CN111713350A - Planting method of selenium-rich rape - Google Patents
Planting method of selenium-rich rape Download PDFInfo
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- CN111713350A CN111713350A CN202010620153.1A CN202010620153A CN111713350A CN 111713350 A CN111713350 A CN 111713350A CN 202010620153 A CN202010620153 A CN 202010620153A CN 111713350 A CN111713350 A CN 111713350A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of rape planting, and discloses a method for planting selenium-rich rapes. The invention provides a planting method of selenium-rich rapes, which is characterized in that selenium-rich soil is selected to plant the rapes, and the selenium content of rape bolts and rapeseeds is improved under the condition of not adding exogenous selenium fertilizer, so that the aim of producing the selenium-rich rapes is fulfilled. The method is convenient to apply, low in cost, safe, environment-friendly, easy to popularize and high in economic benefit, solves the problems that the proper dosage and application time of selenium are difficult to control, the dosage of the selenium is too low to reach the selenium-rich standard, and the dosage of the selenium is too high to cause environmental pollution such as selenium poisoning and soil and water, and has very important significance for fully developing and utilizing selenium-rich soil resources and promoting the development of the selenium-rich rape industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rape planting, and particularly relates to a planting method of selenium-rich rape.
Background
At present, selenium is a necessary trace element for human bodies, and selenium deficiency is an important harm factor influencing human health. Selenium has the biological functions of improving human immunity, delaying senility, preventing cancer and the like, can reduce bacterial and viral infection, avoids various diseases caused by the fibroid lesion of heart and cerebral vascular walls, and is known as 'vital fire', 'heart guarding spirit', 'liver guard', 'anticancer king', 'long life element' and 'natural antidote'. According to the examination of experts, people need to supplement selenium for a whole life, and the people must take sufficient amount of selenium every day. Selenium is listed as one of 15 elements essential to human bodies by the Chinese society of nutrition, the intake of adults recommended by the Chinese society of nutrition is 50-250 micrograms per day, the American food and drug administration recommends that 200 micrograms per person per day can prevent cancer, and the daily average selenium intake of adults in China is only 26-32 micrograms. Edible selenium-enriched medicinal and edible preparations are the main way of supplementing selenium at present, but the medicinal and edible preparations have low utilization rate in human bodies and have side effect risks. Research shows that selenium which is most easily absorbed by human bodies is organic selenium in plants, the plants are key carriers for converting inorganic selenium in the nature into the organic selenium, and selenium-rich crops which are used as important organic selenium converters are the safest, effective, cheap and feasible way for human beings to absorb the selenium and are the most main direct selenium source for obtaining selenium nutrition by the human bodies.
Rape is the main oil crop in China, the planting area is kept about 1 hundred million mu, the rapeseed yield exceeds 500 ten thousand tons, and the rape is the first edible oil in China. Rapeseed oil is edible oil with the most reasonable fatty acid combination, and has a low content of saturated fatty acid, namely about 10%, an oleic acid content of about 80% and a linoleic acid content of about 7%. The protein content of the rapeseed cake after the rapeseed is squeezed is generally between 30% and 40%, and the rapeseed cake is one of the sources of protein additives and human proteins in feed. In addition, the rapeseed cake containing more selenium-rich protein components can replace soybeans to produce selenium-rich soy sauce, so that the selenium is supplemented for the daily life of people; in addition, selenium-rich rapeseed protein can be used for producing selenium-rich protein beverage, improving flour selenium protein quality and the like.
Rape is not only an important oil crop, but also a rape bolt which is just bolting soon is also a vegetable which is deeply loved by people. The rape flower shoots are emerald green in leaf color, thick and strong in stems, rich in nutrient elements necessary for human bodies, such as carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, iron and the like, unique in flavor, crisp in taste, sweet in taste and light in faint scent when being eaten, and have the effects of reducing blood fat, detoxifying, relieving swelling, relaxing bowels, building body, improving fertility and the like. Research shows that after the main bolt is picked during bolting rape, the growth of the side branch of the plant can be promoted, and the yield of the rapeseeds is increased. Therefore, the rape seed bolt and oil dual-purpose cultivation mode can not only improve the yield of rapeseeds, but also pick a batch of rape seed bolts for marketing, and the economic benefit is greatly improved compared with that of only harvesting rapeseeds.
Therefore, in view of the edible efficacy of the rapes, the selenium-rich rape bolts and the selenium-rich rapeseeds have higher economic value, and the development of the selenium-rich rapes has important practical significance.
