CN104902854B - 用于治疗膝盖关节炎的可调节装置 - Google Patents

用于治疗膝盖关节炎的可调节装置 Download PDF

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CN104902854B
CN104902854B CN201380068926.8A CN201380068926A CN104902854B CN 104902854 B CN104902854 B CN 104902854B CN 201380068926 A CN201380068926 A CN 201380068926A CN 104902854 B CN104902854 B CN 104902854B
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shin bone
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CN104902854A (zh
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大卫·斯金洛
托马斯·B·比福德
埃菲莱姆·阿克尤茨
托马斯·韦塞尔
罗格·皮萨恩翁斯
阿达姆·G·贝克特
杰弗里·李·吉尔贝特
弗兰克·扬·利乌
乌尔斯·韦伯
埃德蒙德·J·罗沙克
布莱尔·沃克
斯科特·普尔
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Norwich Co Specialized In Department Of Orthopedics
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Abstract

根据一些实施方式,提供了用于改变具有关节炎的受试者的胫骨的角度的系统和方法。一种用于改变具有膝盖骨性关节炎的受试者的胫骨的角度的系统包括:包括可调节致动器的非侵入性可调节植入物,所述可调节致动器配置为置于所述胫骨内的纵向腔内,并且具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于所述外壳体中的内轴,所述外壳体配置为连接至所述胫骨的第一部分,并且所述内轴配置为连接至所述胫骨的第二部分,所述胫骨的所述第二部分通过截骨至少部分地与所述胫骨的所述第一部分分离;以及包括永磁体的驱动元件,并且所述驱动元件配置为远程可操作以便相对于所述外壳体伸缩地移动所述内轴。

Description

用于治疗膝盖关节炎的可调节装置
技术领域
本发明领域总体上涉及用于治疗膝骨关节炎的医疗装置。
背景技术
膝骨性关节炎是影响大量患者,特别是年龄在40岁以上患者的膝关节的退行性疾病。在过去的数十年里,该疾病的患病率显著增加,部分地但不是完全由于人群上升的年龄以及肥胖的增加。膝骨性关节炎主要是由膝盖上的长期的应力作用引起的,这使得覆盖膝关节中的骨的关节表面的软骨退化。通常,在特定的创伤事件之后,问题变得更严重,但是它也可以是遗传性的过程。症状包括疼痛、僵硬、活动范围变小、肿胀、畸形、肌无力、以及多种其他症状。骨性关节炎可以包括膝盖的三个间室中的一个或多个:胫骨骨关节的内侧间室、胫骨骨关节外侧间室,以及髌骨关节间室。在严重情况下,进行膝盖的部分或全部替换以便使用用于膝盖的新的承重表面(通常由植入物级别的塑料或金属制成)替换患病部分。这些手术涉及巨大的术后疼痛并且需要大量的物理治疗。恢复期可以持续数周或数月。这种手术存在多种潜在的并发症,包括深静脉血栓形成、运动丧失、感染和骨折。恢复后,已经接受单个间室或全膝关节置换手术的患者必须明显减少活动,从他们的生活方式中彻底除去跑步和高能量的运动。
由于这些原因,外科医生试图早期干预以延迟或甚至排除膝关节置换手术。可以对股骨或胫骨进行截骨手术,以便改变股骨和胫骨之间的角度,从而调节膝关节的不同部分上的应力。在闭合型楔形截骨术或闭合楔形截骨术中,除去成角度的楔形骨,并且将其他表面接合在一起,从而产生新的改善的角度。在开放楔形截骨术中,在骨中进行切割并打开切口的边缘,产生新的角度。通常使用骨移植物填入新打开的楔形空间,并且通常用骨螺钉将板连接至骨上。在任意一种这种类型的截骨术中获得的正确的角度几乎都不是最理想的,并且甚至在结果接近所期望的情况下,可以存在后续的矫正角度的损失。用这种技术经历的一些其他并发症包括不愈合和材料失效。
发明内容
在本发明的第一个实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于所述外壳体中的内轴的可调节的致动器;磁性组件,配置为通过内轴和外壳体的相对于彼此的轴向运动调节可调节的致动器的长度;第一支架,配置为连接至外壳体;以及第二支架,配置为连接至内轴,其中,外部施加至受试者的移动磁场移动磁性组件使得内轴和外壳体相对于彼此移动。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括磁性组件,具有连接至具有外螺纹的轴的具有径向极化的(radially-poled)磁体,和具有内螺纹并且连接至轴的块体,其中,径向极化的磁体的旋转运动引起轴相对于块体的转动和轴向移动。系统进一步包括具有可调节的距离的上部骨界面和下部骨界面,其中,轴在第一方向上的轴向运动导致距离增加。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括剪式组件(具有可枢转地经由铰接连接的第一和第二剪叉臂(剪刀壁,scissor arm)),第一和第二剪叉臂分别连接至配置为相对于彼此移动的上部和下部骨界面。该系统进一步包括含有设置在其中的轴向可移动的导螺杆的中空磁性组件,其中,中空磁性组件配置为旋转以响应运动磁场,并且其中,所述旋转转换成导螺杆的轴向移动。系统进一步包括在一端连接至导螺杆以及在另一端连接至第一和第二剪叉臂中的一个的棘轮组件,该棘轮组件包括棘爪,棘爪配置为啮合设置于上部和下部骨界面中的一个中的齿;并且其中,导螺杆的轴向运动沿齿推动棘爪并使得上部和下部骨界面彼此分开。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的补偿植入物的胫骨的方法包括在患者的皮肤中邻近患者的胫骨的胫骨平台的位置处形成第一切口,通过沿第一轴(从胫骨平台的第一点以基本纵向方向延伸至第二点)除去骨材料在胫骨中形成第一腔,在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除胫骨,用挖除装置在胫骨中创建第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通并且基本上朝胫骨的一侧延伸,以及除去挖除装置。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,植入用于改变患者的胫骨的角度的非侵入性可调节系统的方法包括在胫骨的第一部分和第二部分之间创建截骨(osteotomy),在患者的皮肤中在邻近患者的胫骨的胫骨平台的位置处形成第一切口,在胫骨中沿着第一轴(从胫骨平台处的第一点以基本纵向的方向延伸至第二点)创建第一腔,在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除胫骨,利用挖除装置在胫骨中创建第二腔,其中,第二腔基本上朝着胫骨的一侧延伸,将非侵入性可调节植入物放置为穿过第一腔并且至少部分地进入第二腔,该非侵入性可调节植入物包括具有外壳体和可伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,将外壳体连接至胫骨的第一部分,以及将内轴连接至胫骨的第二部分。在一些实施方式中,植入物也可以侵入性地调节,如微创地(minimally invasively)调节。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的植入物的骨的方法包括在患者的皮肤中形成第一切口;通过沿第一轴(从位于胫骨平台的第一点以基本纵向的方向延伸至第二点)除去骨材料在骨中形成第一腔;在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨,挖除装置进一步包括具有第一端和第二端的铰接臂,臂包括压实表面,用挖除装置在骨中挖除第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通并且基本上朝向骨的一侧延伸;以及除去挖除装置。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的植入物的骨的方法包括在患者的皮肤中形成第一切口;通过沿第一轴(从位于胫骨平台的第一点以基本纵向的方向延伸至第二点)除去骨材料在骨中形成第一腔;在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨,挖除装置进一步包括具有第一端和第二端的铰接臂,臂包括研磨表面,用挖除装置在骨中挖除第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通并且基本上朝向骨的一侧延伸,以及除去挖除装置。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的植入物的骨的方法包括在患者的皮肤中形成第一切口,通过沿第一轴(从位于胫骨平台的第一点以基本纵向方向延伸至第二点)除去骨材料在骨中创建第一腔,在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨,挖除装置进一步包括配置为基本朝向骨的一侧移动的旋转切割工具(当旋转切割工具旋转时),用挖除装置在骨中创建第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通,并且基本上朝向骨的一侧延伸;以及除去挖除装置。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括非侵入性可调节植入物,包括具有外壳体和可伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,外壳体配置为连接至骨的第一部分以及内轴配置为连接至骨的第二部分;配置为使内轴相对于外壳体移动的驱动元件;和包括配置为沿第一轴插入骨的第一腔内的细长主体的挖除装置,挖除装置配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨以创建与第一腔连通的第二腔,其中,可调节致动器配置为连接至至少部分地在第二腔内的骨。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,改变受试者的骨的角度的方法包括在患者的胫骨的第一部分和第二部分之间创建截骨;通过沿着从位于胫骨平台的第一点以基本纵向方向延伸至第二点的轴除去骨材料在胫骨中创建腔;将非侵入性可调节植入物置于腔内,该非侵入性可调节植入物包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,和配置为远程可操作以使得相对于外壳体伸缩地移动内轴的驱动元件;将外壳体或内轴中的一个连接至胫骨的第一部分;将外壳体或内轴中的另一个连接至胫骨的第二部分;以及远程操作驱动元件以便相对于外壳体伸缩地移动内轴,从而改变胫骨的第一部分和第二部分之间的角度。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,用于改变具有膝盖骨性关节炎的受试者的胫骨的角度的系统,包括非侵入性可调节植入物,该非侵入性可调节植入物包括可调节致动器,该可调节致动器配置为置于胫骨内的纵向腔内,并且具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴,外壳体配置为连接至胫骨的第一部分并且内轴配置为连接至胫骨的第二部分,胫骨的第二部分通过截骨至少部分地与胫骨的第一部分分离;以及包括永磁体的驱动元件,并且该驱动元件配置为远程可操作以便相对于外壳体伸缩地移动内轴。
