧化锂颗粒的电池组电池。

Description

用氧化铝和二氧化钛包封的锂混合氧化物颗粒及其使用方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制备涂布有氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合氧化锂颗粒的方法。本发明还涉及特定的氧化铝和二氧化钛涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒。
背景技术
已知用金属氧化物涂覆混合氧化锂颗粒可以抑制电解质与电极材料的不希望的反应。
WO2012022624公开了一种制备(NixMnyCoz)a(Al2O3)b的方法，其中0.3≤x≤0.9，0≤y≤0.45，0<z≤0.4，x+y+z＝1且a+2b＝1，b≤0.4，其中干燥形式的前体化合物[NixMnyCoz]OOH在剪切条件下与氧化铝(例如热解氧化铝)接触。这形成氧化铝的固体涂层。后续热处理得到产品。
WO00/70694公开了涂布有Zr、Al、Zn、Y、Ce、Sn、Ca、Si、Sr、Mg和Ti的氧化物或混合氧化物的混合氧化锂颗粒。它们通过将未涂布的颗粒悬浮在有机溶剂中、将悬浮液与可水解的金属化合物溶液和水解溶液混合，然后过滤、干燥和煅烧涂布的颗粒而获得。
在US2004091779中存在类似的公开内容。这里，组成为Li1+xNiαMnβCoγM'δO2-zXz的阴极材料，其中M'＝Mg、Zn、Al、Ga、B、Zr、Ti；X＝F、S、Cl、I；0<x<0.333，0.2≤α≤0.6，0.2≤β≤0.667，0≤γ≤0.333，δ≤0≤0.2，0<z<0.5，涂有Al、Bi、Ga、Ge、In、Mg、Pb、Si、Sn、Ti、TI、Zn、Zr的一种或多种氧化物。
在WO2011/031544中存在类似的公开内容。这里，阴极材料Li1+xM1-xO2-zFz(其中M是除Li以外的金属并且0.01<x<0.3,0<z<0.2)涂布有一种或多种Al2O3、Bi2O3、B2O3、ZrO2、MgO、Cr2O3、MgAl2O4、Ga2O3、SiO2、SnO2、CaO2、SrO、BaO、TiO2、Fe2O3、MoO3、MoO2、CeO2、La2O3、ZnO的金属氧化物。
WO2014/142803要求保护一种在无机基材上沉积氧化物涂层的方法，其中将包含四烷基铵多氧阴离子和氢氧化锂的含水组合物沉积在无机基材的表面上并进行热处理直至锂多氧阴离子已经转化为氧化物。四烷基铵多氧阴离子包括通式AxOy z-的那些，其中A是过渡金属或选自Al、Si、B、Ga、Ge、As、Sn、Sb、Tl、Pb和Bi的金属或准金属或它们的组合，其中O是氧原子且x、y和z的值取决于多氧阴离子中A的化合价，且y>x。
US2015340689公开了一种活性阴极材料，其具有能够嵌锂和脱嵌锂的材料的芯，并提供纳米级氧化锆的涂层以及Mg、Al、Co、K、Na、Ca、Si、Ti、V、Sn、Ge、Ga、B、As、Zr的氧化物或这些的混合物的进一步涂层。
WO2005011044公开了一种阴极材料，其通过混合的氧化锂与电惰性纳米级金属氧化物的干混合获得，并且金属氧化物选自由Al2O3、SiO2、MgO、TiO2、SnO2、B2O3、Fe2O3、ZrO2和它们的混合物组成的群组。
用金属氧化物(包括金属氧化物的混合物)涂布锂离子电池的阴极材料是已知的。涂层可以减少电解质与阴极材料的不希望的反应。然而，改善这些涂层仍然是一个挑战。
发明内容
本发明要求保护一种方法，其中使用氧化铝和二氧化钛的特定混合物作为涂布材料。尽管所引用的现有技术包括氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物，但它没有给出使用特定混合物的方法的任何指示。
本发明提供一种制备涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒的方法，其中混合的氧化锂颗粒和包含氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物通过比功率为每kg混合氧化锂颗粒和所使用的混合物总和0.1-1kW优选0.2-0.8kW的混合单元在剪切条件下进行干混。
干混合应理解为不使用液体。然而，有可能存在附着在原料上的水分或者这些原料包括结晶水。
如果比功率小于0.1kW/kg混合氧化锂颗粒和所使用的混合物总和，这会使不均匀的涂层不牢固地粘合到芯上。
大于1kW/kg混合氧化锂颗粒和所使用的混合物总和的比功率导致较差的电化学性质。此外，存在涂层变脆并易于破裂的风险。
混合单元的功率可在宽限度内变化。因此，可以在实验室规模上使用功率为0.1-5kW的混合单元或功率为10-1000kW的混合单元用于生产规模。