Rape has strong enrichment capacity on selenium, is generally regarded as selenium accumulation crops and can grow in soil with high selenium concentration. Research shows that different rape varieties have large difference of selenium gathering effect, and the same rape variety has large difference of selenium gathering effect when planted in soil with different selenium content. At present, the rape has no national standard, and according to DB 36/T566-plus 2017 (selenium content classification standard of selenium-rich foods), the selenium content of rape bolts is 0.01-0.1 mg/kg, and the rape bolts are selenium-rich vegetables. According to DB 45/T1061-2014 (the selenium content classification requirement of selenium-rich agricultural products), the selenium content of 0.05 mg/kg-0.5 mg/kg of rapeseeds is selenium-rich rapeseeds. At present, the selenium content in the rape bolts and rapeseeds in the market is generally low, the selenium-rich standard cannot be achieved, and the requirement of modern scientific selenium supplement is difficult to meet. Therefore, in the process of rape cultivation, if the content of selenium in the rape bolts and rapeseeds can be further improved, the economic benefit of rape planting can be greatly improved, and the method is also very beneficial to the health of people.
At present, the prior art does not see the patent of invention related to the planting of selenium-rich rape bolts. The invention patents related to the selenium-rich rapeseeds all adopt methods of applying exogenous selenium, such as 'selenium-rich auxin, foliar fertilizer and preparation method thereof, selenium-rich rape planting method' and 'a selenium-rich rape cultivation method'. The production method of the selenium-rich rape mainly replenishes selenium by means of foliage spraying or applying inorganic selenium salt or organic selenium fertilizer in soil, and the like, and the method is difficult to control the proper dosage and application time of selenium. The selenium dosage is too low to reach the selenium-rich standard, the selenium poisoning can be caused by too high dosage, and the environmental pollution such as soil, water and the like can be caused by excessive selenium application; and too late application time can cause too high content of inorganic selenium in plants and generate toxicity to human bodies. In addition, the organic selenium fertilizer has higher market price, the rape planting cost of artificially applying the organic selenium fertilizer is higher, and the economic benefit is not good.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows:
(1) the existing selenium supplementing method for rape easily causes the problems that the selenium dosage is too low to reach the selenium-rich standard, the selenium poisoning is caused by too high dosage, and the environmental pollution such as soil, water and the like is caused by excessive selenium application.
(2) The organic selenium fertilizer has higher market price, the rape planting cost of artificially applying the organic selenium fertilizer is higher, and the economic benefit is not good.
The difficulty in solving the above problems and defects is: the selenium is supplemented by adopting the modes of foliage spraying or applying inorganic selenium salt or organic selenium fertilizer in soil, and the like, and the proper dosage and application time of the selenium are difficult to control.
The significance of solving the problems and the defects is as follows: the method achieves the aim of producing the selenium-rich rape without applying any exogenous selenium fertilizer, has convenient application, low cost, safety, environmental protection, easy popularization and high economic benefit, and has very important significance for fully developing and utilizing the selenium-rich soil resources and promoting the development of the selenium-rich rape industry.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a planting method of selenium-rich rape.
The invention is realized in such a way that the planting method of the selenium-rich rape comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting field blocks: selecting selenium-rich soil with sufficient illumination, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage, low heavy metal content and over medium level of fertility, wherein the natural total selenium content in the soil is 0.40-3.00 mg/kg;
(2) variety selection: selecting rape varieties with strong selenium accumulation capacity, such as 'Ganz oil hybrid No. 8', 'Medja oil hybrid No. 19', 'Medja oil hybrid No. 12', 'Dadi 95', 'Medja oil hybrid No. 927' and other rape varieties.
(3) Land preparation: after harvesting the previous crops, timely turning over and preparing soil according to soil moisture and weather conditions, deeply ploughing for 25-30 cm, leveling field blocks, wherein the furrow width is 2m, and the furrow width is 30 cm. When the paddy field is selected for planting, a 30cm wide and 30cm deep gutter and a waist gutter are dug.
(4) Sowing: sowing seeds in the Yangtze river basin from the bottom of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, adopting a direct seeding mode, 666.7m2The required amount is 250-500 g. And (4) selecting a seeder for seeding, wherein the seeding depth is 1.0-2.0 cm, and the row spacing is 25-30 cm. And in places without mechanical sowing conditions, a manual sowing mode can be adopted, 8 sowing rows are manually opened in each furrow, the row spacing is 25-30 cm, and rape seeds are uniformly sown in the sowing rows. After sowing, covering seeds with ditch-cleaning soil to ensure that the seeds are not exposed.