在本发明另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括非侵入性可调节植入物,包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,外壳体与第一锚定孔相关联,并且内轴与第二锚定孔相关联,第一锚定孔配置为穿过用于将可调节致动器连接至骨的第一部分的第一锚件,并且第二锚定孔配置为穿过用于将可调节致动器连接至骨的第二部分的第二锚件,骨的第二部分通过截骨至少部分地与骨的第一部分分离;驱动元件配置为远程可操作以便相对于外壳体移动内轴;并且其中,非侵入性可调节植入物被配置为当连接至骨的第一部分和第二部分二者时,相对于骨的第一部分或骨的第二部分中的至少一个是角度不受限制的。
附图说明
图1示出了膝关节相对于股骨和胫骨的期望的取向。
图2示出了未对准的和具有相关的内侧间室骨性关节炎的膝关节。
图3示出了胫骨中的开放楔形技术。
图4示出了具有骨移植物和连接的板的开放的楔形技术。
图5示出了根据本发明的第一实施方式的置于胫骨中的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置置于胫骨内。
图6示出了图5的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的图。
图7示出了图5和图6的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的下部夹具的详细视图。
图8示出了磁性可调节植入物的实施方式。
图9示出了基于根据本发明的第二实施方式的弹簧元件的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图10示出了基于根据本发明的第三实施方式的连接的升降机的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图11示出了图9的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置插入至胫骨的楔形开口中。
图12示出了基于根据本发明的第四实施方式的剪式千斤顶(scissor jack)的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图13示出了图12的移开上部骨界面以示出剪式千斤顶机械装置的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图14示出了图12和图13的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的剖面图。
图15示出了外部可调节装置的透视图。
图16示出了图15的外部调节装置的磁性手持件的分解图。
图17示出了根据本发明的第五实施方式的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图18示出了图17的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的剖面图。
图19示出了图17的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的分解图。
图20至图27示出了植入和操作非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的方法,用于保持或调节患者胫骨的开放楔形截骨术的角度。
图28示出了胫骨上的牵引轴。
图29至图31示出了植入和操作非侵入性可调节的楔形截骨装置的方法,用于保持或调节患者胫骨的闭合楔形截骨术的角度。
图32示出了用于挖除根据本发明的第一实施方式的骨材料的系统。
图33示出了图32的系统的旋转切割工具。
图34示出了图33的旋转切割工具的侧视图。
图35示出了沿着35-35线截取的图34的旋转切割工具的剖面图。
图36示出了图32的移除了盖的系统的驱动单元。
图37示出了胫骨内的位置的图32的系统。
图38示出了从胫骨中除去骨材料后的图32的系统。
图39示出了用于挖除根据本发明的第二实施方式的胫骨内位置的骨材料的系统。
图40示出胫骨内的膨胀构造的图39的系统。
图41示出了具有研磨表面的臂作为图39的系统的挖除装置的部件的端视图。
图42示出了用于挖除根据本发明的第三实施方式的在胫骨内位置的骨材料的系统。
图43示出了胫骨内的扩大的结构的图42的系统。
图44示出了作为图42的挖除系统的部件的具有压实表面的臂的端视图。
图45A示出了根据本发明的第六实施方式的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图45B示出了图45A的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的透视图。
图46示出了图45B的取自圆46内的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的详细视图。
图47示出了图45A的处于第一牵引位置的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图48示出了图45A的处于第二牵引位置的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图49示出了图45A的处于第一牵引位置的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨术的装置的剖面图。
图50示出了图45A的处于第二牵引位置的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的剖面图。
图51示出了图45A的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的衬套。
图52至图55示出了植入和操作图45A的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的方法,用于保持或调节患者胫骨的开放楔形截骨术的角度。
图56A至图56D示出了用于图45A的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的骨螺钉结构。
图57示出了根据本发明的第七实施方式的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图58示出了与图57的非侵入性可调节的楔形截骨装置一起使用的骨锚。
图59至图61示出了植入和操作图57的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨术装置的方法,用于保持或调节患者的胫骨的开放楔形截骨术的角度。
图62示出了根据本发明的第八实施方式的处于第一牵引位置的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图63示出了处于第二牵引位置的图62的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。
图64A示出了在除去磁性组件期间,根据本发明的实施方式的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的磁性可调节致动器(actuator)。
图64B示出了在除去磁性组件后,图64A的磁性可调节致动器。
图64C示出了在替换致动器壳体帽后,图64A的磁性可调节致动器。
图65A示出了在除去径向极化的永磁体之前,根据本发明的实施方式的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的磁性可调节致动器。
图65B示出了在除去径向极化永磁体期间,图65A的磁性可调节致动器。
图65C示出了在除去径向极化永磁体和替换磁性壳体帽后,图64A的磁性可调节致动器。
图65D示出了替换致动器壳体帽之后,图64A的磁性可调节致动器。
图66至图69示意地示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的驱动元件的替代源的各种实施方式。
具体实施方式
图1示出了股骨100、胫骨102和膝关节104的标准排列,其中,髋关节(在股骨头108)、膝关节104和踝关节(在远端胫骨110的中线)沿着单线112定向。腓骨106示出为在胫骨102旁边。图2的膝关节104以关节炎状态示出,其中,间室114已经受损,引起线112中间偏移地通过膝关节的中心104。
图3示出通过沿着切割线120切割以及打开楔角α形成开放的楔形截骨118。图4示出了通过将骨移植物材料122放置在开放的楔形截骨118内,以及随后放置板124(该板124随后用胫骨螺钉126固定至胫骨102)的最终设置。
图5示出了具有植入的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置128的胫骨102。在图6中示出了不具有胫骨102的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置128。该非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置128包括致动器142,该致动器142包括外壳体130和伸缩地连接在外壳体130内的用于非侵入性的纵向调节的内轴132。为了植入非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置128,在胫骨102中钻孔138,并且随后沿着切割线120进行切割。然后将致动器142(首先是远端140)插入孔138。打开楔形开口144到足以插入下部支架136和上部支架134。如图7所示的下部支架136具有开口146和内径148,使其能卡入至围绕外壳130的圆周凹槽150。然后通过将骨螺钉(未示出)穿过螺钉孔154设置将下部支架136固定到胫骨102的楔形开口144的下部152。然后将上部支架134滑动适当位置处并通过拧紧紧固螺钉158(其穿过致动器142的内轴132的螺纹孔)固定至致动器142的近端156。然后,通过穿过螺钉孔164放置骨螺钉(未示出),将上部支架134固定至胫骨102的楔形开口144的上部162。
图8示出了磁性可调节致动器142,其可以在图5至图7的实施方式,或本文描述的其他实施方式中使用。通过使用包含于具有末端160的内轴132中的磁性组件166,内轴132在外壳体130内是伸缩地调节的。磁性组件166包括径向极化的圆柱形磁体168,其与一个或多个行星齿轮级(多级行星齿轮,planetary gear stages)170啮合。行星齿轮级170输出至导螺杆172。在一些实施方式中,用高强度销钉(例如,由400系列不锈钢构成的销钉)可以将最终齿轮级170钉在导螺杆172上。内轴132包含空腔174,其中结合着具有内螺纹的螺母176,用于通过界面连接导螺杆172的外螺纹。径向轴承178和止推轴承180使得磁性组件166以相对较低的摩擦进行操作。将O形环密封件182保持在外壳体130的壁的内侧上的周圆周槽内,并且O形环密封件182的内径动态地密封内轴132的外径。
