CN103907198A - 形成n型掺杂半导体基板的p型掺杂铝表面区域的方法 - Google Patents
形成n型掺杂半导体基板的p型掺杂铝表面区域的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 116
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
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- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Ba+2] CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01L31/022441—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells
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Abstract
一种用于形成n型半导体基板的至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:(1)提供n型半导体基板,(2)在所述n型半导体基板的至少一个表面区域上施加并干燥铝浆,(3)焙烧所述干燥过的铝浆,以及(4)用水除去所述焙烧过的铝浆,其中在步骤(2)中使用的所述铝浆包含粒状铝、有机载体和基于总铝浆组合物计3至20重量%的玻璃料。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及形成n型掺杂半导体基板的p型掺杂铝表面区域的方法并且涉及通过所述方法制备的半导体基板。
背景技术
在说明书及权利要求书中,使用了术语“p型掺杂铝”。它是指p型掺杂有铝作为p型掺杂物。
通过热扩散将p型掺杂物如硼掺杂到n型硅基板中的n型硅的p型掺杂是熟知的。热扩散通常利用p型掺杂物例如气态BBr3的扩散源进行。p型掺杂物可热扩散进入n型硅基板的表面区域,从而形成p型掺杂的薄层,其具有低的渗透深度,例如至多200nm。所述热扩散方法可通过遮蔽n型硅基板表面的某些部分获得支持,即,那些表面区域将不接收p型掺杂物。
太阳能电池是半导体的具体例子。
常规太阳能电池结构由具有正面n型表面(正面n型区域、正面n型发射器)的p型基板、沉积于电池正面(光照面、光照表面)的负极和在背面上的正极构成。通常具有正面n型表面的p型基板是具有正面n型硅表面的p型硅。
作为另外一种选择,具有n型基板(n型太阳能电池)的反向太阳能电池结构也是已知的。此类电池在正面上具有带正极的正面p型表面(正面p型区域、正面p型发射器),并且具有接触电池背面的负极。通常具有正面p型表面的n型基板是具有正面p型硅表面的n型硅。
其它近来的太阳能电池设计概念也包括n型基板、通常n型硅基板,其中异质结p型发射器在太阳能电池的背部表面上局部形成。此处,正极以及负极定位在太阳能电池的背面上。
n型太阳能电池与p型太阳能电池相比理论上能够产生至多1%的绝对效率增益,这归因于在n型掺杂半导体基板中降低的电子重组速度。
n型太阳能电池的制备通常以n型晶片、通常n型硅晶片形式的n型基板的形成开始。为此,通常通过含磷前体(诸如POCl3)热扩散到晶片内而形成n型掺杂基板。n型晶片可具有例如在100至250cm2的范围内的面积和例如180至300μm的厚度。通过含硼前体(诸如BBr3)的热扩散在n型晶片上形成一个或多个p型发射器。所得的一个或多个p型发射器在n型晶片的整个正面表面上形成为p型发射器,或者在背部表面上形成为局部p型异质结。在n型掺杂物的浓度等于p型掺杂物的浓度的部位形成p-n结。
