CN110291942A - A kind of cultural method of rape - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of cultural methods of rape, comprising the following steps: (1) site preparation and fertilization: should be filled with enough a batch water before broadcasting, be ploughed when soil is suitable for farming, harrow a kind of farm tools, accomplish Land leveling, defincienct in the upper and excessive in the lower, soil moisture content is sufficient, loose fine crushing.(2) seed treatment: will carry out seed cleaning before broadcasting, quality will reach seed grading standard second level or more；Purity is not less than 95%, and cleanliness is not less than 96%, and germination percentage is not less than 90%, and emergence rate is not less than 85%, and seed moisture content is not higher than 8-9% (3) seeding quality: 1. 3~5 centimetres of depth of planting.2. thickness of sowing: 12~15 kilograms of per hectare application rate.(4) field management.The method can significantly improve rape per unit area yields.

Description

A kind of cultural method of rape

Technical field

The invention belongs to agricultural technology fields, are related to a kind of cultural method of rape, specifically, being related to a kind of branded oil Dish new varieties hide oily No. 12 standardized plantings

Background technique

Main oil crops only have rape in Tibet, and production history is long, are Tibet one of traditional crops the most ancient, It is also unique economic oil crops in the big crop in Tibet main five, is the unique edible vegetable oil source of the Tibetan people (Tibet High-land, frost-free period is short, and other oil crops are difficult to cultivate).Tibet scientific worker passes through many years introduction and Experiment, systematic breeding And the work of crossbreeding research, large quantities of high-quality, high yields, eurytopicity new rape variety are selected, scientific research personnel also passes through Seeding method is continuously improved, using various well stimulations, the yield level of Tibet rape is held in a 2.25 ton/hectare left sides It is right.Qinghai-Tibet intensity of sunshine is high, day and night temperature is big, is the ideal production district of rape.But in actual production, rape field is raw Extensive management is produced, soil is barren, seriously constrains the raising of rape per unit area yield.

Rape advocates the premise of Planter industry structure adjustment as the main oil crops in Tibet energetically in my area in recent years Under, rapeseed cultivation has been paid much attention to, and as sown area increases year by year, quality rape promotion efficiency is continued to increase, with by Step replaces low yield, native breed inferior, so that rape per unit area yield is improved to reach, to meet the amount and matter of local people's edible oil Needs.For a long time, rape oil is main edible oil in people's lives in area, with the improvement of living standards, Tibetan people It is gradually combined from edible zanba, roasted qingke barley flour and meat to zanba, roasted qingke barley flour, meat, dish, rice, face, so the dosage of rape oil also gradually increases, rapeseed Demand it is also increasing.My area's rape annual planting area produces 58000 tons of vegetable seed in more than 2333 hectares at present, produces vegetable seed per year About 27260 tons of oil.Show 3,000,000 people of Tibet at present according to Working Committee, Tibet Autonomous Region recent statistics, with year vegetable oil per capita 16 kilograms of consumption figure, year vegetable oil total quantity consumed is 48000 tons, and annual edible vegetable oil notch is up to 20000 tons or more, completely not It is able to satisfy the needs of the people in area, the degree of self-sufficiency only 51% or so.In addition, with the improvement of living standards, the Tibetan people are by eating Zanba, roasted qingke barley flour and meat gradually develop to the direction that zanba, roasted qingke barley flour, meat, dish, rice, face combine, and rape oil demand is also increasing.

Implement the high-yield high-efficiency cultivation technical research of Tibet rape large area, is improved for the development of Tibet Rape-seed production with benefit Many critical issues and constraint " bottleneck ", construct rape large area High yield and efficiency mode, significantly promote my area's rape To lead, drive, Tibet crops is supported to take big strides to develop to modernization, industrialization total yield target can be realized, again in yield It can ensure that grain and oil safety.Therefore we base oneself upon Tibet Rape-seed production reality, for the principal element and key for restricting high-yield and high-efficiency Technology " bottleneck " sufficiently excavates the biological potentials of Tibet rape with the featured kind " hiding oil 12 " of Production of Large Fields for carrier Start with soil productivity is improved, develop the efficient key technical index of yield of Brassica napus L, assemble commerial growing technology model, constructs The efficient key technology system of yield of Brassica napus L strives improving Tibet rape per unit area yield, to promote Rape-seed production development, ensuring that edible oil is pacified Entirely, increase masses of farmers and herdsmen's income and strong science and technology support is provided.

