CN104220342A - 涂粉袋及其制备方法 - Google Patents
涂粉袋及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104220342A CN104220342A CN201380020250.5A CN201380020250A CN104220342A CN 104220342 A CN104220342 A CN 104220342A CN 201380020250 A CN201380020250 A CN 201380020250A CN 104220342 A CN104220342 A CN 104220342A
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Abstract
本文公开的是水溶性膜和所得的包括由粉末涂布的水溶性膜的包,其中所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物。任选地,活性剂可以是封装的,例如装入微胶囊的,用于通过包括但不限于下述的机制释放活性剂:机械破裂、熔化、消融、溶解、分散、生物降解或pH控制的释放。所述活性成分包括酶、油、调味料、着色剂、气味吸收剂、香料、杀虫剂、肥料、活化剂、酸催化剂、金属催化剂、离子清除剂、漂白剂、漂白剂组分、织物柔顺剂及其组合。包填充物的例子包括洗衣用洗涤剂、漂白剂和洗衣用添加剂、织物护理、洗碗盘、硬表面清洁、美容护理、皮肤护理、其他个人护理和食品。
Description
技术领域
本公开内容一般涉及水溶性膜和相关的包。更具体而言,本公开内容涉及水溶性膜和包含由粉末涂布的水溶性膜的包,所述粉末包括活性剂。
背景技术
水溶性包是本领域已知的。这些组合物具有易于分配(dose)、处理、转运和贮存的优点。
水溶性包中使用的膜材料通常是相对脆性的,因为在大多数应用中,它必须在水中快速并完全释放产品,而不留下残渣。为了实现这点,膜材料必须是薄的并且必须具有高水反应性。
粉末掺入膜材料内是本领域已知的。聚乙烯醇型膜可通过将细粉的水性分散体分布到一侧或两侧上,并且随后使膜干燥例如用于良好滑动性能和抗粘性来获得。
此外,膜材料的粉末化是已知的。用于对热塑性树脂的膜赋予膜间润滑性的撒粉处理试剂已得到描述。在含有液体组合物的包中,粉末化已用于减少漏液的负面效应,例如产品的发粘感或过早丧失。另外,此类包的水溶性性质通常使得其易受湿度影响,这可减弱膜的结构完整性。对潮湿条件的暴露通常导致包粘在一起和包在分离后的失败。
发明内容
本公开内容的一个方面是包含以包形式并由粉末涂布的水溶性膜的水溶性包,其中所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物,其中所述活性剂不是香料。任选地,活性剂可以是封装的。
本公开内容的另一个方面是包含以包形式并由粉末涂布的水溶性膜的水溶性包,其中所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物,所述活性剂包含装入微胶囊的香料。
本公开内容的另外一个方面是给水溶性膜和/或膜包提供另外的功能性的方法,所述方法包括用包含活性剂的粉末涂布水溶性膜和/或膜包的步骤。水溶性包和粉末根据本文公开内容进行制备。任选地,活性剂可以是封装的。
虽然本文优选实施例的公开内容描述了膜包,但还考虑了在形成包之前的粉状膜自身,使得对于描述包的任何实施例,同样考虑了膜。因此,本公开内容的另一个方面是由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,其中所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物,其中所述活性剂不是香料。任选地,活性剂可以是封装的。本公开内容的另一个方面是由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,其中所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物,所述活性剂包含装入微胶囊的香料。
根据下述详细说明书的回顾,进一步的方面和优点对于本领域普通技术人员将是显而易见的。虽然组合物和方法对多种形式的实施例是容许的,但下文说明书包括应理解为本公开内容是举例说明性的具体实施例,并且不预期使本发明限制于本文描述的具体实施例。
附图说明
图1显示了根据下文描述的实例测试的每个袋类型察觉到的气味数值(和95%置信区间)的区间图。
具体实施方式
本文公开的是水溶性膜和包含以包形式并由粉末涂布的水溶性膜的包,其中所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物。任选地,活性剂是装入微胶囊的。在一类实施例中,活性剂包含装入微胶囊的香料。在实施例中,微胶囊通过包括但不限于下述的机制提供活性剂的控制释放:机械破裂、熔化、消融、溶解、扩散、生物降解或pH控制释放。
水溶性包的一类实施例包含在包内封入的固体、液体或凝胶组合物或其组合。封入的组合物的非限制性例子包括洗衣用洗涤剂、漂白剂和洗衣用添加剂、织物护理、洗碗盘、硬表面清洁、美容护理、皮肤护理、其他个人护理或食物产品组合物。
本公开内容进一步提供了通过粉末涂层给水溶性包提供另外的功能性的方法。粉末涂层包含粉末润滑剂和活性剂。该组合已证实在给包提供另外的功能性中是特别有利的,同时改善包表面的触感,减轻包表面上的液体产品的潜在漏液,并阻止包粘在一起,由此阻止在分离期间的可能失败。本文公开内容的水溶性包可具有一种或多种其他任选的优点,包括在水溶性包溶解前将活性剂递送至基材,提供活性剂的控制和延迟释放,提供活性剂的准确定量给料(dosing),并允许包包含超过一种活性剂/包。特别地,如果活性剂中的一种或多种已知在另一种活性剂的存在下或在包内封入的组合物的组分的存在下是不稳定的,则根据本公开内容的一类实施例的水溶性包可证实有利的稳定性。另外,因为不需要新的加工设备来产生包,所以通过将活性剂掺入粉末涂层内给包提供另外的功能性的方法是有利的。
范围在本文中可表示为“约”或“大约”一个特定值和/或至“约”或“大约”另一个特定值。当表示此类范围时,另一个考虑的实施例包括从一个特定值和/或至另一个特定值。类似地,当特定值表示为近似值,但使用前缀例如“约”、“至少”或“小于约”时,应当理解该特定值构成另一个实施例。
如本文使用的,术语“包含”指示除具体指定的之外,其他试剂、元件、步骤或特点的潜在包括。
如本文使用的并除非另有说明,否则以厘泊(cP)表示的粘度的所有测量均为20℃下的4%溶液的。
如本文使用的并除非另有说明,否则术语“重量%”意指按整个膜的重量计的“干燥”(非水)份(当适用时)或按在包内封入的整个组合物的重量计的份(当适用时)的鉴定元件的组成。如本文使用的并除非另有说明,否则术语“phr”意指每一百份水溶性聚合物树脂的鉴定元件份数的组成。
如本文使用的,术语“涂层粉末”指粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物。任选地,活性剂可以是装入微胶囊的。
包包括水溶性膜作为包的至少一个壁,并且任选地,水溶性膜是包的唯一膜组分。可制成包的这类水溶性膜、在其中使用的任选成分及其制备方法是本领域众所周知的。
在一类实施例中,水溶性膜包括PVOH。PVOH是一般通过聚乙烯乙酸酯的醇解(通常称为水解或皂化)制备的合成树脂。其中基本上所有乙酸酯基团已转化为醇基的完全水解的PVOH是强氢键合的、高度结晶的聚合物,其仅溶解于热水--大于约140°F(60℃)中。如果在聚乙烯乙酸酯水解后允许保留足够数目的乙酸酯基团,PVOH聚合物随后被称为部分水解的,则它是较弱氢键合的并且更少结晶的并且在冷水--小于约50°F(10℃)中可溶的。中间产物冷/热水可溶性膜可包括例如中间产物部分水解的PVOH(例如具有约94%至约98%的水解程度),并且仅在温水中是容易可溶的--例如在约40℃和更高的温度下快速溶解。完全和部分水解的PVOH类型通常均被称为PVOH均聚物,尽管部分水解类型在技术上是乙烯醇-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物。
在本公开内容的水溶性膜中包括的PVOH的水解程度可以是例如约75%至约99%。随着水解程度降低,由树脂制成的膜将具有减少的机械强度,但在约20℃以下的温度下更快的可溶性。随着水解程度增加,由树脂制成的膜将趋于在机械上更强,并且热成型性将趋于降低。PVOH的水解程度可加以选择,使得树脂的水溶性是温度依赖性的,并且因此由树脂和另外的成分制成的膜的可溶性也受影响。在一类实施例中,膜是冷水可溶的。在低于10℃的温度下的水中可溶的冷水可溶性膜可包括具有在约75%至约90%范围内、或在约80%至约90%范围内、或在约85%至约90%范围内的水解程度的PVOH。在另一类实施例中,膜是热水可溶的。在至少约60℃的温度下的水中可溶的热水可溶性膜可包括具有至少约98%的水解程度的PVOH。
除PVOH之外或替代PVOH使用的其他成膜树脂可包括但不限于经修饰的聚乙烯醇,聚丙烯酸酯,水溶性丙烯酸酯共聚物,聚氨基丙基磺酸及其盐,聚衣康酸及其盐,聚丙烯酰胺,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,支链淀粉,纤维素包括但不限于羧甲基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素,水溶性天然聚合物包括但不限于瓜尔胶、黄原胶、角叉菜胶和淀粉,水溶性聚合物衍生物包括但不限于改性淀粉包括乙氧基化淀粉和羟丙基化淀粉、聚(丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠)、聚马来酸单甲酯及其盐、其共聚物以及上述任何与彼此和/或与PVOH的组合。
水溶性树脂可以任何合适的量包括在水溶性膜中,例如在约35重量%至约90重量%范围内的量。与添加剂的组合量相比较,水溶性树脂量的重量比可以是任何合适的比率,例如在约0.5至约5、或约1至3、或约1至2范围内的比率。
用于本文描述的膜中的水溶性树脂(包括但不限于PVOH树脂)的特征可在于关于所需膜特性的任何合适粘度,任选在约8.0至约40.0cP、或约10.0cP至约30cP、或约13cP至约27cP范围内的粘度。PVOH树脂的粘度通过使用具有UL适配器的Brookfield LV型粘度计测量新鲜制备的溶液进行测定,如British Standard EN ISO15023-2:2006 Annex E Brookfield Test方法中描述的。陈述在20℃下4%水溶液的粘度是国际实践。本文以cP指定的所有粘度均应理解为指在20℃下4%水溶液的粘度,除非另有说明。
本领域充分已知树脂的粘度与相同树脂的重均分子量关联,并且通常粘度用作的取代物。因此,水溶性树脂的重均分子量任选可在约35,000至约205,000、或约80,000至约170,000、或约97,000至约160,000道尔顿的范围内。树脂的分子量仅需要足以允许其通过合适技术塑模,以形成薄塑料膜。
根据本公开内容的水溶性膜可包括例如其量适合于其预期用途的其他任选的添加成分,包括但不限于增塑剂、表面活性剂、乳化剂、填充剂、增量剂、防粘剂、消粘剂、消泡剂、膜形成剂以及其他功能成分。
水被公认为用于PVOH及其他聚合物的非常有效的增塑剂;然而,水的挥发性使得它的效用有限,因为聚合物膜需要对多种环境条件包括低和高相对湿度具有至少一些抗性(坚固性)。丙三醇比水挥发性少得多,并且已充分确定为用于PVOH及其他聚合物的有效的增塑剂。如果在膜制剂中使用的水平太高,则丙三醇或其他此类液体增塑剂单独可引起表面“出汗”和油腻。如果出汗未以某种方式例如表面的撒粉得到减轻,则这可导致膜中例如对于消费者不能接受的手感和甚至膜在辊上或在片层叠中的封闭的问题。这可表征为超增塑。然而,如果太少的增塑剂加入膜中,则膜可对于许多最终用途,例如对被转化为最终使用形式例如包,缺乏足够的延展性和柔性。
用于本公开内容的水溶性膜中的增塑剂包括但不限于山梨糖醇、甘油、二甘油、丙二醇、乙二醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、四甘醇、高达MW 400的聚乙二醇、2甲基1,3丙二醇、乳酸、单乙酸甘油酯、三乙酸甘油酯、柠檬酸三乙酯、1,3-丁二醇、三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)、聚醚三醇及其组合。当使用较少的增塑剂时,膜可变得更脆,而当使用更多增塑剂时,膜可丧失抗张强度。增塑剂可以下述量包括在水溶性膜中:例如在约25phr至约50phr、或约30phr至约45phr、或约32phr至约42phr的范围内。
用于水溶性膜中的表面活性剂是本领域众所周知的。任选地,包括表面活性剂以帮助树脂溶液在铸造后的分散。用于本公开内容的水溶性膜的合适表面活性剂包括但不限于二烷基磺基琥珀酸酯、甘油和丙二醇的乳酸化脂肪酸酯、脂肪酸乳酰酯、烷基硫酸钠、聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯60、聚山梨醇酯65、聚山梨醇酯80、烷基聚乙二醇醚、卵磷脂、甘油和丙二醇的乙酰化脂肪酸酯、月桂基硫酸钠、脂肪酸乙酰化酯、肉豆蔻酰二甲基氧化胺、牛酯烷基三甲基氯化铵、季铵化合物、其盐以及前述的任何的组合。太少的表面活性剂有时可导致膜具有洞,而太多的表面活性剂可导致由于膜表面上存在的过量表面活性剂,膜具有油腻或油滑感。因此,表面活性剂可以例如小于约2phr、例如小于约1phr、或小于约0.5phr的量包括在水溶性膜中。
考虑使用的一类第二组分是消泡剂。消泡剂可帮助泡沫气泡的聚并。用于根据本公开内容的水溶性膜中的合适消泡剂包括但不限于疏水性二氧化硅,例如以细颗粒大小的二氧化硅或气相二氧化硅,包括可得自Emerald Performance Materials的Foam消泡剂,包括Foam327、FoamUVD、Foam163、Foam269、Foam338、Foam290、Foam332、Foam349、Foam550和Foam339,其是有专利权的非矿物油消泡剂。在实施例中,消泡剂可以0.5phr或更少、例如0.05phr、0.04phr、0.03phr、0.02phr、或0.01phr的量使用。
如本领域已知的,用于制备水溶性物品包括膜和包的过程包括铸造、吹塑、挤出和吹塑挤出。考虑的一类实施例特征在于本文描述的水溶性膜通过铸造形成,例如通过将本文描述的成分与水混合,以产生水性混合物,例如具有任选分散的固体的溶液,将混合物应用于表面,并且将水弄干以产生膜。类似地,其他组合物可通过在混合物局限于所需形状时,使其干燥来形成。
膜可用于产生包以含有组合物,例如洗衣或洗碗盘组合物,由此形成包。本文描述的膜还可用于制备具有两个或更多个区室的包,所述区室由相同膜或与其他聚合物材料的膜组合制成。如本领域已知的,另外的膜可例如通过相同或不同聚合物材料的铸造、吹塑、挤出或吹塑挤出来获得。在一类实施例中,适合于用作另外的膜的聚合物、共聚物或其衍生物选自聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚亚烷基氧化物、聚丙烯酸、纤维素、纤维素醚、纤维素酯、纤维素酰胺、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚羧酸和盐、聚氨基酸或肽、聚酰胺、聚丙烯酰胺、马来酸/丙烯酸共聚物、多糖包括淀粉和明胶、天然树胶包括但不限于黄原胶和角叉菜胶。例如,聚合物可选自聚丙烯酸酯和水溶性丙烯酸酯共聚物、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、糊精、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、麦芽糊精、聚甲基丙烯酸酯及其组合,或选自聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯醇共聚物和羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)及其组合。
本公开内容的包包含至少一个密封区室。因此,包可包含单个区室或多个区室。在包含多个区室的实施例中,每个区室可含有相同和/或不同的组合物。依次地,组合物可采取任何合适形式,包括但不限于液体、固体及其组合(例如悬浮于液体中的固体)。在一些实施例中,包包含第一、第二和第三区室,所述区室各自分别含有不同的第一、第二和第三组合物。在一些实施例中,组合物可在视觉上不同,如欧洲专利申请号09161692.0(于2009年6月2日提交并转让给Procter&Gamble Company)中所述。
多区室包的区室可具有相同或不同的一个或多个大小和/或一个或多个体积。本申请的多区室包的区室可以是分开的或以任何合适方式结合。在一些实施例中,第二和/或第三和/或后续区室在第一区室上叠加。在一个实施例中,第三区室可叠加在第二区室上,所述第二区室依次又以夹心构造叠加在第一区室上。作为另外一种选择,第二和第三区室可叠加在第一区室上。然而,还同样设想第一、第二和任选的第三以及后续区室可以肩并肩关系彼此附接。区室可以成串包装,每个区室可通过穿孔线个别分开。因此,每个区室可通过最终用户从串的剩余部分处个别撕下来。
在一些实施例中,多区室包包括由大的第一区室和两个更小的区室组成的三个区室。第二和第三更小的区室叠加在第一更大的区室上。区室的大小和几何学加以选择,使得可实现该排列。区室的几何学可以是相同或不同的。在一些实施例中,与第一区室相比较,第二和任选的第三区室各自具有不同的几何学和形状。在这些实施例中,第二和任选的第三区室以在第一区室上的设计排列。该设计可以是装饰性、教育性或举例说明性的,例如以举例说明概念或说明书,和/或用于指示产品起源。在一些实施例中,第一区室是具有在周长周围密封的两个大型面的最大的区室,并且第二区室较小,覆盖小于约75%、或小于约50%的第一区室的一个面的表面积。在其中存在第三区室的实施例中,上述结构可以是相同的,但第二和第三区室覆盖小于约60%、或小于约50%、或小于约45%的第一区室的一个面的表面积。
本公开内容的包可包含一种或多种不同的膜。例如,在单个区室实施例中,包可由一个壁制成,所述一个壁在其自身上折叠并且在边缘处密封,或作为另外一种选择,由在边缘处密封在一起的两个壁制成。在多区室实施例中,包可由一种或多种膜制成,使得任何给定包区室可包含由单个膜或具有不同组成的多个膜制成的壁。在一个实施例中,多区室包包含至少三个壁:外上壁;外下壁;和分隔壁。外上壁和外下壁一般是相对的,并且形成包的外部。分隔壁是包的内部的,并且沿密封线固定至一般相对的外壁。分隔壁将多区室包的内部分成至少第一区室和第二区室。在一类实施例中,分隔壁可以是唯一含酶膜,由此使消费者对酶的暴露降到最低。
包可使用任何合适的设备和方法进行制备。例如,单区室包可使用本领域通常已知的垂直形式填充、水平形式填充或滚桶填充技术进行制备。此类过程可以是连续或间断的。膜可弄湿和/或加热,以增加其展性。该方法还可涉及真空的使用,以将膜拉伸到合适的模子内。一旦膜在表面的水平部分上,将膜拉伸到模子内的真空就可施加约0.2至约5秒、或约0.3至约3、或约0.5至约1.5秒。该真空可以是这样的,使得它提供例如在10mbar至1000mbar的范围内,或在100mbar至600mbar的范围内的低压(under-pressure)。