随后通常通过例如等离子CVD(化学气相沉积)的方法在晶片上形成例如TiOx、SiOx、TiOx/SiOx、SiNx、Si3N4的介电层或具体地讲SiNx/SiOx的介电堆栈,其厚度为例如80至150nm。此类层用作ARC(抗反射涂层)层和/或用作钝化层。
具有n型基板的太阳能电池结构具有一个或多个正极(在正面上的一个正极或者在背面上的一个或多个正极)和在背面上的一个负极。由导电金属浆料,通常银浆施加一个或多个阳极(通常通过丝网印刷),并且随后干燥并焙烧。正面阳极通常为网格或所谓的H图案的形式,其包括(i)细平行指状线(收集器线)和(ii)以直角与指状线相交的两条母线。此外,导电金属背面阴极、通常银背面阴极在相互连接的太阳能电池背面的部分上形成。为此,在基板的背面上施加(通常通过丝网印刷)导电金属浆料、通常为银浆并依次干燥。通常将背面导电金属浆料施加于n型晶片的背面上成为网格,例如H图案的网格,或者形成两条平行母线或形成矩形(插片),以准备用于焊接互连线(预焊接的铜带)。焙烧背面导电金属浆料使之变为背面阴极。通常在带式炉中实施焙烧1至5分钟的时间,并且晶片达到了在700至900℃的范围内的峰值温度。正面阳极和背面阴极能依次焙烧或共同焙烧。
MWT(金属穿孔卷绕)太阳能电池表示一种特殊类型的前述太阳能电池。它们具有另一种电池设计并且它们也是技术人员所熟知的(参见例如网站“http://www.sollandsolar.com/IManager/Content/4680/qfl7/mt1537/mi30994/mu1254913665/mv2341”和说明资料“Preliminary Datasheet Sunweb”,其能从该网站下载,以及F.Clement等人的“Industrially feasible multi-crystallinemetal wrap through(MWT)silicon solar cells exceeding16%efficiency”,Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells93(2009),第1051-1055页)。MWT太阳能电池是背面触点电池,允许它们比标准太阳能电池进行较少的正面遮蔽。
正如在上面提到的标准太阳能电池的情况一样,MWT太阳能电池可制备为具有p型基板的MWT太阳能电池(p型MWT太阳能电池),或作为另外一种选择,制备为具有n型基板的MWT太阳能电池(n型MWT太阳能电池)。通常基板材料是硅。
n型MWT太阳能电池晶片具有在电池的正面和背面之间形成通路的小空穴。n型MWT太阳能电池具有在空穴的整个正面和内侧之上延伸的p型发射器。p型发射器覆盖有电介质钝化层,该钝化层用作ARC层,这对于太阳能电池而言是常规的。p型发射器不仅延伸到整个正面,而且还延伸到空穴的内侧,而电介质钝化层不会这样,并且略过空穴内侧。空穴内侧,即,未覆盖有电介质钝化层的p型扩散层,具有敷金属。空穴的敷金属用作发射器触点并且形成n型MWT太阳能电池的阳极背面触点。此外,n型MWT太阳能电池的正面具有细的导电金属收集器线形式的正面敷金属,所述收集器线以MWT太阳能电池的典型图案布置,例如网格状或网状图案或细平行指状线。术语“用于MWT太阳能电池的典型图案”表示收集器线的端子与空穴的敷金属重叠并且因此与之电连接。由导电金属浆料施加收集器线并且它们焙烧穿过正面电介质钝化层,从而接触n型MWT太阳能电池晶片的正面p型表面。
n型MWT太阳能电池的背面具有阴极导电金属收集器背面触点,其在任何情况下均与空穴的敷金属电绝缘。从n型MWT太阳能电池的阳极背面触点和阴极导电金属收集器背面触点收集光电电流。
