CN106234128B - Method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountain areas - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for cultivating sweet cherries in mountain areas, which sequentially comprises the following steps: firstly, garden selection: selecting an area with an altitude of 700-1100 m as a cultivation area; II, variety selection: the selected sweet cherry varieties are early big cherry, Samituo, Brukas, Hongdong and Meizao; the seedlings are grafted seedlings growing for more than 3 years or seedlings growing for less than 2 years, and the seedling stocks are Gittila dwarfing stocks; thirdly, cultivation management: comprises planting, shaping and pruning, fertilizer and water management and pest control; fourthly, taking measures of rain sheltering and sun shading: film covering is carried out before the first blossom at the bottom of 3 months every year, and the film is removed after the first fruit harvest at 6 months, thereby realizing rain sheltering; and covering a sunshade net after fruits are picked at 6 months of each year until the sunshade net is removed after 9 months of each year, wherein the light transmittance of the adopted sunshade net is 40%.

Description

Method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountain areas

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountain areas, in particular to a method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountain areas (with the altitude of 700-.

Background

The sweet cherry has beautiful appearance, good taste and early maturity, enjoys the reputations of the first branch of the spring fruit, the jewel fruit and the like, is a treasure in fruit, is popular in the market at present, and is called gold planting industry by people in the industry. The planting area and the yield of the world sweet cherries show a straight-line rising trend. At present, the cultivation area of sweet cherries in China is 200 ten thousand mu, the yield is about 30 ten thousand tons, the cultivation areas are concentrated in northern areas such as Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi and the like, the selling price of the sweet cherries is kept high all the time in recent years, the planting benefit is higher, the market demand is vigorous, and the development willingness of each area is strong. In Zhejiang, there is no precedent for successful large-scale planting. Since the 80 s in the 20 th century, many scientific research units and fruit growers in Zhejiang province introduced different sweet cherry varieties into Zhejiang province for introduction and cultivation for many times, but the method has low fruit bearing rate, low yield, no economic benefit and no large-area popularization. The main obstacles of introduction and cultivation of the sweet cherries in our province are analyzed, firstly, the cold requirement of the sweet cherry variety cannot be met, and the sweet cherry variety cannot normally grow and bloom; secondly, extreme weather, such as high temperature, low temperature or strong rainfall, is often encountered in the full-bloom period, so that the fruit setting rate is low and even no fruit exists; thirdly, the flower bud differentiation period of the sweet cherry is in a positive value in continuous high-temperature rainy days in our province, so that the flower bud differentiation is poor, and the rate of the next-year gemini fruits or malformed fruits is high.

The sweet cherry belongs to a warm plant, and has strict requirements on temperature conditions, the suitable temperature in the germination period is about 10 ℃, the flowering period is about 15 ℃, the fruit maturity period is about 20 ℃, and the low-temperature (lower than 7.2 ℃) demand in the dormancy period is 750-1500 hours. The problem of rain and heat in the same season is met when sweet cherries are planted on the flat ground in Zhejiang, rainfall far exceeds the demand of the cherries, particularly, excessive high-temperature and high-humidity rainwater in 5 and 6 months not only causes fruit cracking of the sweet cherries in the mature period, but also is the flower bud differentiation period after fruit picking, the high-temperature and high-humidity influence the flower bud development process of the sweet cherries, the abortion of ovules and embryo sacs of the sweet cherries and the like can be caused, flowers are not fruited, and trees grow vain length. The overall fruit setting rate of the sweet cherries is low, the economic benefit cannot reach the expectation, the large-area cultivation in warm regions in south China is limited, and the large-area popularization needs the key technologies such as varieties and cultivation technologies. On the other hand, the sweet cherry industry in cold and cool high places such as clouds, nobility and Sichuan is developed very rapidly, and the cultivated varieties and technologies are mature, so that the sweet cherry industry becomes a new industry for increasing income and becoming rich for local farmers, and the condition that the sweet cherry is more suitable for growing of the sweet cherry is shown when the sweet cherry is developed in a high-altitude area of a warmer area than in a low-altitude area.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountainous regions (particularly in the high mountainous regions of Zhejiang province).

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountainous regions (particularly in the high mountainous regions of Zhejiang province), which sequentially comprises the following steps:

firstly, garden selection:

selecting an area (high mountain area) with the altitude of 700-1100 m as a cultivation area;

II, variety selection:

the selected sweet cherry varieties are early big cherry, Samituo, Brukas, Hongdong and Meizao; the seedlings are grafted seedlings growing for more than 3 years or seedlings growing for less than 2 years, and the seedling stocks are Gittila dwarfing stocks;

thirdly, cultivation management:

1) and (3) field planting: before planting, 2500 +/-100 kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each mu, ridging and cultivation are carried out, the height of each ridge is 0.4 +/-0.05 m, and the width of each ridge is 1.5 +/-0.2 m; (ii) a Planting 56-84 plants per mu, namely, planting rows with the row spacing of about 4m multiplied by (2 m-3 m); the planting period is 12 months to 2 months in the next year; the planting is neat, the grafting opening is flush with the ground, and the water is thoroughly poured and fixed to be dry;

