CN105746323A - Soilless culture method of organic cucurbita pepo L. - Google Patents
Soilless culture method of organic cucurbita pepo L. Download PDFInfo
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- CN105746323A CN105746323A CN201610310204.4A CN201610310204A CN105746323A CN 105746323 A CN105746323 A CN 105746323A CN 201610310204 A CN201610310204 A CN 201610310204A CN 105746323 A CN105746323 A CN 105746323A
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- organic
- fertilizer
- cucurbita pepo
- soilless culture
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及一种有机西葫芦的无土栽培方法,属于农业种植领域。 The invention relates to a soilless cultivation method of organic zucchini, belonging to the field of agricultural planting.
背景技术 Background technique
西葫芦(学名:CucurbitapepoL.)别名:茭瓜、白瓜、番瓜、美洲南瓜、云南小瓜、菜瓜、荨瓜,三月瓜。属葫芦科(Cucurbitaceae),南瓜属,原产北美洲南部,今广泛栽培。约为明末清初,16世纪时随对外贸易,从闽浙一带传入中国,一年生草质粗壮藤本(蔓生),有矮生,半蔓生,蔓生三大品系;西葫芦含有较多维生素C,葡萄糖等其他营养物质,尤其是钙的含量极高,不同品种每100g可食部分(鲜重)营养物质含量如下:蛋白质0.6-0.9g,脂肪0.1-0.2g,纤维素0.8-0.9g,糖类2.5-3.3g,胡萝卜素20-40微克,维生素C2.5-9毫克,钙22-29毫克。西葫芦富含水分,有润泽肌肤的作用。新鲜的西葫芦呈淡绿色的,味道跟它的颜色一样清香鲜美;西葫芦调节人体代谢,具有减肥、抗癌防癌的功效,西葫芦含有较多的维生素C,葡萄糖等营养物质,尤其是钙的含量极高,而且,西葫芦富含水分,有润泽肌肤的作用;中医认为西葫芦具有清热利尿,除烦止渴,润肺止咳,消肿散结的功能;可用于辅助治疗水肿腹胀,烦渴,疮毒以及肾炎,肝硬化腹水等症;西葫芦含有一种干扰素的诱生剂可以可刺激机体产生干扰素,提高免疫力,可发挥抗病毒和肿瘤的作用。西葫芦富含水分,有润泽肌肤的作用;目前我国多采用温室种植西葫芦,存在费工,浪费水肥,土传病害发生重等问题,严重制约了农民增收,造成了农业环境污染。 Zucchini (scientific name: Cucurbitapepo L.) Alias: watermelon, white melon, pumpkin, American pumpkin, Yunnan small melon, cabbage melon, nettle melon, March melon. It belongs to Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbitaceae), belongs to the genus Cucurbita, native to southern North America, and is now widely cultivated. Around the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, in the 16th century, along with foreign trade, it was introduced into China from Fujian and Zhejiang. The annual herbaceous thick vines (climbing), there are three major strains: dwarf, semi-climbing and vine-growing; zucchini contains more vitamin C, Glucose and other nutrients, especially calcium, are extremely high. The nutrient content per 100g edible part (fresh weight) of different varieties is as follows: protein 0.6-0.9g, fat 0.1-0.2g, cellulose 0.8-0.9g, sugar Carotene 2.5-3.3g, carotene 20-40 micrograms, vitamin C 2.5-9 mg, calcium 22-29 mg. Zucchini is rich in water and has the effect of moisturizing the skin. Fresh zucchini is light green, and tastes as fragrant and delicious as its color; zucchini regulates human metabolism, has the effect of weight loss, anti-cancer and anti-cancer, zucchini contains more vitamin C, glucose and other nutrients, especially the content of calcium Very high, moreover, zucchini is rich in water and has the function of moisturizing the skin; traditional Chinese medicine believes that zucchini has the functions of clearing away heat and diuresis, relieving restlessness and quenching thirst, moistening lung and relieving cough, reducing swelling and dissipating stagnation; it can be used as an auxiliary treatment for edema, abdominal distension, polydipsia, sores Poison and nephritis, liver cirrhosis and ascites embolism; zucchini contains an interferon inducer that can stimulate the body to produce interferon, improve immunity, and play an anti-virus and tumor role. Zucchini is rich in water and has the function of moisturizing the skin. At present, most of my country uses greenhouses to grow zucchini, which has many problems such as labor-intensive, waste of water and fertilizer, and serious occurrence of soil-borne diseases, which seriously restricts farmers' income and causes agricultural environmental pollution.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
为解决现有技术的不足,本发明提供了一种有机西葫芦无土栽培方法,所采取的技术方案如下:包括有机肥基质配制,栽培槽修建,品种选择,种子处理,培育壮苗,移栽定植,田间管理,病虫害防治,采收上市的。 In order to solve the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a soilless cultivation method for organic zucchini. The technical scheme adopted is as follows: comprising organic fertilizer matrix preparation, cultivation tank construction, variety selection, seed treatment, cultivating strong seedlings, transplanting Planting, field management, pest control, harvesting and marketing.