同样可以在宽限度内改变混合单元的体积。因此，可以在实验室规模上使用体积为1-10升的混合单元或体积为0.1-2.5m3的混合单元用于生产规模。
优选地，在根据本发明的方法中，强制混合器以强力混合器的形式与高速混合工具一起使用。已经发现速度为10-30ms-1，更优选为15-25ms-1的混合工具得到最好的结果。可商购的混合单元是已知的，例如，Henschel混合器或Eirich混合器。
混合时间优选为0.1至120分钟，更优选为0.2至60分钟，非常优选为0.5至10分钟。
热处理之后可以进行混合。在现有技术中，设想这种处理是为了将涂层牢固地结合到混合的氧化锂颗粒上。通常，在根据本发明的方法中这种处理是不必要的，因为氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物在混合氧化锂颗粒上具有足够的坚固性。因此，根据本发明的方法的优选实施方案没有设想在混合后进行任何热处理。
在本发明的上下文中，混合物应理解为是指其中氧化铝颗粒与二氧化钛颗粒一起存在的物理混合物。该混合物同样可以是混合氧化物，其中混合氧化物组分以原子水平以混合形式存在，并且还可以具有Ti-O-Al键。已经发现，物理混合物在涂层的稳定性方面显示出更好的结果。
氧化铝与二氧化钛的重量比优选选择为10:90-90:10，更优选为30:70-70:30。
已经发现，当氧化铝颗粒的BET表面积大于50m2/g，更优选至少100m2/g，并且最优选100-150m2/g时，获得关于混合氧化锂颗粒上的粘附性的最佳结果。
在根据本发明的方法中使用的氧化铝颗粒优选是选自γ-、θ-、δ-氧化铝及其混合物的那些。这些氧化铝相导致在混合氧化锂颗粒上的良好粘附性。相反，α-氧化铝颗粒产生更差的结果。如果氧化铝相以混合物的形式存在，则可以在颗粒内采取相互牢固熔融的相的形式。
在根据本发明的方法中，混合物不仅包含氧化铝颗粒，还包含二氧化钛颗粒。所用二氧化钛颗粒的BET表面积优选为至少40m2/g，更优选40-100m2/g。
优选地，所用氧化铝颗粒的BET表面积大于所用二氧化钛颗粒的BET表面积。
在根据本发明的方法的一个具体实施方案中，氧化铝颗粒或二氧化钛颗粒的颗粒的类型的至少一种是聚集的初级颗粒的形式。更优选地，使用均为聚集的初级颗粒形式的氧化铝颗粒和二氧化钛颗粒。
这些聚集的初级颗粒尤其可以通过热解方法获得。“热解”在此应理解为意指通过燃料气体，优选氢气和氧气的反应产生的火焰中铝或钛的化合物的水解。这首先形成高度分散且无孔的初级颗粒，其在反应后期熔化形成聚集体，并且这些集群(cluster)进一步聚集以产生团聚体。当聚集体彼此牢固地熔合时，团聚体可在剪切条件下完全或部分地破碎成聚集体。
初级颗粒的直径可以从BET表面积估算，并且在热解颗粒的情况下是约10-25nm。聚集体的直径为约50-1000nm，团聚体的直径为1-2μm。
颗粒表面具有羟基。由此产生的颗粒具有至少99.5重量％，通常至少99.8重量％的纯度。商业上可购得的聚集颗粒形式的热解粉末是例如Alu 65、Alu C、Alu 130、TiO2 P25和P90，均来自Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH。
在根据本发明的方法中优选使用的混合氧化锂选自锂-钴氧化物、锂-镍-锰-钴氧化物、锂-镍-钴-铝氧化物、锂-锰氧化物、锂-镍-锰氧化物，或这些的混合物。
(氧化铝+二氧化钛)的比例在每种情况下基于混合氧化锂颗粒和(氧化铝+二氧化钛)的总和优选为0.05重量％-5重量％，更优选为0.1重量％-2重量％。如果该比例小于0.05重量％，则不能确保完全涂布混合氧化锂颗粒。在超过5重量％的情况下，没有观察到额外的效果。
本发明还提供了可通过本发明方法获得的涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒。
本发明还提供包含氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物作为涂布材料的涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒，其中氧化铝和二氧化钛为聚集的初级颗粒形式，且氧化铝与二氧化钛的重量比为10:90-90:10，优选为30:70-70:30。
涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒优选具有2-20μm的直径，并且涂层具有50-500nm的厚度。
最后，本发明还提供了一种包含涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒的电池组电池。
具体实施方式
实施例