2) and shaping and trimming:

the tree form is in an evacuation layering shape, the height of a formed trunk is 2.3-2.7 m, the crown width is 2.8-3.2 m, and the tree form is divided into three layers;

3) and managing fertilizer and water:

the method comprises the following three major fertilization modes:

applying base fertilizer in autumn;

topdressing is carried out in the flowering period, the fruit expansion period and the fruit picking period;

spraying a foliar fertilizer (so as to supplement nutrition in time) in the key periods of fruit development and flower bud differentiation;

remarks explanation: the sweet cherries like large fat and large water, and the fruit quality can be effectively improved by adopting the fertilizing mode;

4) and pest control:

the pest control is carried out in the following 5 periods:

a dormant period (11 months to 2 months last ten days);

sprouting (middle 3 months);

the cherry fruit is in the peach stage (3 months to 4 months);

fruit maturity (from late 5 months to late 6 months);

the growth period of fruit trees in summer (7 months to 10 months later);

fourthly, taking measures of rain sheltering and sun shading:

film covering is carried out before the first blossom at the bottom of 3 months every year, and the film is removed after the first fruit harvest at 6 months, thereby realizing rain sheltering;

and covering a sunshade net after fruits are picked at 6 months of each year until the sunshade net is removed after 9 months of each year, wherein the light transmittance of the adopted sunshade net is 40%.

Remarks explanation: excessive high-temperature and high-humidity rainwater in 5-8 months of Zhejiang province easily aggravates the occurrence of various plant diseases and insect pests of sweet cherries, and simultaneously causes adverse effects on the growth of fruit trees and the flower bud differentiation, and in the flower bud differentiation period, the trees grow excessively due to high temperature and high humidity, the nutrients are consumed, the flower bud differentiation is insufficient or malformed, and the annual yield is seriously affected. In order to avoid continuous rain and waterlogging damage and summer high-temperature impact, the method for cultivating the sweet cherries in the alpine regions adopts rain sheltering cultivation and summer sun shading measures.

The improvement of the cultivation method of sweet cherries in high mountain areas of the invention comprises the following steps:

the step 2) of the third step is as follows:

culturing lateral branches and bearing branches of saplings (the saplings adopt the measures of thinning, pulling, carving buds, pinching and the like to culture the lateral branches and the bearing branches), thereby promoting the formation of a sparse layered tree form;

remarks explanation: the ventilation and the light transmission of the tree body are necessary conditions for high yield, stable yield and strong tree cultivation; the growth potential of the sweet cherries in the high mountains of Zhejiang is strong, the sweet cherries are easy to thrive in summer, and summer pruning should be more emphasized on the basis of making winter pruning; pruning is carried out in 7-9 months in summer;

in the first year of planting, trunk fixing is carried out at the position 60cm away from the ground of the main trunk of the tree body, a full bud is left at a distance of 2cm from a cut, and then the upright branch of the bud is selected as the trunk; 3-5 buds with staggered directions are left, the rest buds are removed, and the left buds form a first layer of a tree body after being branched; in the next year, 3-5 buds are staggered in the same selection direction every 10-15 cm on the trunk left in the previous year, and after the buds shoot, a second layer of the tree body is formed; after the trunk continues to grow, 3 buds staggered in the direction are left on the trunk, and after the buds shoot, a third layer of the tree body is formed.

The method for cultivating sweet cherries in mountain areas is further improved as follows:

the step 2) of the third step is as follows:

in order to enable the branches in the three layers to uniformly extend in different directions, branch pulling fixing measures are adopted, the angle of branch pulling is 80-90 degrees to the trunk, and the branch pulling is along the extending direction of the branches; if the buds in the proper direction cannot be reserved in each layer or the selected buds do not germinate, a bud carving measure is adopted, namely, the buds are carved before germination (a bud carving tool adopts a hacksaw or a blade) 0.5cm above the selected buds, and the bud carving depth needs to damage the phloem to reach the xylem, so that the germination of the buds at the lower part is promoted; the small branches on the lateral branches of each layer grow to about 10 cm-15 cm, and pinching is carried out, so that the formation of flower buds is promoted.

The method for cultivating sweet cherries in mountain areas is further improved as follows:

in step 3) of the third step:

the base fertilizer applied in autumn comprises: applying a base fertilizer in autumn after 9 months, wherein the fertilizer comprises an organic fertilizer (namely, a pure organic fertilizer or a mixture of the organic fertilizer and a vegetable cake), and 50-70 kg of the base fertilizer is applied to each plant of a big tree growing for more than 3 years; applying 20-30 kg of seedlings with the growth of less than 3 years to each plant;

remarks explanation: the organic fertilizer is decomposed animal manure, such as decomposed cattle and sheep manure, duck manure and the like; the proportion of the organic fertilizer to the vegetable cake is 100: 10 (weight ratio);

the top dressing is as follows: adopting compound fertilizer or urea, wherein the dosage is 200 plus 800g per plant per topdressing, performing furrow application, and watering in time after topdressing until the soil surface is wet to ensure the fertilization quality;

the spraying of the foliar fertilizer is as follows:

in the key periods of fruit development and flower bud differentiation from the time of flowering to the time of harvesting, 0.3% of urea, 0.1% of borax, 0.3-0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 800 times of diluent of Shenglibao is sprayed on leaf surfaces every 10 +/-1 days, so that the fruit setting rate can be improved, the yield can be increased, the fruit quality can be improved, and the flower bud quality can be improved.