所述有机肥基质配制:有机肥基质的原料以秸秆,鸡粪等为主要原料发酵;豆粕,草木灰,沼液及矿物肥等多种原材料适时适量添加,并利用共生菌的特点进行前期低温发酵及后期腐熟或怄制发酵;腐熟的有机肥通过种植期分解和再发酵,及管理期喷撒清水,沼液,矿物质提取浸出液,收集获得不同含量的有机液肥;有机液肥养分全面,易调控,肥效均衡,易补充,能够满足西葫芦不同时期生长需要,将揉丝秸秆在种植前2个月进行无害化处理,将秸秆50到80,鸡粪30到10,其他有机无物20-10;添加沼液,豆饼浸泡液拌湿,堆积,覆盖塑料膜,使其充分发酵腐熟;发酵期堆内温度高达60℃以上,可有效地杀灭农家肥中带有的病虫草害,且处理后的肥料易被蔬菜吸收利用,pH值以6-6.5为宜,充分混匀后装入栽培槽中。 The preparation of the organic fertilizer matrix: the raw materials of the organic fertilizer matrix are fermented with straw, chicken manure, etc. as the main raw materials; various raw materials such as soybean meal, plant ash, biogas slurry, and mineral fertilizers are added in a timely and appropriate amount, and the characteristics of symbiotic bacteria are used for low-temperature fermentation in the early stage Decompose or suppress fermentation in the later stage; the decomposed organic fertilizer is decomposed and re-fermented during the planting period, and sprayed with water, biogas slurry, and mineral extraction leachate during the management period to collect organic liquid fertilizers with different contents; organic liquid fertilizers have comprehensive nutrients and are easy to control , balanced fertilizer effect, easy to supplement, can meet the growth needs of zucchini in different periods, the shredded straw will be harmlessly treated 2 months before planting, straw 50 to 80, chicken manure 30 to 10, and other organic matter 20-10; Add biogas slurry, mix wet bean cake soaking liquid, pile up, cover with plastic film, make it fully fermented and decomposed; the temperature in the pile during the fermentation period is as high as 60°C, which can effectively kill the diseases, insect pests and weeds in the farmyard manure, and after treatment The high-quality fertilizer is easy to be absorbed and utilized by vegetables, and the pH value should be 6-6.5. It should be mixed well and put into the cultivation tank.
所述栽培槽修建:在日光温室地面上用红砖垒成栽培槽;槽内铺1层宽lm的聚乙烯薄膜;延长方向坡度为0.005,两头呈开放式;槽长10-20m,内径48cm,基质厚度15-20cm,槽与槽之间距离70cm;在温室内建造水池,每槽铺设1条滴管;品种选择:选用耐低温、弱光、丰产、抗病型西葫芦品种。 The construction of the cultivation tank: build a cultivation tank with red bricks on the ground of the solar greenhouse; lay a layer of polyethylene film with a width of lm in the tank; the slope in the extension direction is 0.005, and the two ends are open; the length of the tank is 10-20m, and the inner diameter is 48cm , the thickness of the substrate is 15-20cm, and the distance between the grooves is 70cm; a pool is built in the greenhouse, and a dropper is laid for each groove; variety selection: choose low-temperature resistant, weak light, high-yield, and disease-resistant zucchini varieties.
所述种子处理:将体积相当于种子体积3倍的70-80℃热水浸泡种子5-10s,然后将种子捞出放入清凉水中清洗干净;将种子用10%磷酸三钠浸泡20分钟,或放入0.5%-1%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡10-15分钟,再用清水冲净。 The seed treatment: soak the seeds in 70-80°C hot water with a volume equivalent to 3 times the seed volume for 5-10s, then remove the seeds and put them in cool water to clean them; soak the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes, Or soak in 0.5%-1% potassium permanganate solution for 10-15 minutes, then rinse with water.