包可在其中进行制备的模子可具有任何形状、长度、宽度和深度,取决于所需包尺度。期望时,模子还可在大小和形状上从一个到另一个不同。例如,最终包的体积可以是约5ml至约300ml、或约10至150ml、或约20至约100ml,并且模子大小可相应地进行调整。
在一个实施例中,包可包括第一和第二密封区室。第二区室一般处于与第一密封区室的叠加关系,使得第二密封区室和第一密封区室共享包内部的分隔壁。
在一个实施例中,包括第一和第二区室的包还包括第三密封区室。第三密封区室一般处于与第一密封区室的叠加关系,使得第三密封区室和第一密封区室共享包内部的分隔壁。
在多个实施例中,第一组合物和第二组合物选自下述组合之一:液体,液体;液体,粉末;粉末,粉末;以及粉末,液体。
在多个实施例中,第一、第二和第三组合物选自下述组合之一:固体,液体,液体以及液体,液体,液体。
在一个实施例中,单个区室或多个密封区室含有组合物。多个区室可各自含有相同或不同组合物。组合物选自液体、固体或其组合。
热可在通常称为热成型的过程中施加于膜。热可使用任何合适的方式施加。例如,在将膜进料到表面上之前或一旦在表面上,它可通过使其在加热元件下经过或通过热空气直接加热。作为另外一种选择,它可例如通过加热表面或将热物体施加到膜上间接加热。膜可使用红外线进行加热。膜可加热至至少50℃、例如约50至约150℃、约50至约120℃、约60至约130℃、约70至约120℃、或约60至约90℃的温度。
作为另外一种选择,在将膜进料到表面上之前或一旦在表面上,它可通过任何合适方式弄湿,例如通过将湿润剂(包括水、膜组合物的溶液、膜组合物的增塑剂、或前述的任何组合)喷射到膜上直接弄湿,或通过将表面弄湿或通过将湿物体施加到膜上间接弄湿。
一旦膜已加热和/或弄湿,它就可优选使用真空拉伸到适当的模子内。膜可用例如至少约1.5的拉伸比和任选高达2的拉伸比进行热成型。模塑膜的填充可通过利用任何合适的方法实现。在一些实施例中,最优选的方法将取决于产品形式和所需填充速度。在一些实施例中,模塑膜通过线内填充技术进行填充。随后通过任何合适的方法,使用第二膜将填充的开放包封闭,从而形成包。这可在处于水平位置和连续恒速运动的同时完成。封闭可通过下述实现:在开放包的上方和之上连续进料第二膜,例如水溶性膜,并且随后通常在模子之间并因此在包之间的区域中,将第一和第二膜密封在一起。
可利用任何合适的密封包和/或其个别区室的方法。此类方法的非限制性例子包括热封、溶剂焊接、溶剂密封或液封及其组合。水溶性包和/或其个别区室可在至少200°F(93℃)的温度下进行热封,所述温度例如在约220°F(约105℃)至约290°F(约145℃)、或约230°F(约110℃)至约280°F(约140℃)的范围内。通常,仅形成密封的区域用热或溶剂进行处理。热或溶剂可通过任何方法通常施加到封闭材料上,且通常仅施加到形成密封的区域上。如果使用溶剂密封或液封或焊接,则可任选还施加热。合适的液封或溶剂密封/焊接方法包括将溶剂选择性施加于模子之间的区域上,或封闭材料上,通过例如将这喷射或印刷到这些区域上,并且随后将压力施加到这些区域上,以形成密封。例如,可使用如上所述的密封辊和带(任选还提供热)。
形成的包随后可通过切割装置进行切割。切割可使用任何已知的方法实现。可能优选切割也以连续方式完成,并且优选使用恒定速度且优选在处于水平位置时。切割装置可以例如是尖锐物体或热物体或激光,由此在后面一种情况下,热物体或激光‘烧’穿膜/密封区域。
多区室包的不同区室可以肩并肩方式制备在一起,其中所得的、结合的包可通过切割分开或不分开。作为另外一种选择,区室可分开制备。
在一些实施例中,包可根据包括下述步骤的过程进行制备:
a)形成第一区室(如上所述);
b)形成在步骤(a)中形成的封闭区室的一些或全部内的凹部,以生成在第一区室上叠加的第二模塑区室;
c)借助于第三膜填充并封闭第二区室;
d)密封第一、第二和第三膜;和
e)切割膜,以产生多区室包。
步骤(b)中形成的凹部可通过对步骤(a)中制备的区室施加真空来实现。
在一些实施例中,一个或多个第二和/或第三区室可在分开步骤中进行制备,并且随后与第一区室合并,如欧洲专利申请号08101442.5或WO 2009/152031(于2008年6月13日提交并转让给Procter&Gamble Company)中所述。
在其他实施例中,包可根据包括下述步骤的过程进行制备:
a)使用在第一成型机上的第一膜,任选使用热和/或真空,形成第一区室;
b)用第一组合物填充第一区室;
c)在第二成型机上,任选使用热和真空,使第二膜变形,以制备第二和任选的第三模塑区室;
d)填充第二和任选的第三区室;
e)使用第三膜密封第二和任选的第三区室;
f)将密封的第二和任选的第三区室置于第一区室上;
g)密封第一、第二和任选的第三区室;和
h)切割膜,以产生多区室包。
第一和第二成型机可基于其执行上述过程的适合性加以选择。在一些实施例中,第一成型机可以是水平成型机,并且第二成型机可以是滚桶成型机,任选位于第一成型机上。
应当理解通过使用适当的进料站,可能能够制造多区室包,从而掺入许多不同或有区别的组合物和/或不同或有区别的液体、凝胶或糊剂组合物。
本文描述的水溶性膜和/或包必须至少部分涂布有粉末组合物。粉末可以例如至少约0.01mg/cm2、或在约0.01mg/cm2至约10mg/cm2范围内的量存在于包上。膜包的外表面可以是涂布的。在一些实施例中,代替或加上外膜表面,膜包的内表面可以是涂布的。在一个实施例中,在形成包后将粉末组合物应用于膜。在另一个实施例中,在形成包前将粉末组合物应用于膜。
粉状润滑剂是这样的粉末,当作为唯一的粉末组分存在时,所述粉末帮助阻止包在膜转化期间可存在的条件期间粘在一起,或当包例如在二次包装中紧密接近时,阻止在分离期间的可能失败,所述条件任选下述中的一种或多种:温度约10℃至约40℃、或约15℃至约35℃、或约20℃至约25℃;约10%至约50%、或约15%至约45%、或约20%至约40%的相对湿度,或当在其包装中接受时膜的平衡相对湿度(eRH)百分比+/-5%的相对湿度。另外,在一类实施例中,粉状润滑剂可减轻液体内容物的潜在漏液,并且由此改善包表面的触感。当在涂层粉末组合物中以例如至少约1重量%的量存在时,粉状润滑剂另外充当活性剂的载体并帮助均匀分散活性剂。在一些实施例中,粉状润滑剂帮助含有活性剂的微胶囊的机械破裂。
在一类实施例中,粉状润滑剂具有例如至少约0.1μm、或在约0.1μm至约100μm范围内的平均粒径。通常,可使用诸如淀粉的粉末,此类粉末是众所周知的。其他合适的材料包括改性淀粉(包括但不限于玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉或羟乙基淀粉)、二氧化硅、硅氧烷、碳酸钙、碳酸镁、粘土、滑石、硅酸、高岭土、石膏、沸石、环糊精、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌、氧化铝、硬脂酸镁、氧化铝、氧化锌以及上述任何的组合。一般地,粉末将是惰性的。粉末润滑剂以至少约1重量%、或在约1重量%至约99重量%范围内的量存在于涂层粉末中。
当以至少约1重量%、或在约1重量%至约99重量%范围内的量存在于涂层粉末中时,活性剂给包提供另外的功能性。在实施例中,活性剂可包含一种或多种组分,包括但不限于酶、油、调味料、着色剂、气味吸收剂、香料、杀虫剂、肥料、活化剂、酸催化剂、金属催化剂、离子清除剂、漂白剂、漂白剂组分、织物柔顺剂或其组合。活性剂可采取任何所需形式,包括作为固体、液体、软布、糊剂、气体等,并且任选可以是封装的。
在某些实施例中,活性剂可包含酶。合适的酶包括在下述六个常规酶学委员会(Enzyme Commission)(EC)类别中的任何一个中分类的酶:即EC 1的氧化还原酶(其催化氧化/还原反应)、EC 2的转移酶(其转移官能团,例如甲基或磷酸基)、EC 3的水解酶(其催化多种键的水解)、EC 4的裂解酶(其通过除水解和氧化外的方式切割多种键)、EC 5的异构酶(其催化分子内的异构化改变)和EC 6的连接酶(其以共价键连接两种分子)。此类酶的例子包括EC 1中的脱氢酶和氧化酶,EC 2中的转氨酶和激酶,EC 3中的脂酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶、甘露聚糖酶和肽酶(亦称为蛋白酶或蛋白水解酶),EC 4中的脱羧酶,EC 5中的异构酶和变位酶,以及EC 6中的合成酶和合酶。
氧化还原酶
氧化还原酶包括但不限于:作用于供体的CH-OH基团的氧化还原酶;作用于供体的醛或氧基的氧化还原酶;作用于供体的CH-CH基团的氧化还原酶;作用于供体的CH-NH2基团的氧化还原酶;作用于供体的CH-NH基团的氧化还原酶;作用于NADH或NADPH的氧化还原酶;作用于作为供体的其他含氮化合物的氧化还原酶;作用于供体的硫基团的氧化还原酶;作用于供体的血红素基团的氧化还原酶;作用于作为供体的二酚和相关物质的氧化还原酶;作用于作为受体的过氧化物的氧化还原酶;作用于作为供体的氢的氧化还原酶;作用于单一供体伴随分子氧的掺入的氧化还原酶(加氧酶);作用于配对供体,伴随分子氧的掺入或还原的氧化还原酶;作用于作为受体的超氧化物自由基的氧化还原酶;氧化金属离子的氧化还原酶;作用于CH或CH2基团的氧化还原酶;作用于作为供体的铁-硫蛋白的氧化还原酶;作用于作为供体的还原型黄素氧还蛋白的氧化还原酶;作用于供体中的磷或砷的氧化还原酶;作用于X-H和Y-H以形成X-Y键的氧化还原酶;和作用于供体中的卤素的氧化还原酶。
作用于供体的CH-OH基团的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(包括醇脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶(NADP+)、高丝氨酸脱氢酶、(R,R)-丁二醇脱氢酶、甘油脱氢酶、磷酸丙二醇脱氢酶、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(NAD+)、D-木酮糖还原酶、L-木酮糖还原酶、D-阿拉伯糖醇4-脱氢酶、L-阿拉伯糖醇4-脱氢酶、L-阿拉伯糖醇2-脱氢酶、L-艾杜糖醇2-脱氢酶、D-艾杜糖醇2-脱氢酶、半乳糖醇2-脱氢酶、1-磷酸甘露醇5-脱氢酶、肌醇2-脱氢酶、葡糖醛酸还原酶、葡糖醛酸内酯还原酶、醛还原酶、UDP-葡萄糖6-脱氢酶、组氨醇脱氢酶、奎尼酸脱氢酶、莽草酸脱氢酶、乙醛酸还原酶、L-乳酸脱氢酶、D-乳酸脱氢酶、甘油酸脱氢酶、3-羟丁酸脱氢酶、3-羟基异丁酸脱氢酶、3-羟-3-甲戊醛酸还原酶、3-羟-3-甲戊醛酸还原酶(NADPH)、羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(NADPH)、3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶、乙酰乙酰辅酶A还原酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶(草酰乙酸脱羧)、苹果酸脱氢酶(脱羧)、苹果酸脱氢酶(草酰乙酸脱羧)(NADP+)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NAD+)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、磷酸葡萄糖酸2-脱氢酶、磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(脱羧)、L-古洛糖酸3-脱氢酶、L-阿拉伯糖1-脱氢酶、葡萄糖1-脱氢酶、半乳糖1-脱氢酶、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、3α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(B特异性)、3(或17)β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、3α-羟基胆烷酸脱氢酶、3α(或20β)-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、烯丙醇脱氢酶、乳醛还原酶(NADPH)、核糖醇2-脱氢酶、果糖酮酸还原酶、塔格糖酮酸还原酶、3-羟基丙酸脱氢酶、2-羟基-3-氧化丙酸还原酶、4-羟丁酸脱氢酶、雌二醇17β-脱氢酶、睾酮17β-脱氢酶、睾酮17β-脱氢酶(NADP+)、吡哆醇4-脱氢酶、ω-羟基癸酸脱氢酶、甘露醇2-脱氢酶、葡糖酸5-脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、甘油脱氢酶(NADP+)、辛醇脱氢酶、(R)-氨基丙醇脱氢酶、(S,S)-丁二醇脱氢酶、乳醛还原酶、甲基乙二醛还原酶(NADH依赖性)、乙醛酸还原酶(NADP+)、异丙醇脱氢酶(NADP+)、羟基丙酮酸还原酶、苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、D-苹果酸脱氢酶(脱羧)、二甲基苹果酸脱氢酶、3-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶、酮酸还原异构酶、高异柠檬酸脱氢酶、羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶、芳基醇脱氢酶、芳基醇脱氢酶(NADP+)、草酰乙醇酸还原酶(脱羧)、酒石酸脱氢酶、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶、二碘苯丙酮酸还原酶、3-羟苄基-醇脱氢酶、(R)-2-羟基-脂肪酸脱氢酶、(S)-2-羟基-脂肪酸脱氢酶、3-氧酰基-[酰基载体蛋白]还原酶、酰基甘油酮磷酸还原酶、3-脱氢鞘氨醇还原酶、L-苏氨酸3-脱氢酶、4-氧脯氨酸还原酶、全反式视黄醇脱氢酶(NAD+)、泛解酸4-脱氢酶、吡哆醛4-脱氢酶、肉毒碱3-脱氢酶、吲哚乳酸脱氢酶、3-(咪唑-5-基)乳酸脱氢酶、茚满醇脱氢酶、L-木糖1-脱氢酶、芹糖1-还原酶、核糖1-脱氢酶(NADP+)、D-阿拉伯糖1-脱氢酶、D-阿拉伯糖1-脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、葡萄糖1-脱氢酶(NAD+)、葡萄糖1-脱氢酶(NADP+)、半乳糖1-脱氢酶(NADP+)、醛糖1-脱氢酶、D-苏-醛糖1-脱氢酶、山梨糖5-脱氢酶(NADP+)、果糖5-脱氢酶(NADP+)、2-脱氧-D-葡糖酸3-脱氢酶、2-脱氢-3-脱氧-D-葡糖酸6-脱氢酶、2-脱氢-3-脱氧-D-葡糖酸5-脱氢酶、L-艾杜糖2-脱氢酶、L-苏氨酸3-脱氢酶、3-脱氢-L-古洛糖酸2-脱氢酶、甘露糖醛酸还原酶、GDP-甘露糖6-脱氢酶、dTDP-4-脱氢鼠李糖还原酶、dTDP-6-脱氧-L-塔罗糖4-脱氢酶、GDP-6-脱氧-D-塔罗糖4-脱氢酶、UDP-N-乙酰葡糖胺6-脱氢酶、核糖醇-5-磷酸2-脱氢酶、甘露醇2-脱氢酶(NADP+)、山梨糖醇-6-磷酸2-脱氢酶、15-羟基前列腺素脱氢酶(NAD+)、D-松醇脱氢酶、红杉醇脱氢酶、紫苏-醇脱氢酶、3β-羟基-Δ5-类固醇脱氢酶、11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、16α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、雌二醇17α-脱氢酶、20α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、21-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(NAD+)、21-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(NADP+)、3α-羟基-5β-雄甾烷-17-酮3α-脱氢酶、墨蝶呤还原酶、脲基乙醇酸脱氢酶、甘油2-脱氢酶(NADP+)、3-羟基丁酰辅酶A脱氢酶、UDP-N-乙酰胞壁酸脱氢酶、7α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、双氢丁萘酮脱氢酶、胆甾烷四醇26-脱氢酶、赤藓酮糖还原酶、环戊醇脱氢酶、十六醇脱氢酶、2-炔-1-醇脱氢酶、羟基环己烷羧酸脱氢酶、羟基丙二酸脱氢酶、2-脱氢泛酸内酯还原酶(A特异性)、2-脱氢泛解酸2-还原酶、3β-羟基-4α-甲基胆甾烯羧酸3-脱氢酶(脱羧)、2-氧己二酸还原酶、L-鼠李糖1-脱氢酶、环己烷-1,2-二醇脱氢酶、D-木糖1-脱氢酶、12α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、甘油-3-磷酸1-脱氢酶(NADP+)、3-羟基-2-甲基丁酰辅酶A脱氢酶、D-木糖1-脱氢酶(NADP+)、胆甾-5-烯-3β,7α-二醇3β-脱氢酶、香叶醇脱氢酶、羰基还原酶(NADPH)、L-乙二醇脱氢酶、dTDP-半乳糖6-脱氢酶、GDP-4-脱氢-D-鼠李糖还原酶、前列腺素-F合酶、前列腺素-E2 