CN102939880A - Standardized planting method for black plum - Google Patents
Standardized planting method for black plum Download PDFInfo
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- CN102939880A CN102939880A CN2012104897197A CN201210489719A CN102939880A CN 102939880 A CN102939880 A CN 102939880A CN 2012104897197 A CN2012104897197 A CN 2012104897197A CN 201210489719 A CN201210489719 A CN 201210489719A CN 102939880 A CN102939880 A CN 102939880A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a standardized planting method for black plum. The method includes nursery stock breeding, orchard establishment, planting, cultivation and management, pest control and fruit harvest. According to the method, various cultivation and management measures are organically integrated, black plum farmers can be guided to orderly plant the black plum according to regulations, pollution-free, green and organic production of the black plum can be achieved, and good social, ecological and economic benefits are achieved. First-level fruit yield of a good quality and high yield science and technology demonstration garden reaches to above 80%, the yield per plant is above 30kg, and the yield per unit area is above 1900kg; and the first-level fruit yield of a standardized production base is above 70%, the yield per plant is above 20kg, the yield per unit area is above 1300kg, and the effect is remarkable.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of black Lee's normalized planting method.
Background technology
Japanese plum is the perennial deciduous fruit tree of the rose family (Rosaceae) Prunus (Prunus), Lee fruit is nutritious, the market occupy-place is good, to regulating and improving the fresh fruit market availability, satisfy people to the diversified demand of fruit, enrich people's material life and have important function, the market of having sold well enjoys the people to consume hobby.
Fujian is the major production areas of southern Japanese plum, and approximately 3.2 ten thousand hectares of cultivated areas account for 9.82% of the total cultivated area in the whole nation; Gross yield reaches 23.3 ten thousand tons, accounts for 14.61% of national gross yield, occupies the 2nd in the whole nation.In recent years, for realizing the change of Japanese plum plantation from " output epoch " to " quality epoch ", more strengthened the kind of Japanese plum and upgraded and the standardized planting working dynamics.Black Lee is because fruit is large, output is high, product are of fine quality, and good market prospects becomes one of leading kind that is widely cultivated after lotus Lee, and planting area spreads all over Plain, hills and the mountain regions of establishing district and municipality such as Ningde, Nan Ping, Sanming City, Foochow.When scoring achievements, we also answer conscious understanding to arrive, when greatly developing high-quality and eating black Lee raw and produce, black Lee's standardized cultivation management work is ignored, compare with developed country and area, the agricultural technology problem of comprise seedling-wood breeding, building garden and field planting, cultivation management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and fruit harvesting etc. is comparatively outstanding, most of black Li Yuan still can't realize nuisanceless, green, organic production, Lee's fruit quality and output descend year by year, market competition advantage is lost year by year, and health and the sustainable development of black Lee having been planted industry constitute a threat to.Therefore should continue to strengthen black Lee production technology research that standardizes, make as early as possible black Lee production technology regulation of standardizing, be used for instructing black Lee's standardized planting, for the sound development of eating black Lee raw provides support.
Summary of the invention
The present invention carries out organic combination with various cultivation management measures, a kind of black Lee's normalized planting method is provided, guiding Li Nong deceives Lee's plantation in an orderly manner by rules, can realize black Lee's nuisanceless, green, organic production, has preferably society, ecology and economy benefit.
The technical scheme that the present invention takes is as follows:
A kind of black Lee's normalized planting method comprises seedling-wood breeding, builds garden and field planting, cultivation management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and fruit harvesting.
Specific as follows:
(1) seedling-wood breeding: comprise that the suitable stock variety of selection is cultivated, grafting.
Stock variety comprises wild peach, mountain peach, Lee, Nanking cherry, and preferred wild peach is made stock.
(2) build garden and field planting: comprise field planning, seedling planting and pollinizers configuration.
(3) cultivation management: comprise soil management, fertilising, water management and flower and fruit management.