(5) Cultivation management:
5.1 scientific fertilization
5.1.1 reapplying base fertilizer: the organic fertilizer is applied after the previous crop is harvested and before the soil is ploughed, and the inorganic fertilizer is applied during sowing. Each 666.7m2Applying 1000kg of fermented and decomposed farmyard manure with a grain size of 666.7m2Rape seed applying deviceSpecial slow release fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K20: 25:7:8, and 5 percent of medium trace elements) or 50kg of other compound fertilizers with similar nutrients. Under the condition of conditional conditions, the middle and lower fertility field can be properly adjusted according to the fertility of soil in production.
5.1.2 reasonable topdressing: 666.7m when the rape grows to 6-leaf stage25kg of urea was applied. Applying a bolting fertilizer for once 3-5 days before picking the bolting of the rapes, wherein the bolting fertilizer is 666.7m25kg of urea is applied; the fertility level is high, and the field with good growth vigor can not be supplemented with bolting fertilizer. Topdressing is carried out in time within 3-5 days after the rape shoots are picked, and the topdressing is carried out at 666.7m25-10 kg of urea and 2kg of potassium chloride are applied. Spraying 0.1% Sulebo 1 time in budding period. Spraying monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.1% for 1 time in the initial flowering period of rape.
5.2 moisture management: after the rape is sowed, the seeds can be promoted to sprout by adopting a furrow irrigation mode according to soil moisture content, and water cannot overflow the furrow surface during furrow irrigation. And in the seedling stage and the flowering stage, ditches are timely cleaned and drained according to weather conditions, and drought and waterlogging are prevented.
5.3 thinning and filling seedlings: starting in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, timely thinning the rape seedlings at the dense place, removing weak seedlings and keeping strong seedlings, removing small seedlings and keeping big seedlings, and thinning 1-2 times generally; replanting in time at the place where seedlings are lacking. Fixing seedlings from late 10 to early 11, keeping the seedling spacing about 15cm, and every 666.7m2And reserving 15000-20000 plants.
(6) Pest control
According to the principle of 'prevention is mainly, green prevention and control', agriculture, physical prevention and control and auxiliary chemical agent prevention and control are adopted.
6.1 agricultural control
A reasonable cultivation system and crop rotation are adopted for stubble replacement, and continuous cropping with cruciferous crops is avoided; selecting a variety with strong resistance, cleaning a field and a garden, and removing weeds and infected plants in time; strong seedlings are cultivated through proper fertilizer and water management and sufficient illumination conditions; removing old leaves, yellow leaves and diseased leaves in time; when the leaves are sprayed with 1-3% calcium superphosphate water solution in the ovipositing period of the cabbage caterpillar adults, the oviposition of rape plants can be reduced by 50-70%.
6.2 physical control
Cleaning the field and killing cabbage caterpillar pupae; installing a frequency vibration lamp to trap and kill lepidoptera pests such as diamondback moths and the like; hanging yellow armyworm plates in the field to trap and kill aphids, flea beetles and leafflies; vegetable leaves and weeds are stacked on the ridges to trap the apes and the leafworms.
6.3 chemical control
6.3.1 downy mildew
At the early stage of disease, 500 times of 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder or 1000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder is mixed with water and sprayed to prevent downy mildew.
6.3.2 sclerotinia sclerotiorum
In the flowering period of rape, 1000-1500 times of 40% dimetachlone wettable powder or 2000 times of 50% procymidone wettable powder is mixed with water and sprayed for 1-2 times.
6.3.3 aphids
When the aphid planting rate in the seedling stage reaches more than 10%, 4000-fold liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and control aphids and simultaneously prevent virus diseases.
6.3.4 cabbage worm
The control is mainly carried out in the low age period, when the quantity of the hundreds of insects in the field reaches 20-40 at the seedling stage, the control is carried out, and 3000 times of solution of 20% fenvalerate missible oil is mixed with water for spraying.
6.3.5 Plutella xylostella
The 25% emulsified oil 1500 times liquid or 4.5% emulsified oil 2000 times liquid of cypermethrin is mixed with water to spray it for preventing and treating diseases.
6.3.6 Phyllotreta striolata
The pesticide is sprayed with 1000 times of chlorpyrifos emulsifiable solution of 48% and water.
