CN106886076B - 具有挤出式接近特征的光纤电缆以及用于制造光纤电缆的方法 - Google Patents
具有挤出式接近特征的光纤电缆以及用于制造光纤电缆的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
- G02B6/4401—Optical cables
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- G02B6/443—Protective covering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
- G02B6/4479—Manufacturing methods of optical cables
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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- B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
- B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
- B29K2023/0608—PE, i.e. polyethylene characterised by its density
- B29K2023/0641—MDPE, i.e. medium density polyethylene
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/20—Inserts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0018—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular optical properties, e.g. fluorescent or phosphorescent
Abstract
一种电缆,其构造成具有包埋在电缆护套中的间断区,所述间断区允许所述护套被撕开,以实现对电缆芯线的接近。所述间断区可以是在所述电缆护套中共挤出且纵向延伸的聚合物材料条带。
Description
本申请是申请号为201180055156.4、申请日为2011年10月25日并且于2013年5月16日进入中国国家阶段的PCT专利申请的分案申请。
背景技术
为了端接电缆内的光纤,必须在某种保护结构内接近光纤,所述保护结构包括电缆护套。如果电缆经设计以对内部的光纤进行最大保护,那么电缆内部可能难以接近。在多数情况下是通过广泛地使用锋利的切割工具来接近电缆,如果操作不当,这些切割工具可能造成危险。除了有关接近电缆的安全性问题之外,接近光纤和端接期间的额外时间会增大电缆的安装成本。
发明内容
根据一个实施例,一种电缆包括芯线和环绕所述芯线的护套。所述护套主要可以由聚合体材料形成。所述护套包括由第一材料制成的主要部分以及由第二材料制成的至少一个间断区。所述间断区沿电缆的长度延伸,并且允许护套发生分离以实现对芯线的接近。所述间断区可以包埋在护套的主要部分或主体部分内。所述间断区可以沿电缆的全部长度延伸,或用于电缆的多个较短区段,以实现对电缆中特定区段的接近。
根据一个方面,间断区的第二材料可以是与护套的第一材料在同一工艺过程中挤出的聚合体材料,形成所述第一材料的聚合体材料可以不同于形成所述第二材料的聚合体材料。
根据另一方面,第二材料可以不同于第一材料,因为它们服从不同的固化条件。
根据另一方面,护套的第一材料与形成间断区的第二材料之间的粘附程度可以经选择以提供所需的分离性质以及电缆护套性质。第一材料和第二材料的内聚强度也可以经选择以提供所需的分离性质和护套性质。
根据另一方面,第二材料可以包含选定量的第一材料以增强电缆护套主体部分与间断区之间的粘结。
通过参考下文列出的附图来阅读以下具体说明,所属领域的技术人员将了解各种额外实施例的上述优势和其他优势以及益处。
附图说明
根据普遍做法,下文所论述的各附图中的各种特征未必按比例绘制。为了更清楚地说明本发明的实施例,附图中的各种特征和元件的尺寸可以扩大或缩小。
图1是根据第一实施例的光纤电缆的截面图。
图2A是图1中所示电缆护套的截面图。
图2B是电缆护套中沿图2A中的截线2B获取的一部分的分离视图。
图2C是图2A中所示电缆护套的一个区段的透视图。
图3图示了多种粘附比值。
图4A是根据第二实施例的电缆护套的截面图。
图4B是电缆护套中沿图4A中的截线4B获取的一部分的分离视图。
图4C是图4A中所示电缆护套的一个区段的透视图。
具体实施方式