返回至图5,使用非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置128用来随时间逐渐打开楔形开口144。通过从相对于患者的外部位置施加移动磁场,例如,在患者已经从手术恢复后,可以逐渐地延长图6的致动器142(例如每天约一(1)毫米),使得楔形开口144达到期望的角度,其可通过让患者完成不同的运动研究(跨步、转动等)进行测试,直至达到最舒适的状态。逐步延长可以允许Ilizarov骨发生的可能性,其中,随着楔形开口打开,新的骨材料形成于其中。以这种方式,骨移植物可以是不必要的。在达到期望的楔形开口144角度后,可以使新生长的骨材料坚固化(愈合,consolidate)。在该过程中,如果延长过快,或新生的骨还没有充分坚固化,可以在相反的方向施加移动磁场,从而缩短致动器142以增加压缩和产生良好的尺寸用于形成骨痂。在确认已经发生足够的骨痂形成后,可以以相同的速度或者以不同的速度重新开始延长。一旦延长充分完成,以及坚固化的骨稳定,期望移除整个非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置128,或简单地移除磁性组件166。
图9示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置184,其包括磁性组件192,磁性组件192包括磁体,例如,连接至驱动螺钉188的径向极化的圆柱形磁体186。如通过外部施加的移动磁场转动径向极化圆柱形磁体186,驱动螺钉188在具有内螺纹的块体190内部转动,使得驱动螺钉188和磁性组件192沿第一轴向方向(A)移动。由于磁性组件192轴向移动,在连接点196处它推动弯曲形状的记忆(例如,超弹性)板弹簧194。随着力增加,连接点196处的止推轴承198允许径向极化的圆柱形磁体186的持续旋转。当镍钛诺板弹簧194的内部弯曲200在第一轴向方向(A)推动时,镍钛诺板弹簧194的宽度(W)增加。镍钛诺板弹簧194中的切除部分202为径向极化的圆柱形磁体186在第一轴向方向(A)上转动和移动提供了空间。
图10示出了类似于图9的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置184的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置216,不同之处在于图9的镍钛诺板弹簧194由连接的升降机(linked lift)204代替。连接的升降机204包括下部板206与上部板208,它们通过销210连接至块体190,销允许每个板206和208的角度沿箭头(B)方向增加。板206和208通过销210连接至内板212和214。内板212、214的铰接结构以与图9中镍钛诺板弹簧板194在第一轴向方向(A)推动的相似的方式向前推动。
图11示出了置于胫骨102内的楔形开口144的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置184。图10的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置216可以以相同的方式插入。
图12至图14示出了基于剪式千斤顶(scissor jack)的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置218。非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置218包括具有下部骨界面222和上部骨界面224的主壳体220,上部骨界面224可以相对于主壳体220和下部骨界面222进行调节。图13显示了移除了上部骨界面224的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置218以便更好地理解内部部件。剪式组件225包括第一剪刀226和第二剪刀228,它们可以通过中心销230以铰接方式连接。剪刀226的远臂234和剪刀228的远臂238通过销240可以连接至下部骨界面222和上部骨界面224的远端。用销240将第二剪刀228的臂232连接至磁性组件244的互连件242。中空的磁性组件246具有内螺纹247,其与连结至互连件242的导螺杆248的外螺纹249啮合。中空的磁性组件246可以包括中空的径向极化磁体。互连件242包括棘爪251,其可以啮合棘轮板255的齿253。当外部施加的运动磁场使得磁体246旋转时,导螺杆248和互连件242沿第一轴向方向(A)移动,从而使得剪式组件225打开,并且从而增加下部骨界面222和上部骨界面224之间的距离(D)。第一剪刀226的臂236可以在通道257内在上部骨界面224上滑动。棘轮板255的棘爪251和齿253形成单向棘轮,使得距离(D)增加而不减小。
图15示出了外部调节装置1180,其用于非侵入性地调节本文描述的装置和系统。外部调节装置1180包括磁性手持件1178、控制盒1176和电源1174。控制盒1176包括具有一种或多种控制(按钮、开关或触觉、动作、声音或光传感器)的控制面板1182和显示器1184。显示器1184可以是视觉、听觉、触觉等或上述特征的一些组合。外部调节装置1180可以包含允许医生编程的软件。
图16示出了外部调节装置1180的磁性手持件1178的细节。如图16所示,存在多个,例如,两个(2)具有圆柱形的形状的磁体1186(其他形状也是可以的)。磁体1186可以由稀土磁体制造,并且在一些实施方式中可以是径向极化的。连接磁体1186或以其他方式固定在磁性杯1187内。磁性杯1187包括轴1198,其分别连接至第一磁体齿轮1212和第二磁体齿轮1214。通过齿轮系统(通过使用与第一磁体齿轮1212和第二磁体齿轮1214二者相啮合的中心齿轮1210)保持每两个磁体1186的极的方向彼此相关。在一个实施方式中,在完整的旋转中匹配时钟的位置,一个磁体1186的北极与另一个磁体1186的南极同步转动。已知该构型将改进的扭矩传送提供至,例如圆柱形磁体168或磁体246。在美国专利第8,382,756号(其公开内容通过引用将其整体结合于此)中描述了外部调节装置的方法和实施方式的实施例,该外部调节装置用于调节非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置218或本发明的其他实施方式,以及美国专利申请序列号13/172,598以公开号2012-0004494A1公开,其公开通过引用将其整体结合于此。
使磁性手持件1178的部件在磁体板1190和前板1192之间保持在一起。由盖1216保护大部分的部件。磁体1186在固定的磁体盖188内旋转,从而使磁性手持件1178可以直接靠在患者上,而不会将任何运动传递至患者的外表面。在牵引髓内延长装置1110之前,操作者将磁性手持件1178在接近圆柱磁体1134的位置放置于患者上。插入在两个磁体1186之间的磁体支架1194包括观察窗1196以有助于放置。例如,通过观察窗1196可以看到用不能消除的记号笔在患者皮肤的适当位置上做的标记。为了进行牵引,操作者通过磁性手持件1178的手柄握住其,并且按下牵引开关1228,使得电动机1202在第一方向上驱动。电动机1202具有齿轮箱1206,其使得输出齿轮1204的旋转速度不同于电动机1202的旋转速度(例如,较低的速度)。随后该输出齿轮1204转动减速齿轮1208,其与中心齿轮1210啮合,使得中心齿轮1210以与减速齿轮1208不同的转速转动。中心齿轮1210与第一磁体齿轮1212和第二磁体齿轮1214二者啮合,使得它们以彼此相同的速率转动。取决于其中定位有外部调节装置1180的磁体1186的身体中的部分,期望的是控制该速率以最小化得到的由磁体1186和圆柱形磁体1134通过身体的组织和体液赋予的感应电流密度。例如,尽管可以使用其他的速度,例如35转/分钟或更低,预期的是60转/分钟或更低的磁体转速。在任何时候,如果患者在安装有装置的区域感到明显的疼痛或者麻木,通过按下回位开关1230可以减少牵引,这是合乎需要的。
图17至图19示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300,包括磁性可调节致动器342,该磁性可调节致动器具有第一端326和第二端328。具有腔374的内轴332伸缩地连接在外壳体330内,其包括牵引壳体312和齿轮壳体306。至少一个横向孔305穿过位于磁性可调节致动器342的第一端326的端帽302。通过圆周焊接接头390,端帽302可以密封地固定到齿轮壳体306。第二焊接接头392将牵引壳体312密封地固定至齿轮壳体306。一个或多个横向孔364穿过内轴332。一个或多个横向孔364和至少一个横向孔305允许至少一个锁定螺钉穿过。当调节致动器342时,一些实施方式仅使用一个横向孔364和一个横向孔305以便更好地允许磁性可调节致动器342和锁定螺钉之间的旋转运行。在内轴332的外表面中的一个或多个纵向凹槽372以具有突出物375的锁定方式(keyed manner)啮合于防旋转环373,该防旋转环373在防旋转环373的扁平边缘384处啮合牵引壳体312端部内的底切(undercut)。防旋转环373中的一个或多个导向翼383环可以保持防旋转环373在牵引壳体312的切口391中可旋转地固定。
通过一个或多个O形环334保护磁性可调节致动器342中的内容物避免体液,该O形环保留在内轴332的圆周槽382中,沿着牵引壳体312的内表面动态地密封。内轴332通过导螺杆348相对于外壳体330轴向驱动,导螺杆348由圆柱形径向极化磁体368转动。圆柱形径向极化磁体368连接在第一磁体壳体308和第二磁体壳体310内,并通过径向轴承378可转动地保持在销336一端上,径向轴承378直接接合在端帽302的沉孔304上。第二磁体壳体310输出至三级行星齿轮370的第一级367。三级行星齿轮370的行星齿轮387在齿轮壳体306中的内齿321内转动。第一级367输出至第二级369,第二级369输出至第三级371。第三级371通过锁定销385连接至导螺杆348,该锁定销385在输出的第三级371和导螺杆348二者中穿过孔352。导螺杆连接器339通过销385也保持在导螺杆348上,销385穿过孔359。导螺杆348螺纹地啮合螺母376,其连接在内轴332的腔374中。每级行星齿轮370包括4:1的传动比,产生64:1的总传动比,使得圆柱形径向极化的磁体368的64次转动导致导螺杆348的单次转动。止推轴承380在轴向方向上宽松地保持在齿轮壳体306的凸缘之间。导螺杆连接器339包括凸缘355,其与导螺杆348的底部的相对的凸缘(未示出)相似。如果内轴332缩回至最小长度,导螺杆348底部的凸缘邻接导螺杆的连接器凸缘355,确保导螺杆348不被具有过高扭矩的螺母卡住。止推轴承380夹持在齿轮壳体306中的凸缘393和齿轮壳体306端部中的插件395之间。止推轴承380用于保护圆柱形径向极化磁体368、行星齿轮级370、磁体壳体308和310,以及径向轴承378避免由于压缩导致的损坏。包括薄弧形的磁性材料,如“400系列”的不锈钢维持构件346连接在齿轮壳体306内,邻近圆柱形径向极化磁体368,并且可以吸引圆柱形径向极化磁体368的磁极,以便最小化圆柱形径向极化磁体368转动的几率(例如,当在患者移动期间,未通过外部调节装置1180调节时)。