The sweet cherries are fond of water but are afraid of waterlogging, so the whole-process drip irrigation mode is most effective, the water consumption is convenient to control (the water consumption is controlled in the way that the water is poured when the soil is dry and loose, and the water is stopped when the soil surface is kept moist), the water consumption is stopped when the fruits are expanded, and the fruit cracking and the like can be prevented.

The method for cultivating sweet cherries in mountain areas is further improved as follows:

in step 4) of the third step:

A. the pest control in the dormancy stage (from 11 months to 2 last days) comprises the following steps:

cleaning dead branches, fallen leaves and residual diseased branches to reduce the overwintering base number of overwintering pests and diseases; the tree body is whitered, so that the occurrence of freezing injury can be reduced, and meanwhile, the overwintering pest eggs are removed; white coating agent: performing trunk whitening (namely whitening the main trunk from the ground to a first layer of layering part) by using 10 parts of quicklime, 1 part of sulfur powder, 40 parts of water and 2 parts of fresh soybean milk;

after the whitewashing is finished, spraying lime sulfur agent with Baume 5 degrees (till the branch dropping liquid) on the whole orchard, and using an iron brush to brush the mesochite of the mesochite to kill the overwintering nymphs in the orchard with the mesochite;

B. the pest control in the bud germination stage (3 months and middle ten days) is as follows:

spraying lime sulphur mixture of Baume 5 degree to the branch drop, spraying 3000 times of diluent of 20% pyrethrin emulsifiable solution to the orchard with scale insects once (to the branch drop);

C. the pest control in the flowering period and the leaf expanding period (from the bottom of 3 months to the bottom of 4 months) comprises the following steps:

at the time after the leaves are withered, spraying 600 times of diluent of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder (or 500 times of diluent of thiabendazole or 500 times of diluent of carbendazim), mixing with 800 times of diluent of shenglibao (volume ratio of 1: 1), and spraying until the leaves are wet;

D. the pest control from 5 to 6 months in the last ten days of the month is as follows:

preventing anoplophora juglandis, scale insect, red spider, big green leaf cicada, brown spot and perforation, and spraying 4% chlorpyrifos 1500 times diluent + (thiophanate methyl 1000 times diluent or thiediazole copper 500 times diluent) on leaves until leaves are wet (volume ratio of 1: 1); spraying 800 times of a penflufen solution after each raining for protecting the leaf surfaces until the leaf surfaces are wet;

E. the pest control of the fruit trees in the summer growth period (7 months to 10 months) is as follows:

at the moment, various plant diseases and insect pests are controlled, the plant diseases and insect pests such as pod borer, perforation disease, brown spot disease and the like are mainly controlled, and the pesticide can be sprayed every 20 +/-2 days; or the spraying agent is used for preventing diseases when raining for more than 3 days continuously according to the amount of rainwater.

Remarks explanation: the used pesticide is chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, chlorbenzuron, abamectin, fenpyroximate and azocyclotin; the bactericide comprises the following components: thiophanate methyl, carbendazim, thiediazole copper, mancozeb, fludioxonil, bismerthiazol, kasugamycin, streptomycin and the like, and the bactericide is paid attention to alternate use.

The method for cultivating sweet cherries in mountain areas is further improved as follows:

the fourth step is that:

the rain sheltering cultivation comprises the following steps: building a steel frame or cement column steel structure greenhouse, wherein the width of the greenhouse is 8m, the height of the greenhouse is 3.5-4m, and the length of the greenhouse is based on the mountainous terrain; film covering is carried out before the first blossom at the bottom of 3 months every year, and the film is removed after the first fruit harvest at 6 months.

Remarks explanation: excessive high-temperature and high-humidity rainwater in 5-8 months of Zhejiang province easily aggravates the occurrence of various plant diseases and insect pests of sweet cherries, and simultaneously causes adverse effects on the growth of fruit trees and the flower bud differentiation, and in the flower bud differentiation period, the trees grow excessively due to high temperature and high humidity, the nutrients are consumed, the flower bud differentiation is insufficient or malformed, and the annual yield is seriously affected. In order to avoid continuous rain and waterlogging damage and summer high-temperature impact, the method for cultivating the sweet cherries in the alpine regions adopts rain sheltering cultivation and summer sun shading measures.

In the invention, because the wind is strong in mountainous areas and the typhoon is easily influenced in summer and autumn in Zhejiang, the wind resistance strength of the greenhouse is fully increased, the thickness of the steel pipe is increased, and the steel strand is adopted for traction and reinforcement.

1500 times or 1000 times or the like is the mass concentration of the diluted agricultural chemical stock solution in water, and this is a conventionally known technique.

