CN110604014A - High-altitude cultivation method for double-low rape - Google Patents
High-altitude cultivation method for double-low rape Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-altitude cultivation method of double-low rape, which comprises the following steps: (1) adjusting the seeding time: the sowing time is about 1 week earlier than the local habit sowing time; (2) land preparation and fertilization; (3) seed treatment: seed selection is carried out before sowing, and the quality of the seeds reaches more than two levels of seed classification standard; the purity is not less than 95%, the purity is not less than 96%, the germination rate is not less than 90%, the emergence rate is not less than 85%, and the water content of the seeds is not more than 8-9%; (4) sowing; (5) and (5) field management. The invention improves the total yield of rape, finally achieves the purposes of increasing income of farmers, improving efficiency and realizing self-supply of green oil, and truly realizes the production of Tibetan rape to achieve high yield and high efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, relates to a method for cultivating rape, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating a new double-low rape variety land 95 at high altitude.
Background
The main oil crops in Tibet are only rapes, have a long production history, are one of the oldest traditional crops in Tibet, are the only economic oil crops in the five main crops in Tibet, and are the only edible plant oil sources for people in Tibet (the Tibet is high in terrain, short in frost-free period, and difficult to cultivate other oil crops). The Tibetan scientists breed a large number of new rape varieties with high quality, high yield and eurytopic adaptability through the work of introduction tests, systematic breeding and cross breeding researches for many years, and the researchers also adopt various yield-increasing measures by continuously improving the sowing mode, so that the yield level of the Tibetan rape is kept about 2.25 tons/hectare. The sunshine intensity of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is high, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the method is an ideal production area of the rape. However, in the actual production, the rape field production management is extensive and the land is barren, which seriously restricts the improvement of the single yield of the rape.
Under the premise of greatly advocating the structure adjustment of the planting industry in our area in recent years, the rape planting has been highly valued, and along with the increase of the sowing area year by year, the promotion force of high-quality rape is continuously increased to gradually replace low-yield and poor-quality local varieties, so that the yield per unit of rape is improved to meet the requirements of the quantity and quality of edible oil of local people. For a long time, the rapeseed oil is the main edible oil in people's life in the district, and with the improvement of the living standard, the Tibetan people gradually combine the edible tsamba and meat into tsamba, meat, vegetable, rice and flour, so the dosage of the rapeseed oil is gradually increased, and the demand of the rapeseed is more and more increased. At present, the annual planting area of rape in our area is more than 2333 hectares, 58000 tons of rape seeds are produced, and about 27260 tons of rape seed oil is produced annually. According to the latest statistics of the working committee of autonomous region in Tibet, 300 million people in Tibet at present consume 16 kg of vegetable oil per year, the total amount of the vegetable oil consumed per year is 48000 tons, the gap of the edible vegetable oil per year reaches over 20000 tons, the requirements of people in the region can not be met completely, and the self-supporting rate is only about 51%. In addition, with the improvement of living standard, people in Tibetan gradually develop the tsamba and meat towards the combination of tsamba, meat, vegetable, rice and flour, and the demand for vegetable oil is getting larger and larger.
The research of the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation technology of the Tibet high-altitude double-low high-quality rape is implemented, aiming at a plurality of key problems and constraint bottlenecks of the production development and the benefit improvement of the Tibet rape, a large-area high-yield and high-efficiency technical mode of the high-altitude rape is constructed, and the yield of the rape in the region is greatly improved, so that the Tibet crops are led, driven and supported to be widely developed to modernization and industrialization, the total production target can be realized, and the grain and oil safety can be ensured. Therefore, based on the actual production of the Tibetan rape, aiming at the main factors and key technology bottlenecks which restrict high yield and high efficiency, the variety 'the ground 95' is taken as a carrier, the biological potential of the Tibetan rape is fully exploited, the soil productivity is improved, the high-yield and high-efficiency key technical indexes of the high-altitude rape are developed, a cultivation technical model is assembled, a high-yield and high-efficiency key technical system of the rape is constructed, the yield per unit of the Tibetan rape is improved, and a powerful scientific support is provided for promoting the production and development of the rape, ensuring the safety of edible oil and increasing the economic income of farmers and herdsmen.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-altitude cultivation method for double-low rape, which researches the influence on different yield, quality and yield increasing effect by performing high-yield and high-efficiency standardized planting of rape in a Tibet high-altitude area, matches with high-yield cultivation technical measures, excavates the maximum yield increasing potential, enlarges the planting area, improves the yield per unit of rape, and leads the rape to achieve high yield and high efficiency in a true sense, thereby driving the total amount of the rape.
