CN107616059B - Method for managing high-yield cultivation of target trees of walnuts - Google Patents
Method for managing high-yield cultivation of target trees of walnuts Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for managing and cultivating high yield of target trees of juglans sigillata, which comprises 3 aspects of target tree selection determination, target tree management and interference tree management, and test results show that: compared with the common foam walnut density-shifting, cutting, trimming and crown-controlling cultivation technology adopted in the current production, the foam walnut density-shifting, cutting and crown-controlling cultivation method has the characteristics of simple and convenient operation, being accepted by the masses, accurate investment, production cost saving, greatly improved yield per unit area in the full bearing period under the current operating conditions and the like, and has important practical significance for solving the problem of serious excessive quality improvement in foam walnut production and synergistic production in the foam walnut industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of economic forest cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for managing and cultivating target trees of walnuts at high yield.
Background
The semen Juglandis Immaturus (Juglans sigillata Dode) is a deciduous tree of Juglandaceae Juglans, and is mainly distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi and southwest Tibet. Because of its high yield, good economic benefit and long-lasting stability, it is highly regarded by the governments and producers of all levels of Party and Commission in Yunnan province. The area of the base of the walnut production in Yunnan province in 2017 reaches 4200 ten thousand mu, and the method becomes the agricultural industry with the largest cultivation area in Yunnan province.
At present, the yield per unit area is low, the average yield per mu of dry fruits is less than 40kg, the benefit is poor, and the average income per mu is less than 1000 yuan in the industrial production of the walnuts pickled in Yunnan province. The main reasons for this are poor consciousness of scientific and technological production, weak technological production capacity, insufficient investment, high planting density and the like, but the main reasons are that the planting density is too high, generally 10-15 plants, and some even more than 30 plants. As is well known, the Yunnan Pachyrhizus walnuts have tall trees and are late in fruiting. The general cultivation is carried out for 10 years and then the growth fruiting period is carried out, the full bearing period is carried out after 15-20 years, the full bearing period can last more than 100 years, and the single canopy width of the full bearing period is 300m2Above and up to 600m2Above, the average yield of the single dry fruit in full bearing period is above 150kg, and the average yield is above 600kg in high bearing period.
At present, two methods of cutting partial plants and trimming and controlling crowns are mostly adopted for density control in the production of the walnuts soaked in Yunnan province. In the actual production, the problem that farmers are unwilling to cut off the plants in the close-planted forest garden and the defect that the utilization rate of the forest land is reduced due to overlarge gaps among the plants after one-time cutting exist; from the perspective of intensive cultivation, crown trimming and controlling should be one of the best solutions for density control, but due to the fact that the bodies of the apocarya are high and large in growth amount, labor and time are consumed for trimming and controlling the crowns, and technical requirements are high, most farmers are unwilling to implement the crown trimming and cannot implement the crown trimming and controlling because the trimming technique is not mastered, and the crown trimming and controlling technique is hardly applied to the production of the apocarya.
In view of the defects of the high-yield cultivation technical method for the pickled walnuts, the characteristics that the single-plant crown is large and the yield is high in the full bearing period of the pickled walnuts in Yunnan, the characteristics that the large-tree structure can be adopted for producing the dry walnuts, and the production practice that 1 pickled walnuts are not managed by managing 1 mu of pickled walnuts under the traditional operation condition and the benefit is high are combined, the applicant develops the research on the management high-yield cultivation technical method for the target soaked walnuts, and the good labor-saving high-yield cultivation effect is achieved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for managing and cultivating target juglans sigillata trees with high yield aiming at overcoming the defects in the prior art, and aims to overcome the defects that at present, the density of a juglans sigillata forest garden is high, farmers are not willing to cut over-dense plants and the gaps among the plants are kept to be too large after the over-dense plants are cut down at one time, so that the utilization rate of the forest land is reduced; the technical requirements for trimming and controlling the crowns are high, labor and time are wasted, the problem that most farmers cannot operate the caps is solved, the production flow of the bubble walnuts is simplified, the production cost is saved, the yield in the full bearing period is increased, and the continuous and healthy development of the bubble walnut industry is promoted.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a method for managing and cultivating target trees of walnuts at high yield comprises the following steps:
step (1), selecting and determining a target tree: in a walnut soaking forest garden planted for 6-10 years, 4-6 target trees are reserved per mu, and plants which are pure and excellent in variety, relatively good in ground standing condition, normal in plant growth and good in tree shape are selected as the target trees;
step (2), target tree management: trimming in a leaf falling period for shaping, fertilizing for 1 time every year, fertilizing about 10 days before spring germination, watering 20kg for each plant in combination with fertilizing, covering soil after watering, and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests in due time;
step (3), interference tree management: and gradually eliminating branches of the interference trees or the interference trees which influence the growth result of the target tree on the basis of meeting the space required by the normal growth result of the target tree, and temporarily reserving the branches of the interference trees or the interference trees which do not influence the growth result of the target tree to increase the yield.
