CN103339763B - 固态电池电极 - Google Patents
固态电池电极 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103339763B CN103339763B CN201280006128.8A CN201280006128A CN103339763B CN 103339763 B CN103339763 B CN 103339763B CN 201280006128 A CN201280006128 A CN 201280006128A CN 103339763 B CN103339763 B CN 103339763B
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- Prior art keywords
- solid
- granule
- active substance
- lithium ion
- state battery
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- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 32
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 0≤x≤0.5) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910003327 LiNbO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001091 LixCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910014149 LixNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000921 lithium phosphorous sulfides (LPS) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910015474 B1/2Li1/2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910009147 Li1.3Al0.3Ti0.7(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008750 Li2O-B2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008745 Li2O-B2O3-P2O5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008523 Li2O-B2O3-ZnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008569 Li2O—B2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008590 Li2O—B2O3—P2O5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008627 Li2O—B2O3—ZnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008656 Li2O—SiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910009297 Li2S-P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910009228 Li2S—P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012316 Li3.6Si0.6P0.4O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012722 Li3N-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012716 Li3N-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012734 Li3N—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012605 Li3PO(4-3/2w)Nw Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012606 Li3PO(4−3/2w)Nw Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013043 Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013035 Li3PO4-Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012810 Li3PO4—Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012804 Li3PO4—Li2S—Si2S Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010712 Li5La3Ta2O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002225 Li5La3Ta2O12 Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910010640 Li6BaLa2Ta2O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002984 Li7La3Zr2O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010835 LiI-Li2S-P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010823 LiI—Li2S—B2S3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010842 LiI—Li2S—P2O5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010840 LiI—Li2S—P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010847 LiI—Li3PO4-P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010864 LiI—Li3PO4—P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013210 LiNiMnCoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012254 LiPO4—Li2S—SiS Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910015329 LixMn2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910014250 LixNi1/2Mn1/2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910014247 LixNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021131 SiyP3−yO12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010252 TiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006884 Li1+xMyMn2-x-yO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006878 Li1+xMyMn2−x−yO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006789 Li1+xNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910009311 Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910009433 Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011469 Li4/3Ti5/3O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013574 LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010833 LiI-Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010831 LiI—Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010855 LiI—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001305 LiMPO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000857 LiTi2(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014692 LixTiOy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017668 MgxM Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001597008 Nomeidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Si] Chemical compound [Li].[Si] ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Mn].[Co].