Described soil management comprises soil melioration intercropping in the ranks, intertill and clean tillage, and concrete operation step is as follows:
A, soil melioration
To extending out the cave, dig dark 0.4～0.5m winter next year behind the black Li Zhi around kind of plant hole, wide 0.5m, and the microscler ditch of long 0.8m～1.0m, layering is executed lower farmyard manure, green manure etc. and is improved the soil.Expanding the cave time of improving the soil is late November～late December.
B, intercropping in the ranks
In 2 years after field planting, tree dish outer room kind short-term short-stalked crop comprises peanut, legume or leaf vegetables, and the stem stalk after the results, residual leaf are as pressing the green material of improving the soil to be used for improvement soil.
C, intertill and clean tillage
Interior clear the ploughing or covering of tree dish, the outer intercropping of tree dish or employing sod culture are removed deep-rootedness, malignant weed.Introduce a fine variety butch clover, paspalum notatum, Japanese grass, perennial ryegrass, alfalfa, lady's-grass, Ageratum conyzoides, leatherleaf Cassia tora for the covering of ground sward, regularly mow overlay tree dish and ground.
Once set after the fruit picking dish weeding, dark 5cm～6cm loosens the soil, weed killer herbicide of spray that sward is overstocked, stay it to cover ground after weeds are withered, washing away serious black Li Yuan should earth up and cover exposed root mass, before annual November～late December, carry out once full garden artificial weeding, the weeds that scoop up are imbedded by ploughing deeply the requirement of improving the soil under the tree crown drip, and the shallow 6cm～7cm that loosens the soil of full field table.
Described fertilising is determined fertilizing amount according to soil fertility, heavy dressing base manure, and growth is rationally topdressed in season.Concrete fertilizing method is as follows:
A, base manure
Behind fruit harvesting, before fallen leaves, carry out, in conjunction with ploughing deeply the autumn basal dressing of improving the soil.Take fertilizer as main, become age general every mu of garden to execute 2500kg～3000kg, be affixed by a small amount of fused calcium magnesium phosphate and boron fertilizer.
B, topdress
B.1 earsh
Answer a tip two fertilizer, whenever sprout inferior to sprouting and the young sprout blade turns and applies fertilizer 1 time before green, First Year is take nitrogenous fertilizer as main, cooperate phosphorus, potassium, calcium, fertiliser containing magnesium, take organic farmyard manure as main, peanut press pulp 0.5kg～1.0kg, composite fertilizer 0.5kg～1.0kg are executed in every strain every year after the Second Year.Fertilizing amount increases from less to more year by year.
B.2 bearing-age tree
Divide short fertilizers for potted flowers, fruit-promoting fertilizer, the rear fertilizer of fruit and winter top dressing.
Short fertilizers for potted flowers: nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.2kg～0.4kg is executed in every strain, N:P in the described nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer
2O
5: K
2O=15:15:15 executed down in mid or late Febuary.When more prosperous the or bud amount of tree vigo(u)r is few, should not execute short fertilizers for potted flowers.
Fruit-promoting fertilizer: nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.25kg～0.30kg is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, fertile 0.5kg～the 1.0kg of the peanut press pulp that becomes thoroughly decomposed, in 3 months, execute down the last ten-days period, in the fruit expanding period 4 months, carry out root outer spraying 2～3 time with 3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate upper, the middle ten days in the last ten-days period to May.
Fertile behind the fruit: the peanut press pulp 2.0kg～2.5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.2kg～0.3kg.
Winter top dressing: on mid-November～December, the middle ten days, 20kg～30kg hog manure or garbage tankage 50kg are executed in every strain, the fertile 1.5kg～2.0kg of peanut press pulp, and phosphate fertilizer 0.5kg, potash fertilizer 0.5kg loosens the soil in conjunction with deep ploughing, and every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields pulverized limestone 100kg.
Described water management comprise pour water, draining and pruning.
Wherein the pruning concrete operations are as follows:
A, shaping
Adopt the natural open centre shape shaping, the high 50cm～60cm of trunk stays 3～4 major branches, evenly distributes, and stays 2～3 side shoots on each major branch, develops at major branch both sides tilted direction.Without central backbone.