所述培育壮苗:选择温暖晴朗的上午将事先腐熟的有机质装入穴盘,所述有机育苗基质成分为秸秆、鸡粪,草炭,珍珠岩各成分干料的重量份为:秸秆70到80;鸡粪10到20;育苗基质草炭珍珠岩1:1;豆粕、草木灰、沼液及矿物肥等多种原材料适时适量添加为10到20;基质表面露白时,补充水分;当苗情显示肥力不足时,追施稀释的有机肥。浇透清水后播入种子;覆盖育苗基质1-2cm;出苗后白天温度25-28℃,夜间17-20℃;定植前5d,逐渐加大通风量,降温炼苗;移栽定植:定植前15-20d,严密封闭大棚进行高温闷棚消毒10d左右。 The cultivation of strong seedlings: choose a warm and sunny morning to put the pre-decomposed organic matter into the plug tray, and the organic seedling raising matrix components are straw, chicken manure, peat, and the weight parts of each dry material of perlite are: straw 70 to 80 ; chicken manure 10 to 20; seedling substrate peat perlite 1:1; various raw materials such as soybean meal, plant ash, biogas slurry and mineral fertilizers are added in an appropriate amount at 10 to 20; when the surface of the substrate is white, add water; when the seedlings show fertility When insufficient, topdress diluted organic fertilizer. Sow the seeds after pouring clean water; cover the seedling raising substrate with 1-2cm; after emergence, the daytime temperature is 25-28°C, and the nighttime is 17-20°C; 5 days before planting, gradually increase the ventilation, cool down and harden the seedlings; transplanting and planting: before planting 15-20d, tightly closed the greenhouse for about 10d for high-temperature stuffy greenhouse disinfection.
所述有机栽培基质各成分干料的重量份为:秸秆50到60;鸡粪30;育苗基质草炭珍珠岩1:1,豆粕,草木灰,沼液及矿物肥等多种原材料适时适量添加为20到10;基质表面露白时,补充水分;当苗情显示肥力不足时,追施稀释的有机液肥。 The parts by weight of the dry ingredients of the organic cultivation substrate are: straw 50 to 60; chicken manure 30; seedling raising substrate peat perlite 1:1, soybean meal, plant ash, biogas slurry and mineral fertilizer and other raw materials are added in an appropriate amount to 20 to 10; when the surface of the substrate is white, add water; when the seedlings show insufficient fertility, topdress with diluted organic liquid fertilizer.
所述移栽定植:按株距45-50cm定植,双行之间采用三角形定植法;浇透定植水,使根坨与基质结合,以利幼苗生长;田间管理:深冬前,大棚白天维持在25-30℃,夜间15-17℃;深冬间,以保温为主,白天中午达到30℃时短暂放小风,以白天的积温来提高夜间温度,夜间最低温度保持在8-10℃;从11月中旬气温降到8℃时开始加盖草帘,阴雪天草苫上加盖旧膜,以提高棚温;3月气温回升后,按白天适温25-30℃、夜间15-18℃管理;每天要通过开闭放风口来调节棚内温湿度,5月后光照过强、温度过高时,可以在棚上间隔加盖草帘或遮荫网来降温;定植后灌小水,保持根部基质湿润。当根瓜坐住后进行第1次追肥,追施有机液肥;在1月底前隔15d追施1次专用液肥;2月后,随着气温逐渐升高,植株进入结果盛期,追肥量可逐步增加;施肥后浇水,深冬季节控制灌水,每10-15d浇1次。从2月初开始增施CO2气肥,可有效提高产量。坐果后每3d浇灌1次,始终保持基质湿润状态;浇水后在棚温上升到28℃时,开通风口排湿;遇阴雪天或棚内湿度较大时;另外,西葫芦对氮磷钾的需求以钾最多,在生长盛期可追施草木灰等高钾有机肥;西葫芦瓜蔓长到20cm时,及时吊蔓。 The transplanting and planting: planting according to the plant spacing of 45-50 cm, using the triangular planting method between the two rows; pouring the planting water thoroughly, so that the root lumps are combined with the substrate, so as to facilitate the growth of the seedlings; field management: before the deep winter, the greenhouses are maintained during the day 25-30°C, 15-17°C at night; in deep winter, heat preservation is the main thing, and when it reaches 30°C at noon in the daytime, a small wind is released for a short time, and the night temperature is raised by the accumulated temperature during the day, and the lowest temperature at night is kept at 8-10°C; From mid-November when the temperature drops to 8°C, straw curtains will be covered, and old film will be covered on the grass thatch in cloudy and snowy days to increase the temperature of the shed; ℃ management; adjust the temperature and humidity in the shed by opening and closing the air outlet every day. After May, when the light is too strong and the temperature is too high, you can cover the shed with straw curtains or shading nets at intervals to cool down; after planting, pour small water , keep the root substrate moist. After the root melon sits, do the first topdressing, topdressing with organic liquid fertilizer; topdressing with special liquid fertilizer once every 15 days before the end of January; Gradually increase; water after fertilization, control irrigation in deep winter, water once every 10-15d. Adding CO2 gas fertilizer from the beginning of February can effectively increase the yield. Water once every 3 days after fruit setting to keep the substrate moist; after watering, when the temperature of the shed rises to 28°C, open the vents to dehumidify; when it is cloudy and snowy or when the humidity in the shed is high; Potassium needs the most potassium, and high-potassium organic fertilizers such as plant ash can be topdressed during the peak growth period; when the vines of zucchini grow to 20cm, hang the vines in time.