Preferably, the walnut soaking forest garden is a continuous-slice industrial walnut forest garden with not less than 8 walnut plants planted per mu.
Preferably, the pruning takes an open heart shape and a layered trunk shape as main tree shapes to culture a reasonable tree structure, the layered trunk shape comprises 3 main branches at a first layer, 3-4 side branches are reserved on each main branch, 3 main branches at a second layer, 2-3 side branches are reserved on each main branch, 2 main branches at a third layer, 2 side branches are reserved on each main branch, the distance between the first side branch and the trunk on each layer of main branches is 0.6-0.8 m, the directions of all the first side branches are consistent, the second side branch is arranged at the opposite side of the first side branch, the direction of the third side branch is the same as that of the first side branch, the distance between the side branches is 0.6-1 m, and the side branches at all levels are not staggered and overlapped; the three main branches of the open-heart-shaped tree are equal in growth vigor, the horizontal included angle between each main branch is about 120 degrees, the vertical distance between the base parts of the main branches is 20-40 cm, the opening angle of the main branches is 40-60 degrees, 3-4 side branches are selected from each main branch, the side branches are staggered from top to bottom and are uniformly distributed, the distance between the first side branch on each main branch and the base part of the main branch is 0.8-1.0 m, primary side branches and secondary side branches are selected from the side branches in the large open-heart-shaped tree body, fruiting branch groups are cultured on the secondary side branches, and fruiting parts are increased.
Preferably, the fertilizer for the step (2) is mainly decomposed farmyard manure and potassium sulfate type ternary composite controlled release fertilizer with the controlled release period of not less than 120 days, takes nitrogen fertilizer as auxiliary, and has the fertilizer application amount determined according to the size of a tree body and the age of the tree, more big trees and less small trees, the fertilizer application depth of not less than 35cm, and the fertilizer application position and method are the same as those of the traditional economic forest method.
Preferably, the interfering trees in the step (3) are plants except the target tree, and the planned felled interfering trees or sawed interfering branches are subjected to severe injury production promotion treatment at least 3 years ahead.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: tests show that the yield per unit area of the invention is greatly improved, and the management technology is intensive, simple and convenient and labor-saving. The management cost is saved by 2-5%, and the yield is improved by 50-90%. Compared with the common foam walnut density-shifting, cutting, trimming and crown-controlling cultivation technology adopted in the current production, the method has the characteristics of simple and convenient operation, acceptance by the masses, accurate investment, production cost saving, great increase of the yield per unit area in the full bearing period under the condition of the actual operation level and the like, and has important practical significance for solving the problem of serious overlarge density in foam walnut production and improving the quality and efficiency of foam walnut industry.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
Step (1), selecting and determining a target tree: in a continuous-slice industrial carya illinoensis forest garden which is planted for about 6-10 years and has no less than 8 plants per mu, late solid carya illinoensis varieties (4-6) which are relatively good in planting conditions, normal in plant growth, good in tree shape, certified (approved) by provincial level or national level and suitable for tree planting are selected as target trees according to soil conditions, variety characteristics, operation level and the like.
Step (2), target tree management: the method takes labor-saving and consumption-reducing cultivation as a core, and strengthens the management and management work of shaping and pruning, fertilizing, irrigating, timely preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, mature fruit harvesting, timely drying of stone fruits and the like of a target tree.