B, pruning
B.1 earsh
After field planting survives, at major branch 25cm～30cm place cutting back, impel and sprout branch and elongated shoot; The bud that grows on major branch, the side shoot carried out suitable cutting back, and in time removes and upset tree-like water sprout, formed the natural open centre shape tree crown through 2 years or 3 years.
B.2 fruit tree at the beginning of
Pruning is advisable with light pruning, and long putting is main, payes attention to summer pruning, mainly is in cultivating, fruit spur, removes water sprout.Go 1/3 to surpassing the long branch cutting back of 30cm winter, with in short extraction the out, fruit spur, dredge simultaneously and delete that part is overstocked, overlapping, the moon covers branch, wipe out deadwood, sick branch.
B.3 contain fruit tree
The tree light pruning that growth potential is strong, weak tendency is set heavy pruning, prunes off with cutting back to combine, to cultivate bouquet shape branch and fruit spur as main.Divide summer pruning and winter pruning.Summer pruning is finished in the 15d after fruit picking, in time wipes out tree crown top and upsets tree-like vertical branch, water sprout or water sprout group; The tree crown that the moon covers is pruned the branch that overlaps, make solar ray energy disperse to be shining in the tree crown; The black Li Yuan retraction of envelope row in the ranks, the intersection branch between strain, wipe out interior thorax decline branch, descending branch, deadwood, sick branch.Winter pruning in November to 12 month, carry out the last ten-days period, wipes out water sprout, deadwood, sick branch, dredges and deleted intensive branch group, to surpassing the long fruit branch cutting back 1/3 more than the 30cm, from below to up, from inside to outside, from the bough to the sprig, it is level and smooth that clip is wanted during pruning.
B.4 aging is set
In time carry out renewal pruning.Before sprouting the spring tip, the large side shoot year-by-year of part is carried out the severe cutting back by turns, short energetic vegetative shoot and fruit bearing shoot.Old and feeble tree carries out major branch when upgrading, if major branch bottom or middle part pumping water sprout, then sturdy water sprout give birth to outside with the major branch amputation, or in major branch, secondary major branch, the bottom cutting back, stimulate resting bud to sprout, grow water sprout or healthy and strong branch, again cultivate tree crown.
Described flower and fruit management comprises pollination, fruit retention, fruit thinning.Concrete steps are as follows:
A, pollination
Honeybee is put in employing and artificial point is awarded and feather duster rolls pollinates, plantation rape attract insect carries out supplementary pollination, to guarantee output, improves single fruit weight and fruit regularity.Putting the honeybee phase forbids spraying medicine, 3 groups of per hectare configuration honeybees.
B, fruit retention
Carry out foliage-spray at bud stage, leaf stretching period with nutrient, or spray 70% drop-proof agent 1g at young fruit period and be watered 50 kg, fruit expanding period is watered 5Okg with gibberellin 2.5g, adds 0.1% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% borax mixed liquor and carries out fruit retention.
C, fruit thinning
For the second time carried out fruit thinning before the phase to stone behind the physiological fallen fruit, remove upwards fruit and the tree crown periphery fruit of covering without branches and leaves of overstocked fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, top, bouquet shape fruit branch and fruit spur stay 1 fruit, in, long fruit branch interval 10cm stays 1 fruit, leaf-fruit ratio 18～30:1.Fruit thinning divides secondary to carry out, for the first time 20d～30d after blooming, for the second time 50d～60d after blooming.
(4) extermination of disease and insect pest: wherein Major Diseases comprises bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose, gummosis.Major Pests comprises heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid, chafer.Implement put prevention first, the policy of integrated control, take cultural control as the basis, physical control and biological control are core, rationally carry out chemical control.
Normalized planting method of the present invention is applicable to Long Fengheili (fruit 2012003 is recognized in Fujian), realizes Lee's plantation " breeding good method ".