6.3.7A simian leaf worm
The 5% Carmak missible oil 1000 times liquid or 20% pyrethroid insecticide 1500 times liquid is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
(7) And (3) weed control:
within 3 days after sowing and earthing, 200 times of the preemergence herbicide 50% acetochlor emulsifiable solution is sprayed with water to carry out soil closed weeding. When the rape seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, 5% of sethoxydim emulsifiable concentrate or 10.8% of high-efficiency fennel emulsifiable concentrate is mixed with water to be sprayed on a field block with heavy gramineous weeds to weed; the weeding is carried out by spraying 500 times of 50% high-tech suspending agent and water to field with serious broadleaf weeds.
(8) Picking up rape stems:
and (4) starting at the bottom of 11 months, and picking in the early morning or at the evening of sunny days when the rape stems grow to the flat head stage.
(9) Harvesting rapeseeds:
from the end of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months, after the rapeseeds are mature, the rapeseeds are harvested manually or mechanically.
The invention aims to provide a method for planting selenium-rich rapes by utilizing a selenium-rich rape planting method.
By combining all the technical schemes, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
the invention provides a planting method of selenium-rich rapes, which is characterized in that selenium-rich soil is selected to plant the rapes, and the selenium content of rape bolts and rapeseeds is improved under the condition of not adding exogenous selenium fertilizer, so that the aim of producing the selenium-rich rapes is fulfilled. The method has the advantages of convenient application, low cost, safety, environmental protection, easy popularization and high economic benefit, and has very important significance for fully developing and utilizing the selenium-rich soil resources and promoting the development of the selenium-rich rape industry.
The invention produces the selenium-rich rape by selecting the selenium-rich soil, and no literature report is available at home and abroad about the planting method.
TABLE 1 results of selenium content test of rapeseed of different rape varieties (Note: soil selenium content is 0.60mg/kg)
TABLE 2 selenium content test results (unit: mg/kg) of two kinds of soil rapeseeds with different selenium contents
| Rape variety | Middle double 11 | Gan oil Jia 8 | Zhongzhou oil No. 19 |
| Soil 1 (selenium content 0.39mg/kg) | 0.024 | 0.047 | 0.060 |
| Soil 2 (selenium content 0.60mg/kg) | 0.056 | 0.072 | 0.070 |
TABLE 3 detection results of selenium content in rape bolts of different rape varieties (Note: soil selenium content is 0.60mg/kg)
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained from the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for planting selenium-rich rape according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a planting method of selenium-rich rape, and the invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the planting method of the selenium-rich rape provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101, selecting field blocks and varieties: selecting soil with natural total selenium content of 0.40-3.00 mg/kg, and selecting rape varieties with strong selenium accumulation capacity.
S102, soil preparation: after the previous crops are harvested, the soil is turned over in time according to the soil moisture content and the weather condition.
S103, sowing: sowing at the beginning of 9 to 10 months, and adopting direct seeding mode to plant seeds at 666.7m2The required amount is 250-500 g.
S104, cultivation management: scientific fertilization and water management are carried out in different growth periods, and thinning and replanting are carried out in time.
S105, pest control: agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and chemical agent prevention and control methods are adopted to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests.
S106, weed control: spraying and weeding are carried out on different weeds in different growth periods.
S107, picking the rape bolts: and (4) starting at the bottom of 11 months, and picking in the early morning or at the evening of sunny days when the rape stems grow to the flat head stage.
S108, harvesting rapeseeds: from the end of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months, after the rapeseeds are mature, the rapeseeds are harvested manually or mechanically.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
The first implementation mode comprises the following steps:
1 field selection
Selecting a paddy field with sufficient illumination, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage, low heavy metal content and over medium level of fertility, wherein the natural total selenium content in the soil is 0.6 mg/kg.
2.1 variety selection
Rape variety "Gedi 95" is selected.
2.2 preparation of soil
After harvesting the rice of the previous crop, timely turning over and preparing soil according to soil moisture and weather conditions, deeply ploughing for 25-30 cm, leveling field blocks, wherein the furrow width is 2m, and the furrow width is 30 cm. Meanwhile, a 30cm wide and 30cm deep gutter and a waist gutter are dug.
3 sowing
9 months and 30 days, adopting direct seeding mode, 666.7m2The amount used was 300 g. And (3) adopting an artificial sowing mode, manually opening 8 sowing rows in each furrow, wherein the row spacing is 25-30 cm, and uniformly sowing the rape seeds in the sowing rows. After sowing, covering seeds with ditch-cleaning soil to ensure that the seeds are not exposed.