所述病虫害防治:1)利用遮阳网,防虫网对蔬菜进行保护;安装频振式杀虫灯等杀虫;在温室悬挂黄色粘板,诱杀白粉虱,美洲潜斑蝇,有翅蚜;也可人工摘除;2)生物防治人工繁殖,释放,引进捕食性天敌;另外还可以用苏云金杆菌各种多角体病毒防治病虫害;3)药物防治必要时,可协调利用药物防治;可以用石灰、硫磺、波尔多液防治蔬菜多种病害;可以用抑制作物真菌病害的软皂,植物制剂,醋等物质防治蔬菜真菌性病害;可以有限制地使用鱼藤酮,植物来源的除虫菊酯,乳化植物油和硅藻土来杀虫;4)利用夏季高温季节对大棚进行倒棚清理,熏蒸焖棚。 The pest control: 1) Use sunshade nets and insect nets to protect vegetables; install frequency-vibrating insecticidal lamps to kill insects; hang yellow sticky boards in the greenhouse to trap and kill whiteflies, mineria americana, and winged aphids; It can be removed manually; 2) Biological control artificial reproduction, release, and introduction of predatory natural enemies; in addition, various polyhedrosis viruses of Bacillus thuringiensis can be used to control pests and diseases; 3) When necessary, drug control can be coordinated and used; lime, sulfur can be used , Bordeaux mixture to prevent and control various diseases of vegetables; soft soap, plant preparations, vinegar and other substances that can inhibit fungal diseases of crops can be used to prevent and control fungal diseases of vegetables; rotenone, plant-derived pyrethrins, emulsified vegetable oils and diatomaceous earth can be used in a limited manner 4) Use the high temperature season in summer to clean up the greenhouse and fumigate the greenhouse.
所述采收上市:一般在开花后25-20d采收。 The harvesting and marketing: generally harvesting 25-20d after flowering.
本发明有益效果Beneficial effect of the present invention
本发明的技术效果是,采用上述的技术方案,能实现一种有机西葫芦的无土栽培方法,解决了西葫芦传统栽培和无土栽培方式存在的费工费事、成本高、不易操作、污染环境等问题;同期可以提高产量20%,实现西葫芦周年种植;使口感好品味正的有机蔬菜市场化成为可能。 The technical effect of the present invention is that, by adopting the above-mentioned technical scheme, a soilless cultivation method of organic zucchini can be realized, which solves the labor-intensive, high cost, difficult operation, and environmental pollution problems of traditional zucchini cultivation and soilless cultivation methods. The problem is that the yield can be increased by 20% in the same period, and the year-round planting of zucchini can be realized; it is possible to market organic vegetables with good taste and taste.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为实施例1与实施例2的效果比较 Fig. 1 is the effect comparison of embodiment 1 and embodiment 2
具体实施方式 detailed description
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步说明,但本发明不受实施例的限制。 The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples, but the present invention is not limited by the examples.
一般种植技术实施例1:培育壮苗采用有机基质穴盘育苗有机基质的配制按重量份之比为腐熟后的辣椒秸秆∶废菇渣∶沸石粉:玉石粉=100∶50∶20:1的比例混合得到混合料;按每1m3混合料中加50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂200g,板蓝根粉5g,同时加入1:1:1氮磷钾三元复合肥1kg,硼酸15g克、氯化锰10克、氯化铜0.6克、钼酸铵0.3克和硫酸锌2克混拌均匀,即得到基质;播种,播前5-7天搭建育苗大棚,并加盖65%遮光率的黑色遮阳网遮荫;在定植前27-29天播种,育苗温度为25-35℃,播种前将种子放入0.1-0.15%的高锰酸钾水溶液中浸泡10-15分钟,再放入23-25℃的温水中浸种3-5小时,期间换水1-2次,然后捞起,用清水冲洗干净后,再采用微波处理3-4min后,用湿纱布包好放在温箱中催芽,当70%的种子露白芽时即可播种,先将穴盘内的基质浇足底水,水渗下后用基质薄撒一层,找平穴盘表面基质,而后将种子直播至穴盘孔穴中,播种后覆盖基质0.8cm-1.0cm,在穴盘上覆盖1层地膜,出苗前保持温度28-33℃,出苗后适时通风降温,以免造成秧苗徒长,温度掌握在23-25℃为宜;当秧苗长到2叶1心时时,即可择天定植;(3)定植栽培田整理栽培田应提前深耕,并在定植前1-2月进行采用高温闷棚处理;每亩施入腐熟鸡粪4000-5000kg、碳酸氢铵25公斤、过磷酸钙50公斤、硫酸钾30公斤、硫酸锌1公斤,土壤调理剂8-10kg,中草药杀菌剂1-2公斤,撒匀后实施旋耕,再耙细整平,开沟作畦,做成宽1.8-2.0米、高15-20cm的东西向栽培畦,并留出宽30-50cm的畦间操作沟和适当大棚边空,定植前8-10天搭棚扣膜闷棚;适时移栽定植选择具有本品种特征、苗量达2叶1心、无病虫害的壮苗,于8月10日左右选阴天或晴天傍晚按株行距按43×80cm株行距开穴定植,并及时浇透定根水,3-5天活颗后,再培土雍根平穴,在畦面行间铺设微灌软管,覆地膜并及时放苗;4)栽培管理根据天气状况及植株长势长相,通过大棚的开闭,进行适温管理和光照调节,并在植株的定植活棵、初果期、膨果中期等关键点,结合微滴灌实施追肥,花期实施人工辅助授粉;整枝理蔓西葫芦伸蔓后应及时进行整枝,采取双蔓整枝法,当主蔓长60cm时,在3-5节处选留1条健壮的侧蔓,摘除其余侧蔓;瓜坐稳后去除病叶、老叶、病枝、弱枝;引蔓时将蔓引向畦较低一边,引蔓时不得随意翻动,不扭蔓;肥水管理在西葫芦蔓长30-40cm时进行中耕除草、培土等工作,移栽后7天施缓苗肥,以氮肥为主,用尿素5kg/亩加水浇施;瓜鸡蛋大时施尿素8kg/亩、三元复合肥10kg/亩,7天后再施1次,每次采收后施尿素和硫酸钾各8kg/亩,应根据叶色鲜嫩程度合理浇灌,西葫芦采摘前7-10天应停止浇水;(5)、病虫害防治采用轮作、晒垄、抗病品种、增施有机肥等农业措施;采用高温闷棚、黑膜除草、色板和灯光诱杀等物理措施;结合必要的化学防治,进行综合无害化病虫防治,禁用的高毒高残留农药;(6)采收:于10月上中旬,一般在谢花后17~20天进行第一批瓜的采收;采收完毕后应及时清洁田园,无害化处理秸杆和废弃地膜。2.根据权利要求1所述的大棚西葫芦栽培方法。 