在一个实施方式中,非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300具有能力来在每个方向上增加或减少它的长度的至少约3毫米,以及在另一实施方案中在每个方向增加或减少约9毫米。该非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300可以达到240磅的牵引力,当外部调节装置1180的磁性手持件1178被放置成使得磁体1186离圆柱形径向极化磁体368约1/2英寸。非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的大部分部件可以由钛或钛合金,例如钛-6Al-4V、钴铬、不锈钢或其他合金制造。当植入时,非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300可以用手插入或可以连接到插入工具(例如钻导子)。包括内螺纹397的接口366位于端帽内用于与插入工具的外螺纹302反向啮合。可替代地,这些特征可以位于内轴332的端360。另外可拆卸的系绳可以连接至非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300的任一端,使得如果装置不正确地放置的话,其可以被容易地移除。
图20到图27示出了植入和操作非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125用于改变患者的胫骨的角度的方法。在图20中,示出了具有膝盖骨性关节炎的患者的右膝盖关节104的前视图,包括股骨100、胫骨102和腓骨106。非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125可以朝向胫骨102的内侧放置(远离股骨106)。这样制备胫骨102的骨以允许非中心地放置非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置。如图所示21所示,通过产生第一切口103,例如,用摆锯,和打开开放的楔形截骨118,在胫骨102的内侧处的皮肤上做一个切口和使得开放的楔形截骨118与铰接点相关联。用于铰接点107的典型的位置可以通过图20中的距离X和Y描述。在一些实施方式中,X=10mm和Y=15mm。在铰接点,通常的做法是制作小的钻孔并且放置顶销,例如直径为约3mm至约4mm的顶销。开放的楔形截骨术118现在分开了胫骨102的第一部分119和第二部分121。
如图22所示,在皮肤上制造切口,在中央胫骨平台101设置钻111并且从胫骨平台101向下至胫骨102的髓管钻出具有第一轴117的第一腔室109。期望的是在钻孔阶段在开放的楔形截骨118内放置临时的楔形物123以维持稳定性。直径为约12mm或更小,或更优选地约10mm或更小的钻用于产生第一腔109。图23和图24示出了产生第二腔115的一般的步骤。由挖除装置113在此表示多个实施方式,挖除装置113通过穿过胫骨平台101处的开口插入到第一腔109。随后第二空腔115形成至第一腔109的一侧,在这种情况下为内侧。如图所示25所示,在移去挖除装置113后,具有外壳体129和内轴127的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125插入到第一空腔109。在图25中,示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125,使得内轴127面向患者上方(向上),但在一些情况下可以期望植入非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125,使得内轴127面向下方(向下)。非侵入性地的可调节楔形截骨装置125中的第一横向孔135和第二横向孔137中构造放置骨锚件,例如锁定螺钉。
在图26中,非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125随后放入第二腔115,并且用第一锚固件131通过第一横向孔135和第二锚件133通过第二横向孔137固定。基于术前计算和/或手术X-射线或其他图像,在胫骨的第一部分119和第二部分121之间设置楔角α1。在术后恢复后,患者可以返回进行动态成像会话(例如X射线),在此期间,患者站立,甚至移动膝关节104,以便最佳地确定楔角α1允许膝关节104的最佳构型。如果,例如,此时需要增加楔角α1,随后将图15的外部调节装置1180的磁性手持件1178置于患者的膝关节104上并且操作使得内轴127从外壳129牵引开以增加至更大的楔角α2(图27)。期望的是至少一个锚件(例如第二锚件133)在横向孔(例如第二横向孔137)中具有足够的间隙,以便当牵引非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125时,产生的任何角度不会导致非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125的另外的弯曲力矩。当肿胀已经减少而且在骨坚固化显著之前,在术后的某个时间进行动态成像会话。该过程可以是术后约一到两周。如果做出了调节(增加或减少),可以进行另外的动态成像会话,例如,在做出调节一周后。取决于测定的所需的校正,供应非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125以使其可以伸长或缩短,换言之,使得开放的楔形截骨118的角度可以随后增加或降低。
对开放的楔形截骨118的开放的量进行定量的可替代的方式是,例如通过射线照相术测量在开放的楔形截骨118的内侧边181的间隙G1、G2。在开放的楔形截骨118的通常的角度范围内,以及在患者胫骨102尺寸通常的范围内,毫米级别的间隙G1、G2近似于楔角α1、α2。例如,G1(mm)≈α1(°);G2(mm)≈α2(°)。期望的是假定需要进行校正,将以每天增加约2mm或更小的间隙(G)的范围的速率进行有效延长。间隙增加速率(GIR)可以限定为间隙每天改变的毫米数。确定要使用的间隙增加速率(GIR)的一个考虑因素是患者对疼痛的忍耐。一些患者可以忍耐较大量的疼痛,例如由于软组织拉伸引起的疼痛,因此为较大的间隙增加速率(GIR)。另一个考虑是发生的骨生长的量。评估骨生长的量的一种方法是通过射线照相术。优选的间隙增加速率(GIR)是骨生长按照这种速率在开放的楔形截骨118内发生,但不发生早期的骨的坚固化(坚固化会“限制”开放的楔形截骨118的移动性,使得其不能开得更大)。可以期望的是有目的地植入具有较小初始间隙(G0)的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125,使得通过非侵入性调节可以逐渐达到理想的间隙(G1)。可以预期的是在调节期间,可以进行总共1至20或更多次的调节过程,用于总量为约1mm至约20mm的间隙(G)增加,例如在一个月或更短的调整周期期间。通常,调节周期可以跨越约十天,包括约十个调节过程并且涉及总量为约5毫米至约12毫米的间隙增加。
通过将非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125设置在胫骨内侧,而不是中心线附近,可以将较大的力矩置于第一部分119和第二部分121以便相对于铰接点107打开开放的楔形截骨118。另外,对于由非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125施加的任意特定的牵引力,可以实现更大的量的牵引。在图28中,示出了三种不同的牵引轴(A、B、C),表示非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125的三个可能的位置。牵引轴A近似于胫骨102中的中线,而牵引轴B与中线成约11°角,和牵引轴C与中线成约22°角。从铰接点107到牵引轴B的长度DB可以比从铰接点107与牵引轴A的长度DA长约32%。更显著地,从铰接点107到牵引轴C的长度DC可以比从铰接点107到牵引轴A的长度DA长约60%。需要非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125的牵引力以便克服由于软组织的粘连效果导致的沿着胫骨排列的系列阻力。沿着轴C放置并且从而位于第二腔115(图27)中的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125,可以允许开放的楔形截骨118的更有效的牵引。
图29到图31示出了植入和操作非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置125来改变入患者的胫骨的角度的方法,但不像图20至图27中示出的开放的楔形截骨118,示出了闭合的楔形截骨141。在图29中,做了第一切口103,而在图30做了第二切口105并且除去楔形骨。将第二切口105有意地除去比所需要的稍多的骨以优化校正角,并且如图31所示,闭合的楔形截骨141保留有微小的间隙,使其随后可以在任一方向进行调节(以增大或减小当时的角度)。通过按照图22至图26中描述的其余步骤继续植入方法,并且如图27中描述的可以增大或减小闭合的楔形截骨的角141。
图32至图36示出了用于挖除骨材料400的第一系统。用于挖除骨材料400的系统配置为用于创建如图22至图24中通常描述的第二空腔115。通过柔性传动系统(flexibledrive train)408将驱动单元404连接至旋转切割工具402。旋转切割工具402是图23中引入的挖除装置113的实施方式,而且也可以作为图22的钻111。如图32至图35中描述的旋转切割工具402在第一端444的和第二端446之间延伸(如图34所示),并包括远端扩孔钻(reamer)412,其连接至到近端扩孔钻410。如图35所示,远端扩孔钻412包括小直径部分440,其插入近端扩孔钻410。圆周接合构件434轴向地保持在远端扩孔钻412与近端扩孔钻410之间,并且包括分布在其圆周上的多个切口435(图34)并形成滑轮。远端扩孔钻412、近端扩孔钻410和圆周接合构件434与插脚437保持在一起,它们穿过孔436,并且确保所有组件一致地旋转。将帽螺钉438固定在近端扩孔钻410有内螺纹的内表面。远端扩孔钻412进一步包括锥形442和钝的末端414。旋转切割工具402的外径可以是约12mm或更小,和更特别地约10mm或更小。近端扩孔钻410的外直径可以是约9mm和远端扩孔钻在钝的末端414处的外径可以从约9mm逐渐变细至约6.35mm。如图32和图36中最佳地示出的驱动单元404包括由滑轮盖板418覆盖的驱动器壳体416和驱动盖板420。多个螺钉421将驱动器盖板420固定到驱动器壳体416,和四个螺钉426将滑轮盖板418固定至驱动器壳体416。图36中未示出驱动器壳体416以便更详细地披露内部部件。在图32中,通过螺钉424将手柄406连接至手柄安装板422,其反过来可拆卸地连接至驱动器壳体416(例如,通过螺钉或夹具)。
具有锁定端部430的轴428(图36)构造为可拆卸地连接到电钻单元468(图37和图38)。用固定螺钉451将大滑轮450连接至轴428使得通过电钻单元468的轴428的旋转导致大滑轮450旋转。轴428和大滑轮450保持在两个球轴承448之间(下部的球轴承不可见),以及填隙垫圈464和波形垫圈466位于大滑轮450的任意一侧,以便控制轴向间隙的量。用销454将滚轮452可转动地连接至滚轮滑片456的末端。滚轮滑片456能够在驱动器壳体416内轴向滑动并且通过松开翼形螺钉432,驱动盖板420,翼形螺钉432的螺纹轴与内螺纹462在滚轮滑片456上啮合。通过拧紧翼形螺钉432可以固定滚轮滑片456使得它在使用过程中不会滑动。在滚轮滑片456中的纵向狭缝460通过提供第一端461和第二端463(它们与止动件458相接的)控制轴向滑动的总量。