4 cultivation management
4.1 scientific fertilization
4.1.1 heavy application of base fertilizer
Organic fertilizer is applied after the previous crop is harvested and before the soil is ploughed, and inorganic fertilizer is applied during sowing. Each 666.7m2Applying 1000kg of fermented and decomposed farmyard manure with a grain size of 666.7m2Special slow release fertilizer (N: P) for applying rape2O5:K20: 25:7:8, medium trace element content 5%) 50 kg.
4.1.2 rational topdressing
666.7m when the rape grows to 6-leaf stage25kg of urea was applied. Applying flower stalk fertilizer once 3 days before picking flower stalk of rape, 666.7m25kg of urea was applied. Topdressing is carried out in time within 3 days after the rape stems are picked, and the topdressing is carried out at 666.7m25kg of urea and 2kg of potassium chloride are applied. Spraying 0.1% Sulebo 1 time in budding period. Spraying monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.1% for 1 time in the initial flowering period of rape.
4.2 moisture management
And (4) cleaning ditches and draining water stains in time according to weather conditions, and resisting drought and waterlogging.
4.3 thinning and replanting in time
Starting in the middle ten days of 10 months, thinning in time at a place where the rape seedlings are dense, removing weak seedlings and leaving strong seedlings, removing small seedlings and leaving large seedlings, and thinning for 1 time; replanting in time at the place where seedlings are lacking. Seedling is fixed in 10 late ten days, the seedling spacing is kept about 15cm, and every 666.7m2About 18000 plants are reserved.
5 pest control
5.1 downy mildew
At the early stage of disease, 500 times of liquid of 58 percent metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and control downy mildew.
5.2 sclerotinia rot
And spraying 1000-1500 times of 40% dimetachlone wettable powder in water for 1 time in the flowering phase of rape.
5.3 aphids
The 4000-fold liquid of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and control aphids and simultaneously prevent virus diseases.
5.4 cabbage worms
3000 times of 20 percent fenvalerate missible oil is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
5.5 Plutella xylostella
The 25% Huifengkuaike emulsifiable solution is mixed with water in 1500 times of the above-mentioned material, and sprayed on the surface of the above-mentioned material.
5.6 Phyllotreta striolata
The pesticide is sprayed with 1000 times of chlorpyrifos emulsifiable solution of 48% and water.
5.7 Simian leaf beetles
5 percent Carbam missible oil 1000 times of liquid is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
6 weed control
The next day after sowing and earthing, 200 times of the preemergence herbicide 50% acetochlor emulsifiable solution is mixed with water to be sprayed for soil closed weeding. When the rape seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, 1000 times of 10.8% high-efficiency Geranium emulsifiable solution is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and kill gramineous weeds.
7 picking up rape stems
And (3) picking the rape bolts (about 20 cm) 1 time in the early morning or at the evening of sunny days when the rape bolts grow to the flat head stage from the bottom of 11 months. Through detection, the selenium content of the rape reaches 0.035mg/kg, and meets the selenium-rich vegetable standard (DB 36/T566-2017).
8 rapeseed harvest
At the end of 4 months, after the rapeseeds are mature, manual harvesting is adopted. Through detection, the selenium content of the rapeseeds reaches 0.063mg/kg, and meets the standard of the selenium-rich rapeseeds (DB 45/T1061-2014).
The second embodiment:
1 field selection
Selecting a paddy field with sufficient illumination, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage, low heavy metal content and over medium level of fertility, wherein the natural total selenium content in the soil is 0.6 mg/kg.
2.1 variety selection
The rape variety "Zhongzai No. 12" is selected.
2.2 preparation of soil
After harvesting the rice of the previous crop, timely turning over and preparing soil according to soil moisture and weather conditions, deeply ploughing for 25-30 cm, leveling field blocks, wherein the furrow width is 2m, and the furrow width is 30 cm. Meanwhile, a 30cm wide and 30cm deep gutter and a waist gutter are dug.
3 sowing
10 months and 2 days, adopting direct seeding mode, 666.7m2The amount used was 300 g. And (3) adopting an artificial sowing mode, manually opening 8 sowing rows in each furrow, wherein the row spacing is 25-30 cm, and uniformly sowing the rape seeds in the sowing rows. After sowing, covering seeds with ditch-cleaning soil to ensure that the seeds are not exposed.