General Planting Technology Example 1: Cultivate strong seedlings and adopt organic matrix plugs for seedling cultivation. The preparation of organic matrix is decomposed pepper stalks in a ratio by weight: waste mushroom slag: zeolite powder: jade powder=100: 50: 20: 1 Proportionally mixed to obtain the mixture; add 50% carbendazim wettable powder 200g, Radix Radix Radix powder 5g in every 1m3 mixture, add 1kg of 1:1:1 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ternary compound fertilizer, 15g of boric acid, manganese chloride 10 grams, 0.6 grams of copper chloride, 0.3 grams of ammonium molybdate and 2 grams of zinc sulfate are mixed evenly to obtain the substrate; sowing, 5-7 days before sowing, build a seedling greenhouse, and cover with a black sunshade net with a shading rate of 65% Shade; sow seeds 27-29 days before planting, the seedling temperature is 25-35°C, soak the seeds in 0.1-0.15% potassium permanganate aqueous solution for 10-15 minutes before sowing, and then put them in 23-25°C Seeds were soaked in warm water for 3-5 hours, and the water was changed 1-2 times during the period, then picked up, rinsed with clean water, and then treated with microwaves for 3-4 minutes, wrapped with wet gauze and placed in an incubator to accelerate germination, when 70 When % of the seeds show white buds, they can be sown. First pour the base water in the plug tray, and then sprinkle a thin layer of substrate with the substrate after the water seeps down, level the substrate on the plug tray surface, and then broadcast the seeds directly into the holes of the plug tray and sow Then cover the substrate with 0.8cm-1.0cm, and cover the plug with 1 layer of plastic film. Before emergence, keep the temperature at 28-33°C. After emergence, ventilate and cool down in time to avoid excessive growth of seedlings. When it grows to 2 leaves and 1 heart, it can be selected for field planting; (3) The planted cultivation field should be plowed deeply in advance, and the high-temperature stuffy shed should be used for 1-2 months before planting; -5000kg, 25kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 50kg of calcium superphosphate, 30kg of potassium sulfate, 1kg of zinc sulfate, 8-10kg of soil conditioner, 1-2kg of Chinese herbal fungicide, spread evenly and carry out rotary tillage, and then rake Leveling, ditching and making furrows, making east-west cultivation furrows with a width of 1.8-2.0 meters and a height of 15-20 cm, and leaving a 30-50 cm wide operation ditch between the furrows and appropriate greenhouse side space, 8-10 days before planting Set up a shed with buckle film and stuffy shed; transplant and plant at the right time to select strong seedlings with the characteristics of this variety, with a seedling capacity of 2 leaves and 1 heart, and no pests and diseases, and choose cloudy or sunny days around August 10. The row spacing is 43×80cm Open holes for planting at a distance between the rows of plants, and water the fixed roots in time. After 3-5 days, the roots will be planted, and then the roots will be flattened. According to weather conditions and plant growth and appearance, through the opening and closing of the greenhouse, temperature management and light adjustment are carried out, and at key points such as the planting of live trees, the initial fruit stage, and the middle stage of fruit expansion, topdressing is implemented in combination with micro-drip irrigation, and artificial fertilizers are implemented during the flowering stage. Auxiliary pollination; pruning Zucchini should be pruned in time after the vines are stretched, using the double vine pruning method. When the main vine is 60cm long, select a strong side vine at the 3-5 node, and remove the remaining side vines; the melon sits firmly Finally, remove diseased leaves, old leaves, diseased branches, and