[Ni] KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DJZIBVUGARDLOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ni]=O.[Co]=O.[Li] Chemical compound [Ni]=O.[Co]=O.[Li] DJZIBVUGARDLOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitride Chemical compound [Li]N([Li])[Li] IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZVCGYPLLBEUNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;ethanolate Chemical compound [Li+].CC[O-] AZVCGYPLLBEUNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006386 memory function Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002203 sulfidic glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ti]=S CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
本发明提供了由锂离子导体、活性物质、和固体电解质形成的固态电池电极,其包括含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质的颗粒体,以及提供了制造固态电池电极的方法,该方法具有制备含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质的颗粒体的步骤和将所述颗粒体和固体电解质均匀混合的步骤。
Description
发明背景
1.技术领域
本发明涉及新的固态电池电极和制造该电极的方法。本发明更具体地涉及由各自均具有特定结构的锂离子导体、活性物质、和固体电解质形成并由此用于固态电池时可以提供高输出的固态电池电极,以及涉及制造该固态电池电极的方法。
2.背景
近年来,锂电池作为高电压和高能量密度的电池已经进入实际使用。由于对于更高的性能水平的要求和希望增加锂电池在更广泛的领域中的应用,因而各种研究正在追求锂电池性能的额外改善。在这些研究中,期望实现实用固体锂电池,因为其能够提供许多优于以往使用的基于非水电解质的锂电池的优点,即,更好的安全性、由于单电池形状方面更大的灵活性所致的更大的结构灵活性、以及减少辅助元件。
然而,这样的固体锂电池迄今仍未实现。为了获得可以呈现出如上所述特性特征的固体锂电池,每一个电极,即正电极和负电极,以及固体电解质必须均由可以提供安全与高输出结合的材料构成。然而,可以提供高输出的电极和/或可以提供高输出的固体电解质也尚未得到。
关于电极,已经研究了用于基于非水电解质锂电池的电极和用于固态锂电池的电极。例如,日本专利申请公开号5-290849(JP-A-5-290849)描述了一种用于基于非水电解质二次电池的正电极。该正电极使用具有大的粒径的正电极活性物质并通过混合、造粒、和焙烧起始无机化合物粉末获得。作为其中的一个具体实例,给出了通过将碳酸锂和氧化钴的混合物进行搅拌、混合、和造粒来制造LiCoO2(其为正电极活性物质的一个实例)的实例。
另外,日本专利申请公开号2008-004459(JP-A-2008-004459)描述了平均粒径为0.1至10μm并且可以降低固体电解质/电极界面电阻的硫化物电解质粒子。该硫化物电解质粒子通过使硫化物固体电解质粒子在非水媒介物中进行多级研磨或者进行使用气流磨的干磨而获得。然而,JP-A-2008-004459并没有提供其中电池正电极是由硫化物电解质粒子、导体和活性物质得到的具体实例,并且也没有提及电池的输出。
因此,虽然现有技术具有经由混合、造粒和焙烧得到的正电极活性物质粒子和经由干磨得到的电解质粒子,但是使用这些常规材料来得到可以提供高输出的固态电池电极是相当困难的。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于固态电池时可提供高输出的固态电池电极。本发明还提供一种用于固态电池时可提供高输出的这种固态电池电极的制造方法。
作为为实现上述目的而进行的深入研究的结果,本发明人发现没有获得能够高输出的固态电池电极的原因在于电解质是固体,因此电解质与活性物质之间没有形成足够的界面,这具有非常低的锂离子传导性。作为进一步研究的结果,实现了本发明。
本发明的第一方面涉及一种由锂离子导体、活性物质和固体电解质形成的固态电池电极,其中所述电极包括含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质的颗粒体。本发明的第二方面涉及一种制造固态电池电极的方法,该方法包括制备含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质的颗粒体的步骤和将颗粒体和固体电解质均匀混合的步骤。
用于固态电池时可以提供高输出的固态电池电极可以根据本发明得到。另外,用于固态电池时能够提供高输出的固态电池电极可以根据本发明容易地得到。
附图说明
以下将参照附图说明本发明的示例性实例的特征、优点、以及技术和工业重要性,在附图中,相同的附图标记代表相同的元件,其中:
图1是根据本发明的一个实施方案的固态电池电极的局部放大示意图;