The method selects the high mountain area with the elevation of about 1000m in Linan city in Zhejiang province to cultivate the sweet cherries, has obvious regional advantages and unique climatic conditions, can provide high-quality fruits for citizens in Shanghai, Hangzhou and surrounding cities, can greatly promote the development of leisure sightseeing agriculture, and has good development prospect. The Tianmu mountain area in the northwest of Zhejiang province in Lingan City is located at 118 degrees 51 'to 119 degrees 52' from east longitude and 29 degrees 56 'to 30 degrees 23' from north latitude, belongs to the south edge of the monsoon and subtropical monsoon climate area, and is warm and humid, sufficient in light, abundant in rain and clear in four seasons. According to statistics, the time of the high mountain area in Linan city is 1300 hours below 7.2 ℃ every year, and the low-temperature requirement of partial sweet cherry varieties can be met. The annual average precipitation amount is 1613.9 mm, the precipitation day is 158 days, the annual average temperature is 16.2 ℃, the annual average frost-free period is 237 days, all conditions meet the growth requirement of the sweet cherry, and in addition, the high-temperature impact of more than 35 ℃ is basically avoided in summer in alpine regions, so that the adverse effect of high temperature on the flower bud differentiation of the sweet cherry is avoided.

The terrain in the Lingan city inclines from the northwest to the southeast, and the landscape of the city is three environmental mountains, namely the north, the west and the south, and the global landform is mainly the hills of the middle-low mountains. The average elevation in the mountainous areas of northwest and southwest is above 1000m, and the average elevation in the valley of eastern river is below 50 m. Wherein the area of the mountainous area with the elevation of more than 1000m accounts for 5.4 percent, the area of the mountainous area with the elevation of 800 m-1000 m accounts for 8.8 percent, the area of the mountainous area with the elevation of 500 m-800 m accounts for 18.3 percent, the hilly land with the elevation of 100 m-500 m accounts for 57.4 percent, and the valley plain with the elevation of less than 100m accounts for 10.4 percent. The available mountain areas of the Linan city and the whole Zhejiang province are huge, if the sweet cherries are successfully popularized and cultivated in the mountain areas of the Zhejiang province, better economic benefits can be expected, and the method has important significance for adjusting the agricultural industrial structure and comprehensively utilizing forest land hillside resources.

In the invention, because the sweet cherries are not waterlogging tolerant and are prohibited from drought, the sweet cherries are selected from plots which are leeward, sunny, low in underground water level, have irrigation conditions and are easy to implement rain-sheltering cultivation, and have good soil fertility, looseness and drainage and fertility preservation. In the altitude range of 700 plus 1100m in Linan city of Zhejiang province and in high mountain areas with similar climatic characteristics in the Zhejiang province.

The invention provides a method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountain areas of Zhejiang province, which establishes a perfect technical system and a standardized cultivation mode from the aspects of sweet cherry garden selection, variety selection, cultivation management, rain sheltering facility construction and the like, and provides powerful technical support for the adjustment of the agricultural industry structure in local areas and the income increase of farmers.

The sweet cherry cultivated by the method of the invention has the following technical advantages:

the research trial land belongs to a high-altitude area in Zhejiang province, although the temperature is raised early in spring, the overall average highest temperature is 20.3 ℃, and the pollination and fertilization of sweet cherries in the flowering period are facilitated compared with those in Zhejiang land, and the research shows that 5 varieties introduced in the trial seeds have higher fruit setting rate except that the fruit setting rate in Mei-Zao is 21.9%, and the maximum fruit setting rate in Zao can reach 35.6%. Moreover, the fruit characters of 5 varieties are similar to those of the same variety produced in suitable regions in China. The introduced 5 varieties can grow, blossom and bear fruits continuously for two years (2014 and 2015), the yield of each plant is superior to that of big early fruits, red light, brueckia and sago, the average yield is about 10kg, and the method has obvious economic yield, for example, 50 plants are planted per mu, the yield per mu can reach 500kg, and the method has obvious economic benefit.

The invention is different from the prior introduction and cultivation on the Zhejiang flat land, and the introduction and cultivation research is carried out in the region near the safe high altitude in our province. With the continuous development of leisure sightseeing agriculture in Zhejiang province, sweet cherries have great development prospects as sightseeing picked tree species, and the sweet cherry introduction success can be achieved by preferentially placing a development area in a high-altitude area to introduce the sweet cherry into the tree species.

Drawings

The following describes embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a graph of fruit and fruit status for Brukas;

FIG. 2 shows the fruit state and fruit pattern of Samie.

Detailed Description

Embodiment 1, a method for cultivating sweet cherries in high mountain areas of Zhejiang province, comprising the following steps:

firstly, garden selection: in a high mountain area with an elevation of 1058 m in Linan city in Zhejiang province, sweet cherries are not waterlogging tolerant and drought resistant, and land parcels with fertile soil, loose soil, good drainage and fertility preservation, low underground water level, leeward, sunny exposure and irrigation conditions are selected.

The elevation of the test land (Shangxi village in Longgang town of Linan city) is 1058 m, the annual average temperature is 16.2 ℃, the annual precipitation is 1463mm, the annual sunshine duration is 1768 hours, the lowest temperature is-1.6 ℃ in 1 month and the highest temperature is 29.5 ℃ in 7 months.