图1是根据第一实施例的光纤电缆110的截面图。电缆110具有导光芯线120、第一和第二强度组件130以及电缆护套140。第一和第二强度组件130设置在光纤120的相对侧,并且具有轴向中心线134。芯线120可以包括(例如)一或多根光纤。在所示实施例中,芯线120是单根光纤。芯线120还具有位于其截面中心处的轴向中心线(未图示),该轴向中心线可以沿公共平面A-A与强度组件130的轴向中心线134大体对齐。强度组件130在公共平面A-A上的取向部分地向光纤电缆110提供了优选弯曲特性。芯线120或电缆110中光纤的轴向中心线不需要与穿过强度组件130的轴向中心线的平面准确对齐,并且可以移动离开所述平面,例如,沿电缆110的长度相对于强度组件130“向上”和“向下”移动。对于本说明书,当电缆中的一或多根光纤被描述为与穿过两个强度组件的平面“大体对齐”或“对齐”时,应理解,所述光纤可以略微偏离该平面,例如,在任一方向上偏离0.5毫米。护套140主要可以由聚合物材料形成,并且一般可以称作“聚合体(polymeric)”。在本说明书中,术语“聚合物”和“聚合体”包括多种材料,例如,共聚物以及包括填充剂等添加剂在内的聚合物材料。
在图2中所示的示例性实施例中,电缆护套140包裹且可以接触光纤120,并且还包裹且可以接触两个强度组件130。电缆护套140具有中间高度MH,测量出的MH作为电缆截面的中间或中心区域146中的护套高度或厚度,中心区域146是护套140中位于强度部件130之间的那一部分。中间高度MH还可以定义为电缆在光纤或光纤群组的中心线处的高度,或定义为在电缆110的纵向二等分平面处的高度。中间高度MH可以在中间区域146的平坦或相对较平坦的相对中间表面148之间测量,中间表面148在芯线120上方和下方延伸。测量出的电缆护套140的末端或总高度EH作为护套140在电缆截面的末端部分150处的厚度,末端部分150在每个强度组件130的中心线上方和下方延伸。在该示例性实施例中,所述末端高度EH对应于电缆的总高度。在该示例性实施例中,末端部分150在大体呈圆形的截面中从中间区域146向外延伸。强度组件130上可以包含大量助粘剂154,以促进与电缆护套140的粘结。如图所示,本说明书和图中所公开的助粘剂似乎是将电缆护套与强度组件分隔开。对于本说明书,如果助粘剂介于强度组件与电缆护套之间以促进二者之间的粘结,那么就认为强度组件“接触”电缆护套。
光纤电缆110的截面覆盖区(cross-sectional footprint)160或截面面积可以远小于同一类型传统光纤电缆的截面覆盖区。例如,截面覆盖区160的面积可以小于约25平方毫米。根据一个实施例,截面覆盖区160的面积在8平方毫米到22平方毫米的范围内。根据另一个实施例,截面覆盖区160的面积在10平方毫米到18平方毫米的范围内。形成护套140的聚合体材料的面积AJ可以小于13平方毫米。在所示实施例中,中间高度MH小于强度组件130处的末端高度EH。电缆护套140中包括缓释(relief)或凹入部分158以减小芯线120中光纤所受的应力,从而保持光学性能,下文将对此进行更详细的论述。电缆110的高度比定义为中间高度MH与末端高度EH的比值,或MH/EH。根据本发明的一个实施例,所述高度比小于0.95,在0.5到0.95的范围内。示例性电缆110的总宽度W在约3毫米到6毫米的范围内。末端部分150的半径Rl可以在约1毫米到2毫米的范围内。强度组件130的半径R2可以在约0.35毫米到0.9毫米的范围内。强度部件轴134的分隔距离S1可以在约1.9毫米到2.6毫米的范围内。
根据本实施例的一个方面,护套140包括帮助接近芯线120的分离特征。在该示例性实施例中,所述分离特征是沿电缆110的长度延伸的一对间断区180,其中一个间断区位于芯线120的上方,而另一个间断区位于芯线120的下方。间断区180能使芯线120附近的护套140的分离变得更加容易,从而可以沿电缆110的中心线拉开护套140。因此,通过沿着间断区180处形成的断裂线将电缆二等分,能更容易地接近芯线120以及位于芯线120中的光纤。在本说明书中,术语“间断区”表示护套140中具有第二材料成分的部分,所述第二材料成分不同于护套140中的主要部分184或第一材料。护套140的主要部分184基本上可以是环绕、包埋以及接触芯线120、强度组件130以及间断区180的整体挤出式(unitary extruded)聚合物涂层。主要部分184还在强度组件130与芯线120之间延伸。间断区180沿电缆110的选定长度纵向延伸穿过主要部分184。使间断区沿电缆110的全部长度延伸能有效地实现对芯线120的接近。但是较短的间断区长度也可能是有效的。例如,间断区沿电缆长度具有至少10厘米的长度可能就已足够。