The present invention carries out organic combination with various cultivation management measures, make the technical regulation that black Lee who is fit to our province standardizes and produces, guiding Li Nong deceives Lee's plantation in an orderly manner by rules, can realize black Lee's nuisanceless, green, organic production, have preferably society, ecology and economy benefit.Good quality and high output science and technology demonstration one-level fruit rate reaches more than 80%, and strain is produced more than the 30kg, more than the per mu yield 1900kg; Standardization production base one-level fruit rate reaches more than 70%, and strain is produced more than the 20kg, and more than the per mu yield 1300kg, effect is remarkable.
Embodiment
A kind of black Lee's normalized planting method of the present invention, concrete operations are as follows:
1 seedling-wood breeding
1.1 nursery lot is selected
Select hidding and sunny side, physical features is mild, has a good transport service, and irrigation and drainage are good, and soil layer is deep, and is organic abundant, pH value 5.0～7.0, and loam or sandy loam are ploughed as nursery lot.Avoid drupe class second crop soil.
1.2 rootstock seedling is cultivated
Stock variety and selection
Stock variety has wild peach, mountain peach, Lee, Nanking cherry etc., usually selects wild peach to make stock.
Seed collection and processing
Choose the wild peach elite stand of robust growth, after the abundant maturation of fruit, gather, with the fruit stack retting of gathering, highly should not surpass 30cm, time 5d～7d, after pulp rots, remove pulp, reject impurity and depauperation seed, clean and dry in the shade in the ventilation, require seed moisture content to remain on 30%～40%, Purity rate of seed is more than 95%.
Before the wild peach planting seed, the seed that will dry in the shade is with 500～800 times of liquid disinfectant 20min of 70% thiophanate methyl, carry out sand and hide the lamination processing, seed is 1:10～15 with wet husky ratio, mix lamination or layering lamination, the lamination height should be in 30cm, 2 ℃～7 ℃ of lamination temperature, lamination time 80d～120d.Also can need not the husky direct autumn sowing of hiding.
Nursery lot is prepared
Sow front 1 month, plowed soils, degree of depth 25cm～30cm, apply organic base manure 2500kg～3000kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed every per mu sparing, and sneaks into simultaneously urea, ash, each 8kg～10kg of fused calcium magnesium phosphate.The leveling bedding, furrow face width 100cm～120cm, the high 20cm～25cm of furrow, furrow furrow width 25cm～30cm.
Sowing and transplanting
Seeding method mainly contains two kinds.A kind of is direct sowing, sow in spring or autumn sowing all can, general every mu with kind of a 30kg～40kg, every mu of 6000～8000 strains of emerging.Another kind of seedling method for transplanting.The late November～mid-December sowing, transplant when treating Second Year height of seedling 5cm～10cm in batches.
Seed immersion 24h before the sowing, uniform broadcasting or bar are sowed on the furrow face, cover 2cm～3cm thick thin river sand or hack, again mulching straw or plastic film, in time trickle is thrown off straw or plastic film after the germination.
The rootstock seedling management
Should not pour water before coming up, if soil is too dry, can at candlelight water spray increases moisture in the soil.The timely intertill and clean tillage of Seedling Stage topdresses 2 times～3 times in conjunction with pouring water, each every mu of nitrogen fertilizer application 6kg～8kg, and growth is carried out foliage-spray 0.3% aqueous solution of urea 2 times～3 times in conjunction with the extermination of disease and insect pest in season.
When seedling grows 2～3 true leaves, carry out thinning, dredge and go seedling overstocked, small and weak and that be subjected to the harm of disease worm, and filled the gaps with seedlings in the place of being short of seedling.When seedling up to 5cm～10cm time-division bed, by spacing in the rows 12cm～15cm, line-spacing 20cm～25cm transplants, and should with fillering compacting and drench sufficient normal root water, keep the furrow face moistening until Survival rate of nursery stock during transplanting.Simultaneously, for guaranteeing to make base portion uprightly, smoothly be beneficial to grafting, seedling is done the following branch of 30cm and should be wiped out.
1.3 grafting
Scion gathers
Scion is pure from kind, the breeding elite stand of robust growth, high and stable yield gathers, choose that tree crown peripheral middle and upper part growth is enriched, the leaf look dark green, eye is full, do not have that damage by disease and insect and machinery hinders give birth to then or annual vegetative shoot is scion.With adopting with connecing, wipe out behind the blade for subsequent use with the wet cloth parcel of slightly wringing out.