图2是根据现有技术之固态电池电极的表面的扫描电镜(SEM)照片的复制品;
图3是示出了根据本发明的一个实施方案的固态电池电极的制造方法的示意图;
图4是根据本发明的一个实施方案的包含锂离子导体和活性物质的颗粒体的电子显微照片的复制品;
图5是用于制造本发明的一个实例中的颗粒体的转动流化床造粒机的示意图;
图6是比较使用在本发明的一个实例中得到的固态电池电极的固态电池的放电曲线和使用在本发明的范围外的固态电池电极的固态电池的放电曲线的图;和
图7是比较使用在本发明的一个实例中得到的固态电池电极的固态电池的输出和使用在本发明的范围外的固态电池电极的固态电池的输出的图。
具体实施方式
通过下面实施方案说明本发明。1)其中活性物质是正电极材料的固态电池电极。2)其中制备上述颗粒体的步骤包括制备包含锂离子导体原料和活性物质的颗粒体的步骤和焙烧所获得的颗粒体的步骤的制造方法。3)其中制备上述颗粒体的步骤是用转动流化床造粒机进行的步骤的制造方法。
因为含有锂离子导体、活性物质和固体电解质的固态电池电极包含含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质的颗粒体,所以锂离子可以在电极内移动,并因而可得到能够高输出的固态电池电极。另外,制造固态电池电极的所述方法-因为其包括制备含有锂离子导体和活性物质的颗粒体的步骤和将颗粒体与固体电解质均匀混合的步骤-可以很容易地提供能够高输出的固态电池电极。
以下参见图1至6说明本发明的实施方案。如图1所示,本发明的固态电池电极包含锂离子导体、活性物质和固体电解质并且包含作为复合材料粒子的颗粒体,所述复合材料粒子含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质。虽然没有对提高的固态电池输出提供理论分析,但是以下被认为发生。通过具有上述结构,形成其中具有所述锂离子储存功能、但具有非常低的锂离子传输性的活性物质与锂离子导体形成复合材料的颗粒体,这于是使颗粒体内的锂离子传导成为可能。在电极内沿着固体电解质→锂离子导体→活性物质的路径的锂离子传递利用固体电解质成为可能,所述固体电解质具有锂离子传输能力,和颗粒体一起存在于电极中。
与此相反,在如图2所示的常规固态电池电极的情况下,所述活性物质已呈现团聚构造并且许多活性物质以孤立和不可利用的状态存在。这被认为阻碍了固体电解质/活性物质界面的形成。作为解决该问题的手段,可以考虑将活性物质粒子和固体电解质粒子的尺寸减小到相同的均匀水平。然而,当这样做时,微粒团聚的倾向变得更强,因此难以在工业情况中实现固体电解质/活性物质界面的增加。
如图3所示,根据本发明的一个实施方案的制造固态电池电极的方法具有以下步骤:制备充当锂离子导体原料的起始溶液的步骤、制造含有锂离子导体原料和活性物质的颗粒体的步骤、焙烧所得到的颗粒体的步骤、以及将所得到的颗粒体与固体电解质均匀混合的步骤。这些步骤提供例如,如图4中所示的颗粒体,其具有约10至1000μm的粒径和在粒子中含有多个(例如,2至100个)锂离子导体和多个(例如,2至100个)活性物质。与此相反,常规颗粒体是由锂离子导体的薄膜涂覆的单个活性物质粒子。
例如,如图5所示,制造所述颗粒体的上述步骤可以使用转动流化床造粒机来进行,所述转动流化床造粒机在其底部具有转子(rotor)并且通过进给气体的进入可以使粒子在该装置中成流化状态。在该实施方案中,例如,通过将含有锂导体原料的有机溶剂例如醇溶液,如乙醇、甲醇或异丙醇溶液,优选乙醇溶液,喷射于在转动流化床造粒机中以流化状态停留的活性物质粉末上并干燥,形成所述颗粒体。然后通过在空气或在惰性气氛中焙烧所得到的颗粒体来继续制造。在该实施方案中的锂离子导体和活性物质之间的比例是锂离子导体∶活性物质(质量比)=1∶1至67000∶1,例如,优选5∶1至25∶1。在该方法中用于实现粒子流化的进气流适合地为约0.05至2m3/小时。
将在上述制造颗粒体的步骤中在转动流化床造粒机中的进气温度设定在例如从至少室温至不超过50℃。当这样做时,认为前述颗粒体的制造如下实现。将含有锂导体原料的醇涂覆于颗粒活性物质的表面并且表面呈现湿的状态。因而,当另一个经涂布的活性物质粒子与颗粒活性物质粒子接触时生长进行。该接触生长接连进行以得到含有多个活性物质和多个颗粒锂导体原料的颗粒体。干燥所得到的颗粒体从而实现上述颗粒体的制造。由所述锂离子导体原料和活性物质组成的颗粒体的焙烧通过在惰性气氛中或空气中在100至350℃下加热约1至10小时进行。在其中锂离子导体是氧化物的具体情况下,焙烧可以通过使用马弗炉在空气中在100至350℃、特别是在300至350℃下加热约1至10小时进行。
在本发明实施方案中,上述颗粒体必须与固体电解质均匀混合。通常可以通过干混例如使用混合器,以分散颗粒体∶固体电解质的比例(质量比)为从1∶10至10∶1、理想的为从3∶7至7∶3、例如从4∶6至6∶4来将焙烧过的颗粒体和固体电解质均匀混合。该混合还可以通过湿法进行。该颗粒体与固体电解质的均匀混合提供了构成固态电池电极的粉末电极混合物,例如粉末正电极混合物或粉末负电极混合物,有利的是粉末正电极混合物。