在该示例性实施例中,间断区180在护套被挤出之后粘结到护套140的主要部分184。主要部分184和间断区180可以由可挤出聚合物形成,这样,当用于形成主要部分184和间断区180的挤出物冷却并凝固时,所述挤出物的粘结便达到了所需程度。如果间断区180在护套主要部分184被挤出的同时形成,那么当护套140凝固时,间断区180与护套140的其余部分之间的粘结可以大体描述为通过聚合物链缠结来实现。主要护套部分与间断区180内的材料之间的粘结程度、主要材料与第二材料的内聚性以及间断区180的形状均可以经选择以在间断区180处提供所需的分离性质。因此,护套140可以包括内聚聚合体结构、单一聚合体结构以及复合聚合体结构。主要部分184与间断区180之间的界面可以包括在主要部分184与间断区180的材料之间的过渡区域。间断区能够在可以形成接近点的任何位置处挤入护套140的主要部分184中。在所示实施例中,间断区180接近芯线120但与芯线120间隔开,并且两个间断区180均全部被护套140的主要部分184包埋或环绕。在替代实施例中,间断区可以延伸到电缆护套的外圆周或芯线的外圆周。
如图1中所示,间断区180可以是护套140中的相对较窄的条带,并且可以占据护套截面面积AJ中相对较小的部分。例如,间断区180的截面面积AD可以小于AJ的10%,并且低至小于AJ的5%。在所示实施例中,各间断区180的截面面积AD小于AJ的2%。在图1中,两个间断区180形成于护套140中,以帮助打开护套140。根据芯线120所采用的形式,可以改变间断区180的数目、间距、形状、成分以及其他方面。例如,护套140中具有单个间断区可能就足以打开电缆护套140以使该护套离开芯线120。
图2A到图2C更详细地图示了间断区180。图2B是护套140中的一个间断区180的分离视图。参考图2B,间断区180可以具有最大宽度A、最大高度B以及距芯线120的中心间距D。从电缆的顶部表面到芯线120的距离为C。根据一个方面,宽高比值A:B在1:4到1:100的范围内。一般而言,表示较窄间断区的较低宽高比A:B在电缆截面中是较佳的,如图2A到图2C中所示。正是这些间断区使得应力逐渐集中于间断区的根部,并因此使得主要护套材料开始破损。图中所示的比值B:C约为1:2,这表示间断区的高度约为芯线与顶部(护套的中心部分)之间的护套厚度的一半。比值B:C经选择以使接近芯线变得更加容易并使电缆110维持足够的强固性,并且比值B:C将随多种因素而变化,例如,主要部分184的材料的断裂韧性、间断区180与主要部分184之间的粘结以及其他因素。根据一个实施例,比值B:C至少为1:4,或者换句话说,在电缆的中心线处,B至少是护套厚度C的1/4。
主要部分184的第一材料与间断区180的第二材料之间的粘附强度比值也作为确定间断区的形状和成分时所考虑的因素。第二材料内聚强度与第一、第二材料间粘附强度的比值(比值A)可以在(例如)1:20到20:1的范围内。图3图示了多种粘附力比值。当第二内聚间断区180强度比粘附强度等于1:20时,相比于两种材料之间的粘附力,第二材料内所存在的内聚强度极小,因此破损会发生在第二材料内。比值20:1表示:相比于材料之间的粘结,第二材料的内聚性相对较强,因此破损会发生在主要部分184与间断区180之间的界面处。在所示实施例中,粘附力比值至少为4:1。正是材料或粘结的破损使得足够的应力逐渐集中于间断区180的尖端处,并因此使得第一材料开始破损。第一材料强度与第一、第二材料间粘附力的比值(比值B)可以在(例如)20:1到400:1的范围内。1:1到20:1的范围内的比值B将与上文所述比值A的范围内的比值A成线性关系。
可以对用于形成主要部分184和间断区180的材料和工艺进行选择,从而通过撕开护套140,相对容易地接近芯线120。电缆110可以经构造以满足强固性的其他要求,例如,要求护套140在拉伸载荷、扭曲的作用下以及在温度变化时保持完好,并且满足在服从其他已知电缆测试标准(例如,ICEA 460和GR20)时的要求。在所示实施例中,所示护套140中的主要部分184从中密度聚乙烯(MDPE)中挤出,而间断区180从主要为聚丙烯(PP)的第二材料中挤出。护套140在共挤出工艺过程中形成,因此主要部分184与间断区180在冷却过程中粘结以形成相对较强的粘结物。虽然电缆护套140可以是强固的,但是相对较小的拉力便足以沿间断区180剪断或撕开护套140。在不受理论限制的情况下,申请人认为,通过添加选定量的乙烯(所述乙烯混合在聚丙烯间断区中),可以使间断区的聚丙烯与主体部分的聚乙烯之间产生粘结。间断区180中所述选定量的聚乙烯被认为是与主要部分184中的聚乙烯粘结,并在聚乙烯与聚丙烯之间引起分子缠结。根据此理解,可以增大用于形成间断区180的聚丙烯挤出物中的乙烯量,以增强间断区与护套140的其余部分之间的粘结。
一般而言,如果主要部分184由第一挤出聚合物材料形成,而间断区180由第二挤出聚合物材料形成,那么间断区所包含的第一聚合物材料的重量百分比可以为0.5%到20%。薄膜间断区的一个实施例含有PE含量为约9%的PP。更高的PE含量(例如,高达20%的PE)也是可行的。PP中的PE含量小于0.2%可能导致主体部分与间断区不能充分粘结。在一个实施例中,第一聚合物材料由重量百分比至少为80%的第一聚合物组成,而第二挤出聚合体材料由重量百分比至少为70%的第二聚合物以及重量百分比至少为0.5%的第一聚合物组成。在此实施例中,第一聚合物可以是PE,而第二聚合物可以是PP。