TABLE 1 climate information related to the introduction area of Linan city in Zhejiang province

II, variety selection: the sweet cherry variety is selected from Zaoda fruit, Samituo, Brukas, Hongda, Meizao. The seedling is a grafted seedling (big seedling) growing for more than 3 years. The seedling stock is a Gittila dwarfing stock.

Thirdly, cultivation management:

1) and (3) field planting: 2500kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each mu of land, ridge forming cultivation is carried out, the ridge height is 0.4m, and the ridge width is 1.5 m. The row spacing is 4m multiplied by 2m-3 m. Planting about 56-84 plants per mu. The planting period is 12 months to 2 months in the next year. The planting is neat, the grafting opening is level with the ground, the water is thoroughly poured, and the tree is fixed to be dry.

2) And shaping and trimming:

shaping:

the tree shape adopts an evacuation layering shape, the height of the formed tree is controlled to be 2.5m, and the crown width is 3 m. The saplings are used for culturing lateral branches and bearing branches by adopting the measures of thinning, pulling, carving buds, pinching and the like, the trees form trees as soon as possible, and ventilation and light transmission of the trees are necessary conditions for high yield and stable yield and strong tree culture.

The sparse layered type tree branch pruning machine is provided with a central trunk, the trunk height is not less than 50cm, the central trunk is layered every 60cm, extended main branches are staggered in different directions, the enough main branches are left, the total number of the whole tree is about 25, the opening angle is 80-90, only the extended branches of the central trunk are cut off necessarily during shaping, and the branches on the back are thinned. The ratio of the thickness of the central trunk to the thickness of the main branches is about 3: 1. When the branches on the shaping belt are too vigorous in the vigorous growing season, pinching control can be properly carried out, and when the branches are trimmed in spring of the next year, the central trunk extension branches are cut by about 60cm at the positions with the branches. If the annual branches at the lower part meet the growth requirement, branch pulling treatment can be carried out, and the angles and the directions of the main branches are properly adjusted during branch pulling, so that the space is reasonably distributed. Lateral buds and lower buds are carved on the whole main branch to promote the formation of bouquet-shaped fruit branches. For the trees with insufficient central trunk height and insufficient main branches, the central trunk is cut short to promote the main branches to grow, if the main branches are unevenly distributed on the upper part of the central trunk, buds can be carved at available positions to promote the branching of the trees. The principle to be grasped is to pay attention to the thinning of redundant main branches and competitive branches, control strong branches and support weak branches.

Trimming:

the growth potential of the sweet cherries in the high mountains of Zhejiang is strong, the sweet cherries are easy to thrive in summer, and summer pruning should be more important on the basis of making winter pruning. Pruning is carried out in 7-9 months in summer, and the measures of pinching, tip shearing, branch pulling, tip twisting and the like are mainly taken to achieve the purposes of balancing tree vigor and promoting flower bud differentiation. The branches of the sweet cherries are easy to erect, particularly, the buds on the back of the branches are easy to sprout the branches on the back, so that useless upright branches are removed as early as possible. And the branch pulling can not be performed only once and needs to be adjusted at any time. The sweet cherry branches are easy to grow out of the body, namely, a phenomenon that a plurality of vigorous big branches are concentrated on one side or side branches are forced to press a main branch is caused, and the branches on the vigorous big branches or the concentrated side branches are controlled to adjust the angle and the direction through branch pulling in the shaping period. When the cut is cut in winter, the large wound is not easy to heal, and the easy flowing glue is easy to be removed in the growing season or after harvesting. When the wound is removed, the wound needs to be flat and small, and no pile is left. The young trees are not too many trimmed to avoid dense branches, poor illumination conditions and tree type disorder, the young trees are properly and slowly placed for the trees with vigorous growth, if the young trees are too many, the young trees are likely to be more and more vigorous to be trimmed, the young trees are moderately trimmed for the main trunk and the main branch extension branches according to the shaping requirements, the tree crown is promoted to be slightly enlarged, other middle short branches are as immobile as possible, and bearing branch groups are cultured on the basis of tree shape culture so as to facilitate early bearing. Excessive slow release of sweet cherry trees is forbidden, which can cause empty and deficient inner chamber, shift fruiting parts outwards and weaken tree vigor. Therefore, the production should be slowly released for several years and then properly retracted, and a certain amount of young shoots can be extracted every year on the premise of ensuring normal results.

3. And (3) fertilizer and water management:

the base fertilizer applied in autumn comprises: applying a base fertilizer in autumn after 9 months, wherein the fertilizer comprises an organic fertilizer (namely, a pure organic fertilizer or a mixture of the organic fertilizer and a vegetable cake), and 50-70 kg of the base fertilizer is applied to each plant of a big tree growing for more than 3 years; 20-30 kg of seedlings are planted in each plant for 3 years.

Remarks explanation: the organic fertilizer is decomposed animal manure, such as decomposed cattle and sheep manure, duck manure and the like; the proportion of the organic fertilizer to the vegetable cake is 100: 10 (weight ratio).