The specific technical scheme is as follows:
a high-altitude cultivation method of double-low rape comprises the following steps:
(1) adjustment of seeding time
The sowing time is about 1 week earlier than the local habitual sowing time.
(2) Soil preparation and fertilization
The rape is a straight root system crop, the root system is deeply buried, and a deep soil layer is needed, so that the root system of the rape is fully developed. Therefore, deep ploughing should be carried out in time after the previous crop is harvested, and the depth is generally more than 30 cm.
When the relative water content of the soil reaches 70 percent, the rape seeds can normally germinate and emerge. The land 95 belongs to the rape variety of spring sowing in the Tibetan, and the sowing is suitable for the rainy season in the Tibetan, and the soil water content in most areas is insufficient, so that the full-seedling rape sowing is facilitated for ensuring the full-soil moisture sowing, and the soil moisture should be watered before the spring cultivation and soil preparation. Sufficient stubble water is irrigated before sowing, and when the soil is suitable for cultivation (kneading into a ball by hand, loosening after throwing and keeping wet marks by hand), ploughing and raking are carried out, so that the ground is smooth, deficient on the ground and real off the ground, the soil moisture content is sufficient, and the soil is loose and fine so as to be beneficial to seedling emergence and plant growth.
In combination with the application of 22.5 tons of high-quality farmyard manure, 300 kilograms of calcium superphosphate as a base fertilizer and 300 kilograms of urea (150 kilograms as the base fertilizer and 150 kilograms as an additional fertilizer) per hectare in soil preparation. 15 kg of boric fertilizer.
(3) Seed treatment
Before sowing, seed selection is carried out, and the quality of the seeds reaches more than two levels of the seed grading standard. The purity is not less than 95%, the purity is not less than 96%, the germination rate is not less than 90%, the emergence rate is not less than 85%, and the water content of the seeds is not more than 8-9%.
(4) Seeding
(5) Field management: throughout the whole growth period of rape, the effects of intertillage weeding, early topdressing and timely pest control are achieved.
Further, in the step (4), the method specifically comprises the following steps: firstly, the sowing depth is 3-5 cm. The germination temperature of the rape seeds is generally 3 ℃, so that the rape seeds can be sown when the daily average temperature is stabilized at 3 ℃ and the soil layer is thawed by 25-30 cm. The seeding time of the land 95 in high-altitude areas of Tibet is generally from late 4 to late 5 months.
Seeding density: the seeding rate per hectare is 15-22.5 kg. Mechanical seeding is preferably adopted during seeding. The sowing depth is 3-5 cm. The row spacing of the sowing is 30-40 cm, and the sowing can be lightly pressed to facilitate seedling emergence.
Further, the step (5) is specifically as follows: seedling stage
This stage is mainly a vegetative growth stage, mainly root and leaf growth, and is an important stage for determining the yield, and also an important stage for field management.
In order to ensure that the seedlings have enough growth space and nutrition supply, thinning is generally carried out by combining the growth vigor of the field when 3-4 leaves of the rape grow. Weak plantlets and high-foot plantlets are removed from the middle, and strong plantlets and large plantlets are reserved. And (5) when 5-6 leaves are planted, final singling is carried out to keep reasonable density and guarantee the growth vigor of the rape. The spacing between the final singling plants is generally 10-15 cm, and about 30-45 million plants are left in each hectare.