原料
Alu 130，BET表面积130±20m2/g；Al2O3含量≥99.8重量％。
TiO2 P25，BET表面积50±15m2/g；二氧化钛含量≥99.5重量％，均为Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH。
锂钴氧化物粉末，LCO LC412；平均直径d50＝11±2μm(通过激光衍射)，BET表面积<0.5m2/g；Gelon。
实施例：
将5g的Alu 130和5g的TiO2 P25与低能量输入混合。向该混合物中加入990g的LCO LC412，然后将混合物在功率为0.25kW的强力实验室混合器中在1分钟内混合。
比功率＝0.25kW/kg；比能量＝0.042kWh/kg＝15kJ/kg。
(氧化铝+二氧化钛)的比例＝1重量％
混合工具的速度为22ms-1。
获得层厚度为100-200nm的涂布的LCO粉末。
图1显示了涂层对电池容量随循环次数变化的影响。这将(A)通过根据本发明的方法以50:50的Alu 130和TiO2 P25的混合物涂布的LCO粉末、与(B)仅涂有Alu 130的LCO粉末和(C)未涂布的LCO粉末进行比较。
轴显示：x轴＝循环次数；y轴＝以％表示的标准化的电池容量；
充电开关电压＝4.4V；温度＝45℃。
(A)显示在整个循环范围内更高的电池容量。
已知电池的循环产生可以增加电池内电阻和其温度的分解产物。因此，DCIR值应该非常低并且在数百个周期内相对稳定。在未涂布的LCO和Al2O3涂布的LCO的情况下，似乎总是较不可渗透电流的层在活性阴极材料周围生长，这表现为较高的DCIR。
该表显示，在已根据本发明涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒的情况下，这种效果不太明显。
表：具有/不具有涂层的电化学电池以欧姆·cm2计的内电阻(DCIR*)
*直流内电阻；袋全电池试验(pouch full-cell tests)；电压范围：3.0-4.4V；温度＝45℃；在0.02C/0.3C下形成；在1C/1C下循环；电极尺寸：25cm2。

Claims (15)

1.一种制备涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒的方法，其特征在于将混合氧化锂颗粒和包含氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物通过比功率为每kg混合氧化锂颗粒和所使用的混合物总和0.1-1kW的混合单元在剪切条件下进行干混。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于混合单元的功率为0.1-1000kW。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于所述混合单元的体积为1升至2.5m3。
4.根据权利要求1至3所述的方法，其特征在于混合工具的速度为10-30ms-1。
5.根据权利要求1至4所述的方法，其特征在于混合的持续时间为0.1分钟至120分钟。
6.根据权利要求1至5所述的方法，其特征在于氧化铝与二氧化钛的重量比为10:90-90:10。
7.根据权利要求1至6所述的方法，其特征在于使用BET表面积至少为115m2/g的氧化铝颗粒。
8.根据权利要求1至7所述的方法，其特征在于所述氧化铝颗粒选自γ-氧化铝、θ-氧化铝、δ-氧化铝和它们的混合物。
9.根据权利要求1至8所述的方法，其特征在于使用BET表面积至少为40m2/g的二氧化钛颗粒。
10.根据权利要求1至9所述的方法，其特征在于所用的所述氧化铝颗粒的BET表面积大于所用的二氧化钛颗粒的BET表面积。
11.根据权利要求1至10所述的方法，其特征在于使用各自为聚集的初级颗粒形式的氧化铝颗粒和二氧化钛颗粒。
12.根据权利要求1至11所述的方法，其特征在于所述混合氧化锂颗粒选自由锂-钴氧化物、锂-镍-锰-钴氧化物、锂-镍-钴-铝氧化物、锂-锰氧化物、锂-镍-锰氧化物或其混合物组成的群组。
13.根据权利要求1至12所述的方法，其特征在于(氧化铝+二氧化钛)的比例基于混合氧化锂颗粒和(氧化铝+二氧化钛)的总和为0.05重量％-5重量％。
14.包含氧化铝和二氧化钛的混合物的涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒作为涂布材料，其特征在于所述氧化铝和所述二氧化钛为聚集的初级颗粒形式，且氧化铝与二氧化钛的重量比为10:90-90:10。
15.电池组电池，包含根据权利要求14所述的涂布的混合氧化锂颗粒。
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