The top dressing is as follows: and (3) adopting compound fertilizer or urea, wherein the dosage is 800g per plant in each topdressing process, and performing furrow application, wherein in order to ensure the fertilization quality, watering is performed in time after the topdressing process until the soil surface is wet.

The spraying of the foliar fertilizer is as follows:

in the key periods of fruit development and flower bud differentiation from the time of flowering to the time of harvesting, urea with the mass concentration of 0.3%, borax with the mass concentration of 0.1%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate liquid with the mass concentration of 0.3-0.5% or diluent of 800 times of Shenglibao is sprayed on leaf surfaces every 10 days, so that the fruit setting rate can be improved, the yield can be increased, the fruit quality can be improved, and the flower bud quality can be improved.

The sweet cherries are fond of water but are afraid of waterlogging, so the whole-process drip irrigation mode is most effective, the water consumption is convenient to control (the water consumption is controlled in the way that the water is poured when the soil is dry and loose, and the water is stopped when the soil surface is kept moist), the water consumption is stopped when the fruits are expanded, and the fruit cracking and the like can be prevented.

4. And (3) pest control:

last ten days of month 11 to 2 (dormancy):

cleaning dead branches, fallen leaves and residual diseased branches to reduce the overwintering base number of overwintering pests and diseases; the tree body is whitered, so that the occurrence of freezing injury can be reduced, and meanwhile, the overwintering pest eggs are removed; white coating agent: performing trunk whitening (namely whitening the main trunk from the ground to a first layer of layering part) by using 10 parts of quicklime, 1 part of sulfur powder, 40 parts of water and 2 parts of fresh soybean milk;

after the whitewashing is finished, spraying lime sulfur agent with Baume 5 degrees (till the branch dropping liquid) on the whole orchard, and using an iron brush to brush the mesochite of the mesochite to kill the overwintering nymphs in the orchard with the mesochite;

the pest control in the early and middle 3 months (sprouting period) is as follows:

spraying lime sulphur mixture of Baume 5 degree to the branch drop, spraying 3000 times of diluent of 20% pyrethrin emulsifiable solution to the orchard with scale insects once (to the branch drop);

bottom of 3 to 4 months (flowering and leaf-expanding stage):

at the time after the leaves are withered, spraying 600 times of diluent of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder (or 500 times of diluent of thiabendazole or 500 times of diluent of carbendazim), mixing with 800 times of diluent of shenglibao, spraying until the leaves are wet,

from 5 last ten days to 6 months: preventing Callophora juglandis, scale insect, red spider, big green leaf cicada, brown spot, and perforation, and spraying 4% chlorpyrifos 1500 times diluent + thiophanate methyl 1000 times diluent or thiediazole copper 500 times diluent on leaf surface until leaf surface is wet; spraying 800 times of the fluazurol solution after each raining for protecting the leaf surfaces until the leaf surfaces are wet.

7-10 months (fruit tree summer growth period):

at the moment, the pesticide is mainly used for preventing and treating various plant diseases and insect pests, such as pod borers, perforation diseases, brown spot and the like, the pesticide can be sprayed once every 20 days or the pesticide can be sprayed for preventing diseases when raining for more than 3 consecutive days according to the amount of rainwater;

the common insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, chlorbenzuron, abamectin, fenpyroximate and azocyclotin; the bactericide comprises the following components: thiophanate methyl, carbendazim, thiediazole copper, mancozeb, fludioxonil, bismerthiazol, kasugamycin, streptomycin and the like, and the bactericide is paid attention to alternate use.

Measures for rain-sheltering and sun-shading

Excessive high-temperature and high-humidity rainwater in 5-8 months of Zhejiang province easily aggravates the occurrence of various plant diseases and insect pests of sweet cherries, and simultaneously causes adverse effects on the growth of fruit trees and the flower bud differentiation, and in the flower bud differentiation period, the trees grow excessively due to high temperature and high humidity, the nutrients are consumed, the flower bud differentiation is insufficient or malformed, and the annual yield is seriously affected. In order to avoid continuous rain and waterlogging damage and summer high-temperature impact, the method for cultivating the sweet cherries in the alpine regions adopts rain sheltering cultivation and summer sun shading measures.

1. Rain sheltering cultivation: and (3) building a steel frame or cement column steel structure greenhouse, wherein the width of the greenhouse is 8m, the height of the greenhouse is 3.5-4m, and the length of the greenhouse is based on the landform of a mountain area. Due to the fact that mountainous areas are windy and the mountainous areas are susceptible to typhoons in summer and autumn in Zhejiang, the wind resistance strength of the greenhouse is increased, the thickness of the steel pipe is increased, and steel strands are used for drawing and reinforcing. Film covering is carried out before the first blossom at the bottom of 3 months every year, and the film is removed after the first fruit harvest at 6 months.

2. Sun-shading measures are as follows: and covering a sunshade net after fruit picking at 6 months, wherein the light transmittance of the adopted sunshade net is 40%.

The sunshade net is removed after 9 months of each year.