本发明实施方案中的锂离子导体必须是不与存在于颗粒体中的活性物质或作为电极中另一组分的固体电解质起反应的物质。在锂二次电池中用作固体电解质材料的材料可以示例性地包括氧化物型非结晶固体电解质如LiTi2(PO4)3、Li2O-B2O3-P2O5、Li2O-SiO2、Li2O-B2O3、和Li2O-B2O3-ZnO;硫化物型非结晶固体电解质如LiI-Li2S-P2S5、LiI-Li2S-B2S3、Li3PO4-Li2S-Si2S、Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2、LiPO4-Li2S-SiS、LiI-Li2S-P2O5、LiI-Li3PO4-P2S5、Li3PS4和Li2S-P2S5;含有锂和至少一种选自铌、钽、硅、磷和硼中的元素的含锂化合物,如结晶氧化物和氧氮化物如LiNbO3、Li1.3Al0.3Ti0.7(PO4)3、Li1+x+yAxTi2-xSiyP3-yO12(A=Al或Ga,0≤x≤0.4,0<y≤0.6)、[(B1/2Li1/2)1-zCz]TiO3(B=La、Pr、Nd、Sm,C=Sr或Ba,0≤x≤0.5)、Li5La3Ta2O12、Li7La3Zr2O12、Li6BaLa2Ta2O12、Li3PO(4-3/2w)Nw(w<1)和Li3.6Si0.6P0.4O4;以及LiI、LiI-Al2O3、LiN3和Li3N-LiI-LiOH。以上提及的锂离子导体原料可以示例性地包括,存在于锂离子导体化合物中的金属元素的醇盐,例如乙醇盐。相应地,单种金属元素的醇盐可用于含有两种或更多种金属元素的锂离子导体原料,例如可以使用乙醇盐的组合。
在该实施方案中的活性物质可以示例性地包括钴酸锂(LixCoO2)、镍酸锂(LixNiO2)、镍锰钴酸锂(Li1+xNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2)、镍钴酸锂(LiCO0.3Ni0.7O2)、锰酸锂(LixMn2O4)、钛酸锂(Li4/3Ti5/3O4)、锰酸锂化合物(Li1+xMyMn2-x-yO4,M=Al、Mg、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn)、钛酸锂(LixTiOy)、锂金属磷酸盐(LiMPO4,M=Fe、Mn、Co、Ni)、氧化钒(V2O5)、氧化钼(MoO3)、硫化钛(TiS2)、锂钴氮化物(LiCoN)、锂硅氮化物(LiSi2N3)、锂金属、锂合金(LiM,M=Sn、Si、Al、Ge、Sb、P)、储锂金属间化合物(MgxM,M=Sn、Ge、Sb或XySb,X=In、Cu、Mn)、及前述的衍生物,以及示例性地包括碳材料(C)如石墨和硬碳。这里没有明确区分为正电极活性物质和负电极活性物质,具有自由选定电压的电极可以通过以下构建:比较两种化合物的充放电电位,将具有较高电位的一个作为正电极并且将较低电位的一个作为负电极。正电极活性物质的具体实例为LixCoO2、LixNiO2、LixMn2O4、LixNi1/2Mn1/2O2、LixNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2、Lix[NiyLi1/3-2y/3]O3(0≤x≤1,0<y<1/2)、和如通过用其他元素来替代前面锂过渡金属氧化物中的锂或过渡金属而提供的锂过渡金属氧化物例如LiNiMnCoO2。另外,负电极活性物质的特别有利的实例是碳材料(C)如石墨或硬碳。
在该实施方案中的固体电解质可以为,例如可以在锂二次电池中用作固体电解质材料的材料。这里的实例有氧化物型非结晶固体电解质如Li2O-B2O3-P2O5、Li2O-SiO2、Li2O-B2O3和Li2O-B2O3-ZnO;硫化物型非结晶固体电解质如Li2S-SiS2、LiI-Li2S-SiS2、LiI-Li2S-P2S5、LiI-Li2S-B2S3、Li3PO4-Li2S-Si2S、Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2、LiPO4-Li2S-SiS、LiI-Li2S-P2O5、LiI-Li3PO4-P2S5、Li3PS4和Li2S-P2S5;以及结晶氧化物和氧氮化物如Lil、Lil-Al2O3、Li3N、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、Li1.3Al0.3Ti0.7(PO4)3、Li1+x+yAxTi2-xSiyP3-yO12(A=Al或Ga,0≤x≤0.4,0<y≤0.6)、[(B1/2Li1/2)1-zCz]TiO3(B=La、Pr、Nd、Sm,C=Sr或Ba,0≤x≤0.5)、Li5La3Ta2O12、Li7La3Zr2O12、Li6BaLa2Ta2O12、Li3PO(4-3/2w)Nw(w<1)和Li3.6Si0.6P0.4O4。
在该实施方案中的颗粒体必须包含前述活性物质和前述锂离子导体作为必要组分,但为了提高电子电导率,除了这些组分之外还可以包含导电材料。导电材料在颗粒体中的比例可以不超过5质量%。该导电材料可以示例性地包括乙炔黑、科琴导电黑(Ketjenblack)、细分散球形碳粒子、碳纳米管和碳纳米纤维。该实施方案的电极包含锂离子导体、活性物质和固体电解质作为必要组分,但为了提高所述电子电导率,除了所述其他组分之外,还可以含有不超过10质量%、优选不超过5质量%的诸如导电材料的组分。
当在该实施方案中要得到用于固态电池的正电极时,在前述步骤中使用以下正电极材料作为活性物质:例如LixCoO2、LixNiO2、LixMn2O4、LixNi1/2Mn1/2O2、LixNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2、Lix[NiyLi1/3-2y/3]O3(0≤x≤1,0<y<1/2)、和如通过用其他元素来替代前面锂过渡金属氧化物中的锂或过渡金属而提供的锂过渡金属氧化物例如LiNiMnCoO2。当在该实施方案中要得到用于固态电池的负电极时,负电极活性物质,例如,诸如石墨或硬碳的碳材料(C)用于活性物质。