9-还原酶、吲哚-3-乙醛还原酶(NADH)、吲哚-3-乙醛还原酶(NADPH)、长链-醇脱氢酶、5-氨基-6-(5-磷酸核糖胺)尿嘧啶还原酶、松柏醇脱氢酶、肉桂醇脱氢酶、15-羟基前列腺素-D脱氢酶(NADP+)、15-羟基前列腺素脱氢酶(NADP+)、(+)-冰片脱氢酶、(S)-usnate还原酶、醛糖-6-磷酸还原酶(NADPH)、7β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(NADP+)、1,3-丙二醇脱氢酶、糖醛酸脱氢酶、IMP脱氢酶、托品酮还原酶I、(-)-薄荷醇脱氢酶、(+)-新薄荷醇脱氢酶、3(或17)α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、3β(或20α)-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、长链-3-羟基酰基辅酶A脱氢酶、3-氧酰基-[酰基载体蛋白]还原酶(NADH)、3α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(A特异性)、2-脱氢泛酸内酯还原酶(B特异性)、葡糖酸2-脱氢酶、法尼醇脱氢酶、苄基-2-甲基-羟丁酸脱氢酶、吗啡6-脱氢酶、二氢山柰酚4-还原酶、6-丙酮酰四氢蝶呤2'-还原酶、吐叶醇4'-脱氢酶、(R)-4-羟苯基乳酸脱氢酶、异薄荷二烯醇脱氢酶、甘露糖-6-磷酸6-还原酶、十氯酮还原酶、4-羟基环己烷羧酸脱氢酶、(-)-冰片脱氢酶、(+)-桧萜醇脱氢酶、二乙基2-甲基-3-氧代琥珀酸还原酶、3α-羟基甘草亭酸脱氢酶、15-羟基前列腺素-I脱氢酶(NADP+)、15-羟基二十碳四烯酸脱氢酶、N-酰基甘露糖胺1-脱氢酶、黄烷酮4-还原酶、8-氧代助间型霉素还原酶、托品酮还原酶II、羟丙基丙酮酸还原酶、12β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶、3α(17β)-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(NAD+)、N-乙酰己糖胺1-脱氢酶、6-内-羟基桉叶素脱氢酶、香芹醇脱氢酶、甲醇脱氢酶、环己醇脱氢酶、紫檀素合酶、可待因酮还原酶(NADPH)、多花罂栗碱还原酶(NADPH)、D-阿拉伯糖醇2-脱氢酶、半乳糖醇-1-磷酸5-脱氢酶、四羟基萘还原酶、(S)-肉毒碱3-脱氢酶、甘露醇脱氢酶、芴-9-醇脱氢酶、4-(羟甲基)苯磺酸脱氢酶、6-羟基己酸脱氢酶、3-羟基庚二酰-辅酶A脱氢酶、甲基庚烯酮还原酶、sn-甘油-1-磷酸脱氢酶、4-羟基苏氨酸-4-磷酸脱氢酶、1,5-无水-D-果糖还原酶、L-艾杜糖5-脱氢酶、3-甲基丁醛还原酶、dTDP-4-脱氢-6-脱氧葡萄糖还原酶、1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸还原异构酶、2-(R)-羟丙基-CoM脱氢酶、2-(S)-羟丙基-CoM脱氢酶、3-酮-类固醇还原酶、GDP-L-岩藻糖合酶、(R)-2-羟酸脱氢酶、魏氏波瑞木胺(vellosimine)脱氢酶、2,5-二脱氢葡糖酸还原酶、(+)-反香芹醇脱氢酶、丝氨酸3-脱氢酶、3β-羟基-5β-类固醇脱氢酶、3β-羟基-5α-类固醇脱氢酶、(R)-3-羟酸酯脱氢酶、(S)-3-羟酸酯脱氢酶、GDP-4-脱氢-6-脱氧-D-甘露糖还原酶、奎尼酸/莽草酸脱氢酶、甲基乙二醛还原酶(NADPH依赖性)、S-(羟甲基)谷胱甘肽脱氢酶、3"-脱氨基-3"-氧代烟酰胺还原酶、异柠檬酸—高异柠檬酸脱氢酶、D-阿拉伯糖醇脱氢酶(NADP+)、黄氧素脱氢酶、山梨糖还原酶、4-磷酸赤藓糖酸脱氢酶、2-羟甲基戊二酸脱氢酶、1,5-无水-D-果糖还原酶(形成1,5-无水-D-甘露醇)、叶绿素(ide)b还原酶、稻壳酮-A合酶、二氢香芹醇脱氢酶、柠檬烯-1,2-二醇脱氢酶、3-羟基丙酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、苹果酸脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、NADP-视黄醇脱氢酶、D-阿拉伯糖醇-磷酸脱氢酶、2,5-二氨基-6-(核糖氨基)-4(3H)-嘧啶酮5'-磷酸还原酶、二乙酰还原酶[形成(R)-乙偶姻]、二乙酰还原酶[形成(S)-乙偶姻]、UDP-葡糖醛酸脱氢酶(UDP-4-酮-己糖醛酸(hexauronic acid)脱羧)、S-(羟甲基)真菌硫醇脱氢酶、D-木糖还原酶、磷酸乙醛还原酶(NADH)、磺基丙二醇3-脱氢酶、(S)-磺基乳酸脱氢酶、(S)-1-苯基乙醇脱氢酶、2-羟基-4-羧基粘康酸半醛半缩醛脱氢酶、磺基乙醛还原酶、大根香叶烯A醇脱氢酶和11-顺式视黄醇脱氢酶);或使用细胞色素作为受体的氧化还原酶(包括甘露醇脱氢酶(细胞色素)、L-乳酸脱氢酶(细胞色素)、D-乳酸脱氢酶(细胞色素)、D-乳酸脱氢酶(细胞色素c-553)、聚乙烯醇脱氢酶(细胞色素)、甲醇脱氢酶(细胞色素c)和醇脱氢酶(细胞色素c));或使用氧作为受体的氧化还原酶(包括苹果酸氧化酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、己糖氧化酶、胆固醇氧化酶、芳基醇氧化酶、L-古洛糖酸内酯氧化酶、半乳糖氧化酶、吡喃糖氧化酶、L-山梨糖氧化酶、吡哆醇4-氧化酶、醇氧化酶、儿茶酚氧化酶(二聚化)、(S)-2-羟酸氧化酶、蜕皮激素氧化酶、胆碱氧化酶、伯醇氧化酶、4-羟基扁桃酸氧化酶、长链-醇氧化酶、甘油-3-磷酸氧化酶、硫胺氧化酶、羟基植烷酸氧化酶、核苷氧化酶、N-酰基己糖胺氧化酶、聚乙烯醇氧化酶、D-阿拉伯糖-1,4-内酯氧化酶、香草醇氧化酶、核苷氧化酶(形成H2O2)、和D-甘露醇氧化酶、糖醛氧化酶);或使用二硫化物作为受体(包括维生素-K-环氧化物还原酶(华法林敏感的)或维生素-K-环氧化物还原酶(华法林不敏感的));或使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(包括醌蛋白葡萄糖脱氢酶、甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶(醌)、醇脱氢酶(醌)、甲酸脱氢酶-N、环状醇脱氢酶(醌)、和奎尼酸脱氢酶(醌));或使用其他已知受体(包括醇脱氢酶(天青蛋白)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(辅酶-F420));或使用其他受体(包括胆碱脱氢酶、2-羟基戊二酸脱氢酶、葡糖酸2-脱氢酶(受体)、脱氢葡糖酸脱氢酶、D-2-羟酸脱氢酶、乳酸—苹果酸转氢酶、吡哆醇5-脱氢酶、葡萄糖脱氢酶(受体)、果糖5-脱氢酶、山梨糖脱氢酶、葡糖苷3-脱氢酶、乙醇酸脱氢酶、纤维二糖脱氢酶(受体)、烷-1-醇脱氢酶(受体)、D-山梨糖醇脱氢酶(受体)、甘油脱氢酶(受体)、羟酸-酮酸转氢酶、3-羟基环己酮脱氢酶、(R)-泛内酯脱氢酶(黄素)、葡萄糖-果糖氧化还原酶、吡喃糖脱氢酶(受体)、2-酮酸还原酶、(S)-扁桃酸脱氢酶、L-山梨糖1-脱氢酶、甲酸脱氢酶(受体)、可溶性醌蛋白葡萄糖脱氢酶、NDMA-依赖性醇脱氢酶和NDMA-依赖性甲醇脱氢酶)。
作用于供体的醛或氧基的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(包括甲酸脱氢酶、醛脱氢酶(NAD+)、醛脱氢酶(NADP+)、醛脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、苯甲醛脱氢酶(NADP+)、甜菜醛脱氢酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、乙醛脱氢酶(乙酰化)、天冬氨酸-半醛脱氢酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(磷酸化)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(NADP+)(磷酸化)、丙二酸-半醛脱氢酶、琥珀酸-半醛脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、乙醛酸脱氢酶(酰化)、丙二酸-半醛脱氢酶(乙酰化)、氨基丁醛脱氢酶、戊二酸-半醛脱氢酶、乙醇醛脱氢酶、乳醛脱氢酶、2-氧醛脱氢酶(NAD+)、琥珀酸-半醛脱氢酶(NAD+)、2-氧异戊酸脱氢酶(酰化)、2,5-二氧戊酸脱氢酶、甲基丙二酸-半醛脱氢酶(酰化)、苯甲醛脱氢酶(NAD+)、芳基醛脱氢酶、芳基醛脱氢酶(NADP+)、L-氨基己二酸-半醛脱氢酶、氨基粘糠酸-半醛脱氢酶、(R)-脱氢泛解酸脱氢酶、视黄醛脱氢酶、N-乙酰-γ-谷氨酰-磷酸还原酶、苯基乙醛脱氢酶、3α,7α,12α-三羟基胆烷酸-26-al26-氧化还原酶、谷氨酸-5-半醛脱氢酶、十六醛脱氢酶(酰化)、甲酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、肉桂酰-辅酶A还原酶、甲醛脱氢酶、4-三甲基氨基丁醛脱氢酶、长链-醛脱氢酶、2-氧醛脱氢酶(NADP+)、长链-脂肪-酰基辅酶A还原酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、氧戊二酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、4-羟基苯基乙醛脱氢酶、γ-胍基丁醛脱氢酶、丁醛脱氢酶、苯基乙醛酸脱氢酶(酰化)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(NAD(P)+)(磷酸化)、5-羧甲基-2-羟基粘康酸-半醛脱氢酶、4-羟基粘康酸半醛脱氢酶、4-甲酰苯磺酸脱氢酶、6-氧己酸脱氢酶、4-羟基苯甲醛脱氢酶、水杨醛脱氢酶、香兰素脱氢酶、松柏醛脱氢酶、氟乙醛脱氢酶、谷氨酰-tRNA还原酶、琥珀酰谷氨酸-半醛脱氢酶、赤藓糖-4-磷酸脱氢酶、磺基乙醛脱氢酶、abietadienal脱氢酶、丙二酰辅酶A还原酶(形成丙二酸半醛)、琥珀酸-半醛脱氢酶(乙酰化)、3,4-脱氢己二酰-辅酶A半醛脱氢酶(NADP+)、2-甲酰苯甲酸脱氢酶、琥珀酸-半醛脱氢酶(NADP+)、长链酰基-[酰基载体蛋白]还原酶、磺基乙醛脱氢酶(酰化)、以及β-脱辅基-4'-胡萝卜醛加氧酶);或使用细胞色素作为受体(包括甲酸脱氢酶(细胞色素)、甲酸脱氢酶(细胞色素-c-553)、和一氧化碳脱氢酶(细胞色素-b-561));或使用氧作为受体(包括醛氧化酶、丙酮酸氧化酶、草酸氧化酶、乙醛酸氧化酶、丙酮酸氧化酶(辅酶A乙酰化)、吲哚-3-乙醛氧化酶、吡哆醛氧化酶、芳基醛氧化酶、视黄醛氧化酶、4-羟基苯基丙酮酸氧化酶和脱落酸醛氧化酶);或使用二硫化物作为受体(包括丙酮酸脱氢酶(乙酰转移)、氧戊二酸脱氢酶(琥珀酰转移)和3-甲基-2-氧丁酸脱氢酶(2-甲基丙酰转移));或使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(包括丙酮酸脱氢酶(醌));或使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(包括丙酮酸合酶、2-氧丁酸合酶、2-氧戊二酸合酶、一氧化碳脱氢酶(铁氧还蛋白)、醛铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(铁氧还蛋白)、3-甲基-2-氧丁酸脱氢酶(铁氧还蛋白)、吲哚丙酮酸铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶和草酸氧化还原酶);或使用其他受体(包括一氧化碳脱氢酶(受体)、醛脱氢酶(吡咯喹啉醌)、甲醛歧化酶、甲酰甲烷呋喃脱氢酶、羧酸还原酶和醛脱氢酶(FAD不依赖性))。
作用于供体的CH-CH基团的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(NAD+)、二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(NADP+)、Δ4-3-氧类固醇5β-还原酶、可的松α-还原酶、葫芦素Δ23-还原酶、延胡索酸还原酶(NADH)、内消旋酒石酸脱氢酶、酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(NADP+)、烯酰-[酰基载体蛋白]还原酶(NADH)、烯酰-[酰基载体蛋白]还原酶(NADPH、B特异性)、2-香豆酸还原酶、预苯酸脱氢酶、预苯酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、二氢乳清酸脱氢酶(NAD+)、二氢乳清酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、β-硝基丙烯酸还原酶、3-亚甲基羟吲哚还原酶、犬尿烯酸-7,8-二氢二醇脱氢酶、顺式-1,2-二氢苯-1,2-二醇脱氢酶、反式-1,2-二氢苯-1,2-二醇脱氢酶、7-脱氢胆固醇还原酶、胆甾烯酮5α-还原酶、胆绿素还原酶、1,6-二羟基环己-2,4-二烯-1-羧酸脱氢酶、二氢吡啶二羧酸还原酶、2-十六醛还原酶、2,3-二氢-2,3-二羟基苯甲酸脱氢酶、顺式-1,2-二氢-1,2-二羟基萘脱氢酶、孕酮5α-还原酶、2-烯醇还原酶、马来酰乙酸还原酶、原叶绿素还原酶、2,4-二烯酰-辅酶A还原酶(NADPH)、磷脂酰胆碱去饱和酶、缝籽嗪脱氢酶、顺式-2-烯酰-辅酶A还原酶(NADPH)、反式-2-烯酰-辅酶A还原酶(NADPH)、烯酰-[酰基载体蛋白]还原酶(NADPH、A特异性)、2-羟基-6-氧-6-苯基己-2,4-二烯酸还原酶、眼黄素还原酶、12-氧代植二烯酸还原酶、阿罗酸脱氢酶、反式-2-烯酰-辅酶A还原酶(NAD+)、2'-羟基异黄酮还原酶、鹰嘴豆芽素-A还原酶、α-茴蒿素1,2-还原酶、15-氧前列腺素13-氧化酶、顺式-3,4-二氢菲-3,4-二醇脱氢酶、2'-羟基黄豆苷元还原酶、2-甲基支链烯酰-辅酶A还原酶、(3S,4R)-3,4-二羟基环己-1,5-二烯-1,4-二羧酸脱氢酶、前咕啉-6A还原酶、顺式-2,3-二羟基联苯基-2,3-二醇脱氢酶、间苯三酚还原酶、2,3-二羟基-2,3-二氢对香豆酸脱氢酶、二苯并噻吩二氢二醇脱氢酶、对苯二甲酸1,2-顺式-二氢二醇脱氢酶、庚二酰-辅酶A脱氢酶、2,4-二氯苯甲酰-辅酶A还原酶、邻苯二甲酸4,5-顺式-二氢二醇脱氢酶、5,6-二羟基-3-甲基-2-氧-1,2,5,6-四氢喹啉脱氢酶、顺式-二氢乙基儿茶酚脱氢酶、顺式-1,2-二羟基-4-甲基环己-3,5-二烯-1-羧酸脱氢酶、1,2-二羟基-6-甲基环己-3,5-二烯羧酸脱氢酶、玉米素还原酶、Δ14-甾醇还原酶、Δ24(241)-甾醇还原酶、Δ24-甾醇还原酶、1,2-二氢吐楞宁还原酶、2-链烯还原酶、二乙烯叶绿素a 8-乙烯基-还原酶、前咕啉-2脱氢酶、花青素还原酶、阿罗酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、阿罗酸脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、红色叶绿素代谢产物还原酶、(+)-胡薄荷酮还原酶、(–)-异胡椒酮还原酶、牻牛儿基牻牛儿基二磷酸还原酶、丙烯酰-辅酶A还原酶(NADPH)、巴豆酰基-辅酶A羧化酶/还原酶、巴豆酰基-辅酶A还原酶、3-(顺式-5,6-二羟基环己-1,3-二烯-1-基)丙酸脱氢酶、tRNA-二氢尿苷16/17合酶[NAD(P)+]、tRNA-二氢尿苷47合酶[NAD(P)+]、tRNA-二氢尿苷20a/20b合酶[NAD(P)+]和tRNA-二氢尿苷20合酶[NAD(P)+]),或使用细胞色素作为受体,例如L-半乳糖内酯脱氢酶,或使用氧作为受体(例如粪卟啉原氧化酶、原卟啉原氧化酶、胆红素氧化酶、酰基辅酶A氧化酶、二氢尿嘧啶氧化酶、四氢小檗碱氧化酶、开联蕃木鳖苷合酶、色氨酸α,β-氧化酶、吡咯喹啉醌合酶和L-半乳糖内酯氧化酶),或使用醌或相关化合物作为受体(例如琥珀酸脱氢酶(泛醌)、二氢乳清酸脱氢酶(醌)、原卟啉原IX脱氢酶(甲萘醌)、延胡索酸还原酶(甲萘醌)、15-顺式-八氢番茄红素去饱和酶以及9,9'-二顺式-ζ-胡萝卜素去饱和酶),或使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(例如6-羟基烟酸还原酶、15,16-二氢胆绿素:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶、藻红素:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶、植物光敏胆色素(phytochromobilin):铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶、藻蓝素:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶、藻红素合酶、铁氧还蛋白:原叶绿素还原酶(ATP依赖性)、苯甲酰-辅酶A还原酶和4-羟基苯甲酰-辅酶A还原酶),或使用黄素作为受体(例如丁酰辅酶A脱氢酶或4,4'-二脱辅基八氢番茄红素去饱和酶),或使用其他已知受体(例如二氢乳清酸脱氢酶(延胡索酸)),或使用其他受体(例如琥珀酸脱氢酶、酰基辅酶A脱氢酶、3-氧类固醇1-脱氢酶、3-氧代-5α-类固醇4-脱氢酶、3-氧代-5β-类固醇4-脱氢酶、戊二酰-辅酶A脱氢酶、2-糠酰-辅酶A脱氢酶、异戊酰-辅酶A脱氢酶、2-甲基酰基辅酶A脱氢酶、长链-酰基辅酶A脱氢酶、环己酮脱氢酶、异喹啉1-氧化还原酶、喹啉2-氧化还原酶、喹哪啶酸4-氧化还原酶、喹啉-4-羧酸2-氧化还原酶、(R)-苄基琥珀酰-辅酶A脱氢酶、粪卟啉原脱氢酶、全反式-视黄醇13,14-还原酶、2-氨基-4-脱氧分支酸脱氢酶、香芹酮还原酶、反式-ζ-胡萝卜素去饱和酶、1-羟基类胡萝卜素3,4-去饱和酶、八氢番茄红素去饱和酶(形成链孢红素)、八氢番茄红素去饱和酶(形成ζ-胡萝卜素)、八氢番茄红素去饱和酶(3,4-二脱氢番茄红素形成)、和八氢番茄红素去饱和酶(形成番茄红素))。
作用于供体的CH-NH2基团的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如丙氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶[NAD(P)+]、谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、L-氨基酸脱氢酶、丝氨酸2-脱氢酶、缬氨酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、亮氨酸脱氢酶、甘氨酸脱氢酶、L-赤藓-3,5-二氨基己酸脱氢酶、2,4-二氨基戊酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸合酶(NADPH)、谷氨酸合酶(NADH)、赖氨酸脱氢酶、二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶、N-甲基丙氨酸脱氢酶、赖氨酸6-脱氢酶、色氨酸脱氢酶、苯基丙氨酸脱氢酶和天冬氨酸脱氢酶),或使用细胞色素作为受体(例如甘氨酸脱氢酶(细胞色素)),或使用氧作为受体(例如D-天冬氨酸氧化酶、L-氨基酸氧化酶、D-氨基酸氧化酶、胺氧化酶、吡哆醛5'-磷酸合酶、D-谷氨酸氧化酶、乙醇胺氧化酶、腐胺氧化酶、L-谷氨酸氧化酶、环己胺氧化酶、蛋白质-赖氨酸6-氧化酶、L-赖氨酸氧化酶、D-谷氨酸(D-天冬氨酸)氧化酶、L-天冬氨酸氧化酶、甘氨酸氧化酶、L-赖氨酸6-氧化酶、伯胺氧化酶、二胺氧化酶和7-氯-L-色氨酸氧化酶),或使用二硫化物作为受体(例如甘氨酸脱氢酶(脱羧)),或使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如D-氨基酸脱氢酶(醌)),或使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(例如谷氨酸合酶(铁氧还蛋白)),或使用铜蛋白质作为受体(例如甲胺脱氢酶(amicyanin)和芳烷基胺脱氢酶(天青蛋白)),以及使用其他受体(例如D-氨基酸脱氢酶、牛磺酸脱氢酶和甘氨酸脱氢酶(形成氰化物))。