与上面提到的反向型标准太阳能电池的制备类似,n型MWT太阳能电池的制备以n型晶片,通常n型硅晶片形式的n型基板的形成开始。为此,通常通过含磷前体(例如POCl3)热扩散到无掺杂的晶片内而形成n型掺杂基板。通常通过激光钻孔来施加在晶片的正面和背面之间形成通路的小空穴。如此制备的空穴均匀分布在晶片上,并且它们的数量在例如每个晶片10-100个的范围内。然后通常通过含硼前体(诸如BBr3)的热扩散而形成p型扩散层(p型发射器)。在n型晶片的整个正面(包括空穴的内侧)形成p型扩散层。在n型掺杂物的浓度等于p型掺杂物的浓度的部位形成p-n结。
在形成p型扩散层之后,通过进行蚀刻(具体地,在某种强酸中,例如氢氟酸)而将多余的表面玻璃从发射器表面除去。
通常,随后在正面p型扩散层上形成例如TiOx、SiOx、TiOx/SiOx、SiNx、Si3N4的介电ARC层或具体地讲SiNx/SiOx的介电堆栈,然而会略过空穴的内侧,并且任选地也略过空穴正面边缘周围的窄边。电介质的沉积可例如使用诸如等离子CVD(化学气相沉积)或溅射的方法来进行,沉积至例如50至100nm的厚度。
正如具有n型基板的标准太阳能电池结构一样,n型MWT太阳能电池通常在其正面上具有正极,并且在其背面上具有负极。正面阳极呈细的导电性收集器线的形式,所述收集器线按MWT太阳能电池的典型图案布置。通常通过在电池正面的ARC层上丝网印刷、干燥和焙烧导电金属浆料(通常银浆)来施加细的导电性收集器线,从而使收集器线的端子与空穴的敷金属重叠以与之产生电连接。通常在带式炉中实施焙烧1至5分钟的时间,并且晶片达到了在700至900℃的范围内的峰值温度。
如已经提到的一样,n型MWT太阳能电池晶片的空穴具有敷金属。为此,通过以导电金属层(开放的空穴)形式或导电金属塞(填充有导电金属的空穴)形式向空穴施加导电金属浆料而使空穴自身金属化。敷金属可仅覆盖空穴的内侧或者也覆盖空穴边缘周围的窄边,从而窄边可存在于空穴的正面边缘上、空穴的背面边缘上、或同时存在于它们两者之上。可由一种单一的导电金属浆料来施加敷金属。也可由两种不同的导电金属浆料来施加敷金属,即可将一种导电金属浆料施加到空穴的正面,并且将另一种施加到其背面。在施加了一种或两种导电金属浆料之后,对浆料进行干燥和焙烧以形成p型发射器触点以及分别形成n型MWT太阳能电池的阳极背面触点。通常在带式炉中实施焙烧1至5分钟的时间,并且晶片达到了在700至900℃的范围内的峰值温度。经焙烧的空穴的敷金属与细的正面导电性收集器线的端子电连接。
此外,在n型晶片的背面,通常通过丝网印刷来施加背面导电金属浆料(通常为银浆),并依次干燥,从而避免与空穴的敷金属发生任何接触。换句话讲,施加背面导电金属浆料,从而确保其在焙烧之前以及之后与空穴的敷金属保持电绝缘。施加背面导电金属浆料,使之均匀分布在n型基板的背面上,随后干燥并通过焙烧转化以变为均匀分布的阴极导电金属背面收集器触点。通常在带式炉中实施焙烧1至5分钟的时间,并且晶片达到了在700至900℃的范围内的峰值温度。正面阳极、空穴的敷金属和背面阴极能依次焙烧或共同焙烧。导电金属背面收集器触点仅占据n型基板背面的一小部分区域。此外,作为细的收集器线施加的正面导电金属浆料在焙烧过程中焙烧穿过ARC层,从而能够电接触正面p型发射器。
发明内容
已发现,n型掺杂半导体基板的p型掺杂铝表面区域可通过在n型掺杂半导体基板的表面上施加并焙烧铝浆并且随后通过水处理除去焙烧过的铝组合物进行制备,前提条件是铝浆包含基于总铝浆组合物计3至20重量%(重量-%)的玻璃料。
在说明书和权利要求书中使用术语“半导体基板”。它是指半导体薄晶片,具体地指太阳能电池晶片。为了避免误解,它不包括厚基板例如结晶硅锭。
本发明涉及用于形成n型半导体基板的至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域的方法。因此,它也涉及用于制备n型半导体基板自身的方法,该基板具有至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域。因此,在它的一般实施例中,本发明的方法包括以下步骤:
(1)提供n型半导体基板,
(2)在所述n型半导体基板的至少一个表面区域上施加并干燥铝浆,
(3)焙烧所述干燥过的铝浆,以及
(4)用水除去所述焙烧过的铝浆,
其中在步骤(2)中使用的铝浆包含粒状铝、有机载体和基于总铝浆组合物计3至20重量%的玻璃料。
具体实施方式
在说明书及权利要求书中,使用了术语“n型半导体基板的p型掺杂铝表面区域”。它不限于n型半导体基板的表面区域,其中铝p型掺杂物可能仅存在于表面上;相反地,它意指n型半导体基板的表面区域,其中铝p型掺杂物已经在相应区域渗透到表面,渗透深度仅为某个在例如500至4000nm,具体地3000至4000nm的范围内的渗透深度;换句话讲,铝p型掺杂物在相应区域形成p型掺杂铝表面薄层。在任何情况下,铝p型掺杂物尚未渗透穿过整个n型半导体基板。
在说明书及权利要求书中,使用了术语“n型半导体基板的至少一个表面区域”。它是指整个表面区域或仅仅它的一部分,例如仅有n型半导体基板的两个或更多个侧面中的一个侧面,或者甚至仅有其一个侧面的一部分。一个侧面的一部分的一个例子是仅覆盖一个侧面的一部分的图案。
在本发明的方法的步骤(1)中提供了n型半导体基板。例如,n型半导体基板可选自n型掺杂结晶锗半导体基板和n型掺杂结晶锗-硅合金半导体基板。n型半导体基板具体地可选自n型掺杂结晶硅半导体基板。
在说明书及权利要求书中使用的术语“结晶”是指单晶或多晶。
在本发明的方法的步骤(2)中施加的铝浆是铝厚膜导电组合物,其包含粒状铝、有机载体和玻璃料,其中在铝浆中的玻璃料比例基于总铝浆组合物计为3至20重量%。
粒状铝可为铝或者在一个实施例中可为具有一种或多种其它金属的铝合金。就铝合金而言,铝含量为例如99.7重量%至小于100重量%。粒状铝可包括各种形状的铝颗粒,例如铝薄片、球形铝粉、结节形(不规则形)铝粉或它们的任何组合。在一个实施例中,粒状铝为铝粉形式。铝粉表现出例如4-10μm的平均粒度。粒状铝可按如下比例存在于铝浆中:基于总铝浆组合物计所述比例为50-80重量%,或者在一个实施例中为70-75重量%。
在说明书及权利要求书中使用术语“平均粒度”。其应指借助激光散射测定的平均粒度(平均粒径,d50)。激光散射测量可使用粒度分析仪,例如Microtrac S3500仪来进行。
本说明书和权利要求书中关于平均粒度所作的所有陈述均涉及如存在于铝浆组合物中的相关材料的平均粒度。
铝浆包含有机载体。可将多种惰性的粘稠材料用作有机载体。有机载体可为如下的载体:其中粒状组分(粒状铝、玻璃料)为可分散的,并具有足够的稳定度。有机载体的特性(具体地讲流变特性)可使得它们向铝浆组合物提供良好的应用特性,包括:不溶性固体的稳定分散性、对于施加的适当的粘度和触变性、半导体基板和浆料固体的适当可润湿性、良好的干燥速率和良好的焙烧特性。用于铝浆中的有机载体可为非水惰性液体。有机载体可为有机溶剂或有机溶剂混合物;在一个实施例中,有机载体可为一种或多种有机溶剂中一种或多种有机聚合物的溶液。在一个实施例中,用于该目的的聚合物可为乙基纤维素。可单独使用或以组合方式使用的聚合物的其它例子包括乙基羟乙基纤维素、木松香、酚醛树脂和低级醇的聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯。合适的有机溶剂的例子包括酯醇和萜烯诸如α-或β-萜品醇或它们与其它溶剂诸如煤油、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、二甘醇丁基醚、二甘醇丁醚乙酸酯、己二醇和高沸点醇的混合物。此外,在有机载体中还可包含挥发性有机溶剂,以用于促进在将铝浆施加到半导体基板上后的快速硬化。可配制这些溶剂和其它溶剂的各种组合以达到所期望的粘度和挥发性要求。
铝浆中的有机溶剂含量基于总铝浆组合物计可在5至25重量%,或者在一个实施例中在10至20重量%的范围内。