The scion that gathers from the other places answers 50～100 to be 1 to prick, and behind wet toilet paper bag, again with plastic film wrapping scion base portion, top open-ended, and the labeled species title, gather date and collecting location is accomplished to adopt soon as far as possible, soon bag, fast freight, connect soon.
Grafting period and method
Grafting is take summer budding as main, the time late May to mid or late June, the bud grafting mode is mainly plate budding, the bud grafting of band xylem etc.Long to 50cm～70cm, carry out grafting when overhead 10cm～15cm place rugosity reaches 0.3cm～0.5cm when rootstock seedling, the front 1d～3d of grafting cuts off the tender tip 10cm in stock top.Grafting part is usually at the shiny surface at 5cm～10cm place overhead, and it is level and smooth that the tangent plane of stock and scion is wanted, and forms layer and is aligned with each other and is close to, and is closely knit with the colligation of ultrathin film bar.
The grafting management
Summer budding seedling 5d～7d after grafting fractures in the above 1cm～2cm place of buddering, and cuts anvil in the above 0.5cm place of buddering about 7d behind the folding anvil, can separate film after cutting anvil 7d～10d.Check graft survival rate after the grafting about 20d, in time benefit connects.Strengthen rich water quality management and the extermination of disease and insect pest, when height of seedling reached 50cm～60cm, at the above 30cm of grafting mouth, overhead the top was cut at 40cm～50cm place, short estranged.
1.4 outplanting
Go out the garden time
The nursery stock field planting before the Sprout period in next year of fully falling leaves behind 7d～10d.
Lifting
2d fills with permeable with seedling ground in advance, and dark pick has been dug in turn line by line, raps earth.Dip in rear moistening with straw or film bundling maintenance with yellow mud.
Seedling sorting
Grafting answers eye full, has no mechanical damage, and without quarantine object, well developed root system, without root knot, the anvil stake is wiped out, and graft union is good.Varietal purity is more than 95%, and the anvil segment length is no more than 20cm.
Carry out classification playing good seedling by root system quality, seedling height and nursery stock rugosity etc.The master root is more than 6, height of seedling 〉=100cm, and seedling is thick 〉=and 1.0cm is the one-level seedling; The master root is more than 4, height of seedling 〉=80cm, and seedling is thick 〉=and 0.7cm is the secondary seedling.The master root does not reach 4, and seedling does not slightly reach 0.6cm and waits outer seedling, waits outer seedling need return the nursery and cultivates.
The nursery stock quarantine
Pressing GB 15569 agricultural plants allocation and transportation quarantine rules regulation carries out.
Sampling
Nursery stock is pressed out garden specification classification, and per 20 strains are bundled into a little bundle, and root system evenly dips in the yellow mud oar, per 5 lash into one, and every using plastic bag packaging, the seedling top is exposed to outside the bag, every handle ties on a label, and indicates kind, stock, rank, quantity, goes out the garden date and goes out the garden person.
2 build garden and field planting
2.1 the field is selected
The field environment
Ecotope, irrigation water, air quality, soil condition should meet GB/T 18407.2 agricultural product security quality Pollution-free Fruit home environment requirements.
Land occupation condition
The gradient is less than 25 °, and physical features is open, has a good transport service, leeward on the sunny side, the hilly and mountainous land of illumination abundance; Subterranean water level is following level land, non-irrigated paddy field l.5m.
Soil selects soil layer deep, and the soil is porous, and irrigation and drainage are convenient, organic abundant, the sandy loam of pH value 5.0～7.0, loam.
13.5 ℃～21.0 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year, 9.0 ℃～11.5 ℃ of one monthly mean temperatures, year accumulated temperature 5900h～7800h of 〉=10 ℃, florescence in March, mean temperature of air was more than 12 ℃, about winter absolute low temperature-3 ℃, year frost-free season 210d～320d, year sunshine duration 〉=1500h～2050h, annual rainfall 1000mm～2300mm.