Shaping and trimming: in the leaf falling period, the main tree forms are in an open heart shape and a layered trunk shape. 3 main branches of a first layer of a main layered structure are provided, and 3-4 side branches are reserved on each main branch; 3 main branches on the second layer, and 2-3 side branches are reserved on each main branch; the third layer of main branches is 2, and each main branch is provided with 2 lateral branches. The distance between the first lateral branches and the trunk on each layer of main branches is 0.6-0.8 m, the directions of all the first lateral branches are consistent, the second lateral branches are arranged on the opposite sides of the first lateral branches, and the direction of the third lateral branches is the same as that of the first lateral branches; the distance between each lateral branch is 0.6-1 m; the lateral branches at all levels are not staggered and overlapped. The three big branches in the shape of the open heart have the same growth vigor, the horizontal included angle between every two main branches is about 120 degrees, the vertical distance between the base parts of the main branches is 20-40 cm, and the opening angle of the main branches is 40-60 degrees. 3-4 lateral branches are selected from each main branch, the lateral branches are staggered from top to bottom and from left to right and are uniformly distributed, and the distance between the first lateral branch on each main branch and the base of the main trunk is 0.8-1.0 m; in a larger open-heart-shaped tree body, a first-level lateral branch and a second-level lateral branch can be selected from the lateral branches, and fruiting branch groups are cultured on the second-level lateral branches to increase fruiting parts; according to the requirements of tree body development and shaping, the open heart shape of four main branches can be cultivated.
Fertilizing: fertilizing for 1 time every year, wherein the fertilizing is carried out about 10 days before germination in spring; the fertilizer is mainly composed of decomposed farmyard manure and potassium sulfate type ternary composite controlled release fertilizer with controlled release period not less than 120 days, is assisted by nitrogen fertilizer, and is determined according to the size and age of the tree, the large trees are applied more and the small trees are applied less, the fertilizing depth is not less than 35cm, and the fertilizing position and method are the same as those of the traditional economic forest cultivation method.
Watering: and (5) watering each plant by combining fertilization for 20kg, and covering soil.
Step (3), interference tree management: and (3) carrying out severe injury production promotion treatment on the interference trees or sawed interference branches planned to be cut in advance for at least 3 years, so that the interference trees or the interference branches result in a large amount, then gradually eliminating the branches of the interference trees or the interference trees which influence the growth result of the target trees on the basis of meeting the space required by the normal growth result of the target trees, and temporarily keeping the branches of the interference trees or the interference trees which do not influence the target trees.
Case 1: beginning in 2011, target tree management cultivation is developed in a 20-mu Dapaoyu walnut forest garden with a plant row spacing of 8m multiplied by 7m (12 plants per mu) planted in a large flat land (elevation 1650 m and annual average temperature of 15.9 ℃) in the Wadu village flat field village in the Longyang region of Yunnan province within 1 month in 2003. Setting a target tree management cultivation test area of 5 mu, selecting and reserving 6 target trees per mu, and reserving 12 plants per mu according to a contrast area of 15 mu.
(1) Managing a target tree management trial forest: pruning and shaping a target tree of the test forest in 2011 and 1 month; 20kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure, 6kg of controlled release fertilizer in the 130-day controlled release period, 0.5kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 40cm of fertilizing depth are applied to the plants in the last ten days of the month; fertilizing, watering each plant by 20kg, and covering soil; 2012-2017, referring to the time and method for tending management in 2011, pruning, shaping, fertilizing and watering are carried out on the target tree every year. In the late 4 th month in 2011, the trunk of a non-target tree of the test forest is subjected to severe spiral wound-caused yield-promoting treatment, and in 2014, an interfering tree and interfering branches which have a large number of results and have influence on the growth and the results of the target tree are gradually felled or sawed. (2) Management of the control forest: according to the conventional cultivation technology of the juglans sigillata in industrial production. (3) Investigation statistics are carried out on 2011-2017 tending management fees and 2012-2017 dry fruit yields of the juglans sigillata test forest and the reference forest, and the results are detailed in tables 1 and 2.
The total 4070 yuan is invested for the target tree management per mu in 2011-2017, and the cost is reduced by 6.0% compared with 4330 yuan for the target tree management in a conventional way; the yield of each mu of target tree management in 2012-2017 is 525.7kg in total, and is increased by 56.3% compared with the yield of 336.4kg in conventional management.
In 12011-2017, the average management fee per mu investment statistic table unit: yuan
In tables 22012-2017, the average dry fruit yield per mu is counted in table units: kg of
Case 2: beginning in 2012, target tree management cultivation is developed in an 85-mu Dapaoyou walnut forest garden with a plant spacing of 8m multiplied by 8m (10 plants per mu) planted in deep depression (height above sea level 1710 m and annual average temperature of 15.7 ℃) in Wuma village in xi Yi Xiang county of Longyang region in Yunnan province within 2008 year 1 month. Setting a target tree management cultivation test area of 45 mu, selecting and reserving 5 target trees per mu, and reserving 10 plants per mu according to a contrast area of 40 mu.