作用于供体的CH-NH基团的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如吡咯啉-2-羧酸还原酶、吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶、二氢叶酸还原酶、亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶(NADP+)、甲酰四氢叶酸脱氢酶、酵母氨酸脱氢酶(NAD+,形成L-赖氨酸)、酵母氨酸脱氢酶(NADP+,形成L-赖氨酸)、酵母氨酸脱氢酶(NAD+,形成L-谷氨酸)、酵母氨酸脱氢酶(NADP+,形成L-谷氨酸)、D-章鱼碱脱氢酶、1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸脱氢酶、亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶(NAD+)、D-章鱼赖氨酸脱氢酶、丙氨奥品(alanopine)脱氢酶、麻黄素脱氢酶、D-胭脂碱脱氢酶、亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶[NAD(P)H]、Δ1-哌啶-2-羧酸还原酶、N-羟甲基-L-丙氨酸脱氢酶、牛磺奥品(tauropine)脱氢酶、N5-(羧乙基)鸟氨酸合酶、硫代吗啉-羧酸脱氢酶、β-丙氨奥品脱氢酶、1,2-脱氢reticulinium还原酶(NADPH)、冠瘿碱脱氢酶、黄素还原酶(NADPH)、小檗碱还原酶、吐楞宁还原酶、蝶啶还原酶、6,7-二氢蝶啶还原酶、黄素还原酶(NADH)、FAD还原酶(NADH)、FMN还原酶(NADPH)、FMN还原酶[NAD(P)H]、8-羟基-5-脱氮黄素:NADPH氧化还原酶、核黄素还原酶[NAD(P)H]和FMN还原酶(NADH)),使用氧作为受体(例如肌氨酸氧化酶、N-甲基-L-氨基酸氧化酶、N6-甲基-赖氨酸氧化酶、(S)-6-羟基烟碱氧化酶、(R)-6-羟基烟碱氧化酶、L-甲基哌啶氧化酶、二甲基甘氨酸氧化酶、二氢苯并菲啶氧化酶、N1-乙酰多胺氧化酶、多胺氧化酶(形成丙烷-1,3-二胺)、N8-乙酰精脒氧化酶(形成丙烷-1,3-二胺)、精胺氧化酶、非特异性多胺氧化酶和L-酵母氨酸氧化酶),使用二硫化物作为受体(例如嘧啶并二氮杂卓合酶),使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如电子转移黄素蛋白脱氢酶),使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(例如亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(铁氧还蛋白)),使用黄素作为受体(例如二甲胺脱氢酶和三甲胺脱氢酶),以及使用其他受体(例如肌氨酸脱氢酶、二甲基甘氨酸脱氢酶、L-甲基哌啶脱氢酶、烟碱脱氢酶、甲基谷氨酸脱氢酶、精脒脱氢酶、脯氨酸脱氢酶、亚甲基四氢甲烷蝶呤脱氢酶、5,10-亚甲基四氢甲烷蝶呤还原酶、细胞分裂素脱氢酶和D-脯氨酸脱氢酶)。
作用于NADH或NADPH的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如NAD(P)+转氢酶(B特异性)和NAD(P)+转氢酶(AB特异性)),使用血红素蛋白作为受体(例如细胞色素-b5还原酶、NADPH—血红素蛋白还原酶、NADPH—细胞色素-c2还原酶和豆血红蛋白还原酶),使用氧作为受体(例如NAD(P)H氧化酶),使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如NAD(P)H脱氢酶(醌)、NADH:泛醌还原酶(H+易位)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(NADH)、NADPH:醌还原酶、对苯醌还原酶(NADPH)、2-羟基-1,4-苯醌还原酶、NADH:泛醌还原酶(Na+转运)、NADH:泛醌还原酶(非电子)和NADPH脱氢酶(醌)),使用含氮基团作为受体(例如三甲胺-N-氧化物还原酶),使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体,使用黄素作为受体,以及使用其他受体(例如NADPH脱氢酶、NADH脱氢酶、NADH脱氢酶(醌))。
作用于作为供体的其他含氮化合物的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如硝酸还原酶(NADH)、硝酸还原酶[NAD(P)H]、硝酸还原酶(NADPH)、亚硝酸还原酶[NAD(P)H]、连二次亚硝酸还原酶、偶氮苯还原酶、GMP还原酶、硝基喹啉-N-氧化物还原酶、羟胺还原酶(NADH)、4-(二甲基氨基)苯基氧化偶氮苯还原酶、N-羟基-2-乙酰氨基芴还原酶、前Q1还原酶和一氧化氮还原酶[NAD(P),形成氧化亚氮]),使用细胞色素作为受体(例如亚硝酸还原酶(形成NO)、亚硝酸还原酶(细胞色素;形成氨)、三甲胺-N-氧化物还原酶(细胞色素c)、氧化亚氮还原酶和一氧化氮还原酶(细胞色素c)),使用氧作为受体(例如硝基烷氧化酶、乙酰吲哚氧基氧化酶、因子不依赖性尿酸羟化酶、羟胺氧化酶和3-aci-硝基丙酸氧化酶),使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如硝酸还原酶(醌)和一氧化氮还原酶(甲萘醌(menaquinol))),使用含氮基团作为受体(例如亚硝酸歧化酶),使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(例如铁氧还蛋白—亚硝酸还原酶和铁氧还蛋白—硝酸还原酶),以及使用其他受体(例如羟胺还原酶、硝酸还原酶和肼氧化还原酶)。
作用于供体的硫基团的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如亚硫酸还原酶(NADPH)、亚牛磺酸脱氢酶、二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶、2-氧代丙基-CoM还原酶(羧化)、胱氨酸还原酶、谷胱甘肽-二硫化物还原酶、蛋白质-二硫化物还原酶、硫氧还蛋白-二硫化物还原酶、辅酶A-谷胱甘肽还原酶、天冬酸还原酶、锥虫胱甘肽-二硫化物还原酶、双-γ-谷氨酰胱氨酸还原酶、辅酶A-二硫化物还原酶、氧化型真菌硫醇还原酶、谷胱甘肽酰胺还原酶和二甲基砜还原酶),使用细胞色素作为受体(例如亚硫酸脱氢酶、硫代硫酸脱氢酶、硫化物-细胞色素-c还原酶(黄素细胞色素c)和二甲基硫化物:细胞色素c2还原酶),使用氧作为受体(例如亚硫酸氧化酶、硫醇氧化酶、谷胱甘肽氧化酶、甲硫醇氧化酶、异戊烯半胱氨酸氧化酶和法尼半胱氨酸裂解酶),使用二硫化物作为受体(例如谷胱甘肽—高胱氨酸转氢酶、蛋白质-二硫化物还原酶(谷胱甘肽)、谷胱甘肽—辅酶A-谷胱甘肽转氢酶、谷胱甘肽—胱氨酸转氢酶、酶-硫醇转氢酶(谷胱甘肽-二硫化物)、磷酸腺苷酰硫酸还原酶(硫氧还蛋白)、腺苷酰硫酸还原酶(谷胱甘肽)、腺苷酰硫酸还原酶(硫氧还蛋白)、肽-甲硫氨酸(S)-S-氧化物还原酶、肽-甲硫氨酸(R)-S-氧化物还原酶、L-甲硫氨酸(S)-S-氧化物还原酶和L-甲硫氨酸(R)-S-氧化物还原酶),使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如谷胱甘肽脱氢酶(抗坏血酸)、硫代硫酸脱氢酶(醌)、二甲基亚砜还原酶和硫化物:醌还原酶),使用含氮基团作为受体,使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(例如亚硫酸还原酶(铁氧还蛋白)和铁氧还蛋白:硫氧还蛋白还原酶,使用其他已知受体(例如CoB—CoM异二硫化物还原酶和硫氧化蛋白),以及使用其他受体(例如亚硫酸还原酶、腺苷酰硫酸还原酶和亚硫酸氢还原酶)。
作用于供体的血红素基团的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用氧作为受体(例如细胞色素-c氧化酶),使用含氮基团作为受体(例如硝酸还原酶(细胞色素)),以及使用其他受体(例如铁—细胞色素-c还原酶)。
作用于作为供体的二酚和相关物质的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如转-苊-1,2-二醇脱氢酶),使用细胞色素作为受体(例如L-抗坏血酸—细胞色素-b5还原酶和泛醇—细胞色素-c还原酶),使用氧作为受体(例如儿茶酚氧化酶、漆酶、L-抗坏血酸氧化酶、邻氨基苯酚氧化酶、3-羟基邻氨苯甲酸氧化酶、利福霉素-B氧化酶、光系统II、泛醇氧化酶(H+转运)、泛醇氧化酶和甲萘醌氧化酶(H+转运)),以及使用其他受体(例如质体醌—质体蓝素还原酶、核糖基二氢烟酰胺脱氢酶(醌)和堇菜黄质去环氧酶)。
作用于作为受体的过氧化物的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于过氧化物酶(例如NADH过氧化物酶、NADPH过氧化物酶、脂肪酸过氧化物酶、细胞色素-c过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、碘化物过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、氯化物过氧化物酶、L-抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、磷脂-氢过氧化物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、过氧化物氧还蛋白、多功能过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽酰胺依赖性过氧化物酶、溴化物过氧化物酶、染料脱色过氧化物酶、前列腺酰胺/前列腺素F2α合酶、过氧化氢酶-过氧化物酶),以及使用H2O2作为受体的氧化还原酶,其中的一个氧原子掺入产物内(例如非特异性过氧酶(peroxygenase)、髓过氧化物酶、植物种子过氧酶和脂肪酸过氧酶)。
作用于作为供体的氢的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如氢脱氢酶、氢脱氢酶(NADP+)和氢化酶(NAD+,铁氧还蛋白)),使用细胞色素作为受体(例如细胞色素-c3氢化酶),使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如氢:醌氧化还原酶),使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(例如铁氧还蛋白氢化酶),使用其他已知受体(例如辅酶F420氢化酶、5,10-次甲基四氢甲烷蝶呤氢化酶和甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)-吩嗪氢化酶),以及使用其他受体(例如氢化酶(受体))。
作用于单一供体伴随分子氧的掺入的氧化还原酶(加氧酶)可包括但不限于掺入两个氧原子的氧化还原酶(例如儿茶酚1,2-双加氧酶、儿茶酚2,3-双加氧酶、原儿茶酸3,4-双加氧酶、龙胆酸1,2-双加氧酶、高龙胆酸1,2-双加氧酶、3-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸3,4-双加氧酶、原儿茶酸4,5-双加氧酶、2,5-二羟基吡啶5,6-双加氧酶、7,8-二羟基犬尿氨酸8,8a-双加氧酶、色氨酸2,3-双加氧酶、亚油酸13S-脂加氧酶、抗坏血酸2,3-双加氧酶、2,3-二羟基苯甲酸3,4-双加氧酶、3,4-二羟基苯基乙酸2,3-双加氧酶、3-羧乙基儿茶酚2,3-双加氧酶、吲哚2,3-双加氧酶、硫双加氧酶、半胱胺双加氧酶、半胱氨酸双加氧酶、咖啡酸3,4-双加氧酶、2,3-二羟基吲哚2,3-双加氧酶、槲皮素2,3-双加氧酶、3,4-二羟基-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-三烯-9,17-二酮4,5-双加氧酶、肽-色氨酸2,3-双加氧酶、4-羟基苯基丙酮酸双加氧酶、2,3-二羟基苯甲酸2,3-双加氧酶、羧基-γ-吡喃酮丙氨酸合酶、羧基-α-吡喃酮丙氨酸合酶、花生四烯酸12-脂加氧酶、花生四烯酸15-脂加氧酶、花生四烯酸5-脂加氧酶、邻苯三酚1,2-加氧酶、氨基氯达嗪酮-儿茶酚双加氧酶、偏苯三酚1,2-双加氧酶、1-羟基-2-萘甲酸1,2-双加氧酶、联苯基-2,3-二醇1,2-双加氧酶、花生四烯酸8-脂加氧酶、2,4'-二羟基苯乙酮双加氧酶、木芪αβ-双加氧酶、亚油酸二醇合酶、亚油酸11-脂加氧酶、4-羟基扁桃酸合酶、3-羟基-4-氧喹啉2,4-双加氧酶、3-羟基-2-甲基-喹啉-4-酮2,4-双加氧酶、亚氯酸盐O2-裂解酶、乙酰丙酮切割酶、9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶、吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶、酸式还原酮双加氧酶(需要Ni2+)、酸式还原酮双加氧酶[需要铁(II)]、硫加氧酶/还原酶、1,2-二羟基萘双加氧酶、没食子酸双加氧酶、亚油酸9S-脂加氧酶和红酵母烯双加氧酶),掺入一个氧原子(内单加氧酶或内部混合功能氧化酶)(例如精氨酸2-单加氧酶、赖氨酸2-单加氧酶、色氨酸2-单加氧酶、乳酸2-单加氧酶、海肾(Renilla)-萤光素2-单加氧酶、海萤(Cypridina)-萤光素2-单加氧酶、萤火虫(Photinus)-萤光素4-单加氧酶(水解ATP)、鱿鱼(Watasenia)-萤光素2-单加氧酶、苯基丙氨酸2-单加氧酶、脱辅基-β-类胡萝卜素-14',13'-双加氧酶、刺虾(Oplophorus)-萤光素2-单加氧酶、3,4-二羟基苯基丙氨酸氧化脱氨酶、氮酸单加氧酶、二氯团网菌黄素A合酶、甲藻萤光素酶和2-酮戊二酸(oxuglutarate)双加氧酶(形成乙烯)、肌醇加氧酶和色氨酸2'-双加氧酶。
作用于配对供体,伴随分子氧的掺入或还原的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用抗坏血酸作为一个供体,使用还原型蝶啶作为一个供体,使用2-酮戊二酸作为一个供体并将每个氧原子各自掺入两个供体内(例如γ-丁酰甜菜碱双加氧酶、前胶原-脯氨酸双加氧酶、嘧啶-脱氧核苷2'-双加氧酶、前胶原-赖氨酸5-双加氧酶、胸腺嘧啶双加氧酶、前胶原-脯氨酸3-双加氧酶、三甲基赖氨酸双加氧酶、黄烷酮3-双加氧酶、嘧啶-脱氧核苷1'-双加氧酶、莨菪碱(6S)-双加氧酶、赤霉素-44双加氧酶、赤霉素2β-双加氧酶、6β-羟基莨菪碱环氧酶、赤霉素3β-双加氧酶、肽-天冬氨酸β-双加氧酶、牛磺酸双加氧酶、植烷酰-辅酶A双加氧酶、无色花青素加氧酶、脱乙酰氧基文多灵4-羟化酶、克拉维胺合酶、黄酮合酶、黄酮醇合酶、2'-脱氧麦根酸2'-双加氧酶、麦根酸3-双加氧酶、脱乙酰氧基头孢菌素-C羟化酶、[组蛋白-H3]-赖氨酸-36脱甲基酶、脯氨酸3-羟化酶、缺氧诱导因子-脯氨酸双加氧酶、缺氧诱导因子-天冬酰胺双加氧酶、蒂巴因6-O-脱甲基酶、可待因3-O-脱甲基酶、DNA氧化脱甲基酶和2-酮戊二酸/L-精氨酸单加氧酶/脱羧酶(形成琥珀酸)),使用NADH或NADPH作为一个供体并将两个氧原子掺入一个供体内(例如邻氨基苯甲酸1,2-双加氧酶(脱氨、脱羧)、苯1,2-双加氧酶、3-羟基-2-甲基吡啶羧酸双加氧酶、5-吡哆酸双加氧酶、邻苯二甲酸4,5-双加氧酶、4-磺基苯甲酸3,4-双加氧酶、4-氯苯基乙酸3,4-双加氧酶、苯甲酸1,2-双加氧酶、甲苯双加氧酶、萘1,2-双加氧酶、2-氯苯甲酸1,2-双加氧酶、2-氨基苯磺酸2,3-双加氧酶、对苯二甲酸1,2-双加氧酶、2-羟基喹啉5,6-双加氧酶、一氧化氮双加氧酶、联苯基2,3-双加氧酶、3-苯基丙酸双加氧酶、脱镁叶绿酸盐a加氧酶、苯甲酰-辅酶A 2,3-双加氧酶和咔唑1,9a-双加氧酶),使用NADH或NADPH作为一个供体并掺入一个氧原子(例如水杨酸1-单加氧酶、4-羟基苯甲酸3-单加氧酶、黄木樨酸3-单加氧酶、咪唑乙酸4-单加氧酶、地衣酚2-单加氧酶、苯酚2-单加氧酶、含黄素单加氧酶、犬尿氨酸3-单加氧酶、2,6-二羟基吡啶3-单加氧酶、反式-肉桂酸4-单加氧酶、苯甲酸4-单加氧酶、骨化二醇1-单加氧酶、反式-肉桂酸2-单加氧酶、胆甾烷三醇26-单加氧酶、环戊酮单加氧酶、胆固醇7α-单加氧酶、4-羟基苯乙酸1-单加氧酶、花旗松素8-单加氧酶、2,4-二氯苯酚6-单加氧酶、类黄酮3'-单加氧酶、环己酮单加氧酶、3-羟基苯甲酸4-单加氧酶、3-羟基苯甲酸6-单加氧酶、甲烷单加氧酶(可溶的)、磷脂酰胆碱12-单加氧酶、4-氨基苯甲酸1-单加氧酶、3,9-二羟基紫檀碱6a-单加氧酶、4-硝基酚2-单加氧酶、白三烯-B4 20-单加氧酶、2-硝基酚2-单加氧酶、阿苯达唑单加氧酶、4-羟基苯甲酸3-单加氧酶[NAD(P)H]、白三烯-E4 20-单加氧酶、邻氨基苯甲酸3-单加氧酶(脱氨)、5-O-(4-香豆酰基)-D-奎尼酸3'-单加氧酶、甲基四氢原小檗碱14-单加氧酶、脱水四环素单加氧酶、一氧化氮合酶、邻氨基苯甲酰-辅酶A单加氧酶、酪氨酸N-单加氧酶、单甲醚单加氧酶、2-羟基联苯基3-单加氧酶、(-)-薄荷醇单加氧酶、(S)-柠檬烯3-单加氧酶、(S)-柠檬烯6-单加氧酶、(S)-柠檬烯7-单加氧酶、五氯苯酚单加氧酶、6-氧代桉叶素脱氢酶、异黄酮3'-羟化酶、4'-甲氧基异黄酮2'-羟化酶、酮类固醇单加氧酶、前鸦片碱6-单加氧酶、二氢血根碱10-单加氧酶、二氢白屈菜玉红碱12-单加氧酶、苯甲酰-辅酶A 3-单加氧酶、L-赖氨酸6-单加氧酶(NADPH)、27-羟基胆固醇7α-单加氧酶、2-羟基喹啉8-单加氧酶、4-羟基喹啉3-单加氧酶、3-羟基苯乙酸6-羟化酶、4-羟基苯甲酸1-羟化酶、2-羟基环己酮2-单加氧酶、奎宁3-单加氧酶、4-羟基苯基乙醛肟单加氧酶、链烯单加氧酶、甾醇14-脱甲基酶、N-甲基乌药碱3'-单加氧酶、甲基固醇单加氧酶、水甘草碱16-羟化酶、7-脱氧马钱苷7-羟化酶、维诺任碱羟化酶、紫杉烷10β-羟化酶、紫杉烷13α-羟化酶、对映-贝壳杉烯氧化酶、对映-贝壳杉烯酸氧化酶、(R)-柠檬烯6-单加氧酶、镁原卟啉Ⅸ单甲基酯(氧化)环化酶、香子兰酸单加氧酶、前咕啉-3B合酶、4-羟基苯乙酮单加氧酶、大豆抗毒素合酶、2-羟基异黄烷酮合酶、番茄二酮合酶、类黄酮3',5'-羟化酶、异黄酮2'-羟化酶、玉米黄素环氧酶、脱氧蛇根精羟化酶、苯基丙酮单加氧酶、(+)-脱落酸8'-羟化酶、石胆酸6β-羟化酶、7α-羟基胆甾-4-烯-3-酮12α-羟化酶、5β-胆甾烷-3α,7α-二醇12α-羟化酶、牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸6α-羟化酶、胆固醇24-羟化酶、24-羟基胆固醇7α-羟化酶、25-羟基胆固醇7α-羟化酶、千里光碱N-加氧酶、补骨脂素合酶、8-二甲基烯丙基柚皮素2'-羟化酶、(+)-薄荷呋喃合酶、单环单萜酮单加氧酶、表-异客烯5-单加氧酶、柠檬烯1,2-单加氧酶、松香二烯羟化酶、松香二醇羟化酶、牻牛儿基香叶醇18-羟化酶、甲磺酸单加氧酶、3-表-6-脱氧油菜素甾酮23-单加氧酶、FAD依赖性尿酸羟化酶、6-羟基烟酸3-单加氧酶、白芷素合酶、牻牛儿基氢醌3"-羟化酶、异亮氨酸N-单加氧酶、缬氨酸N-单加氧酶、5-表马兜铃烯1,3-二羟化酶、木香烃内酯合酶、柴螺二烯(premnaspirodiene)加氧酶、叶绿素-a加氧酶、大根香叶烯A羟化酶、苯基丙氨酸N-单加氧酶、色氨酸N-单加氧酶、维生素D3 