The plants of the rapes in the seedling stage are small, the outside air temperature is low, the water consumption strength is not high, but if the soil moisture is insufficient, the growth of the rapes is slow, and the plants are short. In general, the soil humidity suitable for the seedling stage of the rape is not lower than 70% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field. Therefore, when the rape is supplied for the seedling, whether watering is needed or not is determined according to the soil moisture content. Watering in seedling stage without flood irrigation to prevent root rot and seedling death. The method can be combined with watering and additional application of a seedling raising fertilizer, and 75 kilograms of urea is generally applied to each hectare to promote the early growth and fast growth of seedlings.
"strong seedling first root, strong root depend on intertillage", in the seedling stage, make intertillage well, help to raise the ground temperature, regulate soil moisture, improve the soil permeability, promote the growth of the root system of rape. And the intertillage can also eliminate weeds and prevent the occurrence of weeds. The intertillage in the seedling stage is generally carried out twice, the first intertillage is carried out after the seedlings of the rapes are emerged currently, the intertillage depth is shallow, and the phenomenon that the roots are damaged too much is avoided. And (5) carrying out secondary intertillage weeding after seedling setting, wherein the intertillage depth is properly deepened. Meanwhile, when the leaves of the wild oat and the self-growing wheat of the rape field grow to 2-3 leaves, 300-600 ml of high-cover (10.8 percent high-efficiency haloxyfop emulsifiable solution) mixed with 225-300 kg of water is sprayed and removed per hectare. In this period, the pest and disease control work is also required, especially the aphids can be controlled by spraying 2500 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder.
② bud period
In the period, the main stem of the rape rapidly extends, the leaf area is greatly increased, the flower bud differentiation speed is accelerated, the roots, the stems, the leaves and the flower buds grow in a parallel mode, the period is the peak period of the rape which needs water and fertilizer in one life, and the management key point of the period is the water and fertilizer.
After the rape buds, along with the rise of the temperature, the main stem internodes are stretched, the leaf area is enlarged, the transpiration is enhanced, and sufficient moisture is required. The maximum water holding capacity in the field in the budding period can reach about 80 percent to meet the growth requirement of the rapes. At this time, watering is carried out according to soil moisture content, and secondary additional fertilization is carried out in combination with watering, wherein 75 kilograms of urea is generally applied to each hectare. In addition, boric fertilizer is sprayed for 1 time respectively in the flowering season and the initial flowering season to promote flower bud differentiation and prevent rape from flowering and bearing no fruit, and 750 kilograms of 0.2 percent borax solution is generally sprayed per hectare. The pest and disease damage is mainly aphid damage, 300 g of powerful minister wettable powder is sprayed with 750 kg of water for 7 days and 1 time, and the effect of preventing and treating aphid is remarkable by spraying for 2-3 times. The control of diamondback moth and cabbage butterfly can select 2.5% to kill 300 ml-600 ml of missible oil per hectare, and 375 kg-750 kg of water is added for spraying; or 225 to 300 grams of dimethoate per hectare, 375 to 750 kilograms of water are added for spraying; or 225-300 g of 10% powerful minister wettable powder and 750-900 kg of water are added for spraying.
In order to prevent lodging in the middle and later stages of rape, hilling and root banking are generally carried out in the initial flowering stage to promote root development, so that lodging of rape can be prevented, and soil moisture content of roots can be maintained.
③ flowering period
At this time, the rape enters a stage of mainly reproductive growth and vegetative growth, and the rape flowers and knots simultaneously, which is a transition period of the photosynthesis of the rape gradually moving from leaves to horns and pericarps.
In this period, the photosynthesis ability of green parts such as rape stalks, leaves and the like is weakened, if the nutrients are insufficient, premature senility, flower and fruit dropping are often caused, and the yield is reduced greatly. Therefore, the irrigation amount is increased from the bolting period to the full bloom, and the irrigation times and amount are reduced from the final blossom to the maturity. The flower and grain fertilizer is applied in combination with watering, generally 45-75 kg of urea is applied per hectare, so as to improve the rate of the hardened angle, reduce the falling off and increase the grain number and the thousand grain weight.
Developmental mature period of silique
After the rape finishes flowering, the rape enters the silique development and maturation stage, which is the stage of the silique formation by the enlargement of the ovary, the seed formation and the oil accumulation.