通过修改(例如)用于形成PCT申请案第PCT/US2009/058017号中所公开电缆的传统挤出头,可以实现间断区180和主体部分184的共挤出。所述挤出头的修改方式为,添加穿过挤出头的一或多个孔,所述孔能将熔化的第二挤出物材料引入用于形成护套140中第一部分184的熔化的第一挤出物中。第一和第二挤出物材料能一起冷却和凝固,并且能在第一部分与间断区之间达到所需粘结程度。根据本实施例,第一和第二挤出物材料可以引入公共挤出头中并通过所述公共挤出头挤出,从而使间断区与第一护套部分在同一位置处共挤出。
图4A到图4C图示了根据第二实施例的替代环形护套440。护套440适于在圆形截面电缆中使用,所述圆形截面电缆类似于美国临时申请案第61/330,038号中所公开的那些电缆。护套440包括两个可以用作缺口位置的间断区480,在所述缺口位置处,护套440可以与美国临时申请案第61/330,038号中所示电缆芯线分开、与铠装分开或与电缆的另一组件分开。护套440的主要部分484基本上可以是整体挤出式聚合物涂层,间断区480全部包埋于该涂层中。
在该示例性实施例中,间断区480在护套被挤出之后粘结到护套440的主要部分484。主要部分484和间断区480可以由可挤出聚合物形成,这样,当用于形成主要部分484和间断区480的两种挤出物材料冷却并凝固时,所述挤出物的粘结便达到了所需程度。如果间断区480在护套主要部分484被挤出的同时形成,那么当护套440凝固时,间断区480与护套440的其余部分之间的粘结可以大体描述为通过聚合物链缠结来实现。粘结程度可以经选择以在间断区480处提供所需的分离性质。因此,护套440可以包含内聚聚合体结构、单一聚合体结构以及复合聚合体结构。间断区能够在可以形成接近点的任何位置处挤入护套440的主要部分484中。在所示实施例中,间断区480位于环形护套440的相对侧,因此护套可以撕成两半并被拉开。两个间断区480均全部被护套440的主要部分484包埋或环绕。
如图4A中所示,间断区480可以是护套440中的相对较窄的条带,并且可以占据护套截面面积AJ中相对较小的部分。例如,间断区480的截面面积AD可以小于AJ的10%,并且低至小于AJ的5%。在所示实施例中,各间断区480的截面面积AD小于AJ的2%。
参考图4B,间断区480可以具有最大宽度A、高度B以及距护套440内边缘的中心间距D。护套440的厚度为C。根据一个方面,宽高比值A:B在1:4到1:100的范围内。一般而言,表示较窄间断区的较低宽高比值A:B是较佳的。图中所示比值B:C约为2:3,这表示间断区的高度约为护套厚度的2/3。比值B:C经选择以使接近芯线变得更加容易并使电缆410维持足够的强固性,并且比值B:C将随多种因素而变化,例如,主要部分484的材料的断裂韧性、间断区480之间的粘结以及其他因素。根据一个实施例,比值B:C至少为1:3,或者换句话说,B至少为护套厚度C的1/3。
在所示实施例中,所示护套440中的主要部分484从中密度聚乙烯(MDPE)中挤出,而间断区480从主要由聚丙烯(PP)组成且其中混合有少量MDPE的材料中挤出。护套440在共挤出工艺过程中形成,因此主要部分484与间断区480在冷却过程中粘结以形成相对较强的粘结物。虽然电缆护套440是强固的,但是相对较小的拉力便足以沿间断区480剪断护套440。
通过修改传统挤出头,可以实现间断区480和主体部分484的共挤出。所述挤出头的修改方式为,添加穿过挤出头的一或多个孔,所述孔能将熔化的第二挤出物材料引入用于形成护套440中主要部分484的熔化的第一挤出物中。第一和第二挤出物材料能一起冷却和凝固,并且能在主要部分与间断区之间达到所需粘结程度。根据本实施例,第一和第二挤出物材料可以引入公共挤出头中并且通过所述公共挤出头挤出。
本说明书中所述的电缆护套主要部分和间断区可以由多种聚合物材料制成。主要部分或间断区可以由以下材料制成:聚丙烯(PP);聚乙烯(PE);或多种材料的混合物,例如,PE与乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)的混合物;阻燃材料,例如,阻燃聚乙烯、阻燃聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯(PVC)或聚偏二氟乙烯PVDF;填充材料,例如,聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚碳酸酯和/或聚乙烯(PE)材料和/或乙烯丙烯酸乙烯酯(EVA)或以上各材料的其他混合物,这些混合物具有填充剂,如白垩、滑石粉等;以及其他材料,例如,可UV固化丙烯酸酯。
本说明书中使用的术语“聚合物”和“聚合体”表示主要由聚合物组成但允许包含(例如)填充剂材料的可挤出材料。
一般而言,通过从不同于形成护套主要部分所用材料的材料中共挤出这些间断区,可以获得本说明书中所公开的所需分离性质。作为一种替代方法,制成这些间断区的材料可以与制成护套的其余部分的材料相同,但(例如)这两种材料服从不同的固化条件。
所属领域的技术人员容易了解权利要求书范围内的许多修改和其他实施例。例如,本发明中的概念可以用于任何适宜的光纤电缆设计和/或制造方法。因此,本发明还意图涵盖所属领域的技术人员也同样容易了解的这些修改和实施例。