24-羟化酶、3-(3-羟基苯基)丙酸羟化酶、7-甲基黄嘌呤脱甲基酶、β-胡萝卜素3-羟化酶、吡咯-2-羧酸单加氧酶、二甲基-硫化物单加氧酶和角鲨烯单加氧酶,使用还原型黄素或黄素蛋白作为一个供体并掺入一个氧原子(例如非特异性单加氧酶、烷醛单加氧酶(FMN连接的)、链烷磺酸单加氧酶、色氨酸7-卤化酶、邻氨基苯甲酸3-单加氧酶(FAD)、4-羟基苯乙酸3-单加氧酶和次氮基三乙酸单加氧酶),使用还原型铁-硫蛋白作为一个供体并掺入一个氧原子(例如樟脑5-单加氧酶、樟脑1,2-单加氧酶、烷烃1-单加氧酶、类固醇11β-单加氧酶、皮质酮18-单加氧酶、胆固醇单加氧酶(切割侧链)、胆碱单加氧酶和类固醇15β-单加氧酶),使用还原型蝶啶作为一个供体并掺入一个氧原子(例如苯基丙氨酸4-单加氧酶、酪氨酸3-单加氧酶、邻氨基苯甲酸3-单加氧酶、色氨酸5-单加氧酶、烷基甘油单加氧酶和扁桃酸4-单加氧酶),使用还原型抗坏血酸作为一个供体并掺入一个氧原子(例如多巴胺β-单加氧酶、肽基甘氨酸单加氧酶和氨基环丙烷羧酸氧化酶),使用另一种化合物作为一个供体并掺入一个氧原子(例如单酚单加氧酶、CMP-N-乙酰神经氨酸单加氧酶和甲烷单加氧酶(微粒的)),使用一对供体的氧化导致分子氧还原为两个水分子(例如硬脂酰-辅酶A9-去饱和酶、酰基-[酰基载体蛋白]去饱和酶、亚油酰-辅酶A去饱和酶、Δ8-脂肪酸去饱和酶、Δ11-脂肪酸去饱和酶、Δ12-脂肪酸去饱和酶和(S)-2-羟基丙基膦酸环氧酶),使用2-酮戊二酸作为一个供体并且另一个脱氢(例如脱乙酰氧基头孢菌素-C合酶),使用NADH或NADPH作为一个供体并且另一个脱氢(例如(S)-刺罂粟碱合酶、(S)-碎叶碱合酶、黄芦木碱合酶、多花罂栗碱合酶、(S)-四氢小檗碱合酶、7-烯胆烷醇氧化酶、双淡黄霉素(biflaviolin)合酶、野靛黄素合酶),以及其他包括前列腺素-内过氧化物合酶、犬尿氨酸7,8-羟化酶、血红素加氧酶、孕酮单加氧酶、类固醇17α-单加氧酶、类固醇21-单加氧酶、雌二醇6β-单加氧酶、4-雄甾烯-3,17-二酮单加氧酶、孕酮11α-单加氧酶、4-甲氧基苯甲酸单加氧酶(O-脱甲基化)、醚磷脂酰乙醇胺去饱和酶、叶绿醌单加氧酶(2,3-环氧化)、肩棘螺(Latia)-萤光素单加氧酶(脱甲基化)、蜕皮激素20-单加氧酶、3-羟基苯甲酸2-单加氧酶、类固醇9α-单加氧酶、2-羟基吡啶5-单加氧酶、胡桃醌3-单加氧酶、芳樟醇8-单加氧酶、脱氧尾下素单加氧酶、肉豆蔻酰-辅酶A11-(E)去饱和酶、肉豆蔻酰-辅酶A11-(Z)去饱和酶、Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶、单异戊烯基异黄酮环氧酶、噻吩-2-羰基-辅酶A单加氧酶、β-胡萝卜素15,15'-单加氧酶、紫杉二烯5α-羟化酶、胆固醇25-羟化酶、氨单加氧酶、5,6-二甲基苯并咪唑合酶、全反式-8'-脱辅基-β-胡萝卜醛15,15'-加氧酶、玉米黄素7,8-双加氧酶、β-香树素24-羟化酶、二脱辅基番茄红素加氧酶和胡萝卜素ε-单加氧酶。
作用于作为受体的超氧化物的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于超氧化物歧化酶和超氧化物还原酶。
作用于金属离子的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如汞(II)还原酶、二铁-转铁蛋白还原酶、水钴胺还原酶、钴(II)胺素还原酶、水钴胺还原酶(NADPH)、氰钴胺还原酶(消除氰化物)、铁螯合还原酶(NADH)、[甲硫氨酸合酶]还原酶和铁螯合还原酶(NADPH)),使用氧作为受体(例如亚铁氧化酶),使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如抗坏血酸铁还原酶(跨膜)),使用黄素作为受体(例如钴(Ⅱ)啉酸a,c-二酰胺还原酶),使用其他受体(例如铁:铜蓝蛋白还原酶)。
作用于CH或CH2基团的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如CDP-4-脱氢-6-脱氧葡萄糖还原酶、4-羟基-3-甲基丁-2-烯基二磷酸还原酶、无色花色素还原酶、黄嘌呤脱氢酶和烟酸脱氢酶),使用细胞色素作为受体(例如烟酸脱氢酶(细胞色素)),使用氧作为受体(例如蝶啶氧化酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶和6-羟基烟酸脱氢酶),使用二硫化物作为受体(例如核糖核苷-二磷酸还原酶和核糖核苷-三磷酸还原酶),使用醌或相似化合物作为受体(例如苯基乙酰-辅酶A脱氢酶和咖啡因脱氢酶),使用铁-硫蛋白作为受体(例如(E)-4-羟基-3-甲基丁-2-烯基-二磷酸合酶),以及使用其他受体(例如4-甲基苯酚脱氢酶(羟基化)、乙基苯羟化酶、3α,7α,12α-三羟基-5β-胆甾酰-辅酶A24-羟化酶、尿嘧啶/胸腺嘧啶脱氢酶和胆汁酸7α-脱羟基酶)。
作用于作为供体的铁-硫蛋白的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体(例如红氧还蛋白—NAD+还原酶、铁氧还蛋白—NADP+还原酶、铁氧还蛋白—NAD+还原酶和红氧还蛋白—NAD(P)+还原酶),使用H+作为受体,以及使用二氮作为受体(例如固氮酶)。
作用于作为供体的还原型黄素氧还蛋白的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于使用二氮作为受体的氧化还原酶(例如固氮酶(黄素氧还蛋白)。
作用于供体中的磷或砷的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用NAD(P)+作为受体(例如膦酸脱氢酶),使用细胞色素作为受体(例如砷酸还原酶(细胞色素c)),使用二硫化物作为受体(例如砷酸还原酶(谷氧还蛋白)、甲基砷酸还原酶和mycoredoxin),使用铜蛋白质作为受体(例如砷酸还原酶(天青蛋白)),以及使用其他受体(例如砷酸还原酶(供体))。
作用于X-H和Y-H以形成X-Y键的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于下述氧化还原酶:使用氧作为受体(例如异青霉素-N合酶、非洲防己碱氧化酶、牛心果碱氧化酶、硫赭曲菌素氧化酶[形成(+)-双去氯地曲霉素]、硫赭曲菌素氧化酶[形成(-)-双去氯地曲霉素]和金鱼草素合酶),使用二硫化物作为受体(例如D-脯氨酸还原酶(二硫醇)、甘氨酸还原酶、肌氨酸还原酶和甜菜碱还原酶),以及使用其他受体(例如β-环匹阿尼酸脱氢酶)。
作用于供体中的卤素的氧化还原酶可包括但不限于使用NAD+或NADP+作为受体的氧化还原酶(例如碘酪氨酸脱碘酶)。
其他氧化还原酶可包括但不限于氯酸还原酶、邻苯三酚羟基转移酶、硫还原酶、[甲酸-C-乙酰转移酶]-活化酶、四氯乙烯还原脱卤酶、硒酸还原酶、甲状腺素5'-脱碘酶、甲状腺素5-脱碘酶和光系统I)。
合适的氧化还原酶包括多种糖氧化酶、漆酶、过氧化物酶和卤素过氧化物酶。
糖基化酶
糖基化酶包括糖苷酶,即水解O-和S-糖基化合物的酶,包括但不限于α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、葡聚糖1,4-α-葡糖苷酶、纤维素酶、内-1,3(4)-β-葡聚糖酶、菊粉酶、内-1,4-β-木聚糖酶、低聚-1,6-葡糖苷酶、右旋糖酐酶、几丁质酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶、溶菌酶、外-α-唾液酸酶、α-葡糖苷酶、β-葡糖苷酶、α-半乳糖苷酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、α-甘露糖苷酶、β-甘露糖苷酶、β-呋喃果糖苷酶、α,α-海藻糖酶、β-葡糖醛酸酶、内-1,3-β-木聚糖酶、淀粉-1,6-葡糖苷酶、透明质酸葡糖胺酶、透明质酸葡糖醛酸酶、木聚糖1,4-β-木糖苷酶、β-D-岩藻糖苷酶、葡聚糖内-1,3-β-D-葡糖苷酶、α-L-鼠李糖苷酶、支链淀粉酶、GDP-葡糖苷酶、β-L-鼠李糖苷酶、岩藻多糖酶、葡糖神经酰胺酶、半乳糖神经酰胺酶、半乳糖基半乳糖基葡糖神经酰胺酶、蔗糖α-葡糖苷酶、α-N-乙酰半乳糖苷酶、α-N-乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶、α-L-岩藻糖苷酶、β-L-N-乙酰己糖苷酶、β-N-乙酰半乳糖苷酶、环麦芽糊精酶、α-N-阿拉伯呋喃糖酶、葡糖醛酰基-二硫葡糖胺葡糖醛酸酶、异支链淀粉酶、葡聚糖1,3-β-葡糖苷酶、葡聚糖内-1,3-α-葡糖苷酶、葡聚糖1,4-α-麦芽四糖水解酶、霉菌葡聚糖酶、糖基神经酰胺酶、1,2-α-L-岩藻糖苷酶、2,6-β-果聚糖6-左聚糖生物水解酶、左聚糖酶、槲皮苷酶、半乳聚糖1,4-α-半乳糖醛酸酶、异淀粉酶、葡聚糖1,6-α-葡糖苷酶、葡聚糖内-1,2-β-葡糖苷酶、木聚糖1,3-β-木糖苷酶、地衣聚糖酶(licheninase)、葡聚糖1,4-β-葡糖苷酶、葡聚糖内-1,6-β-葡糖苷酶、L-艾杜糖醛酸酶、甘露聚糖1,2-(1,3)-α-甘露糖苷酶、甘露聚糖内-1,4-β-甘露糖苷酶、果聚糖β-果糖苷酶、β-琼脂糖酶、外-聚-α-半乳糖醛酸酶、κ-角叉菜胶酶、葡聚糖1,3-α-葡糖苷酶、6-磷酸-β-半乳糖苷酶、6-磷酸-β-葡糖苷酶、荚膜多糖内-1,3-α-半乳糖苷酶、β-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶、阿拉伯半乳聚糖内-1,4-β-半乳糖苷酶、纤维素1,4-β-纤维二糖糖苷酶(非还原端)、肽聚糖β-N-乙酰胞壁质酶、α,α-磷酸海藻糖酶、葡聚糖1,6-α-异麦芽糖苷酶、右旋糖酐1,6-α-异麦芽糖丙糖苷酶、甘露糖基-糖蛋白内-β-N-乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶、内-α-N-乙酰半乳糖苷酶、葡聚糖1,4-α-麦芽糖六苷酶、阿拉伯聚糖内-1,5-α-L-阿拉伯聚糖酶、甘露聚糖1,4-甘露二糖糖苷酶、甘露聚糖内-1,6-α-甘露糖苷酶、血型物质内-1,4-β-半乳糖苷酶、硫酸角质素内-1,4-β-半乳糖苷酶、甾基-β-葡糖苷酶、长春花碱β-葡糖苷酶、甘露糖基-寡糖葡糖苷酶、蛋白质-葡糖基半乳糖基羟基赖氨酸葡糖苷酶、乳糖酶、内半乳糖胺酶、1,3-α-L-岩藻糖苷酶、2-脱氧葡糖苷酶、甘露糖基-寡糖1,2-α-甘露糖苷酶、甘露糖基-寡糖1,3-1,6-α-甘露糖苷酶、分支-右旋糖酐外-1,2-α-葡糖苷酶、葡聚糖1,4-α-麦芽三糖水解酶、苦杏仁苷β-葡糖苷酶、野黑樱苷β-葡糖苷酶、巢菜苷β-葡糖苷酶、寡聚木糖葡聚糖β-糖苷酶、聚甘露糖醛酸水解酶、麦芽糖-6'-磷酸葡糖苷酶、内糖基神经酰胺酶、3-脱氧-2-辛酮糖苷酶(octulosonidase)、萝卡辛β-葡糖苷酶、松柏苷β-葡糖苷酶、1,6-α-L-岩藻糖苷酶、甘草酸β-葡糖醛酸酶、内-α-唾液酸酶、糖蛋白内-α-1,2-甘露糖苷酶、木聚糖α-1,2-葡糖苷酸酶、脱乙酰几丁质酶、葡聚糖1,4-α-麦芽糖水解酶、二果糖酐合酶、新支链淀粉酶、葡聚糖阿拉伯糖木聚糖内-1,4-β-木聚糖酶、甘露聚糖外-1,2-1,6-α-甘露糖苷酶、α-葡糖醛酸酶、乳-N-乙糖苷酶(lacto-N-biosidase)、4-α-D-{(1→4)-α-D-葡聚糖}海藻糖海藻糖水解酶、极限糊精酶、聚(ADP-核糖)糖水解酶、3-脱氧辛酮糖酸酶、半乳聚糖1,3-β-半乳糖苷酶、β-呋喃半乳糖苷酶、硫代葡糖苷酶、β-樱草苷酶、寡聚木糖葡聚糖还原端特异性纤维二糖水解酶、木糖葡聚糖-特异性内-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶、甘露糖基糖蛋白内-β-甘露糖苷酶、果聚糖β-(2,1)-果糖苷酶、果聚糖β-(2,6)-果糖苷酶、木糖葡聚糖-特异性外-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶、寡糖还原端木聚糖酶、ι-角叉菜胶酶、α-琼脂糖酶、α-新琼脂糖-寡糖水解酶、β-芹菜糖基-β-葡糖苷酶、λ-角叉菜胶酶、1,6-α-D-甘露糖苷酶、半乳聚糖内-1,6-β-半乳糖苷酶、外-1,4-β-D-氨基葡糖苷酶、类肝素酶、黄芩苷-β-D-葡糖醛酸酶、橙皮苷6-O-α-L-鼠李糖基-β-D-葡糖苷酶、蛋白质O-乙酰葡糖胺水解酶、甘露糖基甘油酸水解酶、鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖水解酶、不饱和鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸基水解酶、鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖半乳糖醛酸水解酶、鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖鼠李糖水解酶、β-D-吡喃葡糖基脱落酸β-葡糖苷酶、纤维素1,4-β-纤维二糖糖苷酶(还原端)、α-D-木糖苷木糖水解酶和β-紫菜酶(porphyranase)。
糖基化酶还包括水解N-糖基化合物,包括但不限于嘌呤核苷酶、肌苷核苷酶、尿苷核苷酶、AMP核苷酶、NAD+核苷酶、NAD(P)+核苷酶、腺苷核苷酶、核糖基嘧啶核苷酶、腺苷高半胱氨酸核苷酶、嘧啶-5'-核苷酸核苷酶、β-天冬氨酰-N-乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶、肌苷酸核苷酶、1-甲基腺苷核苷酶、NMN核苷酶、DNA-脱氧肌苷糖基化酶、甲硫腺苷核苷酶、脱氧核糖二嘧啶内核苷酶、ADP-核糖基精氨酸水解酶、DNA-3-甲基腺嘌呤糖基化酶I、DNA-3-甲基腺嘌呤糖基化酶II、rRNA N-糖基化酶、DNA-甲酰胺基嘧啶糖基化酶、ADP-核糖基-[二氮还原酶]水解酶、N-甲基核苷酶、futalosine水解酶、尿嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶、双链尿嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶和胸腺嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶,并且水解S-糖基化合物。
水解酶
EC 3的水解酶包括但不限于:作用于酯键的水解酶;糖基化酶,作用于醚键的水解酶;作用于肽键的水解酶(肽酶/蛋白酶);作用于除肽键外的碳-氮键的水解酶;作用于酸酐的水解酶;作用于碳-碳键的水解酶;作用于卤化物键的水解酶;作用于磷-氮键的水解酶;作用于硫-氮键的水解酶;作用于碳-磷键的水解酶;作用于硫-硫键的水解酶;和作用于碳-硫键的水解酶。
作用于酯键的EC 3的水解酶可包括羧酸酯水解酶(例如脂酶包括三酰基甘油脂酶、磷脂酶A1、磷脂酶A2、溶血磷脂酶、酰基甘油脂酶、半乳糖脂酶、脂蛋白脂酶;和磷酸二酯水解酶,包括磷脂酶C、磷脂酶D、磷酸肌醇磷脂酶C、糖基磷酯酰肌醇磷脂酶D和N-乙酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-水解磷脂酶D)和糖基化酶,包括糖苷酶,即水解O-和S-糖基化合物的酶,例如淀粉酶(包括α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和异淀粉酶)、纤维素酶和甘露聚糖酶。
合适的脂酶和角质酶包括具有细菌或真菌起源的脂酶和角质酶。包括了化学修饰或蛋白质工程突变体。例子包括来自嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)例如来自疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌(T.lanuginosus)(以前命名为柔毛腐质霉(Humicola lanuginosa))的脂酶,如EP 258068(和美国专利号4,810,414)和EP 305 216(以及美国专利号5,766,912;5,874,558;5,965,384;7,517,668;5,536,661和5,863,759)中描述的,来自腐质霉属(Humicola)例如特异腐质霉(H.insolens)的角质酶,如WO 96/13580中描述的,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)脂酶,例如来自产碱假单胞菌(P.alcaligenes)或假产碱假单胞菌(P.pseudoalcaligenes)(EP 218 272,美国专利号5,766,912;5,863,759;5,874,558;5,965,384;7,517,668和5,536,661)、洋葱假单胞菌(P.cepacia)(EP 331 376和美国专利号5,290,694)、施氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri)(GB 1,372,034)、荧光假单胞菌(P.fluorescens)、假单胞菌属物种菌株SD 705(WO 95/06720、美国专利号5,827,718、WO 96/27002和美国专利号5,942,431)、威斯康星假单胞菌(P.wisconsinensis)(WO 96/12012),芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)脂酶,例如来自枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)(Dartois等人,1993,Biochemicaet Biophysica Acta,1131:253-360)、嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(B.stearothermophilus)(JP64/744992)或短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)(WO 91/16422和美国专利号5,427,936)。其他例子是例如以下中所述的脂酶变体:WO 92/05249、WO 94/01541、EP 407 225、EP260 105、WO 95/35381、WO 96/00292、WO 95/30744、WO 94/25578、WO 95/14783、WO 95/22615、WO 97/04079、WO 97/07202、WO 00/060063、WO2007/087508、WO2009/109500和美国专利号5,892,013;5,869,438;5,976,855;6,020,180;6,074,863;5,658,871;4,760,025;5,155,033;5,182,204;5,185,258;5,204,015;5,244,791;5,264,366;5,310,675;5,316,941;5,346,823;5,352,594;5,371,008;5,371,190;5,411,873;5,441,882;5,472,855;5,652,136;5,700,676;5,763,257;5,801,038;5,939,315;5,955,340;5,972,682;6,465,235;和RE34,606。优选的商购可得的脂酶包括LipolaseTM、Lipolase UltraTM和LipexTM;LecitaseTM、LipolexTM;LipocleanTM、LipoprimeTM(Novozymes A/S)。其他商购可得的脂酶包括Lumafast(Genencor Int Inc);Lipomax,M1脂肪酶(Gist-Brocades/Genencor Int Inc)和来自Solvay的芽孢杆菌属脂酶。