In the period, the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests are well done, and especially aphids can be prevented and controlled by spraying 2500 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder.
Harvesting at proper time
When the rape leaves are withered and yellow and fall off, the stem siliques are yellow green or purple red, and the seeds in the siliques at the middle upper part become hard and good for harvest, the harvesting time of the rape is up. In order to reduce the threshing of cracked fruits, when more than 70% of the siliques in the field turn yellow, the siliques are harvested in time.
And (4) spreading, airing for 7-15 days after harvesting, and then threshing. The threshing is required to be carried out on the spot after the hornshell is dried by dew on sunny days. The ground is well padded by canvas, rape is placed on the canvas, and then flail is used for beating, and the beating is repeated for many times, so that the horn shell can be cracked completely, the seeds fall off completely, fine beating and harvesting are realized, and the grains are returned to the warehouse.
The land 95 is a double-low high-quality rape variety, and must be harvested, threshed, sunned and stored separately, so as to prevent the quality from being affected by mixing and ensure high yield and harvest.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention breeds a new variety of the cabbage type rape with double low and high quality, namely the 'land 95', by introduction and selection, and has the characteristics of double low, high yield, wide adaptability and the like. The method is matched with comprehensive cultivation technologies of high yield, low consumption, mechanization and the like, integrates standardized cultivation technical rules matched with special varieties, establishes a test and a demonstration point, demonstrates high-quality rape varieties, guides farmers to optimize a planting mode, is matched with a good-quality method, and further excavates the potential of increasing both production and income. The planting range of the double-low rape is gradually expanded, the total yield of the rape is improved, the purposes of increasing income and efficiency of farmers and self-supporting green oil are finally achieved, and the high yield and high efficiency of the Tibetan rape production are really achieved.
The Tibetan rape cultivation method still uses the traditional backward cultivation technology of mainly sowing rape and crops such as green and naked plants, peas and the like in a mixed mode and sowing manually, the cultivation technology develops the research of changing sowing into mechanical sowing drilling and changing mixed planting into single technology, and carries out the research of optimum density, sowing period and harvesting period according to the fertility characteristics of 'land 95' varieties and the ecological conditions of climates of various production areas, thereby establishing a high-altitude, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation technical approach of the Tibetan rape.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples.
The 'Earth 95' is introduced from the oil research institute of Chinese agricultural academy in agriculture institute of agriculture and animal sciences in autonomous region of Tibet in 2014, the female parent hetero 695 is a hybrid rape variety cultivated by Hunan agricultural university, and the male parent 204 is a large-grained double-low line cultivated by the oil crop research institute of Chinese agricultural academy. And the crop variety approval committee of autonomous region of Tibet confirms passing in 2019, 4 months and 20 days, and the demonstration and popularization are granted.
The new rape variety of the invention has an average yield of more than 2.25 tons per hectare and a yield increase of more than 20 percent compared with the local variety by matching with high-altitude high-yield standardized cultivation technical measures. The average yield per hectare in the demonstration condition of 2018 reaches 2.519 tons, and the income per hectare is 20151.4 yuan according to the current market price of 8.00 yuan/kg. High-quality double-low rape new varieties such as 'Dadi 95' are demonstrated and popularized in Lassa Gandeqing county, Zagao county, Gongga county, Kyoki county, Langzin county, Lacumin county, Jiancui county and the like in 2018, and the total amount is 2 thousand mu. Further exploring a technical approach for obtaining high yield and high efficiency at high altitude of the rape in our area, matching with high yield, low consumption, mechanization and other comprehensive cultivation technologies, and providing a whole set of technology for production; the high-quality double-low rape planting technical training is developed for the population of the project district, the traditional cultivation mode of farmers is gradually changed, and a high-yield and high-efficiency standardized cultivation technology is adopted. The farmers in the training program area take 1000 people (times). Establishing a test and demonstration area, guiding farmers to optimize a planting mode, further excavating the potential of increasing both production and income, and radiating the whole area from the potential to play a demonstration role in planting new rape varieties in the whole area.