Fifthly, introduction and expression:

1. the introduction variety is expressed in the phenological period of the Linan city:

5 introduced varieties enter the germination stage in the last 3 months; the early flowering stage has larger difference, the early flowering of the Sami and the big early fruits is early, the early flowering variety is American early at the latest, and the flowering period is about 4 months and 10 days; the 5 varieties enter the fruit setting stage before and after 4 months and 10 days, the fruit setting rate of the red light and the big early fruit is higher, the fruit setting rate of the Brukas is the lowest, and is only 28.6 percent; all varieties enter a mature stage at the bottom of 5 months, the early big fruit has early sprouting stage, the mature stage is the earliest, the fruit development stage is the least, namely 44 days, the other varieties are mature before and after 29 days in 5 months, the fruit development stage is about 48 days, and the difference is not obvious; investigations have shown that 5 varieties enter the defoliation stage before and after 11 months and 15 days of each year.

Table 2, phenological period of 5 varieties in test field

Note: the germination stage refers to the time when 5% of the bud phosphorus pieces of the plant are cracked and the top end of the plant is exposed to green, the initial flowering stage refers to the time when about 5% of the flower buds are completely opened, the full flowering stage refers to the time when 25% of the flower buds are completely opened, the fruit setting stage refers to the period when 5% of the flowers in the flowers which are opened during the full flowering stage are obviously expanded in ovary, and the leaf falling stage refers to the period when 5% of the leaves of the plant are investigated to be yellow and shed.

2. And (3) observing the variety characteristics of the introduced variety in the Linan city:

among 5 varieties introduced and planted, the weight of a single fruit of the Sammia deliciosa is the heaviest, namely 13.145g, and the weight of other varieties is about 10g, so that the difference is not obvious; in the aspect of fruit indexes, the fruit index is the smallest in Brukas and the largest in Meizao, and the fruit index is approximately circular; the fruit stem is longer in length, namely the American morning and the Samie, wherein the American morning is the longest, the average is 44.07cm, the Brukes is the shortest, and the fruit stem is only 21.41cm in length; in the aspect of fruit quality, the sugar degree of the early and big fruits is highest, the content of soluble solids of the fruits is 16.44 on average, the content of American early and Samie is lower, but the content of the soluble solids of the fruits is more than 11 on average; the yield of each plant of 5 varieties is highest on the basis of red light, the yield of each plant is averagely more than 11kg and lowest in the morning of America, but the yield of each plant is also more than 4kg, and the yield of the rest varieties is about 9 kg.

Table 3, 5 varieties in test field fruit characters and yield

3. And (3) carrying out performance observation on the introduction result of the sweet cherry:

obvious differences between the flowering capacity and the normal flowering rate of the introduced variety are observed during planting, wherein the flowering capacity of Samie and Brukes is the best, and the flower quantity is large; the amount of early big fruits is moderate; the red light has the worst florescence. The plant yield is highest in Samitude and Bruce, and the self-flower setting rate is high. Therefore, different cultivation measures are adopted in the production, the amount of Samituer flowers and Brukas flowers is large, and ineffective flowers need to be reduced and the fruiting rate needs to be further improved; if the quantity of the safflower is small, the flower growth needs to be promoted, and the flower forming force is improved.

4. The photographs of the results of the introduced variety in the Lin-an city are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

Finally, it is also noted that the above-mentioned lists merely illustrate a few specific embodiments of the invention. It is obvious that the invention is not limited to the above embodiments, but that many variations are possible. All modifications which can be derived or suggested by a person skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present invention are to be considered within the scope of the invention.

Claims (3)

1. The cultivation method of the sweet cherries in the high mountain areas of Zhejiang province is characterized by sequentially comprising the following steps of:

firstly, garden selection:

selecting a high mountain area of Zhejiang province with the altitude of 700 ~ 1100m as a cultivation area;

II, variety selection:

the selected sweet cherry variety is early big cherry, Samituo, Brukas, red light or Meizao; the seedlings are grafted seedlings growing for more than 3 years or seedlings growing for less than 2 years, and the seedling stocks are Gittila dwarfing stocks;

thirdly, cultivation management:

1) before planting, applying 2500 +/-100 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, ridging and cultivating, wherein the height of a ridge is 0.4 +/-0.05 m, the width of the ridge is 1.5 +/-0.2 m, planting 56 ~ 84 plants per mu, wherein the planting period is 12 months to 2 months in the next year, and the planting is tidy, the grafting opening is flush with the ground, and the plants are watered thoroughly and are fixed to dry;