一种或多种有机聚合物可按如下比例存在于有机载体中:基于总铝浆组合物计所述比例在0至20重量%,或在一个实施例中在5至10重量%的范围内。
铝浆包含基于总铝浆组合物计3至20重量%、或者在一个实施例中3至10重量%的玻璃料作为无机粘合剂。如果铝浆中的玻璃料含量小于3重量%,工艺步骤(4)不能成功地进行;即,在这种情况下焙烧过的铝浆不能或不完全用水除去。具有超过20重量%上限的玻璃料含量的铝浆组合物不具有其它需要的特性;即,包含超过20重量%玻璃料的铝浆一般来讲不用于本发明的方法。
玻璃料具有在例如350至600℃的范围内的软化点温度和例如0.5至4μm的平均粒度。
在说明书及权利要求书中,使用了术语“软化点温度”。其是指在10K/min的加热速率下通过差热分析(DTA)测得的玻璃化转变温度。
3至20重量%的玻璃料可包含一种玻璃料或两种或更多种不同玻璃料的组合。对于玻璃料组合物无特殊限制。在一个实施例中,玻璃料是硅铝酸盐玻璃。在另一个实施例中,玻璃料是硼硅酸盐玻璃,其可包含或可不包含碱金属氧化物和/或碱土金属氧化物。玻璃料可含有PbO或者它可为不含铅的。玻璃料的例子还包括氧化物的组合,诸如:B2O3、SiO2、Al2O3、CdO、CaO、BaO、ZnO、Na2O、Li2O、PbO、和ZrO2,它们可独立地使用或以组合方式使用以形成玻璃粘合剂。
玻璃料的制备是人们熟知的;可例如将玻璃的各组分、具体地各组分的氧化物形式熔融在一起。当然,批料成分可为任何化合物,所述化合物在通常的玻璃料生产条件下将产生所期望的氧化物。例如,氧化硼能够由硼酸获得,氧化钡能够由碳酸钡制得等。如本领域熟知的那样,可加热至在例如1050至1250℃的范围内的峰值温度并持续某段时间使得熔体完全变成液体并且是均匀的,通常持续0.5至1.5小时。将熔融组合物倾注到水中以形成玻璃料。
可将玻璃在球磨机中用水或惰性的低粘度低沸点的有机液体进行研磨,以减小玻璃料的粒度并且获得尺寸基本上均匀的玻璃料。然后可将其沉淀在水或所述有机液体中以分离出细料,并且可除去包含细料的上清液。也可使用其它分类方法。
铝浆可包含耐火无机化合物和/或金属-有机化合物。“耐火无机化合物”是指抵抗焙烧期间经历的热条件的无机化合物。例如,它们的熔点高于焙烧期间经历的温度。例子包括无机氧化物,例如无定形二氧化硅。金属有机化合物的例子包括锡有机化合物和锌有机化合物,例如新癸酸锌和2-乙基己酸亚锡(II)。
铝浆可包含一种或多种有机添加剂,例如表面活性剂、增稠剂、流变改性剂和稳定剂。一种或多种有机添加剂可为有机载体的一部分。然而,也有可能在制备铝浆时单独加入一种或多种有机添加剂。一种或多种有机添加剂可按如下的总比例存在于铝浆中:基于总铝浆组合物计所述总比例为例如0-10重量%。
铝浆中的有机载体含量可取决于施加浆料的方法和所用的有机载体的种类,并且其可以变化。在一个实施例中,基于总铝浆组合物计其可为20-45重量%,或者在一个实施例中,其可在22-35重量%的范围内。该数目20-45重量%包含一种或多种有机溶剂、一种或多种可能的有机聚合物和一种或多种可能的有机添加剂。
铝浆为一种粘稠的组合物,其可通过将粒状铝和具有有机载体的玻璃料机械混合来制备。在一个实施例中,可使用粉末混合制造方法,其为一种相当于传统辊磨的分散技术;还可使用辊磨或其它混合技术。
铝浆可原样使用,或者可例如通过加入一种或多种附加的有机溶剂进行稀释;因此,可降低铝浆的所有其它成分的重量百分比。
在本发明的方法的步骤(2)中,将铝浆施加到n型半导体基板的至少一个表面区域上。铝浆可被施加至例如15-60μm的干膜厚度。铝浆的施加方法可为印刷,例如硅氧烷移印;或在一个实施例中为丝网印刷,或者它可为笔绘。施加方法的多样性允许施加铝浆以覆盖整个表面或仅覆盖它的一个或多个部分。例如以图案形式施加铝浆是可能的,其中所述图案可包括精细结构如细线和点。如果期望以图案形式施加铝浆,则不需要采用遮蔽方法如常规的p型掺杂。当通过使用Brookfield HBT粘度计和#14锭子的效用杯以10rpm的锭子速度且在25℃下测量时,铝浆的施加粘度可为例如20至200Pa·s。