合适的淀粉酶(α和/或β)包括具有细菌或真菌起源的淀粉酶。包括了化学修饰或蛋白质工程突变体。淀粉酶包括例如得自芽孢杆菌属例如地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis)的专门菌株的α-淀粉酶,在GB 1,296,839中更详细地描述。有用的淀粉酶的例子是以下中所述的变体:WO 94/02597、WO 94/18314、WO 96/23873、WO97/43424、美国专利号5,824,532;5,849,549;6,297,037;6,093,562;6,297,038;6,867,031;以及美国公开号2002/0098996;2003/0064908;2004/0253676;2005/0059131;2005/0250664;2006/0035323;2009/0280527;2010/0099597;2010/0099598;和2011/0177990,尤其是在下述位置的一个或多个处具有置换的变体:15、23、105、106、124、128、133、154、156、181、188、190、197、202、208、209、243、264、304、305、391、408和444。商购可得的淀粉酶是DuramylTM、TermamylTM、FungamylTM、NatalaseTM和BANTM(Novozymes A/S)、RapidaseTM和PurastarTM(来自GenencorInternational Inc.)。
合适的纤维素酶包括具有细菌或真菌起源的纤维素酶。包括了化学修饰或蛋白质工程突变体。合适的纤维素酶包括来自芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、腐质霉属、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、梭孢壳属(Thielavia)、枝顶孢属(Acremonium)的纤维素酶,例如美国专利号4,435,307;5,648,263;5,691,178;5,776,757和WO 89/09259中公开的由特异腐质霉、嗜热毁丝霉(Myceliophthora thermophila)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)产生的真菌纤维素酶。尤其合适的纤维素酶是具有颜色护理(color care)益处的碱性或中性纤维素酶。此类纤维素酶的例子是以下中所述的纤维素酶:EP 0 495 257、EP 0 531 372、WO 96/11262、WO 96/29397、WO 98/08940、美国专利号5,520,838;5,443,750;5,668,073;5,948,672;6,423,524;5,919,691;6,071,735;6,001,639;6,387,690;6,855,531;7,226,773;以及美国公开号2001/0036910;2003/0119167;2003/0054539;2005/0070003;2008/0145912;和2010/0107342。其他例子是例如以下中所述的纤维素酶变体:WO94/07998、EP 0 531 315、WO 95/24471、WO 98/12307、PCT/DK98/00299、美国专利号5,457,046;5,686,593;5,763,254;5,792,641;6,114,296;5,457,046;5,912,157;6,117,664;7,993,898;8,017,372;以及美国公开号2003/0092097;2005/0009166;2008/0206836;2009/0170747和2011/0250674。商购可得的纤维素酶包括CelluzymeTM和CarezymeTM(Novozymes A/S)、ClazinaseTM和Puradax HATM(Genencor International Inc.)以及KAC-500(B)TM(Kao Corporation)。
肽酶/蛋白酶
作用于肽键的EC 3的水解酶(肽酶/蛋白酶)可包括但不限于氨肽酶(包括亮氨酰氨肽酶、膜丙氨酰氨肽酶、半胱氨酰氨肽酶、三肽氨肽酶、脯氨酰氨肽酶、精氨酰氨肽酶、谷氨酰氨肽酶、Xaa-Pro氨肽酶、细菌亮氨酰氨肽酶、梭菌氨肽酶、细胞溶质丙氨酰氨肽酶、赖氨酰氨肽酶、Xaa-Trp氨肽酶、色氨酰氨肽酶、甲硫氨酰氨肽酶、D-立体特异性氨肽酶、氨肽酶Ey、天冬氨酰氨肽酶、氨肽酶I、PepB氨肽酶、氨肽酶S、β-肽基氨肽酶和中间产物切割肽酶55);二肽酶(包括Xaa-Arg二肽酶、Xaa-甲基-His二肽酶、Glu-Glu二肽酶、Xaa-Pro二肽酶、Met-Xaa二肽酶、非立体特异性二肽酶、细胞溶质非特异性二肽酶、膜二肽酶、β-Ala-His二肽酶、二肽酶E和D-Ala-D-Ala二肽酶);二肽基-肽酶和三肽基-肽酶(包括二肽基-肽酶I、二肽基-肽酶II、二肽基-肽酶III、二肽基-肽酶IV、二肽基-二肽酶、三肽基-肽酶I、三肽基-肽酶II、Xaa-Pro二肽基-肽酶和脯氨酰三肽基氨肽酶);肽基-二肽酶(包括肽基-二肽酶A、肽基-二肽酶B、肽基-二肽酶Dcp和藻青素酶);丝氨酸型羧肽酶(包括溶酶体Pro-Xaa羧肽酶、丝氨酸型D-Ala-D-Ala羧肽酶、羧肽酶C和羧肽酶D);金属羧肽酶(包括羧肽酶A、羧肽酶B、赖氨酸羧肽酶、Gly-Xaa羧肽酶、丙氨酸羧肽酶、胞壁酰五肽羧肽酶、羧肽酶E、谷氨酸羧肽酶、羧肽酶M、胞壁酰四肽羧肽酶、锌D-Ala-D-Ala羧肽酶、羧肽酶A2、膜Pro-Xaa羧肽酶、微管蛋白(tubulinyl)-Tyr羧肽酶、羧肽酶T、羧肽酶Taq、羧肽酶U、谷氨酸羧肽酶II、金属羧肽酶D和血管紧张素转化酶2);半胱氨酸型羧肽酶,包括组织蛋白酶X;ω肽酶(包括酰基氨基酰基-肽酶、肽基-甘氨酰胺酶、焦谷氨酰-肽酶I、β-天冬氨酰-肽酶、焦谷氨酰-肽酶II、N-甲酰甲硫氨酰-肽酶、γ-谷氨酰水解酶、γ-D-谷氨酰-内消旋-二氨基庚二酸肽酶I和泛素酰水解酶1);丝氨酸内肽酶(包括胰凝乳蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶C、海葵内肽酶(metridin)、胰蛋白酶、凝血酶、凝血因子Xa、纤溶酶、肠肽酶、顶体蛋白酶、α-裂解内肽酶(Lytic endopeptidase)、谷氨酰内肽酶、组织蛋白酶G、凝血因子VIIa、凝血因子IXa、黄瓜素、脯氨酰寡肽酶、凝血因子XIa、brachyuran、血浆激肽释放酶、组织激肽释放酶、胰腺弹性蛋白酶、白细胞弹性蛋白酶、凝血因子XIIa、糜蛋白酶、补体亚组分补体亚组分经典补体途径C3/C5转化酶、补体因子I、补体因子D、旁路补体途径C3/C5转化酶、塞里维辛(cerevisin)、皮蝇素C、赖氨酰内肽酶、内肽酶La、γ-肾素、蝮蛇毒素(venombin)AB、亮氨酰内肽酶、类胰蛋白酶、黄芩素、kexin、枯草杆菌蛋白酶、米谷蛋白、肽酶K、嗜热霉菌素、热酶、内肽酶So、t-纤溶酶原激活物、蛋白质C(活化的)、胰腺内肽酶E、胰腺弹性蛋白酶II、IgA-特异性丝氨酸内肽酶、u-纤溶酶原激活物、腹蛇毒素A、弗林蛋白酶、成髓细胞蛋白酶、激肽释放酶3(semenogelase)、颗粒酶A、颗粒酶B、streptogrisin A、streptogrisin B、谷氨酰内肽酶II寡肽酶B、鲎凝固因子、鲎凝固因子B、鲎凝固酶、阻遏蛋白LexA、信号肽酶I、批膜病毒素、黄病毒素、内肽酶Clp、前蛋白转化酶1、前蛋白转化酶2、蛇毒因子V激活物、lactocepin、装配、肝病毒素、spermosin、sedolisin、黄单胞菌素、C末端加工肽酶、粘菌素(physarolisin)、甘露聚糖结合凝集素相关丝氨酸蛋白酶-2、菱形蛋白酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶(hepsin)、肽酶Do、HtrA2肽酶、蛋白裂解酶(matriptase)、C5a肽酶、水细胞溶素1、位点-1蛋白酶、瘟病毒NS3多蛋白肽酶、马动脉病毒丝氨酸肽酶、传染性胰腺坏死双RNA病毒Vp4肽酶、SpoIVB肽酶、角质层胰凝乳蛋白酶、激肽释放酶8、激肽释放酶13和输卵管素);半胱氨酸内肽酶(包括组织蛋白酶B、木瓜蛋白酶、无花果蛋白酶、木瓜凝乳蛋白酶、灌藦蛋白酶、梭菌蛋白酶、streptopain、奇异果蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶L、组织蛋白酶H、组织蛋白酶T、甘氨酰内肽酶、癌性促凝物质、组织蛋白酶S、细小核糖核酸病毒内肽酶(picornain)3C、细小核糖核酸病毒内肽酶2A、番木瓜蛋白酶、ananain、茎菠萝蛋白酶、果实菠萝蛋白酶、豆荚蛋白(legumain)、histolysain、半胱天冬酶-1、牙龈菌蛋白酶R、组织蛋白酶K、腺病毒内肽酶、博来霉素水解酶、组织蛋白酶F、组织蛋白酶V、组织蛋白酶O、核包含-a内肽酶、辅助组分蛋白酶、L-肽酶、牙龈菌蛋白酶K、葡萄球菌素(staphopain)、分离酶、V-cath内肽酶、克鲁兹蛋白酶、钙蛋白酶-1、钙蛋白酶-2、钙蛋白酶-3、半胱天冬酶-2、半胱天冬酶-3、半胱天冬酶-4、半胱天冬酶-5、半胱天冬酶-6、半胱天冬酶-7、半胱天冬酶-8、半胱天冬酶-9、半胱天冬酶-10、半胱天冬酶-11、肽酶1(螨)、calicivirin、zingipain、Ulp1肽酶、SARS冠状病毒主蛋白酶、分拣酶A和分拣酶B);天冬氨酸内肽酶(包括胃蛋白酶A、胃蛋白酶B、胃亚蛋白酶、凝乳酶、组织蛋白酶D、猪笼草蛋白酶、肾素、HIV-1逆转录病毒蛋白酶、阿黑皮素原转化酶、曲霉胃蛋白酶I、曲霉胃蛋白酶II、青霉胃蛋白酶、根霉胃蛋白酶、内源性硫胺胃蛋白酶、粘膜胃蛋白酶、天冬氨酸蛋白酶(candidapepsin)、糖胃蛋白酶、rhodotorulapepsin、顶柱霉菌蛋白酶、多孔菌胃蛋白酶、pycnoporopepsin、柱顶孢蛋白酶A、柱顶孢蛋白酶B、组织蛋白酶E、屏障胃蛋白酶、信号肽酶II、疟原虫天冬氨酸蛋白酶I、疟原虫天冬氨酸蛋白酶II、phytepsin、酵母天冬酶1、嗜热蛋白酶、前菌毛素肽酶、野田村病毒内肽酶、膜天冬氨酸蛋白酶1、膜天冬氨酸蛋白酶2、HIV-2逆转录病毒蛋白酶、纤溶酶原激活物Pla、omptin、人内源性逆转录病毒K内肽酶和HycI肽酶);金属内肽酶(包括衲脊蛇溶血素A、微生物胶原酶、白细胞溶素、间质胶原酶、脑啡肽酶、envelysin、IgA-特异性金属内肽酶、前胶原N-内肽酶、甲拌磷寡肽酶、溶神经素、溶基质素1、甲基多巴A、前胶原C-内肽酶、肽基-Lys金属内肽酶、虾红素、溶基质素2、基质溶解因子、明胶酶A、弧菌溶血素、假单胞菌溶素、嗜热菌蛋白酶、杆菌细胞溶素、溶金菌素(aureolysin)、球菌蛋白酶、溶真菌酶、β-裂解金属内肽酶、肽基-Asp金属内肽酶、中性粒细胞胶原酶、明胶酶B、利什曼溶蛋白、saccharolysin、gametolysin、deuterolysin、沙雷氏菌溶素、衲脊蛇溶血素B、衲脊蛇溶血素C、atroxase、衲脊蛇溶血素E、衲脊蛇溶血素F、蛇毒金属蛋白酶、horrilysin、ruberlysin、bothropasin、bothrolysin、ophiolysin、出血金属蛋白酶(trimerelysin)I、出血金属蛋白酶II、mucrolysin、溶加压素、胰岛素降解酶、O-唾液酸糖蛋白内肽酶、russellysin、线粒体中间产物肽酶、dactylysin、nardilysin、magnolysin、甲基多巴B、线粒体加工肽酶、巨噬细胞弹性蛋白酶、卵壳溶解素(choriolysin)L、卵壳溶解素H、tentoxilysin、bontoxilysin、寡肽酶A、内皮素转化酶、蛇毒纤溶酶、jararhagin、fragilysin、溶葡萄球菌酶、flavastacin、snapalysin、gpr内肽酶、冠毛素-1、膜类型基质金属蛋白酶-1、ADAM10内肽酶、ADAMTS-4内肽酶、炭疽致死因子内肽酶、Ste24内肽酶、S2P内肽酶、ADAM 17内肽酶和ADAMTS13内肽酶);以及苏氨酸内肽酶(包括蛋白酶体内肽酶复合物和HslU—HslV肽酶)。
合适的蛋白酶包括具有动物、植物或微生物起源的蛋白酶。微生物起源是优选的。包括了化学修饰或蛋白质工程突变体。蛋白酶可以是丝氨酸蛋白酶或金属蛋白酶,优选碱性微生物蛋白酶或胰蛋白酶样蛋白酶。碱性蛋白酶的例子是枯草杆菌蛋白酶,尤其是衍生自芽孢杆菌属的枯草杆菌蛋白酶,例如枯草杆菌蛋白酶Novo、枯草杆菌蛋白酶Carlsberg、枯草杆菌蛋白酶309、枯草杆菌蛋白酶147和枯草杆菌蛋白酶168(在WO 89/06279、美国专利号6,506,589;6,808,913;6,835,821;以及美国公开号2003/0148495;2003/0175933;2003/0186378和2005/0003986中描述)。胰蛋白酶样蛋白酶的例子是胰蛋白酶(例如具有猪或牛起源),以及WO 89/06270、WO 94/25583以及美国专利号5,288,627和5,693,520中所述的镰刀菌属蛋白酶。有用的蛋白酶的例子是以下中所述的变体:WO 92/19729、WO 98/20115、WO 98/20116、WO 98/34946以及美国专利号5,858,757;6,300,116;7,098,017;6,159,731;和美国公开号2002/0102702,尤其是在下述位置的一个或多个处具有置换的变体:27、36、57、76、87、97、101、104、120、123、167、170、194、206、218、222、224、235和274。优选的商购可得的蛋白酶包括AlcalaseTM、SavinaseTM、PrimaseTM、DuralaseTM、EsperaseTM和KannaseTM(Novozymes A/S)、MaxataseTM、MaxacalTM、MaxapemTM、ProperaseTM、PurafectTM、Purafect OxPTM、FN2TM和FN3TM(Genencor International Inc.)。
用于洗衣和洗碗盘应用中的酶可包括以下中的一种或多种:蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂酶、脱氢酶、转氨酶、激酶、纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶、肽酶、脱羧酶、异构酶、变位酶、合成酶、合酶和氧化还原酶,包括催化漂白剂形成的氧化还原酶。
考虑用于本文描述的粉末中的酶可来自任何合适的来源或来源组合,例如细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源。在一类实施例中,两种或更多种酶的混合物将来自至少两个不同类型的来源。例如,蛋白酶和脂酶的混合物可来自细菌(蛋白酶)和真菌(脂酶)来源。
任选地,用于本文中的酶,包括但不限于本文描述的任何酶种类或成员,是在碱性pH条件下起作用的酶,例如用于洗涤剂应用包括洗衣用洗涤剂和/或碗盘洗涤剂中,例如在约8至约11范围内的pH。任选地,用于本文中的酶,包括但不限于本文描述的任何酶种类或成员,是在约5℃至约45℃范围内的温度下起作用的酶。
除香料之外的油可包括食用香料和着色剂。
在一类实施例中,活性剂包含调味料或调味料组合。合适的调味料包括但不限于留兰香油、肉桂油、冬青油(水杨酸甲酯)、薄荷油以及合成和天然水果调味料包括柠檬油。
在一些实施例中,活性剂可以是着色剂或着色剂组合。合适着色剂的例子包括食物着色剂、焦糖、红椒、肉桂和藏红花。合适着色剂的其他例子可在美国专利号5,002,789中找到,所述专利以引用的方式在此全文并入。
另一类实施例包括一种或多种气味吸收剂作为活性剂。根据本公开内容用作活性剂的合适气味吸收剂包括但不限于沸石和蓖麻油酸的复合锌盐。气味吸收活性剂还可包含本领域作为主要气味中和香料众所周知的固定剂,包括但不限于劳丹脂、苏合香脂的提取物和松香酸衍生物。
另一类实施例包括一种或多种香料作为活性剂。如本文使用的,术语香料指充分挥发性以产生香味的任何可应用的材料。包括香料作为活性剂的实施例可包括其为对于人愉悦的香味的香料,或可替代地其为对于人、动物和/或昆虫排斥性的香味的香料。合适的香料包括但不限于水果例如但不限于柠檬、苹果、樱桃、葡萄、梨、菠萝、橙、草莓、覆盆子、麝香和花香味包括但不限于像薰衣草、像玫瑰、像鸢尾花和像康乃馨的。任选地,香料是并非也是调味料的那种。其他香料包括草药香味包括但不限于迷迭香、百里香和鼠尾草;以及源自松、云杉及其他森林气味的林地香味。香料还可源自多种油包括但不限于芳香油,或来自植物材料包括但不限于薄荷、留兰香等等。合适的芳香油可在美国专利号6,458,754中找到,所述专利以引用的方式在此全文并入。合适的芳香油包括但不限于4-(2,2,6-三甲基环己-1-烯基)-2-烯-4-酮、乙醛苯乙基丙基缩醛、2,6,10-三甲基-9-十一烯醛、2-丙烯基己酸酯、1-辛烯-3-醇、反式茴香脑、异丁基(z)-2-甲基-2-丁烯酸酯、茴香醛二乙基乙缩醛、3-甲基-5-丙基-环己烯-1-酮(3-methyl-5-propyl-cyclohezen-1-one)、2,4-二甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醛、反式-4-癸烯醛、癸醛、2-戊基环戊酮、邻氨基苯甲酸乙酯、丁香酚、3-(3-异丙基苯基)丁醇(butanoal)、2-辛炔酸甲酯、异丁香酚、顺式-3-己烯基甲基碳酸酯、芳樟醇、2-壬烯酸甲酯(methyl-2-nonynonate)、2-羟甲基苯甲酸酯、壬醛(nonal)、辛醛、2-壬腈(nonennitrile)、4-壬内酯、9-十烯-1-醇和10-十一烯醛。可应用的香料还可在美国专利号4,534,981、5,112,688、5,145,842、6,844,302以及Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps,第二版,由W.A.Poucher编辑,1959年中找到,所述参考文献全部以引用的方式在此全文并入。这些香料包括洋槐、金合欢、素心兰、仙客来、蕨类、栀子花、山楂、天芥菜、金银花、风信子、茉莉、紫丁香、百合、玉兰、含羞草、水仙、刚割下的干草、橙花、兰花、木犀草、甜豌豆、三叶草、晚香玉、香草、紫罗兰、桂竹香等等。