(1) Managing a target tree management trial forest: pruning and shaping a target tree of the test forest in 1 month of 2012; 20kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure, 4kg of controlled release fertilizer in the 130-day controlled release period, 0.25kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 40cm of fertilizing depth are applied to the plants in the last ten days of the month; fertilizing, watering each plant by 20kg, and covering soil; and in 2013-2017, pruning, shaping, fertilizing and watering are carried out on the target tree every year according to the tending management time and method in 2012. In late 4 months of 2012, the trunk of the non-target tree of the test forest is subjected to severe spiral wound-causing yield-promoting treatment, and in 2015, interfering trees and interfering branches which have a large number of results and affect the growth and the results of the target tree are gradually felled or sawed. (2) Management of the control forest: according to the conventional cultivation technology of the juglans sigillata in industrial production. (3) Investigation and statistics are carried out on the nursing management fees of the test and control walnuts in 2012-2017 and the dry fruit yields in 2013-2017, and the results are detailed in tables 3 and 4.
The target tree management cost per mu in 2012-2017 is added by 3260 yuan, which is reduced by 2.4% compared with 3340 yuan which is the conventional management; the yield of target trees managed in 2013-2017 per mu is 199.4kg in total, and is increased by 91.2% compared with 104.3kg of conventional management.
In table 32012-2017, the average management fee per mu investment statistic table unit: yuan
In the table 42013-2017, the average dry fruit yield per mu is counted in table units: kg of
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (3)
1. A method for managing and cultivating target trees of the walnuts at high yield is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step (1), selecting and determining a target tree: in a walnut soaking forest garden planted for 6-10 years, 4-6 target trees are reserved per mu, and plants which are pure and excellent in variety, relatively good in ground standing condition, normal in plant growth and good in tree shape are selected as the target trees;
step (2), target tree management: trimming in a leaf falling period for shaping, fertilizing for 1 time every year, fertilizing about 10 days before spring germination, watering 20kg for each plant in combination with fertilizing, covering soil after watering, and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests in due time; the pruning takes an open heart shape and a main layered shape as main tree shapes to cultivate a reasonable tree body structure, the main layered shape comprises 3 main branches at the first layer, 3-4 side branches are reserved on each main branch, 3 main branches at the second layer, 2-3 side branches are reserved on each main branch, 2 main branches at the third layer, 2 side branches are reserved on each main branch, the distance between the first side branch and the main trunk on each layer of main branches is 0.6-0.8 m, the directions of all the first side branches are consistent, the second side branch is arranged at the opposite side of the first side branch, the direction of the third side branch is the same as that of the first side branch, the distance between the side branches is 0.6-1 m, and the side branches at all levels are not staggered and overlapped; the three open-heart-shaped main branches are equal in growth vigor, the horizontal included angle between each main branch is about 120 degrees, the vertical distance between the base parts of the main branches is 20-40 cm, the open angle of the main branches is 40-60 degrees, 3-4 side branches are selected from each main branch, the side branches are staggered from top to bottom and are uniformly distributed, the distance between the first side branch on each main branch and the base part of the main branch is 0.8-1.0 m, primary side branches and secondary side branches are selected from the side branches in a large open-heart-shaped tree body, a fruiting branch group is cultured on the secondary side branches, and fruiting parts are increased; the fertilizer is mainly composed of decomposed farmyard manure and potassium sulfate type ternary composite controlled release fertilizer with controlled release period not less than 120 days, and is assisted by nitrogen fertilizer, the fertilizer application amount is determined according to the size and age of a tree, more big trees are applied, less big trees are applied, the fertilizer application depth is not less than 35cm, and the fertilizer application position and method are the same as those of the traditional economic forest;
step (3), interference tree management: and gradually eliminating branches of the interference trees or the interference trees which influence the growth result of the target tree on the basis of meeting the space required by the normal growth result of the target tree, and temporarily reserving the branches of the interference trees or the interference trees which do not influence the growth result of the target tree to increase the yield.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the walnut steeping forest land in step (1) is a continuous-slice industrial walnut forest land with not less than 8 walnut plants planted per mu.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the interfering trees of step (3) are plants other than the target tree, and the planned felled interfering trees or sawn interfering branches are treated with severe wounding and production promotion at least 3 years ahead.
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