施加铝浆后使其干燥例如1至100分钟的时间,从而使n型半导体基板达到在100至300℃的范围内的峰值温度。干燥可利用例如带式、旋转式或静止式干燥机,具体地讲IR(红外线)带式干燥机来进行。
干燥过的铝浆在本发明的方法的步骤(3)中焙烧。焙烧可持续例如1至5分钟的时间,使n型半导体基板达到在700至900℃的范围内的峰值温度。
焙烧可利用例如单区段或多区段带式炉尤其是多区段IR带式炉来进行。焙烧在存在氧的情况下尤其是在存在空气的情况下发生。在焙烧期间,可除去包含非挥发性有机材料的有机物质和在干燥步骤期间没有蒸发的有机部分,即烧尽和/或碳化,具体地讲烧尽它们。在焙烧期间除去的有机物质包括一种或多种有机溶剂、一种或多种可能的有机聚合物、一种或多种可能的有机添加剂、以及可能的金属有机化合物的有机部分。焙烧期间还进行了另一工序,即烧结玻璃料。在焙烧期间温度高于铝的熔点;在n型硅半导体硅基板的典型情况下,形成铝-硅熔体并且随后在冷却期间形成p型掺杂铝的外延生长硅层,即n型硅半导体基板的p型掺杂铝表面区域。
通常在进行工艺步骤(3)和(4)之间无明显延迟,具体地当本发明的方法作为工业方法进行时无明显延迟。例如,在工艺步骤(3)结束后,工艺步骤(4)通常将紧接着、或者例如在n型半导体基板已经冷却后24小时内进行。然而,在进行工艺步骤(3)和(4)之间的时间长度是不重要的,并且对本发明的方法的性能实现与否无影响。
在本发明的方法的步骤(4)中,用水,或者换句话讲通过水处理除去焙烧过的铝浆。水温可为例如20至100℃,或者在一个实施例中为25至80℃。水处理可持续例如10至120秒。水温越高,步骤(4)所需的时间越短。令人惊讶地是工艺步骤(4)可简单地用水进行,并且不需要使用任何其它辅助化学制品例如酸或碱;这意味着相当多的优点,不仅来自环境方面,而且还来自安全方面的考虑。令人惊讶地是,虽然使用其它水处理方法例如冲洗、喷洒或者甚至喷水-喷洒也是可以的,但把在其表面上具有焙烧过的铝浆的n型半导体基板浸入水中就足够了。也可组合使用多种水处理方法。虽然不需要,但通过机械磨蚀例如刷涂或涂搽以辅助水处理是可以的。
在结束步骤(4)后,获得具有至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域的n型半导体基板。因此,本发明也涉及具有通过本发明的方法形成的至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域的n型半导体基板。
虽然不希望受任何理论的约束,但推测存在于铝浆中的3至20重量%的玻璃料导致在焙烧期间存在于铝颗粒表面上的全部或至少相当部分的氧化铝被玻璃消耗,并且剩下的铝颗粒易于被水冲洗下来。还推测焙烧过的铝组合物与水反应,导致脆弱,使得它从n型半导体基板具有的p型掺杂铝表面区域中被除去。
在上文公开中本发明已经通过其一般实施例进行了描述。在下文中公开了本发明的一个具体实施例。
在本发明的方法的具体实施例中,在步骤(1)中提供的n型半导体基板是n型太阳能电池晶片,并且在其上铝浆在步骤(2)中被施加的n型半导体基板的至少一个表面区域是n型太阳能电池晶片的一个或多个表面区域,其中一个或多个表面区域设有p型发射器。因此,该方法因而是用于形成形式为n型太阳能电池晶片的一个或多个p型发射器的至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域的方法。因此,在它的具体实施例中,本发明涉及用于形成n型太阳能电池晶片的一个或多个p型发射器的方法。因此,它也涉及用于制备具有一个或多个p型发射器的n型太阳能电池晶片自身的方法。