Summary of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of cultural methods of rape.It is high by carrying out rape in Tibet Production Zones Suitable It produces, efficient standardized planting, studies the influence to its different yield, quality, effect of increasing production, and High Yielding Cultivation Technique is arranged It applies, excavates its maximum yield potential, expand cultivated area, improve rape per unit area yield, reach high yield, height truly Effect, thus to drive rape total amount.

Itself the specific technical proposal is:

A kind of cultural method of rape, comprising the following steps:

(1) site preparation and fertilization

Rape is system of taproot crop, and root system buries relatively deeply, needs deep soil layer, rape root is enable sufficiently to send out It educates.Therefore, it should deep plough in time, depth is generally at 25 centimetres or more after preceding crop harvest.

When soil relative water content reaches 70%, rape seed could normal germination and emergence.Hiding oil 12 belongs to spring sowing Rape variety, when sowing, happen the season short of rain in Tibet, and most area soil moisture contents are insufficient, therefore, to guarantee fertilizer spraying, Conducive to rape full stand, should will water moisture creating before site preparation of ploughing in the spring.It should be filled with enough a batch water before broadcasting, be suitable for that (hand is pinched into for farming to soil Group throws loose, hand and stays wet print) Shi Jinhang ploughs, harrows a kind of farm tools, accomplish Land leveling, and defincienct in the upper and excessive in the lower, soil moisture content is sufficient, and it is loose fine crushing, In favor of emergence and plant strain growth.

In conjunction with site preparation per hectare apply 22.5 tons of high-quality farmyard manure, 300 kilograms of calcium superphosphate make base manure, 300 kilograms of urea (150 kilograms are made base manure, and 150 kilograms are made top dressing).15 kilograms of boron fertilizer.

(2) seed treatment

Seed cleaning is carried out before broadcasting, quality will reach seed grading standard second level or more.Purity is not less than 95%, cleanliness Not less than 96%, germination percentage is not less than 90%, and emergence rate is not less than 85%, and seed moisture content is not higher than 8-9%.

(3) seeding quality

1. 3~5 centimetres of depth of planting.The temperature of rape seed germination is usually 3 DEG C, so, when mean daily temperature is stablized It can be sowed at 3 DEG C, 25~30 centimetres of soil layer defrosting.Sowing time of the hiding oil 12 in most of Tibet area is generally Late March is to mid-April.

2. thickness of sowing: 12~15 kilograms of per hectare application rate.Preferably with mechanical planting when sowing.Depth of planting is 3 ~5 centimetres.Sowing line-spacing is 40 centimetres, can gently be suppressed after broadcasting, in favor of emergence.

(4) field management: running through rape entire breeding time, should accomplish that " timely tillage and weeding, early top dressing carry out in time The prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control ".

1. seedling stage

This period is mainly vegetative growth phase, is the important stage for determining its yield based on root, Ye Shengchang, It is the important period of field management.

To guarantee that seedling has enough growing spaces and nutrition supply, generally when rape grows to 3~4 leaves, knot Field growing way is closed, thinning is carried out.Small and weak seedling, high seedling are removed between mainly, retain strong sprout, seedlings.In 5~6 leaves, determined Seedling ensures rape growing way to retain rational density.Final singling spacing in the rows is generally 10~15 centimetres, and per hectare stays seedling 22.5 ten thousand~30 Ten thousand plants or so.

Rape seedling plant is smaller, and outside air temperature is lower, and water consumption intensity is little, still, if soil moisture is insufficient, can make Slow at growth of rape, plant is short and small.Under normal circumstances, the suitable soil moisture of rape seedling is generally not less than field maximum and holds The 70% of water.So should decide whether to water depending on soil moisture content when giving rape final singling.Seedling stage watering should not flood it is unrestrained It fills, to prevent rotten dead seedling.It is imposed in combination with watering and mentions seed manure, general per hectare imposes 75 kilograms of urea, to promote Winter wheat It is fast long.