当与大滑轮450或圆周接合构件434使用时,柔性传动系统408包括小的同步带,例如约3mm宽的或具有大于10英寸-盎司滑动扭矩(slippage torque)的玻璃纤维增强聚氨酯带。对于滑动扭矩的一个潜在的实例是13英寸-盎司。柔性传动系统的齿可以以2毫米的齿距定位。图37示出了用于挖除的骨材料400的系统的连接至电钻单元468的驱动单元404。电钻单元468包括马达壳体476、手柄470和电池组472。该手柄可以包括本领域内已知的任意数量的接口用于开启或关闭电钻单元468,或者控制速度。在一些实施方式中,电钻单元468可以直接插入标准电源而并不具有电池组472。轴428的锁定端430连接至电钻单元468的联轴器474。
在图37中,创建了第一空腔109,柔性传动系统408通过内侧切口插入并且进入胫骨的第一部分119和第二部分121之间的开放的楔形截骨118。然后,将旋转切割工具402向下置于胫骨102的第一腔109中,使得柔性传动系统408环绕旋转切割工具402的圆周接合构件434。利用翼形螺钉432松动,调节柔性传动系统408中所需的张力的量,并且随后拧紧翼形螺钉432。在该所需的张力下,柔性传动系统408的齿的圆周接合构件434的切口435(图34)很好地啮合,并且滚轮452应该旋转地接触圆周接合构件434的外表面,使其稳定。操作电钻单元468,使得图36的大滑轮450引起柔性传动系统408旋转,并且经由与圆周接合构件434接合从而转动旋转切割工具402(图34)。大滑轮450可以是圆周接合构件434的直径的两倍,从而使得该旋转切割工具402以电钻单元468的输出的旋转速度的一半转动。其他比例也在本发明的范围内。可以期望的是控制旋转切割工具402的旋转速度以便最小化被切去的骨材料周围的骨的加热,从而限制可能妨碍在愈合过程中骨的正常生长的对骨头的损伤。虽然旋转切割工具402由驱动单元404旋转,拉动手柄406使得旋转切割工具402沿着路径477切割第二腔115(图38)。近端扩孔钻410在胫骨102的第一部分119内切割的和远端扩孔钻412在胫骨102的第二部分121内切割。创建第二空腔115后,松开翼形螺钉432和至少部分降低柔性传动系统408上的张力。随后移除旋转切割工具402并且将柔性传动系统408拉出开放的楔形截骨118。可以将系绳连接到旋转切割工具402,例如经由帽螺钉438,以施加张力并且从而有助于其移除。在系绳和旋转切割工具408之间可以进一步包括旋转接头以避免系绳扭曲。
图39至图41示出了用于挖除骨材料500的第二系统。用于挖除骨材料的系统包括具有中空的外轴508的挖除装置502。中空的外轴508具有远端507和近端509,并且连接至外轴手柄510,其被配置为用单只手握住以保持稳定或用来移动挖除装置502。将具有螺纹端部516的调节元件512连接到调节手柄514。螺纹端部516在中空外轴508中以螺纹方式啮合内螺纹(未示出),以及通过操控调节手柄514转动调节构件512来相对于中空外轴508沿轴向移动调节部件512。中空外轴508具有与可铰接的臂504相邻的切去部分511。螺纹端部516经由连杆520连接至臂504。连杆520在第一枢轴点518连接至臂504,并且连杆520在第二枢轴点521连接至调节元件512的螺纹端部516(如图40所示)。以旋转方向R相对于中空外轴508和外轴手柄510旋转调节手柄514导致调节构件512相对于中空外轴508以方向D移动,并且导致臂504相对于中空外轴508在路径E中扩展。
臂504包括用于去除骨材料的研磨表面506。如图41所示,臂504可以是具有半圆柱形横截面的细长构件,并且研磨表面506可以包括覆盖有多个尖锐的突出部分513的锉刀。图39示出了放置在胫骨102内做出的第一腔109中的挖除装置502。为了创建出在第一空腔109的一侧的第二腔115,操作者用一只手握住外轴手柄510并用另一只手握住调节手柄514,并且以前后运动522开始移动系统用于挖除骨材料500,同时以旋转方向R缓慢转动调节手柄514。因为调节手柄514以旋转方向R转动并且用于挖除骨材料500的系统以前后运动522移动,随着骨材料的去除,臂504能够沿路径E越来越扩张(图40)。在图40中可见该步骤的顶点,使得在胫骨102的第一部分119和第二部分121形成第二腔115。完成该步骤后,以与旋转方向R相反的方向转动调节手柄,从而使臂504折叠并且从胫骨102中除去挖除装置502。
图42至图44示出了用于挖除骨材料600的第三系统。用于挖除骨材料600的系统包括具有中空外轴608的挖除装置602。中空外轴608具有远端607和近端609,并且连接至外轴手柄610,其配置为用单手握住以稳定或移动挖除装置602。将具有螺纹端部616的调节构件612连接至调节手柄614。螺纹端部616在中空外轴608中以螺纹方式啮合内螺纹(未示出),以及通过操控调节手柄614转动调节构件612来相对于中空外轴608沿轴向移动调节部件612。中空外轴608具有与可铰接的臂604相邻的切去部分611。螺纹端部616经由连杆620连接至臂604。连杆620在第一枢轴点618连接至臂604,并且连杆620在第二枢轴点621连接至调节元件612的螺纹端部616。以旋转方向R相对于中空外轴608和外轴手柄610旋转调节手柄614导致调节构件612相对于中空外轴608以方向D移动,并且导致臂604相对于中空外轴608在路径E中扩张,如图43所示。
如图44所示,臂604包括用于压实松质骨的压实表面606。臂604可以是具有管状或部分管状横截面的细长构件,并且压实表面606可以包括用于切割穿过松质骨的路径的前边缘690和从前缘延伸的第一倾斜表面692。第一倾斜表面692用于压实松质骨,而且当松质骨偏离地移动时,还允许一些超过松质骨的滑动。相似地,具有不同于第一倾斜表面692的角度的第二倾斜表面694可以配置为压紧表面606的一部分。图42示出了放置在胫骨102内做出的第一腔109中的挖除装置602。为了创建在第一空腔109的一侧的第二腔115,操作者用一只手握住外轴手柄610并用另一只手握住调节手柄614,并且以旋转方向R缓慢转动调节手柄614。随着通过以旋转方向R转动调节手柄614,臂604越来越扩张,压实松质骨。在图43中可见该步骤的顶点,使得在胫骨102的第二部分121中形成第二腔115。挖除装置602可以在胫骨102中向上移动并且在胫骨102的第一部分内可以完成压实。在完成压实步骤后,以与旋转方向R相反的方向转动调节手柄,从而使得臂604折叠并且从胫骨102中移去挖除装置602。
图45A至图50示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700。如图45A所示,该非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700具有第一端726和第二端728,并且与图17至图19的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300在构造上类似。然而,非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700的第一端726包括Herzog弯曲部(Herzog弯管,Herzog bend)780,其中,第一端726以角度θ伸出。在一些实施方式中,相对于非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700的中心轴782,角度θ的范围在约5°至约20°之间,或更特别地在约8°至12°之间,或约10°。磁性可调节致动器742包括伸缩地设置在壳体730中的内轴732,外壳体730进一步包括牵引壳体712和齿轮壳体706。第一横向孔735、第二横向孔743、第三横向孔737和第四横向孔739具有用于通过骨锚的尺寸,例如具有直径为约3.0mm至约5.5mm,更特别约4.0mm至约5.0mm的锁定螺钉。在一些实施方式中,外壳体730的直径为约7.0mm至约9.5mm,和更特别地约8.5mm。内轴732的直径在包括第二横向孔743和第三横向孔737的内轴732的部分也以也可以逐渐逐渐变细直到约8.5mm。这大于内轴732的小直径部分784(内轴732在外壳体730内压缩),和从而直径的这种增加允许第二横向孔743和第三横向孔737反过来构造为具有更大的直径,使得可以使用更强的、更大直径的骨螺钉。同样,第一端726的直径可以逐渐减少直到约10.7mm,以便允许使用甚至更大的骨螺钉。在具有直径为约8.5mm的外壳体730(在第一端726逐渐增大至约10.7mm)的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700(并且具有逐渐变细的高达约8.5mm的内轴732)中,可以预料的是将具有约4.0mm直径的骨螺钉穿过第二横向孔743和第三横向孔737,而将具有直径约为5.0mm的骨螺钉放置为穿过第一横向孔735和第四横向孔739。从第一端726延伸到第二端728的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700的示例性的长度是约150mm。
如图46中更详细地示出的,在非侵入性可调节楔形截骨术装置700的第一端726的接口766包括用于与插入工具的外螺纹的可逆啮合的内螺纹797。在美国专利第8,449,543号中描述了用于植入非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700的仪器的方法和实施方式的实例,该美国专利公开的内容通过引用将其全体结合于此。当将非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700植入并且非侵入式地调节时,第四横向孔739包括允许骨固锚件和非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700之间的某些运动的动态结构。具有大致圆柱形的外直径和内直径的衬套751位于第四横向孔739并且具有配置为顺利通过锁定螺钉的内直径753,例如锁定螺钉具有直径约为5.0mm。在一些实施方式中,衬套751可以由金属材料构成,例如钛-6Al-4V材料。在其他实施方式中,衬套751可以由PEEK构成。衬套751可以是角度上不受限制的,从而能够在第四横向孔739内摇动或转动。
图47示出了在第一,非牵引状态的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700。内轴732基本上回缩在外壳体730内。图48示出了在部分牵引状态下的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700,使得内轴732的一部分从外壳体730中延伸出来(例如,在磁性牵引后)。此外,图47和图48示出了对于骨螺钉755(具有头部757、轴759和用于啮合皮层骨的螺纹部分761)的两个不同的可能位置。骨螺钉755描述了沿着大致弧形的路径763的摇动或转动。衬套751可以在第四横向孔739内一般地摇动,或衬套751实际上可以在轴上转动。例如,销可以从衬套751的外径横向延伸至约为其长度的中心点,并连接至横向形成与第四横向孔739中的孔或凹槽内。如在本文使用的词“摇动”和“摇动的”通常指不具有中央枢轴点的运动。如本文使用的“角度上不受限制的”是指相对于所述非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700,允许不一定在单个平面中的角度的骨螺钉755的衬套751的运动的任意的自由度。如本文使用的“不受限制的角度”旨在包括摇动和转动(绕轴旋转,pivoting)。