weak branches; when drawing vines, guide the vines to the lower side of the border , when the vines are introduced, they should not be turned arbitrarily, and the vines should not be twisted; fertilizer and water management: when the zucchini vines are 30-40cm long, carry out intertillage weeding, soil cultivation, etc., apply slow seedling fertilizer 7 days after transplanting, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, use urea 5kg/mu Add water to irrigate; apply 8kg/mu of urea and 10kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer when the melons and eggs are large, and apply once after 7 days, and apply 8kg/mu of urea and potassium sulfate each time after harvesting. Reasonable watering, watering should be stopped 7-10 days before zucchini picking; (5) Agricultural measures such as crop rotation, sun-drying, disease-resistant varieties, and additional application of organic fertilizers are used for pest control; high-temperature stuffy sheds, black film weeding, color plates and light trapping and other physical measures; combined with necessary chemical control, comprehensive and harmless pest control, prohibited high-toxic and high-residual pesticides; (6) Harvesting: in early and mid-October, generally 17 to 20 days after flowering Harvest the first batch of melons every day; after harvesting, the field should be cleaned in time, and the straw and waste plastic film should be treated harmlessly. 2. the greenhouse zucchini cultivation method according to claim 1.
本发明实施例2 Embodiment 2 of the present invention
1)基质配制:秸秆揉丝,在施前2个月需进行无害化处理,将秸秆50到80,鸡粪30到10,其他有机无物20-10;添加沼液、豆饼浸泡液拌湿、堆积、覆盖塑料膜,使其充分发酵腐熟。发酵期堆内温度高达60℃以上,堆置时间大于60天,温度前期25-30℃,后期保持在60-65℃;腐熟的有机质通过循环喷撒清水,沼液,矿物提取浸出液,收集后获得有机液肥。有机液肥养分全面,肥效均衡,利于植物吸收。沼渣沼液含有微量元素,为植物生长提供必需的营养成分。除此之外,沼液中还有不少生理活性物质,他们对农作物生长发育有调控作用,对作物病害有防治作用;pH值以6-6.5,充分混匀后装入栽培槽中; 1) Substrate preparation: Straw kneading, harmless treatment is required 2 months before application, straw 50-80, chicken manure 30-10, other organic matter 20-10; add biogas slurry, bean cake soaking liquid and mix wet , Accumulated, and covered with plastic film to make it fully fermented and decomposed. During the fermentation period, the temperature in the heap is as high as 60°C, and the stacking time is more than 60 days. The temperature is 25-30°C in the early stage and 60-65°C in the later stage; the decomposed organic matter is sprayed with water, biogas slurry, and mineral extraction leachate through circulation. Get an organic liquid fertilizer. Organic liquid fertilizer has comprehensive nutrients and balanced fertilizer effect, which is conducive to plant absorption. Biogas residue and biogas slurry contain trace elements, which provide essential nutrients for plant growth. In addition, there are many physiologically active substances in the biogas slurry, which can regulate the growth and development of crops and prevent and control crop diseases; the pH value is 6-6.5, and they are fully mixed and put into cultivation tanks;
2)栽培槽修建:在日光温室地面上直接用红砖垒成栽培槽;槽内铺1层宽lm的聚乙烯薄膜;延长方向坡度为0.005,两头呈开放式;槽长8m,内径4cm,基质厚度15-20cm,槽与槽之间距离70cm;在温室内建造3-4=立方米的水池,每槽铺设1条滴管; 2) Cultivation trough construction: build a cultivation trough directly on the ground of the solar greenhouse with red bricks; lay a layer of polyethylene film with a width of lm in the trough; the slope in the extending direction is 0.005, and both ends are open; the trough is 8m long and 4cm in diameter. The thickness of the substrate is 15-20cm, and the distance between the grooves is 70cm; build a 3-4=cubic meter pool in the greenhouse, and lay a dropper for each groove;
3)品种选择:选择中熟抗病性强的西葫芦杂交种; 3) Variety selection: select mid-ripening zucchini hybrids with strong disease resistance;