" strong sprout elder generation strengthening root, strengthening root is by intertillage ", in seedling stage, carries out intertillage, is conducive to improve ground temperature, adjusts soil moisture, Improve soil permeability, promotes the growth of rape root.And intertillage can also eliminate weeds, prevent the generation of crop smothering.In seedling stage It ploughs and is typically carried out twice, intertillage for the first time carries out after rape emergence is existing, and current depth of intertilling is shallow, avoids hurting root Too much.Second of tillage and weeding is carried out after final singling, intertillage depth is suitably deepened.Meanwhile when Rapeseed Field wild avena sativa and spontaneous wheat When blade grows to 2 leaves~3 leaf, per hectare is converted with 300 milliliters~600 milliliters of " height lid (10.8% high-efficiency flupirtine emulsifiable concentrate) " 225 kilograms~300 kilograms of water spray to go out and remove.This period will also carry out the preventing and controlling of pest and disease damage, especially aphid, Ke Yixuan Spraying prevention and treatment is carried out with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 2500 times of liquid.

2. flower bud a kind of sedge phase

This period rape stem extends rapidly, and leaf area significantly increases, and bud differentiation speed is accelerated, root, stem, Ye He Bud is gone forward side by side growth, is that rape needs water to need the peak period of fertilizer in life, the emphases of supervision in this period is exactly liquid manure.

After rape is buddingged, with the rising of temperature, stem internode elongation, leaf area expands, transpiration enhancing, it is necessary to have Sufficient moisture.Flower bud a kind of sedge phase maxmun field capacity need to reach 80% or so the growth needs for being just able to satisfy rape.At this moment will It waters depending on soil moisture content, and watering is combined to carry out second of top dressing, general per hectare imposes 75 kilograms of urea.In addition, Flower bud a kind of sedge phase and flowering stage respectively spray 1 boron fertilizer, to promote bud differentiation, prevent rape from only blooming not as a result, general per hectare spray Apply 750 kilograms of 0.2% borax soln.Pest and disease damage is mainly aphid damage, and with " person who has rendered outstanding service " wettable powder, 300 grams are watered 750 kilograms are sprayed, and 7 days 1 time, spray 2 times~3 times to prevent eliminating aphis and other effects significant.The prevention and treatment of diamondback moth and cabbage butterfly Per hectare can be selected 2.5% ground and kill 300 milliliters~600 milliliters of missible oil, be watered 375 kilograms~750 kilograms by spraying；Or Rogor is every 225 grams~300 grams of hectare is watered 375 kilograms~750 kilograms by spraying；Or 225 grams~300 grams of 10% person who has rendered outstanding service's wettable powder, It is watered 750 kilograms~900 kilograms by spraying.

The rape middle and later periods lodges in order to prevent, generally carries out ridging in flowering stage and stops up root, promotes root system development, in this way Both it can prevent rape from lodging, root soil soil moisture content can also be kept.

3. florescence

At this moment rape enters that have stage of nutrient growth concurrently based on reproductive growth while opening lace knot angle be that rape is photosynthetic The transition period of silique skin is gradually shifted in effect by blade.

During this period, the photosynthetic capacity of the green portions such as rape stem, blade weakens, if nutrient is insufficient, Often cause early ageing and fruit drop, is bound to cause yield and is greatly lowered.Therefore, filling is successively increased to full blossom from BOITING STAGE Water reduces irrigation frequency and amount from flower eventually to maturation.Colored granulated fertilizer should be added in conjunction with watering, general per hectare applies 45 kilograms of urea ~75 kilograms, angle rate is tied to improve, reduction falls off, and increases grain number and mass of 1000 kernel.

4. the Rape pod development maturity period

It after rape is spent eventually, is that ovary increasing forms silique into silique development and maturation phase, Seed Development, Accumulation Period.

This period is mainly the preventing and controlling for carrying out pest and disease damage, especially aphid, and 10% imidacloprid can be selected wettable Property 2500 times of liquid of pulvis carry out spraying prevention and treatment.

5. harvest in due course

When rape leaf is withered and yellow, falls off, stalk silique is in yellow green or aubergine, and the seed in the silique of middle and upper part is hardened hair When good fortune, the harvest time for rape of having arrived.In order to reduce dehiscent fruit threshing, when the silique in 70% or more field turns yellow, in time Harvesting.

It spreads, dry 7~15 days after harvest, then carry out threshing.Threshing is required in fine day, after angle shell dew has been done, Threshing on the spot.Ground canvas is good, and rape is placed on canvas, is then beaten with flail, repeated multiple times, such angle shell It will all split, seed is made to fall off completely, accomplish that essence beats thin receipts, Every grain should be sent to the granary.