可应用的驱虫剂香料包括美国专利号4,664,064中公开的敌敌畏、除虫菊素、丙烯除虫菊、二溴磷和/或倍硫磷杀虫剂中的一种或多种,所述专利以引用的方式全文并入本文。合适的驱虫剂是香茅醛(3,7-二甲基-6-辛醛)、N,N-二乙基-3-甲苯酰胺(DEET)、香草醛以及从下述中提取的挥发油:姜黄根(姜黄(Curcuma longa))、卡菲尔酸橙(箭叶橙(Citrus hystrix))、香茅(爪哇香茅(Cymbopogon winterianus))和多毛罗勒(灰罗勒(Ocimum americanum))。此外,可应用的驱虫剂可以是驱虫剂混合物。
在一类实施例中,根据本公开内容的活性剂可包含一种或多种杀虫剂。合适的杀虫剂可包括但不限于杀昆虫剂、除草剂、杀螨剂、杀真菌剂和杀幼虫剂。
另一类实施例包括一种或多种肥料作为活性剂。如本文使用的,术语肥料应用于任何可应用的材料,所述材料释放氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、硼、氯、铜、铁、锰、钼或锌中的一种或多种。合适的肥料包括但不限于沸石。例如,斜发沸石是当预装载有铵时,释放钾并还可释放氮的沸石。
一类实施例包括酸催化剂作为活性剂。如本文使用的,术语酸催化剂指充当质子源的任何种类,由此促进化学反应。在一类实施例中,酸催化剂将是非氧化有机酸。合适的有机酸是对甲苯磺酸。在一些实施例中,其为酸催化剂的活性剂将促进包括但不限于缩醛作用、酯化作用或转酯作用的反应。另外的酸催化的反应是本领域众所周知的。
在一类实施例中,活性剂将包括金属催化剂。这些催化剂介导包括但不限于氧化或还原、氢化作用、羰基化作用、C-H键活化和漂白的反应。用作金属催化剂的合适金属包括但不限于VIIIA和IB过渡金属,例如铁、钴、镍、铜、铂、铑、钌、银、锇、金和铱。介导催化的金属可具有任何合适的氧化态。
在可替代实施例中,活性剂可任选是离子清除剂。合适的离子清除剂包括但不限于沸石。任选地,沸石可作为水软化剂加入水溶性包中,所述水溶性包包含封入其内的洗衣用洗涤剂或洗碗盘洗涤剂。
无机和有机漂白剂是对于本文使用合适的清洁活性剂。无机漂白剂包括过氧化氢合物盐,包括但不限于过硼酸盐、过碳酸盐、过磷酸盐、过硫酸盐和过硅酸盐。无机过氧化氢合物盐通常是碱金属盐。碱金属过碳酸盐,特别是过碳酸钠是用于本文的合适过氧化氢合物。有机漂白剂可包括有机过氧酸包括二酰基和四酰基过氧化物,尤其是但不限于二过氧十二烷二酸、二过氧十四烷二酸和二过氧十六烷二酸。过氧化二苯甲酰是根据本公开内容合适的有机过氧酸。其他有机漂白剂包括过氧酸,具体例子是烷基过氧酸和芳基过氧酸。
在一类实施例中,活性剂可包含在60℃和以下的温度下的清洁过程中增强漂白作用的漂白活化剂,包括有机过酸前体。适用于本文的漂白活化剂包括这样的化合物,在过水解条件下,所述化合物获得具有1至10个碳原子、或2至4个碳原子的脂肪族过氧化羧酸,和/或任选取代的过苯甲酸。合适的物质具有指定数目碳原子的O-酰基和/或N-酰基和/或任选取代的苯甲酰基。合适的物质包括但不限于聚酰化亚烷基二胺特别是四乙酰乙二胺(TAED)、酰化三嗪衍生物特别是1,5-二乙酰基-2,4-二氧六氢-1,3,5-三嗪(DADHT)、酰化甘脲特别是四乙酰甘脲(TAGU)、N-酰基酰亚胺特别是N-壬酰基琥珀酰亚胺(NOSI)、酰基化苯酚磺酸盐特别是正壬酰基-或异壬酰基氧基苯磺酸盐(n-或iso-NOBS);羧酸酐特别是邻苯二甲酸酐、酰化多元醇特别是三乙酸甘油酯、乙二醇双乙酸酯和2,5-二乙酰氧基-2,5-二氢呋喃以及乙酰基柠檬酸三乙酯(TEAC)。
在包含织物柔软剂作为活性剂的实施例中,多种充分洗涤(through-the-wash)织物柔软剂,尤其是以引用的方式全文并入本文的美国专利4,062,647的不能感知的蒙脱石粘土,以及本领域已知的其他柔顺剂粘土,可任选用于提供与织物清洁同时的织物柔顺剂益处。粘土柔顺剂可与如例如美国专利4,375,416和4,291,071中公开的胺和阳离子柔顺剂组合使用,所述专利以引用的方式全文并入本文。
活性剂可以是固体或液体。其为固体的活性剂可具有例如至少约0.01μm的平均粒径,或在约0.01μm至约2mm范围内的大小。液体活性剂可与载体粉末直接混合或装入微胶囊。在包含载体粉末的实施例中,载体粉末的平均粒径可以是例如至少约0.01μm,或在约0.01μm至约2mm范围内。在包含活性剂的微胶囊化的实施例中,固体活性剂或具有活性剂吸附的载体粉末的粒径只需要足够小,以允许其被装入微胶囊。在根据本公开内容的涂层粉末中,活性剂可以至少约1重量%,或在约1重量%至约99重量%范围内的量存在于涂层粉末中。
在一类实施例中,活性剂是封装的,允许活性剂的控制释放。合适的微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种或者由下述中的一种或多种制成:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、玉米醇溶蛋白及其组合。在一类实施例中,微胶囊的特征在于例如至少约0.1微米、或在约0.1微米至约200微米范围内的平均粒径。在可替代实施例中,微胶囊可形成个别颗粒的附聚物,例如其中个别颗粒具有至少约0.1微米、或在约0.1微米至约200微米范围内的平均粒径。
可形成附聚物的微胶囊的例子包括但不限于三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素和玉米醇溶蛋白。
用于活性剂从微胶囊中的控制释放的机制可包括机械破裂、溶解、扩散释放、消融释放、生物降解、熔化和pH触发的释放中的一种或多种。在其中采用机械破裂释放机制的实施例中,微胶囊颗粒或附聚物的平均粒径可大于例如粉状润滑剂的平均粒径。适用于机械破裂机制的微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种:包括但不限于三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚四氢呋喃。
用于包括溶解释放机制的实施例中的合适微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种:包括但不限于明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、麦芽糊精、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和聚丙烯酸。
用于包括溶解释放机制的实施例中的合适微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种:包括但不限于具有二硫键的氨基塑料胶囊和三聚氰胺甲醛微胶囊。具有二硫键的氨基塑料胶囊的例子可在美国专利号6,485,736中找到,所述专利以引用的方式全文并入本文。
用于包括消融释放机制的实施例中的合适微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种:包括但不限于乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮和聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)。
用于包括生物降解释放机制的实施例中的合适微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种:包括但不限于乳酸、乙醇酸和β-羟丁酸的单酯和共聚酯,以及δ-戊内酯和ε-己内酯。利用生物降解释放机制的微胶囊的例子可在美国专利申请号5,648,096中找到,所述专利以引用的方式全文并入本文。
用于包括熔化释放机制的实施例中的合适微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种:包括但不限于聚苯乙烯、聚砜、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇和硬脂酸甘油酯。
用于包括pH触发的释放机制的实施例中的合适微胶囊可包括下述中的一种或多种:包括但不限于紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、玉米醇溶蛋白和壳聚糖。具有pH触发的溶解的聚合物在美国专利申请公开2010/0105821-A1中找到,所述专利以引用的方式全文并入本文。
粉状润滑剂可制备为母料。涂层粉末组合物可通过下述进行制备:将一部分粉状润滑剂母料与活性剂组合,以形成涂层粉末的子料(daughter batch)。该过程可以是连续或间歇的。活性剂的连续进料可包含例如序贯加入粉状润滑剂的进料中的多种活性剂组合物。
涂层粉末组合物可通过任何合适方法应用于膜或包。在一个实施例中,一种或多种静止粉末喷枪用于将粉末流从一个或超过一个方向导向包,而包借助于带式输送机运输通过涂布区。在可替代实施例中,袋被输送通过涂层粉末在空气中的悬浮物。在另外一个可替代实施例中,包在槽形仪器中与涂层粉末翻滚混合。在可与任何其他实施例组合的另一个实施例中,静电力用于增强粉末和包之间的吸引。这类过程通常基于使粉末颗粒带负电,并且将这些荷电颗粒导向接地的包。在其他可替代实施例中,粉末通过二次转移工具(包括但不限于与粉末接触的旋转刷),或通过可将粉末从容器转移至包的撒粉手套而应用于包。在另外一个实施例中,通过将粉末溶解或悬浮于非水性溶剂中应用粉末,所述非水性溶剂随后雾化并喷雾到包上。
在一类实施例中,粉末以准确剂量应用于包。这类实施例利用封闭系统干燥润滑剂施加机器,例如PekuTECH的粉末涂覆器PM 700 D。在该过程中,涂层粉末任选分批或连续地供给到施加机器的进料槽。将包从标准滚筒袋机器的输出带转移到粉末施加机的输送带上,其中将控制剂量的官能化的涂层粉末应用于包。包其后输送至合适的二次包装过程。
在一些实施例中,在使用中,微胶囊将被机械破裂,由此释放活性剂。经由机械破裂待释放的合适活性剂包括但不限于香料、油、酶、气味吸收剂和活化剂。在一个实施例中,香料将被装入微胶囊,从而提供受控和有效递送机制。在该实施例中,包将保留香料直到使用时,这之后通过消费者的处理将机械破裂微胶囊中的一些,从而释放香料。该实施例在消费者的存在下,在减轻水溶性膜自身固有的“恶臭”,或来自在水溶性膜中包装的材料的组分的“恶臭”中是有利的。
在可替代实施例中,在使用中,活性剂将通过微胶囊的溶解从微胶囊中释放。在微胶囊溶解后待释放的合适活性剂包括但不限于调味料、着色剂、漂白剂、漂白剂组分、酶、活化剂、酸催化剂、金属催化剂和离子清除剂。在一个实施例中,水溶性包可包含可食用的水溶性膜。调味料活性剂或其他活性剂的微胶囊化例如允许使用与水溶性膜不相容或可能不相容的成分。例如,成分可引起将不利地影响膜可溶性的交联或其他反应。调味料的封装因此允许成分的包括。在其他实施例中,调味料和颜色两者的封装均允许增强调味料经历和美观的视觉外观。在一类实施例中,可食用、热水可溶性膜可含有本色纯燕麦片组合物。在这些实施例中,在微胶囊溶解后,可对本色纯燕麦片组合物赋予颜色和风味,例如红色和草莓、蓝色和蓝莓、或褐色和枫。经由涂层粉末应用颜色/调味料微胶囊还有利地使制造过程流线化,并且制备更灵活的供应管理,从而允许制造商在水溶性膜中大量包装单一类型的组合物,即纯燕麦片,并且在以后时间加入颜色/风味。
在一类实施例中,活性剂将通过扩散通过从微胶囊中释放。用于与扩散释放机制一起使用的合适活性剂包括但不限于杀虫剂和香料。在一个实施例中,水溶性包可含有洗衣用组合物,并且涂层粉末可包含香料。在该实施例中,香料将在贮存期间缓慢地从微胶囊中释放,在消费者的存在下,有利地减轻水溶性膜自身固有的“恶臭”,或来自在水溶性膜中包装的材料的组分的“恶臭”,并且还将在洗涤周期期间对洗衣基底释放剩余香料。
实施例可包含消融或侵蚀机制用于从微胶囊中释放活性剂。在微胶囊消融后待释放的合适活性剂包括但不限于漂白剂、漂白剂组分和酶。在一个实施例中,封入水溶性包中的组合物可包含过碳酸盐漂白剂,并且装入微胶囊的活性剂可包含漂白活化剂TAED。在该实施例中,在消融后,微胶囊将释放TAED,从而允许它与过碳酸盐反应,形成活化的漂白剂。
在可替代实施例中,活性剂可在微胶囊的生物降解后释放。用于在可生物降解的微胶囊中的合适活性剂包括但不限于杀虫剂和肥料。在一个实施例中,水溶性包可包含肥料或其他草坪护理组合物。包可与含有杀虫剂的可生物降解的微胶囊一起撒粉。在应用后,微胶囊将是可生物降解的,从而释放杀虫剂。在该实施例中,消费者可安全地使用单一剂量的杀虫剂,而无需与杀虫剂直接接触。
在一些实施例中,微胶囊将在熔化后释放活性剂。当微胶囊熔化时待释放的合适活性剂包括但不限于织物柔顺剂。在一个实施例中,活性剂可包含织物柔顺剂。织物柔顺剂将经由水溶性包递送至洗衣基底,所述水溶性包包含封入包内的洗涤剂。在洗涤周期期间,微胶囊将分散到洗衣基底上,然而,织物柔顺剂将直到基底加热至在洗衣机内未遇到而仅在烘干机中遇到的温度(例如超过40℃或超过50℃、或超过55℃或超过60℃)时才释放。
在另一类实施例中,微胶囊将在干燥脆性破坏后释放活性剂。例如,在一个实施例中,活性剂可包括织物柔顺剂。织物柔顺剂将经由水溶性包递送至洗衣基底,所述水溶性包包含封入包内的洗涤剂。在洗涤周期期间,微胶囊将分散到洗衣基底上,然而,织物柔顺剂将直到胶囊足够干燥以变得脆性和破裂,因此释放其内容物时才释放。例如,微胶囊可设计为在显著低于标准家庭条件,例如≤40%、或<40%、或≤35%、或<35%、或≤30%、或<30%、或≤25%、或<25%的临界相对湿度下变得脆性。
实施例可包含活性剂从微胶囊中的pH触发的释放。用于pH触发的释放的合适活性剂可包括但不限于香料、油、酶、气味吸收剂和活化剂。在一个实施例中,封入水溶性包中的组合物可包含洗衣用洗涤剂组合物和在蛋白酶的存在下不稳定的第一酶,并且活性剂可包含蛋白酶。当置于洗涤机中时,包将溶解,从而释放洗涤剂组合物和第一酶。当洗涤水pH调整至合适水平时,微胶囊将释放蛋白酶,由此允许完全剂量的第一酶和蛋白酶达到玷污的基底。在可替代实施例中,蛋白酶可封入包内,并且活性剂可包含在微胶囊中封装的第二酶,其中蛋白酶将首先释放,并且在达到合适pH后,第二酶将释放。在另外一个实施例中,封入包内的组合物可包含第一酶,并且活性剂可包含第二酶,其中第一和第二酶两者在另一种的存在下均是不稳定的。在另一个实施例中,包可含有自动洗碗机洗涤剂,并且微胶囊可含有漂洗助剂,其中微胶囊在高度碱性的溶液(例如pH大于9.3,或大于10)中是不溶性的,并且在中性至弱碱性条件下是可溶的,使得漂洗助剂在洗涤周期期间不释放,而仅在漂洗周期中释放。
前述说明书仅为了清楚理解而给出,并且由其不应理解不必要的限制,因为在本发明的范围内的修饰对于本领域普通技术人员将是显而易见的。
依照本公开内容的水溶性膜可根据下述实例得到更佳理解,所述实例仅预期举例说明水溶性膜和水溶性包,并且不意欲以任何方式限制其范围。
本文公开内容具体考虑的方面在下述编号段落中描述。
1.水溶性包,所述水溶性包包含:
以包形式并由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含下述的混合物:
粉状润滑剂;和
活性剂,其中所述活性剂不是香料。
2.水溶性包,所述水溶性包包含:
以包形式并由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含:
粉状润滑剂;和
包含装入微胶囊的香料的活性剂。
3.段落1的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂是装入微胶囊的。
4.根据段落1的水溶性包,其中所述粉状润滑剂选自淀粉、改性淀粉、二氧化硅、硅氧烷、碳酸钙、碳酸镁、粘土、滑石、硅酸、高岭土、石膏、沸石、环糊精、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌、氧化铝、硬脂酸镁、氧化铝、氧化锌及其组合。
5.根据段落1的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂选自酶、油、调味料、着色剂、气味吸收剂、香料、杀虫剂、肥料、活化剂、酸催化剂、金属催化剂、离子清除剂、漂白剂、漂白剂组分、织物柔顺剂或其组合。
6.段落3的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊的特征在于下述释放机制中的一种或多种:机械破裂、溶解、扩散、消融、生物降解、熔化或pH触发的释放机制。
7.段落1的水溶性包,其中所述粉状润滑剂的特征在于在约0.1μm至约100μm范围内的平均粒径。
8.根据段落3的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊选自下述中的一种或多种:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素和玉米醇溶蛋白。
9.根据段落3的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊的特征在于在约0.1μm至约200μm范围内的平均粒径。
10.根据段落3的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊的平均粒径大于所述粉状润滑剂的平均粒径,其中所述微胶囊选自下述中的一种或多种:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素和玉米醇溶蛋白。
11.根据段落3的水溶性包,其中形成微胶囊附聚物,并且所述微胶囊附聚物平均大小大于所述粉状润滑剂的平均粒径,其中所述微胶囊选自下述中的一种或多种:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素或玉米醇溶蛋白。
12.根据段落1的水溶性包,其中所述粉末包含约1重量%至约99重量%的活性剂。
13.根据段落1的水溶性包,其中所述粉末包含约1重量%至约99重量%的粉状润滑剂。
14.根据段落1的水溶性包,其中所述粉末以在约0.01mg/cm2至约10mg/cm2范围内的量存在。
15.根据段落1的水溶性包,其中所述水溶性膜包含选自下述的材料:聚乙烯醇、经修饰的聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、水溶性丙烯酸酯共聚物、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、糊精、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、麦芽糊精、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇共聚物、羟丙基甲基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚亚烷基氧化物、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸及其组合。
16.根据段落1的水溶性包,所述水溶性包还包含在所述水溶性膜内封入的固体、液体或凝胶组合物。
17.根据段落16的水溶性包,其中所述封入的组合物包含洗衣用洗涤剂、漂白剂和洗衣用添加剂、织物护理、洗碗盘、硬表面清洁、美容护理、皮肤护理、其他个人护理或食物产品组合物。