4)种子处理:将体积相当于种子体积3倍的70-80℃热水浸泡种子5-10s,然后将种子捞出放入清凉水中;将种子用10%磷酸三钠浸泡20分钟,或放入0.5%-1%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡10-15分钟,再用清水冲净; 4) Seed treatment: Soak the seeds in hot water at 70-80°C for 5-10s with a volume equivalent to three times the seed volume, then remove the seeds and put them in cool water; soak the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes, or put Soak in 0.5%-1% potassium permanganate solution for 10-15 minutes, then rinse with water;
5)培育壮苗:选择温暖晴朗的上午将事先经过消毒,装有有机基质的穴盘,浇透清水后播入种子,深度为lcm左右,每穴1粒种子;出苗后白天温度25-28℃,夜间17-20℃;1周左右浇1次有机液肥;随幼苗植株增大,及时分2次苗;定植前5d,逐渐加大通风量,降温炼苗; 5) Cultivate strong seedlings: choose a warm and sunny morning to sterilize the hole trays with organic substrates in advance, pour the water thoroughly and sow the seeds, the depth is about 1 cm, and 1 seed per hole; the daytime temperature after emergence is 25-28 ℃, 17-20 ℃ at night; water organic liquid fertilizer once a week or so; as the seedlings grow larger, divide the seedlings twice in time; 5 days before planting, gradually increase the ventilation, cool down and harden the seedlings;
6)移栽定植:定植前15-20d,严密封闭大棚进行高温闷棚消毒10d左右;按株距45-50cm定植,双行之间采用三角形定植法;浇透定植水,使根坨与基质结合,以利幼苗生长; 6) Transplanting and planting: 15-20 days before planting, tightly seal the greenhouse and carry out high-temperature stuffy shed disinfection for about 10 days; plant at a distance of 45-50 cm, and use a triangle planting method between two rows; thoroughly water the planting water to combine the root lumps with the substrate , to facilitate the growth of seedlings;
7)田间管理:深冬前,大棚白天维持在25-30℃,夜间15-17℃;深冬间,以保温为主,白天中午达到30℃时短暂放小风,以白天的积温来提高夜间温度,夜间最低温度保持在8-10℃;从11月中旬气温降到8℃时开始加盖草帘,阴雪天草苫上加盖旧膜,以提高棚温;3月气温回升后,按白天适温25-30℃,夜间15-18℃管理;每天要通过开闭放风口来调节棚内温湿度,5月后光照过强、温度过高时,可以在棚上间隔加盖草帘或遮荫网来降温;定植后1周开始灌水,保持根部基质湿润。当根瓜坐住后进行第1次追肥,施入无土栽培专用有机液肥;在1月底前隔15d追施1次专用肥;2月后,随着气温逐渐升高,植株进入结果盛期,追肥量可增加;施肥后浇水,深冬季节控制灌水,每10-15d浇1次。从2月初开始增施CO2气肥,可有效提高产量。坐果后每3d小水浇灌1次,每次滴水1-2h,始终保持基质湿润状态;浇水后在棚温上升到28℃时,开通风口排湿;遇阴雪天或棚内湿度较大时;另外,西葫芦对氮磷钾的需求以钾最多在生长盛期可追施草木灰等高钾肥料;西葫芦瓜蔓长到20cm时,及时吊蔓; 7) Field management: Before deep winter, the greenhouse is maintained at 25-30°C during the day and 15-17°C at night; in deep winter, heat preservation is the main focus, and when it reaches 30°C at noon during the day, a small wind is released briefly to increase the accumulated temperature during the day Nighttime temperature, the lowest temperature at night is kept at 8-10°C; when the temperature drops to 8°C in mid-November, straw curtains are added, and old film is covered on the grass thatch in cloudy and snowy days to increase the temperature of the shed; after the temperature rises in March, Manage according to the suitable temperature of 25-30°C during the day and 15-18°C at night; adjust the temperature and humidity in the shed by opening and closing the air outlet every day. After May, when the light is too strong and the temperature is too high, you can cover the shed with grass at intervals Curtains or shade nets to cool down; start watering 1 week after planting to keep the root substrate moist. After the root melon sits, do the first topdressing, and apply the special organic liquid fertilizer for soilless cultivation; topdress the special fertilizer once every 15 days before the end of January; after February, as the temperature gradually rises, the plants enter the peak fruiting period , the amount of topdressing can be increased; water after fertilization, control irrigation in deep winter, and water once every 10-15d. Adding CO2 gas fertilizer from the beginning of February can effectively increase the yield. Irrigate with small water every 3 days after fruit setting, and drip water for 1-2 hours each time to keep the substrate moist; after watering, when the temperature of the shed rises to 28°C, open the vents to remove moisture; in cloudy and snowy days or when the humidity in the shed is high In addition, zucchini has the most demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and potassium can be topdressed with high-potassium fertilizers such as plant ash during the peak growth period; when zucchini vines grow to 20cm, hang vines in time;