Table 1: popularization and application conditions and economic and social benefits
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any simple modifications or equivalent substitutions of the technical solutions that can be obviously obtained by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A high-altitude cultivation method of double-low rape is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) adjustment of seeding time
The sowing time is timely advanced by 1 week compared with the local habit sowing time;
(2) soil preparation and fertilization
The rape is a straight root system crop, the root system is deeply buried, and a deep soil layer is needed, so that the root system of the rape is fully developed; therefore, after the previous crops are harvested, deep ploughing is carried out in time, and the depth is more than 30 cm;
when the relative water content of the soil reaches 70 percent, the rape seeds can normally germinate and emerge; the land 95 belongs to the rape variety of spring sowing in the Tibet, and the sowing is suitable for the rainy season in the Tibet, and the soil moisture content in most areas is insufficient, so that the full seedlings of the rape are facilitated for the moisture sowing, and watering is needed before the land preparation of spring ploughing to ensure the moisture content; sufficient stubble water is irrigated before sowing, and ploughing and leveling are carried out when soil is suitable for cultivation, so that the ground is smooth, deficient in top and real in bottom, sufficient in soil moisture content, loose and fine-crushed, and seedling emergence and plant growth are facilitated;
applying 22.5 tons of high-quality farmyard manure and 300 kilograms of calcium superphosphate as base fertilizers, 300 kilograms of urea, 150 kilograms of urea and 150 kilograms of additional fertilizers per hectare in combination; 15 kg of boric fertilizer;
(3) seed treatment
Seed selection is carried out before sowing, and the quality of the seeds reaches more than two levels of seed classification standard; the purity is not less than 95%, the purity is not less than 96%, the germination rate is not less than 90%, the emergence rate is not less than 85%, and the water content of the seeds is not more than 8-9%;
(4) seeding
(5) Field management: throughout the whole growth period of rape, timely intertillage weeding, early topdressing and timely pest control should be carried out.
2. The high-altitude cultivation method of canola as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (4), specifically: firstly, sowing the seeds to 3-5 cm; the germination temperature of the rape seeds is 3 ℃, so that the rape seeds are sown when the daily average temperature is stabilized at 3 ℃ and the soil layer is thawed by 25-30 cm; the sowing time of the land 95 in the high-altitude areas of Tibet is from late 4 to late 5 months;
seeding density: the seeding rate per hectare is 15-22.5 kg; mechanical seeding is preferably adopted during seeding; the sowing depth is 3-5 cm; the row spacing of the sowing is 30-40 cm, and the seeds are lightly pressed after being sowed so as to facilitate seedling emergence.
3. The high altitude cultivation method of canola as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (5) is specifically:
seedling stage
The period is mainly a vegetative growth stage, mainly takes root and leaf growth as main phases, is an important stage for determining the yield of the crops, and is also an important period for field management;
in order to ensure that the seedlings have enough growth space and nutrition supply, thinning is carried out by combining the growth vigor of the field when the rape grows to 3-4 leaves; weak plantlets and high-foot plantlets are removed from the middle, and strong plantlets and large plantlets are reserved; when 5-6 leaves are planted, final singling is carried out to keep reasonable density and guarantee the growth vigor of the rape; the spacing between the final singling plants is 10-15 cm, and 30-45 million plants are left in each hectare;
the soil humidity suitable for the rape seedling stage is not lower than 70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field; therefore, when the rape is fed for seedling setting, whether watering is needed or not is determined according to soil moisture content; watering in the seedling stage without flood irrigation to prevent rotten roots and dead seedlings; the method is characterized in that the method is combined with watering and additional application of seedling-lifting fertilizer, and 75 kilograms of urea is additionally applied to each hectare to promote the early growth and fast growth of seedlings;