图49和图50示出了在第四横向孔739中以限制的角度方式移动的衬套751的截面图。如图51所示,衬套751包括由过渡区769隔开的两个大的直径延伸部765、770和由过渡区769隔开的两个小直径延伸部767、768。在一些实施方式中,可以存在沿衬套751的一侧的纵向狭缝771,以允许具有一定长度的外径变化的骨螺钉755来适合内径753。在图49中,衬套751没有达到其抵靠第四横向孔739的范围。相反,图50示出了大的直径延伸部765在第四横向孔739内邻接第一点773,和其他的大的直径延伸部770临近第四横向孔739内的第二点775。此外,该纵向狭缝771,或者可替代地,衬套751上的外部轮廓可以适合在第四横向孔739相匹配的轮廓,使得衬套751不能围绕它的柱轴旋转(相对于第四横向孔739),但仍然能够摇动(rock)或转动(pivot)。可以控制两个大的直径延伸部765、770和两个小的直径延伸部767、768,例如,使得衬套751能够在一个方向上摇动或转动约15°,而在另一个方向上为约0°。这些约15°,例如,可以选择为对应于特定的患者中的开放的楔形截骨118的开口的总量。在不同型号的衬套751中可以控制角度的范围。例如,在一个方向上约15°,在另一个方向上约0°;在一个方向上约10°,在另一个方向上约5°;在一个方向上约20°,在另一个方向上约0°;和在一个方向上约10°,在另一个方向上约10°。
图52至图55示出了植入和操作图45A至图51的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700用于保持或调节患者胫骨的开放楔形截骨的角度的方法。在图52中,制造了从胫骨102上在胫骨平台101的第一点延伸的第一腔109。在一些实施方式中,如图20至图22中示出的,可以制造第一腔109。在图53中,将非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700插入第一腔109,首先是内轴732,然后是外壳体730。在图54中,用第一骨螺钉755(其穿过图45B的第四横向孔739)和第二骨螺钉777(其穿过图45B的第一横向孔735)将非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700固定至胫骨102的第一部分119。在该实施方式中,只有第四横向孔739具有结合至其中的衬套751。第三骨螺钉779和第四骨螺钉781穿过图45B中第二横向孔743及图45B中的第三横向孔737并且固定至胫骨102的第二部分121。非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700固定于胫骨102内以使图45A的Herzog弯曲部780指向前方(例如,指向髌腱)。图55示出了在一天或多天的时间段,经过一次或多次非侵入式牵引的牵引之后的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700。当内轴732从外壳体730中移出时,已经增加开放楔形截骨118的角度。骨螺钉755已经能够相对于非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700改变其角度,例如,通过摇动或转动图49的第四横向孔739内的衬套751。
图56A到图56D示出了四种可能的骨螺钉构造用于利用第一骨螺钉755和第二骨螺钉777将所述非侵入性可调节楔形截骨术装置700的第一端726固定到胫骨102的第一部分119。示出了胫骨102的内侧800部分,外侧802部分,前部804部分和后部806部分。在图56A至图56D中的内侧800到外侧802在每个附图中分别从左到右取向。而在图52至图55中,内侧在右而外侧在左。在图56A的构造中,第一骨螺钉755固定在皮质(仅在胫骨102的一侧穿过皮质)并且与内-外侧轴810的夹角是B≈10°。在图56B的构造中,第一骨螺钉755固定在皮质并且与内-外侧轴810的夹角是B≈10°(以与图56A中的相反的方向)。第二骨螺钉777固定在皮质并且与前后轴808的夹角是A≈20°。在图56C的构造中,第一骨螺钉755和第二骨螺钉777都固定在皮质。以与前后轴808的夹角为D≈45°固定第一骨螺钉755,并且以与前后轴808夹角为A≈20°固定第二骨螺钉777。在图56D的构造中,第一骨螺钉755和第二骨螺钉777都固定在皮质。以与前后轴808的夹角为D≈45°固定第一骨螺钉755,并且以与前后轴808夹角为E≈40°固定第二骨螺钉777。
尽管在图56A至图56D中未示出,第三骨螺钉779和第四骨螺钉781可以在多个取向中固定。尽管在图54和图55中示出的从前-后平面略微倾斜,它们也可以置于其他方向,例如从内侧-外侧平面倾斜约35°。
图57示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900。非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900包括具有第一端926和第二端928的磁性可调节致动器942,并且在构造上类似于图17至图19的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300。第二端928包括具有小直径部分984的内轴932,其伸缩地并且轴向可牵引地设置在外壳体930中。外壳体930包括牵引壳体912和齿轮壳体906。第一板950从外壳体930延伸并且配置为接近于骨的外表面放置,例如,图59中示出的胫骨102的第二部分121。在第一板950上布置一个或多个锚定孔952并且配置为与对应的骨螺钉界面连接。图58中示出了骨螺钉954,包括螺纹,锥形头部956和螺纹轴958。锁定腔(keyed cavity)960与驱动仪器(未示出)连接。第一板950特征为骨界面侧962和非骨节面侧964。具有骨界面侧968和非骨界面侧970的第二板966从内轴932延伸出。第二板966通过帽972连接至内轴932,并且用固定螺钉974固定。在第二板966上布置一个或多个锚定孔976,并且配置为与对应的骨螺钉界面连接,例如骨螺钉954。锚定孔978示出为具有锥管螺纹980,用于与骨螺钉954的锥形头956界面连接。
图59至图61示出了植入和操作图57的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置用于保持或调节患者胫骨上的开放楔形截骨装置的的角度的方法。在图59中,在胫骨102中创建开放楔形截骨118。在图60中,非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900通过切口放置并且通过将第一板950连接至胫骨102的第二部分121以及将第二板966连接至胫骨的第一部分119,例如利用骨螺钉954固定至胫骨102。图61示出了在例如,利用外部调节装置1180牵引非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900后的胫骨102。
图62和图63示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置1000。该非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置1000包括具有第一端1026和第二端1028的磁性可调节的致动器1042,并且在构造上类似于图17至图19的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置300,和图57的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900。磁性可调节的致动器1042包括外壳体1030和伸缩地设置于外壳体1030中的内轴1032。如同图57的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900,非侵袭性可调节楔形截骨装置1000具有从外壳体1030延伸的第一板1050。第二板1066通过帽1072固定至内轴1032。例如当内轴1032从图62中的位置牵引至图63中的位置时,第二板1066在枢转点1091可旋转地连接至帽1072,从而允许第二板1066中可以从图62中的位置沿箭头1081到图63中的位置。这使得在外壳体1030中的内轴1032的移动期间,胫骨102的第一部分119从胫骨102的第二部分121移开,并且因此打开了开放的楔形截骨118,而不产生太大的弯曲力矩(和相关的摩擦力增加)。以这种方式,由图15的磁性连接外部调节装置1180提供的扭矩将足以牵引磁性可调节致动器1042。第二板1066相对于非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900的其余部分的可旋转性类似于衬套751和骨螺钉755相对于图45A到图50的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置700的在角度上不受限制的运动。
在某些患者中优选的是使用非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置900或非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置1000(它们不需要在胫骨平台101除去任何骨),在这些患者中期望的是保持膝关节104尽可能处于最初的状态。这些患者可以包括年轻患者、能够避免以后部分或全膝关节置换的患者或者在膝关节104处具有变形的患者。这些患者还可以包括具有小的髓管尺寸的小患者,在他们中髓内装置并不会很好地适用。
图64A至图64C示出了磁性可调节致动器1504,其可以与本发明的任意实施方式使用,并且其允许临时或永久地除去可旋转磁性组件1542。经历磁共振成像(MRI)的受试者可以要求在MRI之前移去径向极化永磁体1502以避免由径向极化永磁体1502可能导致的成像伪影。此外,存在这样的风险,即在进入MRI扫描器后径向极化永磁体1502可以去磁。在一些实施方式中,致动器壳体帽1588具有与磁性可调节的致动器1504的外壳体1505的内螺纹啮合的外螺纹1599。在其他实施方式中,可以使用的卡扣/解扣接口(snap/unsnapinterface)。致动器壳体帽1588的光滑直径部分1595被密封于O形环1593内,其被保持在外壳体1505中的圆周凹槽内。如果在植入磁性可调节致动器1504之后的时间,期望的是移除旋转磁性组件1542,同时保留完整植入体的其余部分,可以在接近致动器壳体帽1588的患者的皮肤出作出小切口,并且可以拧开致动器壳体帽1588。如图64A所示,然后可以除去可旋转磁性组件1542。图64B和图64C示出了,将致动器壳体帽1588替换至磁性可调节致动器1504的后续步骤,再次用O形环1593密封致动器壳体帽1588。然后可以闭合切口,并且受试者可以经历通常的MRI扫描。如果需要,在MRI扫描后,通过随后的相反的方法,可以替换磁性组件1542。