4 cultivation management
4.1 scientific fertilization
4.1.1 heavy application of base fertilizer
Organic fertilizer is applied after the previous crop is harvested and before the soil is ploughed, and inorganic fertilizer is applied during sowing. Each 666.7m2Applying 1000kg of fermented and decomposed farmyard manure with a grain size of 666.7m2Special slow release fertilizer (N: P) for applying rape2O5:K20: 25:7:8, medium trace element content 5%) 50 kg.
4.1.2 rational topdressing
666.7m when the rape grows to 6-leaf stage25kg of urea was applied. Spraying 0.1% Sulebo 1 time in budding period. Spraying monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.1% for 1 time in the initial flowering period of rape.
4.2 moisture management
And (4) cleaning ditches and draining water stains in time according to weather conditions, and resisting drought and waterlogging.
4.3 thinning and replanting in time
Starting in the last ten days of 10 months, thinning in time at a place where the rape seedlings are dense, removing weak seedlings and leaving strong seedlings, removing small seedlings and leaving large seedlings, and thinning for 1 time; replanting in time at the place where seedlings are lacking. The seedlings are fixed in the last ten days of 11 months, the distance between the seedlings is kept about 15cm, and the distance is about 666.7m215000 plants were reservedLeft and right.
5 pest control
5.1 downy mildew
At the early stage of disease, 500 times of liquid of 58 percent metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and control downy mildew.
5.2 sclerotinia rot
And spraying 1000-1500 times of 40% dimetachlone wettable powder in water for 1 time in the flowering phase of rape.
5.3 aphids
The 4000-fold liquid of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and control aphids and simultaneously prevent virus diseases.
5.4 cabbage worms
3000 times of 20 percent fenvalerate missible oil is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
5.5 Plutella xylostella
The 25% Huifengkuaike emulsifiable solution is mixed with water in 1500 times of the above-mentioned material, and sprayed on the surface of the above-mentioned material.
5.6 Phyllotreta striolata
The pesticide is sprayed with 1000 times of chlorpyrifos emulsifiable solution of 48% and water.
5.7 Simian leaf beetles
5 percent Carbam missible oil 1000 times of liquid is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
6 weed control
The next day after sowing and earthing, 200 times of the preemergence herbicide 50% acetochlor emulsifiable solution is mixed with water to be sprayed for soil closed weeding. When the rape seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, 1000 times of 10.8% high-efficiency Geranium emulsifiable solution is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and kill gramineous weeds.
7 rapeseed harvest
After the rapeseeds are mature in the early 5 months, manual harvesting is adopted. Through detection, the selenium content of the rapeseeds is 0.054mg/kg, and reaches the standard of selenium-rich rapeseeds (DB 45/T1061-2014).
The third embodiment is as follows:
1 land selection
Selecting paddy fields with sufficient illumination, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage, low heavy metal content and fertility above the medium level, wherein the natural total selenium content in the soil is 0.60 mg/kg.
2 preparation before broadcast
2.1 variety selection
Selecting a new rape seed rape 'rape seed 927' for the rape seed.
2.2 preparation of soil
After harvesting the rice of the previous crop, timely turning over and preparing soil according to soil moisture and weather conditions, deeply ploughing for 25-30 cm, leveling field blocks, wherein the furrow width is 2m, and the furrow width is 30 cm. Meanwhile, a 30cm wide and 30cm deep gutter and a waist gutter are dug.
3 sowing
9 months and 30 days, adopting direct seeding mode, 666.7m2The amount used was 350 g. And (3) manually opening 8 sowing rows in each furrow, wherein the row spacing is 25-30 cm, and uniformly sowing the rape seeds in the sowing rows. After sowing, covering seeds with ditch-cleaning soil to ensure that the seeds are not exposed.
4 cultivation management
4.1 scientific fertilization
4.1.1 heavy application of base fertilizer
Organic fertilizer is applied after rice is harvested and before soil is ploughed, and inorganic fertilizer is applied during seeding. Each 666.7m2Applying 1000kg of fermented and decomposed farmyard manure with a grain size of 666.7m2Special slow release fertilizer (N: P) for applying rape2O5:K20: 25:7:8, containing medium and trace elements) 50 kg.
4.1.2 rational topdressing
666.7m when the rape grows to 6-leaf stage25kg of urea was applied. Applying bolt fertilizer once 1 day before the first bolt picking of rape, 666.7m25kg of urea was applied. Topdressing is carried out 3 days after the rape stems are picked in time to reach 666.7m25kg of urea and 2kg of potassium chloride are applied.
4.2 moisture management
And (4) cleaning ditches and draining water stains in time according to weather conditions, and resisting drought and waterlogging.