18.根据段落16的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂能够与所述水溶性膜中封入的组合物的组分化学反应。
19.根据段落18的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂能够在水溶液中与所述水溶性膜中封入的组合物的组分化学反应。
20.根据段落16的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂在所述水溶性膜中封入的组合物的组分的存在下是不稳定的,或所述水溶性膜中封入的组合物的组分在所述活性剂的存在下是不稳定的,或所述活性剂和所述水溶性膜中封入的组合物的组分两者在彼此的存在下均是不稳定的。
21.根据段落19的水溶性包,其中所述水溶性膜中封入的组合物包含过碳酸盐;并且所述活性剂包含四乙酰乙二胺(TAED)。
22.给水溶性包提供另外的功能性的方法,所述方法包括用包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的粉末涂布水溶性包,其中所述活性剂不是香料。
23.给水溶性包提供另外的功能性的方法,所述方法包括用包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的粉末涂布水溶性包,所述活性剂包含装入微胶囊的香料。
24.根据段落22的方法,其中所述活性剂是装入微胶囊的。
25.根据段落22的方法,其中所述水溶性包还包含在所述水溶性膜内封入的固体、液体或凝胶组合物。
26.根据段落22的方法,其中所述粉末涂层以在约0.01mg/cm2至约10mg/cm2范围内的量存在。
27.根据段落22的方法,其中所述粉状润滑剂选自淀粉、改性淀粉、二氧化硅、硅氧烷、碳酸钙、碳酸镁、粘土、滑石、硅酸、高岭土、石膏、沸石、环糊精、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸镁、氧化铝、氧化锌及其组合。
28.根据段落22的方法,其中所述活性剂选自酶、油、调味料、着色剂、气味吸收剂、杀虫剂、肥料、活化剂、酸催化剂、金属催化剂、离子清除剂、漂白剂、漂白剂组分、织物柔顺剂及其组合。
29.根据段落22的方法,所述方法还包括通过包括下述的过程制备所述涂层粉末:提供包含第一粉状润滑剂的第一粉末的母料;和将所述活性剂与一部分所述母料混合,以形成涂层粉末的子料。
30.根据段落29的方法,其中使活性剂的连续进料与所述母料的连续进料混合,以形成所述涂层粉末。
31.根据段落22的方法,其中将所述涂层粉末应用于所述水溶性膜的过程包括喷洒、涂刷、撒粉或喷雾。
32.由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物,其中所述活性剂不是香料。
33.由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂,所述活性剂包含装入微胶囊的香料。
实例
装入微胶囊的香料对袋恶臭的作用
评估包含淀粉粉状润滑剂和香料微胶囊活性剂的粉末涂层对袋恶臭的作用。在该实例中,对无味袋赋予恶臭,以代表在贮存期间可能由水溶性膜或水溶性膜内包装的组分产生的恶臭。将袋涂布有包含粉状润滑剂(淀粉)和活性剂(芳香微胶囊)的粉末,并且通过感觉专家小组的评估来测定香料微胶囊的作用。评估五类袋,包括:非涂布的、无恶臭的袋(指定为“空白”);淀粉涂布的、无恶臭的袋(指定为“仅淀粉”);淀粉涂布的、恶臭的袋(指定为“恶臭+淀粉”);以及用恶臭处理并涂布有两个浓度的淀粉/香料微胶囊(PMC)粉末的袋:按重量计25%的淀粉(指定为“恶臭+淀粉+PMC”)和按重量计50%的淀粉(指定为“恶臭+淀粉+PMC 2X”)。
评估的袋为通过The Dial Corporation(Scottsdale,AZ)制造的0.6液体盎司TripleActionUltrapacks(自由和透明的)。将袋包装在尺寸为185mm X 210mm的直立袋子(18袋/袋子)中。袋子的体积为不含袋2.2L,发现在具有袋的袋子中的顶空为1.9L。“空白”袋如接受时使用。袋通过将棉球落入直立袋子内用恶臭进行处理,所述棉球注入具有300μl/l TBT浓度的200μl叔丁硫醇(TBT)水(去离子水)溶液。随后将淀粉或淀粉和芳香微胶囊混合物加入袋中。
使用的淀粉载体粉末为28μm基于食品级淀粉的印刷机粉末。通过将0.25g淀粉加入含有无恶臭袋和恶臭处理的袋的直立袋子,使“仅淀粉”和“恶臭+淀粉”袋分别涂布有载体粉末。袋子使用在各个袋子上的拉链密封配件进行密封并贮存过夜。
使用的香料微胶囊是在核心中具有芳香油的三聚氰胺甲醛胶囊。胶囊的平均直径为18μm。香料微胶囊作为在水中的浆获得;在将微胶囊掺入淀粉载体粉末内之前,浆使用双流体熔化喷雾器进行喷雾干燥。干燥的香料微胶囊在引入含有恶臭处理的袋的直立袋子之前与淀粉组合。将0.0625g量度的干燥香料微胶囊加入0.25g淀粉中,并且将混合物加入具有恶臭处理的袋的直立袋子,以形成“恶臭+淀粉+PMC”袋。将两倍量度(0.125g)的干燥香料微胶囊加入0.25g淀粉中,并且将混合物加入具有恶臭处理的袋的直立袋子,以形成“恶臭+淀粉+PMC 2X”袋。袋子使用在各个袋子上的拉链密封配件进行密封并贮存过夜。
十四名专家小组成员给予随机编号的样品袋子,并且要求根据非常糟糕到非常好的量表(非常糟糕、糟糕、稍微糟糕、中性、稍微好、好、非常好)评估来自袋子顶空的气味。回复作为从1(非常糟糕)到7(非常好)的数值给出。
图1显示了由每个袋类型察觉到的气味数值(和95%置信区间)的区间图。“空白”和“仅淀粉”样品未由感觉专家小组察觉到彼此显著不同。“恶臭+淀粉”感受到显著低于无效值4,其平均值和95%置信区间低于4。所有用香料微胶囊/淀粉混合物处理的袋(“恶臭+淀粉+PMC”和“恶臭+淀粉+PMC 2X”)均显示对专家小组成员的积极作用,其平均值和95%置信区间显著高于无效值4。在50%香料微胶囊负荷时察觉到的气味略微好于在25%香料微胶囊负荷时察觉到的气味。因此,实例证实官能化的粉末能够克服恶臭。
Claims (33)
1.一种水溶性包,所述水溶性包包含:
以包形式并由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含下述的混合物:
粉状润滑剂;和
活性剂,其中所述活性剂不是香料。
2.一种水溶性包,所述水溶性包包含:
以包形式并由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含:
粉状润滑剂;和
包含装入微胶囊的香料的活性剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂是装入微胶囊的。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述粉状润滑剂选自淀粉、改性淀粉、二氧化硅、硅氧烷、碳酸钙、碳酸镁、粘土、滑石、硅酸、高岭土、石膏、沸石、环糊精、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌、氧化铝、硬脂酸镁、氧化铝、氧化锌及其组合。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂选自酶、油、调味料、着色剂、气味吸收剂、香料、杀虫剂、肥料、活化剂、酸催化剂、金属催化剂、离子清除剂、漂白剂、漂白剂组分、织物柔顺剂或其组合。
6.根据权利要求2或权利要求3所述的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊的特征在于下述释放机制中的一种或多种:机械破裂、溶解、扩散、消融、生物降解、熔化或pH触发的释放机制。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述粉状润滑剂的特征在于在约0.1μm至约100μm范围内的平均粒径。
8.根据权利要求2-5中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊选自下述中的一种或多种:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素和玉米醇溶蛋白。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊的特征在于在约0.1μm至约200μm范围内的平均粒径。
10.根据权利要求2-15中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述微胶囊的平均粒径大于所述粉状润滑剂的平均粒径,其中所述微胶囊选自下述中的一种或多种:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素和玉米醇溶蛋白。
11.根据权利要求2-15中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中形成微胶囊附聚物,并且所述微胶囊附聚物平均大小大于所述粉状润滑剂的平均粒径,其中所述微胶囊选自下述中的一种或多种:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨基甲酸酯、尿素甲醛、壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚四氢呋喃、明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯)、硝酸纤维素、硅酮、聚(丙交酯共乙交酯)、石蜡、棕榈蜡、鲸蜡、蜂蜡、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸甘油酯、紫草茸、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素或玉米醇溶蛋白。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述粉末包含约1重量%至约99重量%的活性剂。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述粉末包含约1重量%至约99重量%的粉状润滑剂。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述粉末以在约0.01mg/cm2至约10mg/cm2范围内的量存在。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,其中所述水溶性膜包含选自下述的材料:聚乙烯醇、经修饰的聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、水溶性丙烯酸酯共聚物、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、糊精、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、麦芽糊精、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇共聚物、羟丙基甲基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚亚烷基氧化物、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸及其组合。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水溶性包,所述水溶性包还包含在所述水溶性膜内封入的固体、液体或凝胶组合物。
17.根据权利要求16所述的水溶性包,其中所述封入的组合物包含洗衣用洗涤剂、漂白剂和洗衣用添加剂、织物护理、洗碗盘、硬表面清洁、美容护理、皮肤护理、其他个人护理或食物产品组合物。
18.根据权利要求16所述的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂能够与所述水溶性膜中封入的所述组合物的组分化学反应。
19.根据权利要求18所述的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂能够在水溶液中与所述水溶性膜中封入的所述组合物的组分化学反应。
20.根据权利要求16所述的水溶性包,其中所述活性剂在所述水溶性膜中封入的所述组合物的组分的存在下是不稳定的,或所述水溶性膜中封入的所述组合物的组分在所述活性剂的存在下是不稳定的,或所述活性剂和所述水溶性膜中封入的所述组合物的组分两者在彼此的存在下均是不稳定的。
21.根据权利要求19所述的水溶性包,其中所述水溶性膜中封入的所述组合物包含过碳酸盐,并且所述活性剂包含四乙酰乙二胺(TAED)。
22.一种给水溶性包提供另外的功能性的方法,所述方法包括:
用包含下述的粉末涂布水溶性包:
粉状润滑剂;和
活性剂,其中所述活性剂不是香料。
23.一种给水溶性包提供另外的功能性的方法,所述方法包括:
用包含下述的粉末涂布水溶性包:
粉状润滑剂;和
包含装入微胶囊的香料的活性剂。
24.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是装入微胶囊的。
25.根据权利要求22、23或24所述的方法,其中所述水溶性包还包含在所述水溶性膜内封入的固体、液体或凝胶组合物。
26.根据权利要求22-24中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粉末涂层以在约0.01mg/cm2至约10mg/cm2范围内的量存在。
27.根据权利要求22-26中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粉状润滑剂选自淀粉、改性淀粉、二氧化硅、硅氧烷、碳酸钙、碳酸镁、粘土、滑石、硅酸、高岭土、石膏、沸石、环糊精、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸镁、氧化铝、氧化锌及其组合。
28.根据权利要求22-27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述活性剂选自酶、油、调味料、着色剂、气味吸收剂、杀虫剂、肥料、活化剂、酸催化剂、金属催化剂、离子清除剂、漂白剂、漂白剂组分、织物柔顺剂及其组合。
29.根据权利要求22-28中任一项所述的方法,所述方法还包括通过包括下述的过程制备所述涂层粉末:
提供包含第一粉状润滑剂的第一粉末的母料;和
将所述活性剂与一部分所述母料混合,以形成涂层粉末的子料。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其中使活性剂的连续进料与所述母料的连续进料混合,以形成所述涂层粉末。
31.根据权利要求22-30中任一项所述的方法,其中将所述涂层粉末应用于所述水溶性膜的过程包括喷洒、涂刷、撒粉或喷雾。
32.一种由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂的混合物,其中所述活性剂不是香料。
33.一种由粉末涂布的水溶性膜,所述粉末包含粉状润滑剂和活性剂,所述活性剂包含装入微胶囊的香料。
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2013
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- 2013-04-02 CN CN201810194590.4A patent/CN108164733A/zh active Pending
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CN108884420A (zh) * | 2016-04-18 | 2018-11-23 | 蒙诺苏尔有限公司 | 香料微胶囊及相关膜和清洁剂组合物 |
CN111315856A (zh) * | 2017-11-13 | 2020-06-19 | 宝洁公司 | 洗涤剂组合物 |
CN112871099A (zh) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-06-01 | 江南大学 | 一种多孔醇溶蛋白微球的制备方法及其产品 |
CN113170889A (zh) * | 2021-05-21 | 2021-07-27 | 卢静 | 一种复方延缓衰老组合物、复方延缓衰老片及其制备方法和应用 |
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AU2017203469A1 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
WO2013158364A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
TWI614319B (zh) | 2018-02-11 |
EP2838811B1 (en) | 2018-06-06 |
US9908675B2 (en) | 2018-03-06 |
US9394092B2 (en) | 2016-07-19 |
US20200331678A1 (en) | 2020-10-22 |
ES2677913T3 (es) | 2018-08-07 |
US20180186534A1 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
AU2013249705B2 (en) | 2017-06-15 |
US11753222B2 (en) | 2023-09-12 |
HK1202848A1 (zh) | 2015-10-09 |
US20160326325A1 (en) | 2016-11-10 |
TW201400565A (zh) | 2014-01-01 |
US10696460B2 (en) | 2020-06-30 |
US20130273277A1 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
HUE039466T2 (hu) | 2019-01-28 |
CN108164733A (zh) | 2018-06-15 |
EP2838811B2 (en) | 2022-06-29 |
AU2013249705A1 (en) | 2014-10-02 |
JP2015520701A (ja) | 2015-07-23 |
JP6383998B2 (ja) | 2018-09-05 |
EP2838811A1 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
AR091337A1 (es) | 2015-01-28 |
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