图65A到图65D示出了可以与本发明的任意实施方式使用的磁性可调节致动器1604,并且其有益地允许临时或永久地除去径向极化永磁体1602。致动器壳体帽1688以与图64A至图64C的磁性可调节致动器1504中的相同的方式连接和脱离磁性可调节致动器1604。径向极化永磁体1602具有两个径向部分1687和两个平坦部分1685。这两个平坦部分1685适合的磁性壳体1640的平面壁1683,其允许径向极化永磁体1602的旋转直接将扭矩提供至磁性壳体1640,而不需要任何粘合剂或环氧树脂。具有O形环1679的磁性壳体帽1681可连接至磁性壳体1640并从其上分离。如果受试者的MRI是需要的,并且已经确定应该去除径向极化永磁体1602,那么在受试者靠近致动器壳体帽1688处的皮肤做个小的切口,并且除去致动器壳体帽1688。然后从磁性壳体1640中除去磁性壳体帽1681。拉杆1677通过径向极化永磁体1602中的纵向孔(未示出)延伸,在一端延伸,使得其可以被夹紧,例如通过镊子或止血钳。拉杆1677可以具有平底部1675在相对端,使得当其被拉起时,其能够拖动径向极化永磁体1602与其一起。径向极化永磁体1602可以是永久地或暂时地移除(图65B)(示出了移除路径1691)并且磁性壳体帽1681可以是永久地或暂时地替换(图65C)。然后可以替换致动器壳体帽1688(图65D)。然后闭合切口,并且受试者可以经历通常的MRI扫描。如果需要的话,在MRI扫描后,通过之后相反的方法可以替换径向极化永磁体1602。可替代地,磁性壳体帽1681或驱动器壳体帽1688可以替换为可替代形状的帽,其将引导插入磁体致动器1604内的钥匙状结构,从而防止内部机构转动,并且当受试者行走、跑步或拉伸时,防止他的特定的调节量改变。
在全部呈现出的实施方式中,使用径向极化永磁体(例如图8的168),作为磁性组件的一部分(例如166),作为驱动元件以便在非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置中远程地产生运动。图66至图69示意性地示出了四个可替代的实施方式,其中,使用其他类型的能量转移来代替永久磁体。
图66示出了包括具有第一植入物部分1302和第二植入物部分1304的植入物1306的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置1300,第二植入物部分1304相对于第一植入物部分1302非侵入性地移动。在患者191内,第一植入物部分1302固定至第一骨部分197和第二植入物部分1304固定至第二骨部分199。电动机1308是可操作的以使得第一植入物部分1302和第二植入物部分1304相对彼此运动。外部调节装置1310具有用于由操作者输入的控制面板1312、显示器1314和发射器1316。发射器1316通过患者191的表皮195向植入的接收器1320发送控制信号1318。植入的接收器1320与电动机1308经由导体1322通信。电动机1308可以通过可植入的电池供电,或者可以通过感应耦合供电或充电。
图67示出了非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置1400,其包括具有第一植入物部分1402和第二植入物部分1404的植入物1406,第二植入物部分1404相对于第一植入物部分1402非侵入性地移动。在患者191内,将第一植入物部分1402固定至第一骨部分197并且将第二植入物部分1404固定至第二骨部分199。超声电动机1408是可操作的以使得第一植入物部分1402和第二植入物部分1404相对彼此运动。外部调节装置1410具有用于由操作者输入的控制面板1412、显示器1414和连接至患者191的皮肤195的超声传感器1416。超生传感器1416产生穿过患者191的皮肤195的超声波1418,并且运转超声电动机1408。
图68示出了包括具有第一植入物部分1702和第二植入物部分1704的植入物1706的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置1700,第二植入物部分1704相对于第一植入物部分1702非侵入性地移动。在患者191内,将第一植入物部分1702固定至第一骨部分197和将第二植入物部分1704固定至第二骨骼部分199。形状记忆致动器1708是可操作的以使得第一植入物部分1702和第二植入物部分1704相对彼此运动。外部调节装置1710具有用于由操作者输入的控制面板1712、显示器1714和发射器1716。发射器1716通过患者191的表皮195向植入的接收器1720发送控制信号1718。植入的接收器1720经由导体1722与形状记忆致动器1708通信。形状记忆致动器1708可以通过可植入电池供电,或者可以通过感应耦合供电或充电。
图69示出了包括具有第一植入物部分1802和第二植入物部分1804的植入物1806的非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置1800,第二植入物部分1804相对于第一植入物部分1802非侵入性地移动。在患者191内将第一植入物部分1802固定至第一骨部分197并且将第二植入物部分1804固定至第二骨部分199。液压泵1808是可操作的以使得第一植入物部分1802和第二植入物部分1804相对彼此运动。外部调节装置1810具有用于由操作者输入的控制面板1812,显示1814和发射器1816。发射器1816通过患者191的表皮195向植入的接收器1820发送控制信号1818。植入的接收器1820经由导体1822与液压泵1808通信。液压泵1808可以通过可植入的电池供电,或者可以通过感应耦合供电或充电。液压泵1808可以可替代地由气动泵代替。
在一个实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节的致动器,配置为通过内轴和外壳体的相对于彼此的轴向运动调节可调节的致动器的长度的磁性组件,配置为连接至外壳体的第一支架,以及配置为连接至内轴的第二支架,以及其中,外部施加至受试者的磁场移动磁性组件使得内轴和外壳体相对于彼此移动。
在另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括磁性组件,包括连接至具有外螺纹的轴的径向极化的磁体;具有内螺纹并且连接至轴的块体,其中,径向极化的磁体的旋转运动引起轴转动并且相对于块体轴向移动;具有可调节的距离的上部骨界面和下部骨界面;并且其中,轴在第一方向上的轴向运动导致距离增加。上部和下部骨界面可以形成为部分的板簧(plate spring)。上部和下部骨界面可以形成为多个互连的板的一部分。
在另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括剪式组件(包括可枢转地经由铰接连接的第一和第二剪叉臂),第一和第二剪叉臂分别连接至配置为相对于彼此移动的上部和下部骨界面;包含设置在其中的轴向可移动的导螺杆的中空磁性组件,其中,中空磁性组件配置为旋转以响应运动磁场,并且其中,所述旋转转换成导螺杆的轴向移动;在一端连接至导螺杆以及在另一端连接至第一和第二剪叉臂中的一个的棘轮组件,棘轮组件包括棘爪,棘爪配置为啮合设置于上部和下部骨界面中的一个中的齿;并且其中,导螺杆的轴向运动沿齿推动棘爪并使得上部和下部骨界面彼此分开。
在另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的补偿植入物的胫骨的方法包括在邻近患者的胫骨的胫骨平台的位置处的患者的皮肤上形成第一切口;通过沿第一轴(从胫骨平台的第一点以基本纵向方向延伸至第二点)除去骨材料在胫骨中形成第一腔;在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除胫骨;用挖除装置在胫骨中创建第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通并基本上朝胫骨的一侧延伸;以及除去挖除装置。第二腔在患者体内可以基本上向外侧延伸。第二腔在患者体内可以基本上向内侧延伸。方法可以进一步包括在创建第二腔阶段压实胫骨的松质骨一部分。挖除装置可以包括具有第一端和第二端的铰接臂,臂包括压实表面。压实表面可以包括前边缘和至少一个倾斜表面。相对于细长主体,臂可以是可调节的。臂的第一端可以可枢转地连接至细长主体并且臂的第二端可调节为离细长主体的多个距离。挖除装置可以连接至调节构件(配置为使臂的第二端移动至离细长主体的多个距离中的至少一个)。创建第二腔的步骤可以进一步包括调节调节构件使得臂的第二端沿着离细长主体的多个距离中的至少数个移动使得压实表面压实松质骨紧靠皮质骨。创建第二腔的步骤可以包括从胫骨中除去骨材料。挖除装置可以包括具有第一端和第二端的铰接臂,包括研磨表面的臂。研磨表面可以包括锉刀。相对于细长主体,臂可以是可调整的。臂的第一端可以可枢转地连接到细长主体以及臂的第二端可以调节至离细长主体的多个距离。挖除装置可以连接至调节构件,该调节构件配置为使得臂的第二端以距离细长主体的多个距离中的至少一个移动。创建第二腔的步骤可以进一步包括使得挖除装置沿着接近第一轴的双向路径纵向地移动并且调节调节构件以便将臂的第二端移动离细长主体的多个距离的至少一个,使得研磨表面除去骨材料。细长主体可以包括具有第一端、第二端、至少部分地在第一端和第二端之间延伸的切割区域以及圆周啮合构件的可旋转切割工具,并且挖除装置可以进一步包括柔性传动系统,配置为与圆周啮合构件啮合。设置挖除装置的步骤可以进一步包括在胫骨的至少一侧上创建穿过皮质骨的通路,插入穿过通路的柔性传动系统,并且将柔性传动系统连接至旋转切割工具,使得柔性传动系统的运动导致旋转切割工具的旋转。创建第二腔的步骤可以进一步包括使得旋转切割工具的圆周啮合构件基本上朝向胫骨的一侧移动,同时通过柔性传动系统使得旋转切割工具旋转。柔性传动系统可以通过驱动单元移动。旋转切割工具可以包括扩孔钻。旋转切割工具的第一端可以包括钝端。旋转切割工具的第二端可以连接至从第一切口延伸的回收系带(retrieval tether)。该回收系带可以通过旋转接头连接至旋转切割工具。移除的步骤可以包括通过从患者外部的位置施加张力至回收系带移除旋转切割工具。该方法可以进一步包括以下步骤:胫骨的第一部分和第二部分之间创建截骨,其中,柔性传动系统延伸穿过截骨。
在另一实施方式中,植入非侵入性可调节系统用于改变患者的胫骨的角度的方法包括在胫骨的第一部分和第二部分之间的创建截骨;在患者的皮肤中在邻近胫骨平台的位置处形成第一切口;在胫骨中沿着第一轴(从胫骨平台处的第一点以基本纵向的方向延伸至第二点)创建第一腔;将挖除装置置于在第一腔内,挖除装置配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除胫骨;利用挖除装置在胫骨中创建第二腔,其中,第二腔基本上朝胫骨的一侧延伸;将非侵入性可调节植入物放置为穿过第一腔并且至少部分地进入第二腔,非侵入性可调节植入物包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器;将外壳体连接至胫骨的第一部分;以及将内轴连接至胫骨的第二部分。第一部分可以在截骨的上方和第二部分可以在截骨的下方。第一部分可以在截骨的下方和第二部分可以在截骨的上方。该第二腔可以与第一腔连通。该方法可以进一步包括非侵入性地使得内轴相对于外壳体移动的步骤。非侵入性可调节植入物可以包括配置为使得内轴相对于外壳体移动的驱动元件。驱动元件可以选自包括以下的组:永磁体、感应耦合电动机、超声波致动电动机、皮下液压泵、皮下气压泵和形状记忆驱动致动器。
在另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的植入物的骨的方法包括在患者的皮肤中形成第一切口;通过沿从位于的第一点以基本纵向方向延伸至第二点的第一轴除去骨材料在骨中形成第一腔;在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨;挖除装置进一步包括具有第一端和第二端的铰接臂,臂包括压实表面;用挖除装置在骨中挖除第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通,并且基本上朝向骨的一侧延伸;以及除去挖除装置。