4.3 thinning and replanting in time
Starting in the middle ten days of 10 months, thinning in time at a place where the rape seedlings are dense, removing weak seedlings and leaving strong seedlings, removing small seedlings and leaving large seedlings, and thinning for 1 time; replanting in time at the place where seedlings are lacking. Seedling is fixed in 10 late ten days, the seedling spacing is kept about 15cm, and every 666.7m2About 18000 plants are reserved.
5 pest control
The whole growth period does not need to control diseases, and only controls insect pests.
5.1 aphids
The 4000-fold liquid of the 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and control aphids and simultaneously prevent virus diseases.
5.2 cabbage worms
3000 times of 20 percent fenvalerate missible oil is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
5.3 Plutella xylostella
The 25% Huifengkuaike emulsifiable solution is mixed with water 1500 times and sprayed to prevent and cure.
5.4 Phyllotreta striolata
The pesticide is sprayed with 1000 times of solution of 48% chlorpyrifos emulsifiable solution and water.
5.5 Simian leaf beetles
The 5% Carcinok emulsifiable solution 1000 times is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
6 weed control
The next day after sowing and earthing, 200 times of the preemergence herbicide 50% acetochlor emulsifiable solution is mixed with water to be sprayed for soil closed weeding. When the rape seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, 1000 times of 10.8% high-efficiency Geranium emulsifiable solution is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and kill gramineous weeds.
7 picking up rape stems
And (4) 12 months, when the rape grows to 35-40 cm, picking the young shoots about 20cm in the early morning or evening of a sunny day, reserving 3-5 leaves at the lower part of the rape during picking so as to facilitate the growth of the young shoots, and detecting that the selenium content of the rape is 0.02mg/kg and reaches the standard of selenium-rich vegetables (DB 36/T566 + 2017). The rape bolts are picked 3 times in the whole growth period.
In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified; the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "head", "tail", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are only for convenience in describing and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The planting method of the selenium-rich rape is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one, field block and variety selection: selecting soil with natural total selenium content of 0.40-3.00 mg/kg, and selecting rape varieties with strong selenium accumulation capacity;
step two, soil preparation: after the previous crops are harvested, ploughing and preparing the soil in time according to the soil moisture and weather conditions;
step three, sowing: sowing at the beginning of 9 to 10 months, and adopting direct seeding mode to plant seeds at 666.7m2The required amount is 250-500 g;
step four, cultivation management: scientific fertilization and water management are carried out in different growth periods, and thinning and replanting are carried out in time;
step five, pest control: agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and auxiliary chemical agent prevention and control methods are adopted to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests;
step six, weed control: spraying pesticide to weed in different growth periods;
step seven, picking the rape bolts: starting at the bottom of 11 months, and picking the rape bolts in the early morning or at the evening of sunny days when the rape bolts grow to a flat head stage;
step eight, harvesting rapeseeds: from the end of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months, after the rapeseeds are mature, the rapeseeds are harvested manually or mechanically.
2. The planting method of the selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second step, the concrete method adopted for soil preparation is as follows: deep ploughing for 25-30 cm, leveling field blocks, wherein the furrow width is 2m, and the furrow width is 30 cm; when the paddy field is selected for planting, a 30cm wide and 30cm deep gutter and a waist gutter are dug.
3. The planting method of the selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the third step, when the seeder is selected for seeding, the seeding depth is 1.0-2.0 cm, and the row spacing is 25-30 cm; and in places without mechanical sowing conditions, adopting an artificial sowing mode, manually opening 8 sowing rows in each furrow, enabling row spacing to be 25-30 cm, uniformly sowing rape seeds in the sowing rows, and covering the seeds with ditch-cleaning soil after sowing to ensure that the seeds are not exposed.
4. The planting method of the selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fourth step, the scientific fertilization specifically comprises:
and (3) re-applying a base fertilizer: organic fertilizer is applied after the previous crops are harvested and before the soil is ploughed, and inorganic fertilizer is applied when sowing, wherein the fertilizer is applied every 666.7m2Applying 1000kg of fermented and decomposed farmyard manure with a grain size of 666.7m2Applying 50kg of special slow release fertilizer for rape or other compound fertilizer with similar nutrients;
reasonable topdressing: 666.7m when the rape grows to 6-leaf stage25kg of urea is applied, and one bolting fertilizer is applied 3 to 5 days before bolting the rape, and is 666.7m25kg of urea is applied; the fertility level is high, and the field with good growth vigor can be free from applying bolting fertilizer; topdressing is carried out in time within 3-5 days after the rape shoots are picked, and the topdressing is carried out at 666.7m25-10 kg of urea and 2kg of potassium chloride are applied; spraying 0.1% Sulebo 1 time in budding period, and spraying 0.1% monopotassium phosphate 1 time in initial flowering period.