2) and shaping and trimming:

the tree form adopts an evacuation layering shape, the height of a formed trunk is 2.3 ~ 2.7.7 m, the crown width is 2.8 ~ 3.2.2 m, and the tree form is divided into three layers;

cultivating lateral branches and bearing branches of the saplings to promote the formation of sparse layered tree forms;

the method comprises the following steps of planting a trunk of a tree body in the first year, fixing the trunk at a position 60cm away from the ground, reserving a full bud 2cm away from a cut, selecting a branch extracted from the bud to be upright as a trunk, reserving 3 ~ 5 buds with staggered directions under the bud, wiping off the rest buds, and forming a first layer of the tree body after the reserved buds branch, selecting 3 ~ 5 buds with staggered directions on the trunk reserved in the previous year every 10cm ~ 15cm in the second year, forming a second layer of the tree body after the branch is formed, reserving 3 buds with staggered directions on the trunk after the trunk continues to grow, and forming a third layer of the tree body after the branch is formed;

if buds in proper directions cannot be reserved on each layer or selected buds do not sprout, a bud carving measure is adopted, namely, buds are carved 0.5cm above the selected buds before sprouting, the depth of the carved buds needs to destroy phloem and reach xylem, and the buds on the lateral branches of each layer are pinched when growing to 10cm ~ cm, so that the formation of flower buds is promoted;

3) and managing fertilizer and water:

the method comprises the following three major fertilization modes:

applying base fertilizer in autumn;

topdressing is carried out in the flowering period, the fruit expansion period and the fruit picking period;

spraying a foliar fertilizer in the key periods of fruit development and flower bud differentiation;

the autumn base fertilizer is applied after 9 months later, the fertilizer comprises organic fertilizer, 50 ~ 70kg is applied to each plant of the big tree growing for more than 3 years, and 20 ~ 30kg is applied to each plant of the small seedlings growing for less than 3 years;

the top dressing is as follows:

adopting compound fertilizer or urea, wherein the dosage is 200 plus 800g per plant for each topdressing, and performing furrow application, and watering in time after topdressing until the soil surface is wet in order to ensure the fertilization quality;

the spraying of the foliar fertilizer is as follows:

spraying urea with the mass concentration of 0.3%, borax with the mass concentration of 0.1%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate liquid with the mass concentration of 0.3%, 0.3 ~ 0.5.5% or spraying diluent of 800 times of Shenglibao on leaf surfaces every 10 +/-1 days during the key periods of fruit development and flower bud differentiation from the time of blooming to the time of harvesting, thereby improving the fruit setting rate, increasing the yield, improving the fruit quality and improving the flower bud quality;

4) and pest control:

the pest control is carried out in the following 5 periods:

a sleep period;

a sprouting period;

the large-scale period of cherry fruits;

the mature period of the fruit;

the growth period of the fruit trees in summer;

fourthly, taking measures of rain sheltering and sun shading:

film covering is carried out before the first blossom at the bottom of 3 months every year, and the film is removed after the first fruit harvest at 6 months, thereby realizing rain sheltering;

and covering a sunshade net after the fruits are harvested at the beginning of 6 months each year until the sunshade net is removed after 9 months each year, wherein the light transmittance of the adopted sunshade net is 40%.

2. The cultivation method of sweet cherries in high mountains of Zhejiang province as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

in step 4) of the third step:

A. the pest control in the dormant period comprises the following steps:

cleaning dead branches, fallen leaves and residual diseased branches to reduce the overwintering base number of overwintering pests and diseases; the tree body is whitered, so that the occurrence of freezing injury is reduced, and meanwhile, the overwintering pest eggs are removed; white coating agent: painting white on the trunk with 10 portions of quicklime, 1 portion of sulfur powder, 40 portions of water and 2 portions of fresh soybean milk;

after the whitewashing is finished, spraying lime sulfur mixture with Baume 5 degrees in the whole garden, brushing mesochites of the mesochites with an iron brush to kill overwintering nymphs in the orchard with the mesochites;

B. the pest control in the bud germination stage comprises the following steps:

spraying lime sulphur mixture of Baume 5 degree to the whole garden, spraying 3000 times of diluent of 20% pyrethrin emulsifiable solution for killing scale insects to the orchard once;

C. the pest control in the flowering and leaf-expanding period comprises the following steps:

at the time after the leaves are withered, spraying 600 times of diluent of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder, mixing with 800 times of diluent of shenglibao, and spraying until the leaves are wet;

D. the pest control from 5 to 6 months in the last ten days of the month is as follows:

preventing anoplophora juglandis, scale insect, red spider, big green leaf cicada, brown spot or perforation, selecting 4% chlorpyrifos 1500 times diluent + (thiophanate methyl 1000 times diluent or thiabendazole copper 500 times diluent), mixing and spraying onto leaf surface until the leaf surface is wet; spraying 800 times of a penflufen solution after each raining for protecting the leaf surfaces until the leaf surfaces are wet;

e. The pest control in the summer growth period of the fruit trees is as follows:

at the moment, various plant diseases and insect pests are controlled, wherein the plant diseases and insect pests are pod borers, perforation diseases or brown spot diseases, and the pesticide is sprayed every 20 +/-2 days; or the spraying agent is used for preventing diseases when raining for more than 3 days continuously according to the amount of rainwater.

3. The cultivation method of sweet cherries in high mountains of Zhejiang province as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

the fourth step is that:

the rain-sheltering cultivation is that a steel frame or cement column steel structure greenhouse is built, the width of the greenhouse is 8m, the height of the greenhouse is 3.5 ~ 4m, the length of the greenhouse is based on the topography of a mountainous area, the film is coated before the first blossom at the bottom of 3 months every year, and the film is removed after the first harvest at the bottom of 6 months.