在另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的植入物的骨的方法包括在患者的皮肤中形成第一切口;通过沿从位于的第一点以基本纵向方向延伸至第二点的第一轴除去骨材料在骨中形成第一腔;在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨;挖除装置进一步包括具有第一端和第二端的铰接臂,臂包括研磨表面;用挖除装置在骨中挖除第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通,并且基本上朝向骨的一侧延伸;以及除去挖除装置。
在另一实施方式中,制备用于植入的植入物的骨的方法包括在患者的皮肤中形成第一切口;通过沿从位于的第一点以基本纵向方向延伸至第二点的第一轴除去骨材料在骨中形成第一腔;在第一腔内放置挖除装置,挖除装置包括细长主体并且配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨;挖除装置进一步包括配置为基本朝向骨的一侧移动的旋转切割工具(当旋转切割工具旋转时);用挖除装置在骨中挖除第二腔,其中,第二腔与第一腔连通,并且基本上朝向骨的一侧延伸;以及除去挖除装置。
在另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括非侵入性可调节植入物,包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,外壳体配置为连接至骨的第一部分并且内轴配置为连接至骨的第二部分;配置为使内轴相对于外壳体移动的驱动元件;和包括配置为沿第一轴插入骨的第一腔内的细长主体的挖除装置,挖除装置配置为相对于第一轴不对称地挖除骨以产生与第一腔连通的第二腔,其中,可调节致动器配置为连接至至少部分地在第二腔内的骨。驱动元件可以选自包括以下的组:永磁体、感应耦合电动机、超声波致动电动机、皮下液压泵、皮下气压泵和形状记忆驱动致动器。可以配置挖除装置以压实松质骨。挖除装置可包括其具有第一端和第二端的铰接臂,臂包括研磨表面。研磨表面可以包括锉刀。挖除装置可以包括具有第一端、第二端、至少部分地在第一端和第二端之间延伸的切割区域的旋转工具以及圆周啮合构件,并且挖除装置可以进一步包括配置为啮合圆周啮合构件的柔性传动系统。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统包括非侵入性可调节植入物,包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,外壳体配置为连接至骨的第一部分和内轴配置为连接至骨的第二部分;配置为使内轴相对于外壳体移动的驱动元件;其中,驱动元件选自包括以下的组:永磁体、感应耦合电动机、超声波致动电动机、皮下液压泵、皮下气压泵和形状记忆驱动致动器。驱动元件可以包括永磁体。
在另一实施方式中,用于改变具有膝盖骨性关节炎的受试者的骨的角度的系统包括非侵入性可调节植入物,包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,外壳体具有第一横向孔,以及内轴具有第二横向孔;配置为使内轴相对于外壳体移动的驱动元件,其中,驱动元件选自包括以下的组:永磁体、感应耦合电动机、超声波致动电动机、皮下液压泵、皮下气压泵和形状记忆驱动致动器;配置为穿过第一横向孔放置并且连接至胫骨的第一部分的第一锚件;以及配置为穿过第二横向孔放置并且连接至胫骨的第二部分的第二锚件,其中,第一锚件和第二锚件中的至少一个配置为相对于非侵入性可调节植入物是可枢转的(当连接至胫骨的第一部分或第二部分的任意一个时)。驱动元件可以包括永磁体。
在另一实施方式中,改变骨角度的方法包括在患者的胫骨的第一部分和第二部分之间创建截骨;通过沿第一轴(从胫骨平台的第一点以基本纵向的方向延伸至第二点)除去骨材料在胫骨中形成第一腔;将非侵入性可调节植入物置于腔内,非侵入性可调节植入物包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,并且驱动元件配置为远程可操作以便相对于外壳体伸缩地移动内轴;将外壳体或内轴中的一个连接至胫骨的第一部分;将外壳体或内轴的中另一个连接至胫骨的第二部分;并且远程地操作驱动元件以便相对于外壳体伸缩地移动内轴,从而改变胫骨的第一部分和第二部分之间的角度。
尽管已经示出并且描述了本发明的实施方式,在不背离本发明范围的情况下可以进行各种修改。可以使用非侵入性可调节楔形截骨装置的任意实施方式用于逐渐牵引(Ilizarov骨发生)或用于不正确角度的敏锐校正(acute correction)。可以使用植入物本身作为挖除装置的任意一个元件,例如,植入物的外部部分可以具有使得它可以用作扩孔钻、锉刀或骨压缩器的特征。作为可替代的,上述远程调整可以由手动控制的任何植入部件替代,例如由患者或护理人员手动按压放置在皮肤下的按钮。因此,除了所附权利要求书及其等效物之外,本发明应当不受限制。
预期的是可以进行上述实施方式的特定特征和方面的各种组合或子组合,并且仍然落在一个或多个发明的范围内。此外,本文公开的与实施方式有关的任意特定的特征、方面、方法、性质、特性、品质、属性、元件等可以用于本文列出的所有其他实施方式。因此,应当理解的是所公开的实施方式的各种特征和方面可以相互结合或相互替换以便形成所公开的发明的各种方式。因此,期望本文公开的本发明的范围不应限制于上述公开的特定的实施方式。此外,尽管本发明容许有各种修改及替代形式,在附图中已经示出了特定的实施例并且进行了详细描述。然而,应该理解的是本发明并不局限于公开的特定形式或方法,而是相反,本发明涵盖落入描述的各种实施方式以及所附权利要求的精神和范围内的所有的修改、等效物和替代物。本文公开的任何方法不需要按照所列出的次序进行。本文公开的方法包括由操作者采取的确定的动作;然而,它们也可以包括这些动作的任意的第三方的清楚的或暗示的说明。例如,如“将骨扩孔钻插入骨的第一部分”的动作包括“指导将骨扩孔钻插入第一部分”。本文公开的范围也包括任意的和所有的重叠、子范围以及它们的组合。语言例如“直到”、“至少”、“大于”、“小于”、“在之间”等包括所引用的数字。数字前面的术语,如本文使用的,例如“近似”、“约”和“基本上”包括引用的数字,并且也表示接近仍进行期望的功能或达到期望的结果的一定的量。例如,术语“近似”,“约”,和“基本上”可以指小于10%之内的、小于5%之内的、小于1%之内的、小于0.1%之内的,以及小于0.01%之内的一定的量。

Claims (21)

1.一种用于改变具有膝盖骨性关节炎的受试者的胫骨的角度的系统,
所述系统包括:
包括可调节致动器的非侵入性可调节植入物,所述可调节致动器配置为置于所述胫骨内的纵向腔内,并且具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于所述外壳体中的内轴,所述外壳体配置为连接至所述胫骨的第一部分,并且所述内轴配置为连接至所述胫骨的第二部分,所述胫骨的所述第二部分通过截骨至少部分地与所述胫骨的所述第一部分分离;以及
包括永磁体的驱动元件,并且所述驱动元件配置为远程可操作以便相对于所述外壳体伸缩地移动所述内轴。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述外壳体包括Herzog弯曲部。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中,所述Herzog弯曲部以8°至12°之间的角度从所述非侵入性可调节植入物的中心轴延伸。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述永磁体包括径向极化的稀土磁体。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述非侵入性可调节植入物具有增加其长度至少9mm的能力。
6.一种用于改变受试者的骨的角度的系统,所述系统包括:
非侵入性可调节植入物,包括具有外壳体和伸缩地设置于所述外壳体中的内轴的可调节致动器,所述外壳体与第一锚定孔相关联,并且所述内轴与第二锚定孔相关联,所述第一锚定孔配置为穿过用于将所述可调节致动器连接至所述骨的第一部分的第一锚件,并且所述第二锚定孔配置为穿过用于将所述可调节致动器连接至所述骨的第二部分的第二锚件,所述骨的所述第二部分通过截骨至少部分地与所述骨的所述第一部分分离;
驱动元件,配置为远程可操作以便相对于所述外壳体移动所述内轴;并且
其中,所述非侵入性可调节植入物被配置为当连接至所述骨的所述第一部分和所述第二部分二者时,相对于所述骨的所述第一部分或所述骨的所述第二部分中的至少一个是角度不受限制的。
7.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述驱动元件包括永磁体。
8.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述驱动元件包括感应耦合电动机。
9.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述驱动元件包括超声致动电动机。
10.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述驱动元件包括皮下液压泵。
11.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述驱动元件包括形状记忆驱动致动器。
12.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述第一锚定孔穿过从所述外壳体延伸的第一板,所述第一板配置为接近于所述骨的外表面放置。
13.根据权利要求12所述的系统,其中,所述第二锚定孔穿过从所述内轴延伸的第二板,所述第二板配置为接近于所述骨的外表面放置。
14.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述非侵入性可调节植入物被配置为改变具有膝盖骨性关节炎的受试者的胫骨的角度。
15.根据权利要求7所述的系统,其中,所述永磁体包括径向极化的稀土磁体。
16.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述非侵入性可调节植入物具有增加其长度至少9mm的能力。
17.根据权利要求6所述的系统,进一步包括配置为相对于所述第一锚定孔可摇动的衬套。
18.根据权利要求17所述的系统,其中,所述衬套包括用于螺钉和锚件的至少一个的通道的内径。
19.根据权利要求17所述的系统,其中,所述衬套包括柱轴,并且其中所述衬套不能相对于所述柱轴旋转。
20.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述可调节致动器被配置为置于所述骨的内部的纵向腔内。
21.根据权利要求6所述的系统,进一步包括配置成相对于布置在从所述外壳体延伸的第一板上的所述第一锚定孔、布置在从所述内轴延伸的第二板上的所述第二锚定孔和设置在所述非侵入性可调节植入物上的横向孔的至少一个可摇动的或角度不受限制的衬套。
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