因此,在它的具体实施例中,本发明的方法包括以下步骤:
(1’)提供n型太阳能电池晶片,
(2’)在将设有一个或多个p型发射器的n型太阳能电池晶片的一个或多个表面区域上施加并干燥铝浆,
(3’)焙烧所述施加的并干燥过的铝浆,以及
(4’)用水除去所述焙烧过的铝浆,
其中在步骤(2’)中使用的铝浆包含粒状铝、有机载体和基于总铝浆组合物计3至20重量%的玻璃料。
在步骤(1’)中提供的n型太阳能电池晶片可例如选自n型结晶锗太阳能电池晶片和n型结晶锗-硅合金太阳能电池晶片。n型太阳能电池晶片具体地可选自n型结晶硅太阳能电池晶片。
n型太阳能电池晶片的制备是本领域的技术人员已知的。参照上文部分“背景技术”,其中描述了标准和MWT型的n型太阳能电池晶片的制备。
在步骤(1’)中提供的n型太阳能电池晶片不具有p型发射器并且它将设有一个或多个p型发射器,例如,设有正面p型发射器或设有多个异质结p型发射器,它们定位在n型太阳能电池晶片的背面上。就n型MWT太阳能电池晶片而言,正面p型发射器不仅覆盖晶片的正面,而且覆盖它的空穴内侧。
在步骤(2’)中将铝浆施加于在步骤(1’)中提供的n型太阳能电池晶片的一个或多个表面区域上。所述一个或多个表面区域是将设有p型发射器的那个/那些表面区域,即,其中将形成p型发射器的那个/那些表面区域。铝浆与在一般实施例中本发明的方法的步骤(2)中使用的铝浆相同;为了避免不必要的重复,参照对应的上文公开。
将铝浆施加至例如15至60μm的干膜厚度。铝浆的施加方法可以是印刷,例如硅氧烷移印;或在一个实施例中,为丝网印刷。当通过使用Brookfield HBT粘度计和#14锭子的效用杯以10rpm的锭子速度且在25℃下测量时,铝浆的施加粘度可为例如20至200Pa·s。
施加铝浆后使其干燥例如1至100分钟的时间,从而使太阳能电池晶片达到在100至300℃的范围内的峰值温度。干燥可利用例如带式、旋转式或静止式干燥机,具体地讲IR带式干燥机来进行。
然后,在步骤(3’)中,焙烧干燥过的铝浆。焙烧可持续例如1至5分钟的时间,使n型太阳能电池晶片达到在700至900℃的范围内的峰值温度。焙烧可利用例如单区段或多区段带式炉尤其是多区段IR带式炉来进行。焙烧在存在氧的情况下尤其是在存在空气的情况下发生。在焙烧期间,可除去包含非挥发性有机材料的有机物质和在干燥步骤期间没有蒸发的有机部分,即烧尽和/或碳化,具体地讲烧尽它们。在焙烧期间除去的有机物质包括一种或多种有机溶剂、一种或多种可能的有机聚合物、一种或多种可能的有机添加剂、以及可能的金属有机化合物中的有机部分。焙烧期间还进行了另一工序,即烧结玻璃料。在焙烧期间温度高于铝的熔点;在n型太阳能电池晶片的典型情况下,形成铝-硅熔体并且随后在冷却期间形成p型掺杂铝的外延生长硅层,即p型发射器。
通常在进行工艺步骤(3’)和(4’)之间无明显延迟,具体地当本发明的方法在它的具体实施例中作为工业方法进行时无明显延迟。例如,在工艺步骤(3’)结束后,工艺步骤(4’)通常将紧接着、或者例如在n型太阳能电池晶片已经冷却后24小时内进行。然而,在进行工艺步骤(3’)和(4’)之间的时间长度是不重要的,并且对本发明的方法的具体实施例性能实现与否无影响。
在步骤(4’)中,用水除去焙烧过的铝组合物。为了避免不必要的重复,参照本发明的方法一般实施例的步骤(4)描述相关联的公开。
在结束步骤(4’)后,获得具有一个或多个p型发射器的n型太阳能电池晶片。因此,本发明也涉及通过本发明的方法在其具体实施例中制备的所述n型太阳能电池晶片。
虽然不希望受任何理论的约束,但推测存在于铝浆中的3至20重量%的玻璃料导致在焙烧期间存在于铝颗粒表面上的全部或至少相当部分的氧化铝被玻璃消耗,并且剩下的铝颗粒易于被水冲洗下来。还推测焙烧过的铝组合物与水反应,导致脆弱,使得它从n型太阳能电池晶片具有的一个或多个p型掺杂铝表面区域,即,一个或多个p型发射器中被除去。