5. The method for planting the selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water management includes: after the rape is sowed, the seeds are promoted to sprout by adopting a furrow irrigation mode according to soil moisture content, water cannot overflow the furrow surface during furrow irrigation, and the furrows and the stains are cleaned in time according to weather conditions at a seedling stage and a flowering stage, so that drought resistance and waterlogging prevention are realized.
6. The method for planting the selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fourth step of timely thinning and replanting comprises: starting in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, timely thinning the rape seedlings at the dense place, removing weak seedlings and keeping strong seedlings, removing small seedlings and keeping big seedlings, and thinning 1-2 times generally; replanting in time at the place where seedlings are lacking; fixing seedlings from late 10 to early 11, keeping the seedling spacing about 15cm, and every 666.7m2And reserving 15000-20000 plants.
7. The method for planting the selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fifth step, the agricultural control comprises: a reasonable cultivation system and crop rotation are adopted for stubble replacement, and continuous cropping with cruciferous crops is avoided; selecting a variety with strong resistance, cleaning a field and a garden, and removing weeds and infected plants in time; strong seedlings are cultivated through proper fertilizer and water management and sufficient illumination conditions; removing old leaves, yellow leaves and diseased leaves in time; spraying 1-3% calcium superphosphate water solution on leaves during the egg laying period of the cabbage caterpillar adults;
the physical control comprises: cleaning the field and killing cabbage caterpillar pupae; installing a frequency vibration lamp to trap and kill lepidoptera pests such as diamondback moths and the like; hanging yellow armyworm plates in the field to trap and kill aphids, flea beetles and leafflies; vegetable leaves and weeds are stacked on the ridges to trap the apes and the leafworms.
8. The method for planting the selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fifth step, the chemical control comprises:
1) controlling downy mildew: at the early stage of disease occurrence, a 500-time liquid of 58 percent metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder or a 1000-time liquid of 70 percent thiophanate-methyl wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent downy mildew;
2) and (3) sclerotinia prevention and treatment: spraying 1000-1500 times of 40% dimetachlone wettable powder or 2000 times of 50% procymidone wettable powder in water for 1-2 times in the flowering phase of rape;
3) aphid control: when the aphid planting rate in the seedling stage reaches more than 10%, 4000-fold liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder is mixed with water to be sprayed to prevent and control aphids and simultaneously prevent virus diseases;
4) and (3) cabbage worm control: the control is mainly carried out in the low age period, when the quantity of the hundreds of insects in the field reaches 20-40 at the seedling stage, the control is carried out, and 3000 times of solution of 20% fenvalerate missible oil is mixed with water for spraying control;
5) and (3) controlling diamondback moths: selecting 1500 times of 25% of Huifengkuaike missible oil or 2000 times of 4.5% of cypermethrin missible oil, and adding water to spray the mixture for prevention and treatment;
6) controlling phyllotreta striolata: spraying 1000 times of solution of 48 percent chlorpyrifos emulsifiable solution and water for prevention and control;
7) and (3) controlling the simian leaf worms: the 5% Carmak missible oil 1000 times liquid or 20% pyrethroid insecticide 1500 times liquid is mixed with water to be sprayed for prevention and control.
9. The planting method of selenium-rich rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the sixth step, the weed control specifically comprises:
spraying 200 times of a pre-emergence herbicide, namely 50% acetochlor emulsifiable solution, and adding water to the pre-emergence herbicide for closed soil weeding within 3 days after sowing and earthing; when the rape seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, 5% of sethoxydim emulsifiable concentrate or 10.8% of high-efficiency fennel emulsifiable concentrate is mixed with water to be sprayed on a field block with heavy gramineous weeds to weed; the weeding is carried out by spraying 500 times of 50% high-tech suspending agent and water to field with serious broadleaf weeds.
10. A selenium rich rape planted by the method of planting the selenium rich rape of any one of claims 1 to 9.
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Address after: 336000 No. 66, Nongji Road, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province Applicant after: Yichun Academy of Sciences (Jiangxi selenium Industry Research Institute) Address before: 336000 No. 66, Nongji Road, zhanlang street, Yuanzhou District, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province Applicant before: Yichun Agricultural Science Research Institute of Jiangxi Province |