Hiding oil 12 is pair low quality rape kind, has to single receipts, single de-, single solarization, list storage, prevents from mixing influence product Matter, it is ensured that high yield good harvest.

Compared with prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention:

The present invention, which passes through to introduce, has selected good quality and high output new rape variety " hiding oil 12 ", has high yield, high-quality, adaptation The features such as property is strong.By the implementation of this project, the Comprehensive Cultivation Techniques such as mating high yield, low consumption, mechanization, integrated and specific breed The standardized planting technical regulation to match.Test, demonstration pilot project are built up, the demonstration of quality rape kind is carried out, guidance peasant is excellent Change cropping pattern, Cultural practice is mating, further excavates increasing both production and income potentiality.The cultivated area of quality rape is gradually expanded, mentions High rape total yield, is finally reached increasing peasant income, synergy, the self-supporting purpose of green oil, really realize Tibet Rape-seed production reach high yield, Efficiently.

The Tibet rape cultivation mode tradition still with the crops mixed seeding such as rape and the naked, pea of blueness, based on artificial broadcast at present Fall behind cultivation technique, the development of this cultivation technique, which changes, broadcasts sowing as machine sowing drilling, changes the research that miscegenation is single technology, and according to " hiding The growing characters of No. 12 kinds of oil and the ecological condition of each producing region weather, carry out optimum density and sowing time, harvest time Research, establish Tibet yield of Brassica napus L efficiency cultivation technology for high approach.

Specific embodiment

Technical solution of the present invention is described in more detail With reference to embodiment.

" hiding oil 12 " introduces parent material, warp from Shaanxi in 2003 by animal husbandry academy of sciences Agricultural Research Institute, Tibet Autonomous Region Many years systematic breeding forms.December in 2016,30 Nikkei Tibet Autonomous Region crop varietal approval committee passed through, and granted Demonstration And Extension.New rape variety of the invention is reached by mating high yield standardized planting technical measures, average output per hectare 2.25 tons or more, than 20% or more native breed volume increase.Exemplary scenario shows 2015,2016 annual output per hectares reach 2.35 tons, 2017,2018 annual output per hectares up to 2.98 tons, by 7.00 yuan/kilogram of current market price calculate, per hectare 16453.5 yuan and 20863.5 yuan are taken in respectively.In Lhasa Duilongdeqing country, Dazi County, the demonstration of the Project Areas such as the Gongga County Shan Nan is pushed away The extensively high-quality double-low rapeseed new varieties such as " hiding oil 12 ", amount to 3,000 mu.Further explore my area's rape large area obtain high yield, Efficient technological approaches, the Comprehensive Cultivation Techniques such as mating high yield, low consumption, mechanization propose that a whole set of technology provides production；To project The area masses carry out high-quality double-low rapeseed planting technology training, peasant convention planting type are altered in steps, using highly efficient and productive standard Change cultivation technique.1000 people of training project area peasant (secondary).Test, demonstration area are built up, peasant's Optimization Planting Models are guided, into one Step excavates increasing both production and income potentiality, and thus radiates the whole district, plants new rape variety for the whole district and plays exemplary role.

Table 1: the economical, societal benefits of situation and generation are promoted and applied

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to this, it is any ripe Know those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present disclosure, the letter for the technical solution that can be become apparent to Altered or equivalence replacement are fallen within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (3)

1. a kind of cultural method of rape, which comprises the following steps:

(1) site preparation and fertilization

It should be filled with enough a batch water before broadcasting, ploughed when soil cultivation, harrow a kind of farm tools, accomplish Land leveling, defincienct in the upper and excessive in the lower, soil moisture content is sufficient, It is loose fine crushing, in favor of emergence and plant strain growth；It is public that 22.5 tons of high-quality farmyard manure, calcium superphosphate 300 are applied in conjunction with site preparation per hectare Jin makees base manure, and 300 kilograms of urea；15 kilograms of boron fertilizer；

(2) seed treatment

Seed cleaning is carried out before broadcasting, quality will reach seed grading standard second level or more；Purity is not less than 95%, and cleanliness is not low In 96%, germination percentage is not less than 90%, and emergence rate is not less than 85%, and seed moisture content is not higher than 8-9%；

(3) seeding quality

1. 3~5 centimetres of depth of planting；Rape seed germination temperature be 3 DEG C, so, when mean daily temperature stablize at 3 DEG C, soil It is sowed at 25~30 centimetres of layer defrosting；No. 12 sowing time in most of Tibet area of hiding oil are late March in 4 months Ten days；

2. thickness of sowing: 12~15 kilograms of per hectare application rate；Preferably with mechanical planting when sowing；Depth of planting is 3~5 lis Rice；Sowing line-spacing is 40 centimetres, is gently suppressed after broadcasting, in favor of emergence；

(4) field management.