in the seedling stage, intertillage is well done, which is beneficial to improving the ground temperature, adjusting the soil humidity, improving the soil permeability and promoting the growth of rape roots; the intertillage can also eliminate weeds and prevent the occurrence of weeds; the intertillage in the seedling stage is carried out twice, the first intertillage is carried out after the seedlings of the rapes are emerged currently, the intertillage depth is shallow, and the phenomenon that the roots are damaged too much is avoided; carrying out secondary intertillage weeding after seedling setting, wherein the intertillage depth is properly deepened; meanwhile, when the leaves of the wild oat and the self-growing wheat of the rape field grow to 2-3 leaves, 00-600 ml of high-efficiency haloxyfop emulsifiable solution with water of 225-300 kg is sprayed and removed per hectare; in this period, pest control work is required, particularly aphids are controlled by spraying 2500 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder;
② bud period
In the period, the main stem of the rape rapidly extends, the leaf area is greatly increased, the flower bud differentiation speed is accelerated, and the roots, the stems, the leaves and the flower buds grow in parallel, so that the period is the peak period of the rape which needs water and fertilizer in one life, and the management key point of the period is the water and fertilizer;
after the rape buds, along with the rise of the air temperature, the main stem internodes are stretched, the leaf area is enlarged, the transpiration is enhanced, and sufficient moisture is required; the maximum water holding capacity in the field at the flowering stage can reach 80 percent to meet the growth requirement of the rape; watering according to soil moisture content, and performing secondary topdressing by combining watering, wherein 75 kilograms of urea is additionally applied to each hectare; in addition, boron fertilizer is sprayed for 1 time respectively in the flowering season and the initial flowering season to promote flower bud differentiation and prevent rape from flowering and bearing fruit, and 750 kilograms of 0.2 percent borax solution is sprayed per hectare; the plant diseases and insect pests are mainly damaged by aphids, and the aphids are prevented and treated by spraying 300 g of high-power minister wettable powder mixed with 750 kg of water for 7 days and 1 time and spraying 2-3 times; the control of diamondback moth and cabbage butterfly selects 2.5% to kill 300 ml-600 ml of missible oil per hectare, and 375 kg-750 kg of water is added for spraying; or 225 to 300 grams of dimethoate per hectare, 375 to 750 kilograms of water are added for spraying; or 225-300 g of 10% high-power minister wettable powder is mixed with 750-900 kg of water for spraying;
in order to prevent lodging in the middle and later stages of rape, hilling and root-hilling are carried out in the initial flowering stage, and root development is promoted, so that the lodging of rape can be prevented, and the soil moisture content of roots can be kept;
③ flowering period
At the moment, the rape enters a stage of mainly reproductive growth and vegetative growth, and the rape flowers and knots at the same time, which is a transition period that the photosynthesis of the rape gradually moves from leaves to horns and pericarps;
in the period, the photosynthesis capability of green parts of rape stalks and leaves is weakened, if the nutrients are insufficient, premature senility, flower and fruit dropping are caused, and the yield is reduced greatly; therefore, the irrigation amount is increased from the bolting period to the full bloom, and the irrigation times and amount are reduced from the final blossom to the maturity; applying flower and grain fertilizers in combination with watering, wherein 45-75 kg of urea is applied per hectare, so that the angle forming rate is improved, the shedding is reduced, and the grain number and the thousand grain weight are increased;
developmental mature period of silique
After the rape finishes flowering, the rape enters the silique development and maturation stage, namely the stage of the silique formed by the enlargement of the ovaries, the formation of seeds and the accumulation of oil content;
in the period, the prevention and treatment work of plant diseases and insect pests is mainly done, in particular, aphids are prevented and treated by spraying 2500 times of liquid of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder;
harvesting at proper time
When the rape leaves are withered and yellow and fall off, the stem siliques are yellow green or purple red, and the seeds in the siliques at the middle upper part become hard and good for harvest; in order to reduce fruit cracking and threshing, timely harvesting when more than 70% of the siliques in the field turn yellow;
spreading and airing for 7-15 days after harvesting, and then threshing; threshing is required to be carried out on the spot in sunny days after the horns and the husks are dried by dew; the ground is well padded by canvas, rape is placed on the canvas, and then flail is used for beating, and the beating is repeated for many times, so that the horn shell can be cracked completely, the seeds fall off completely, fine beating and harvesting are realized, and the grains are returned to the warehouse.
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