Claims (10)
1.一种电缆,其包括:
芯线,其包括至少一根光纤;以及
护套,其环绕所述芯线,所述护套包括:
由第一材料制成的主要部分;以及
由第二材料制成且全部包埋在所述主要部分中的间断区,所述间断区沿所述电缆的长度延伸,其中所述第一材料和所述第二材料是可挤出的,所述第一材料不同于所述第二材料,其中所述间断区和所述主要部分使得所述护套能够在所述间断区分离,以提供对所述芯线的接近;
第一强度部件,其位于所述芯线的第一侧;
第二强度部件,其位于所述芯线的第二侧;以及
其中所述护套环绕并接触所述芯线、所述第一强度部件和所述第二强度部件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电缆,其中所述第一材料为聚合体,且其中所述第二材料为聚合体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电缆,其中所述第一材料由重量百分比至少为80%的第一聚合物组成,并且其中所述第二材料由重量百分比至少为70%的第二聚合物以及重量百分比至少为0.5%的所述第一聚合物组成。
4.根据权利要求2所述的电缆,其中所述第二材料不同于所述第一材料是因为固化条件不同。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电缆,其中所述护套的内表面接触所述芯线。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电缆,其中所述芯线包括多根光纤。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电缆,其中所述间断区的高度大于所述间断区的宽度。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电缆,其中所述间断区沿所述芯线的长度具有至少10厘米的高度,其中所述间断区的截面面积至少为所述护套的截面面积的10%。
9.根据权利要求1所述的电缆,其中所述间断区的高度至少是所述护套的内表面与所述护套的最近外部边缘之间距离的三分之一。
10.根据权利要求1所述的电缆,其中所述间断区的高度小于所述护套的内表面与所述护套的最近外部边缘之间的距离。
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US10613288B2 (en) | 2020-04-07 |
US20190258015A1 (en) | 2019-08-22 |
RU142326U1 (ru) | 2014-06-27 |
CN103221862B (zh) | 2016-10-26 |
US9250411B2 (en) | 2016-02-02 |
US10078195B2 (en) | 2018-09-18 |
ES2822160T3 (es) | 2021-04-29 |
EP2633355A1 (en) | 2013-09-04 |
US20170307840A1 (en) | 2017-10-26 |
AU2011320659B2 (en) | 2015-08-27 |
PL2633355T3 (pl) | 2021-01-11 |
US8582940B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 |
US9720201B2 (en) | 2017-08-01 |
US20150055919A1 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
AU2011320659A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
WO2012058181A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
EP2633355B1 (en) | 2020-07-15 |
CN103221862A (zh) | 2013-07-24 |
US20140010504A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
CN106886076A (zh) | 2017-06-23 |
US20180329168A1 (en) | 2018-11-15 |
US10302891B2 (en) | 2019-05-28 |
US8909011B2 (en) | 2014-12-09 |
US20160109677A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
US20130230287A1 (en) | 2013-09-05 |
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