2. the cultural method of rape according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step (1),

It should deep plough in time, depth is at 25 centimetres or more, when soil relative water content reaches 70% after preceding crop harvest When, rape seed could normal germination and emergence；300 kilograms of urea include 150 kilograms and make base manure, and 150 kilograms are made top dressing.

3. the cultural method of rape according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: step 4 specifically:

1. seedling stage

When rape grows to 3~4 leaves, in conjunction with field growing way, thinning is carried out；Small and weak seedling, high seedling are removed between mainly, are protected Stay strong sprout, seedlings；In 5~6 leaves, final singling is carried out, to retain rational density, ensures rape growing way；Final singling spacing in the rows be 10~ 15 centimetres, per hectare stays seedling 22.5 ten thousand~300,000 plant, and soil moisture is not less than the 70% of maxmun field capacity；Per hectare imposes 75 kilograms of urea；

Seedling stage intertillage carries out in two times, and intertillage for the first time carries out after rape emergence is existing, and second of intertillage is carried out after final singling and is removed Grass, when Rapeseed Field wild avena sativa and spontaneous wheat blade grow to 2 leaves~3 leaf, per hectare 10.8% haloxyfop-r-methyl cream 300 milliliters~600 milliliters of oil, which is watered 225 kilograms~300 kilograms and sprays to go out, to be removed, and 2500 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder is selected Liquid carries out spraying prevention and treatment；

2. flower bud a kind of sedge phase

Flower bud a kind of sedge phase maxmun field capacity need to reach the 80% growth needs for being just able to satisfy rape；It waters depending on soil moisture content, And watering is combined to carry out second of top dressing, per hectare imposes 75 kilograms of urea；1 boron fertilizer is respectively sprayed in flower bud a kind of sedge phase and flowering stage, To promote bud differentiation, prevent rape from only blooming not as a result, per hectare sprays 750 kilograms of 0.2% borax soln；Wettable powder Agent, 300 grams are watered 750 kilograms and are sprayed, and 7 days 1 time, spray 2 times~3 times to prevent eliminating aphis；Diamondback moth and cabbage butterfly it is anti- Controlling per hectare selects 2.5% ground to kill 300 milliliters~600 milliliters of missible oil, is watered 375 kilograms~750 kilograms by spraying；Or Rogor is every 225 grams~300 grams of hectare is watered 375 kilograms~750 kilograms by spraying；Or 225 grams~300 grams of 10% person who has rendered outstanding service's wettable powder, It is watered 750 kilograms~900 kilograms by spraying；

The rape middle and later periods lodges in order to prevent, carries out ridging in flowering stage and stops up root；

3. florescence

Irrigation quantity is successively increased from BOITING STAGE to full blossom, irrigation frequency and amount is reduced from flower eventually to maturation, should be added in conjunction with watering Flower granulated fertilizer, per hectare apply 45 kilograms~75 kilograms of urea；

4. the Rape pod development maturity period

This period is mainly the preventing and controlling for carrying out pest and disease damage, especially aphid, with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2500 Times liquid carries out spraying prevention and treatment；

5. harvest in due course

When rape leaf is withered and yellow, falls off, stalk silique is in yellow green or aubergine, and the seed in the silique of middle and upper part, which is hardened, puts on weight When, the harvest time for rape of having arrived；In order to reduce dehiscent fruit threshing, when the silique in 70% or more field turns yellow, receive in time It cuts；

It spreads, dry 7~15 days after harvest, then carry out threshing；Threshing is required in fine day, after angle shell dew has been done, on the spot Threshing；Ground canvas is good, and rape is placed on canvas, is then beaten with flail, repeated multiple times, and such angle shell will It all splits, seed is made to fall off completely, accomplish that essence beats thin receipts, Every grain should be sent to the granary.