由此获得的具有一个或多个p型发射器的n型太阳能电池晶片随后可进行进一步处理,即,提供ARC层和任何必要的导电敷金属。
Claims (12)
1.用于形成n型半导体基板的至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(1)提供n型半导体基板,
(2)在所述n型半导体基板的至少一个表面区域上施加并干燥铝浆,
(3)焙烧所述干燥过的铝浆,以及
(4)用水除去所述焙烧过的铝浆,
其中在步骤(2)中使用的所述铝浆包含粒状铝、有机载体和基于总铝浆组合物计3至20重量%的玻璃料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述n型半导体基板选自n型掺杂结晶锗半导体基板、n型掺杂结晶锗-硅合金半导体基板和n型掺杂结晶硅半导体基板。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述n型半导体基板是n型太阳能电池晶片,其中所述n型半导体基板的至少一个表面区域是n型太阳能电池晶片的一个或多个表面区域,并且其中所述n型太阳能电池晶片的一个或多个表面区域是将设有p型发射器的那个/那些表面区域。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述n型太阳能电池晶片选自n型结晶锗太阳能电池晶片、n型结晶锗-硅合金太阳能电池晶片和n型结晶硅太阳能电池晶片。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述粒状铝在所述铝浆中以基于总铝浆组合物计50至80重量%的比例存在。
6.根据权利要求1、2或5所述的方法,其中所述玻璃料是硅铝酸盐玻璃或硼硅酸盐玻璃。
7.根据权利要求1、2、5或6所述的方法,其中在所述铝浆中的有机载体含量基于总铝浆组合物计为20至45重量%。
8.具有至少一个p型掺杂铝表面区域的n型半导体基板由根据权利要求1、2、5、6或7所述的方法制备。
9.根据权利要求3或4所述的方法,其中所述粒状铝在所述铝浆中以基于总铝浆组合物计50至80重量%的比例存在。
10.根据权利要求3、4或9所述的方法,其中所述玻璃料是硅铝酸盐玻璃或硼硅酸盐玻璃。
11.根据权利要求3、4、9或10所述的方法,其中在所述铝浆中的有机载体含量基于总铝浆组合物计为20至45重量%。
12.具有一个或多个p型发射器的n型太阳能电池晶片由根据权利要求3、4、9、10或11所述的方法制备。
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- 2012-11-05 JP JP2014540180A patent/JP2015502028A/ja active Pending
- 2012-11-05 CN CN201280052909.0A patent/CN103907198A/zh active Pending
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US20130112251A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
WO2013067493A1 (en) | 2013-05-10 |
JP2015502028A (ja) | 2015-01-19 |
EP2774183A1 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
US8927428B2 (en) | 2015-01-06 |
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