当使用该实施方案的固态电池电极要得到固态电池时,根据该实施方案得到的电极可以用于正电极和负电极二者、或可以用于正电极或负电极并且有利地用于正电极。不同于本发明的电极的电极可以用于另一电极,例如负电极。为了制造固态电池,例如,将合适的固体电解质引入单电池中并压制以制造作为丸粒的固体电解质层;然后将粉末正电极混合物和粉末负电极混合物在固体电解质层的两侧引入;并进行压制。固态电池还可以如下制造:首先压制粉末正电极混合物和粉末负电极混合物以进行丸化并形成正电极和负电极,然后在两个电极之间形成电解质层。或者,例如,可以通过如下进行制造:将前述粉末正电极混合物分散在溶剂中;然后将其涂覆在金属箔集电体上以形成电极;然后类似地通过涂覆形成电解质层;之后使用粉末负电极混合物形成负电极;最后层压金属箔集电体。
下面给出了本发明的实施例。提供该实施例只是为了解释目的,而非限制本发明。在下面的说明中份是指质量份。对于造粒机或涂布装置,在下面的每个实施例中使用由图5中示意图所示的转动流化床造粒机(来自PowrexCorporation的MP-01)。下面的每个实施例中颗粒体的粒径通过电子显微镜观察来确定。颗粒体的电子显微镜观察使用以下仪器进行。该电子显微镜来自JEOLLtd。
(实施例1)
颗粒体中的锂离子导体是通过溶胶-凝胶法合成的。通过将五乙氧基铌和乙醇锂(均来自KojundoChemicalLaboratoryCo.,Ltd.)溶解在乙醇中并调整到固体部分含量为6质量%,来制备充当LiNbO3锂离子导体原料的醇盐溶液。将这些醇盐的1600g乙醇溶液喷射到1kg作为活性物质的LiNil/3Mnl/3Col/3O2(来自NichiaCorporation)上。在此时使用以下条件形成颗粒体∶进气温度=50℃、进气流速=0.2m3/小时、转子rpm=300rpm、喷射速度=5g/分钟。为了将颗粒体中的LiNbO3前体转化成氧化物,用马弗炉在350℃下进行焙烧5小时。然后以质量比5∶5将焙烧过的颗粒体用试管混合器与硫化物型固体电解质Li3PS4混合并分散均匀以制造正电极混合物。将颗粒体进行电子显微镜观察。电子显微照片的复制品示于图4。
通过以质量比5∶5混合层状碳负电极活性物质(MitsubishiChemicalCorporation)和前述固体电解质,如对于正电极那样通过混合和分散制备负电极混合物。将前述固体电解质引入单电池中并压制以制造呈丸粒形式的电解质层。然后将正电极混合物和负电极混合物引入在电解质层的两侧上并压制以制造压粉(pressed-powder)电池。
为了评估所得到的固态电池,将电池在4.2V下通过恒电流/恒电压(CCCV)充电、然后以1C倍率从4.2V放电至2.0V。所得到的放电曲线的结果与对比例的结果一起示于图6中。输出的测量结果与对比例的结果一起示于图7中。
(对比例1)
在活性物质LiNil/3Mnl/3Col/3O2的粒子的表面上形成锂离子导体LiNbO3的均匀薄膜层。此时示于图5中的转动流化床造粒机的操作条件如下:进气温度=80℃,进气流速=0.3m3/小时,转子rpm=300rpm,喷射速率=4g/分钟。焙烧条件为350℃下进行5小时。然后,正电极混合物、负电极混合物和压粉电池如实施例1进行制造。对所得到的电极的表面进行SEM测量。所得到的SEM照片的复制品示于图2中。该电池也如实施例1进行评估。所得到的结果连同实施例的结果一起示于图6和图7中。
图7中的结果确认了根据实施例的固态电池相较于对比例的固态电池具有更高输出,其中所述实施例的固态电池包含锂离子导体、活性物质和固体电解质并且使用包含含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质的颗粒体的固态电池正电极,而所述对比例的固态电池包含锂离子导体、活性物质和固体电解质并使用包含其中在活性物质粒子上形成锂离子导体的薄膜的粒子的固态电池正电极。
本发明可提供可以提供高输出固态电池的固态电池电极,本发明还使得能够容易地得到可以提供高输出固态电池的固态电池电极。
Claims (4)
1.一种固态电池电极,包括:
颗粒体,所述颗粒体含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质,其中所述多个活性物质散布在所述锂离子导体中,以及所述颗粒体是通过多个活性物质形成的复合材料粒子;
固体电解质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池电极,其中所述活性物质为正电极活性物质。
3.一种制造根据权利要求1或2的固态电池电极的方法,所述方法的特征在于包括:
制备含有多个锂离子导体和多个活性物质的颗粒体,其中所述多个活性物质散布在所述锂离子导体中;
其中颗粒体制备包括:制备含有所述锂离子导体的原料和所述活性物质的前体颗粒体,
其中所述前体颗粒体的制备是使用转动流化床造粒机进行的,
其中制备所述锂离子导体的原料的有机溶液,所述前体颗粒体通过在所述转动流化床造粒机中用所述有机溶液涂覆所述活性物质来制备,并且在制备所述前体颗粒体时将在所述转动流化床造粒机的进气温度调节在其中所述活性物质的表面呈现湿的状态的温度;以及
将所述颗粒体与固体电解质均匀混合。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制造固态电池电极的方法,其中颗粒体制备包括:
焙烧所得到的前体颗粒体。
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