8)病虫害防治:利用遮阳网,防虫网对蔬菜进行保护;安装频振式杀虫灯等杀虫;在温室悬挂黄色粘板,诱杀白粉虱,美洲潜斑蝇,有翅蚜;也可人工摘除;生物防治人工繁殖,释放,引进捕食性天敌;另外还可以用苏云金杆菌各种多角体病毒防治病虫害;药物防治必要时,可协调利用药物防治;可以用石灰、硫磺、波尔多液防治蔬菜多种病害;可以用抑制作物真菌病害的软皂,植物制剂,醋等物质防治蔬菜真菌性病害;可以有限制地使用鱼藤酮,植物来源的除虫菊酯,乳化植物油和硅藻土来杀虫;利用夏季高温季节对大棚进行倒棚清理,熏蒸焖棚;利用夏季高温季节对大棚进行倒棚清理、熏蒸焖棚; 8) Pest control: Use sunshade nets and insect nets to protect vegetables; install frequency-vibrating insecticidal lamps to kill insects; hang yellow sticky boards in the greenhouse to trap and kill whitefly, leaf miner, and winged aphids; artificial Extirpation; biological control artificial propagation, release, and introduction of predatory natural enemies; in addition, various polyhedrosis viruses of Bacillus thuringiensis can be used to prevent and control pests; when necessary, drug control can be coordinated and used; lime, sulfur, and Bordeaux mixture can be used to prevent and control vegetables. plant diseases; soft soaps, plant preparations, vinegar and other substances that inhibit fungal diseases of crops can be used to prevent and control fungal diseases of vegetables; rotenone, plant-derived pyrethrins, emulsified vegetable oils and diatomaceous earth can be used to kill insects; In the high temperature season, clean up the greenhouse and fumigate the shed; use the high temperature season in summer to clean the greenhouse and fumigate the shed;
9)采收上市:一般在开花后25-20d采收,这样品质更好,可以周年有机生产。 9) Harvesting and marketing: Generally, it is harvested 25-20 days after flowering, so that the quality is better and it can be produced organically every year.
将实施例1和实施例2效果进行比较,比较结果如图1所示。 The effects of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 are compared, and the comparison results are shown in Figure 1.
从图1可以看出,与实施例1(传统方法耕种)相比,本发明所提供的方法(实施例2),在用水量、时间、产量、品质、收益等方面均明显优于传统方法(实施例1),同时在栽培管理上显著优于现有方法,产量提高了,在管理成本不增加的条件下,增加了西葫芦的收益,能够实现节水、省工、高产增效的目的。是一种高效、实用、低成本的有机种植方法。 As can be seen from Figure 1, compared with Example 1 (traditional method of farming), the method provided by the present invention (Example 2) is significantly better than the traditional method in terms of water consumption, time, yield, quality, and income. (Example 1), and at the same time, it is significantly better than the existing method in terms of cultivation and management, and the yield is increased. Under the condition of no increase in management costs, the income of zucchini is increased, and the goals of water saving, labor saving, high yield and efficiency increase can be achieved. . It is an efficient, practical and low-cost organic planting method.
虽然本发明已以较佳的实施例公开如上,但其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉此技术的人,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,都可以做各种改动和修饰,因此本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书所界定的为准。 Although the present invention has been disclosed above with preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person familiar with this technology can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore The scope of protection of the present invention should be defined by the claims.
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CN106212239A (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2016-12-14 | 柳州市欧亚农业发展有限公司 | A kind of butter-head lettuce soilless culture dedicated substrate |
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CN113229101A (en) * | 2019-03-08 | 2021-08-10 | 新疆生产建设兵团第十二师农业科学研究所 | Fermented mushroom substrate waste material, culture substrate based on fermented mushroom substrate waste material and application of culture substrate |
CN111567380A (en) * | 2020-06-18 | 2020-08-25 | 昌江广凌农业科技有限公司 | Method for soilless vegetable cultivation |
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