2.2 field planning
The field can be divided into several residential quarters, carries out the planning of roadnet, irrigation and drainage system, shelter forest and other auxiliary facilities.Shelter forest should select not have with black Lee the quick growing species of trees of symbiosis damage by disease and insect.Directly plant in the ground, gentle slope of level land and the gradient＜6 °; The gradient adopts contour famring at 6 °～25 ° mountain region, hilly ground, notes water and soil conservation, and the terrace land level is moved towards than falling 0.3%～0.5%.
2.3 field planting
Plant hole is prepared
By plantation specification excavation kind of plant hole, plant each 0.8m～1.0m of specification length and width of plant hole, dark 0.6m～0.8m.Plant the plant hole planted agent and use sufficient base manure, every cave farmyard manure 15kg～20kg and fused calcium magnesium phosphate 1.0 kg～1.5kg, the every cave of hillside orchard is liming 0.8kg～1.0kg again, then backfill table soil, form the knoll of 20cm～25cm above ground level, return geotechnological work and should finish in front 1～2 months in field planting.
Planting density
Level land, ground, gentle slope and fertile soil, irrigation and drainage are the field easily, the suitable 4m * 4m of seeding row spacing, and the field that hillside and soil are more thin and weak, the suitable 4m * 3m of seeding row spacing can adopt first close rear thin method for planting, and be 3m * 2m early stage, and the later stage is the dense planting method of 6m * 4m.
The field planting time
But all field planting to the next year Sprout period are advisable early to plant behind the fall foliage.Container seedling is transplanted and is not subject to seasonal restrictions.
Field planting method
First nursery stock is positioned in the middle of the plant hole of having pushed aside, unfolds its lateral root, the fine earth layering is filled in root gap, successively light compacting, a little higher than native face of grafting mouth drenches sufficient normal root water, and tree dish mulching straw keeps ground moistening.
The pollinizers configuration
Black Li Yuan should configure that compatibility is good, flower synchronization or close pollinizers, and pollinizers must be selected 3～4 kinds simultaneously.The main pollinated variety of planting is that honey is thought Lee, and ' Black Amber ' Plum Fruit etc. can be used as the auxiliary kind of being pollinated, and the ratio that the pollinizers kind accounts for main breed is 1:5～8.
3 cultivation managements
3.1 soil management
Soil melioration
To extending out the cave, dig dark 0.4～0.5m winter next year behind the black Li Zhi around kind of plant hole, wide 0.5m, and the microscler ditch of long 0.8m～1.0m, layering is executed lower farmyard manure, green manure etc. and is improved the soil.Expanding the cave time of improving the soil is late November～late December.
Intercropping in the ranks
In 2 years after field planting, the tree dish outer can between plant the short-term short-stalked crop, such as peanut, legume or leaf vegetables, the stem stalk after the results, residual leaf are as pressing the green material of improving the soil to be used for improvement soil.
Intertill and clean tillage
Can plough clearly or cover in the tree dish, but the outer intercropping of tree dish or employing sod culture are removed deep-rootedness, malignant weed.Introduce a fine variety Ageratum conyzoides, green manure etc. and be used for ground sward covering, regularly mow overlay tree dish and ground.
Once set after the fruit picking dish weeding, dark 5cm～6cm loosens the soil, weed killer herbicide of spray that sward is overstocked, stay it to cover ground after weeds are withered, washing away serious black Li Yuan should earth up and cover exposed root mass, before annual November～late December, carry out once full garden artificial weeding, the weeds that scoop up are imbedded by ploughing deeply the requirement of improving the soil under the tree crown drip, and the shallow 6cm～7cm that loosens the soil of full field table.
3.2 fertilizing method
Method
Determine fertilizing amount according to soil fertility, heavy dressing base manure, growth is rationally topdressed in season, carries out prescription and uses.Fertilizer meets the requirement of NY/T 496 fertilizer reasonable application general rules, and foliage fertilizer should be registered in the Ministry of Agriculture.
Base manure
Behind fruit harvesting, before fallen leaves, carry out, in conjunction with ploughing deeply the autumn basal dressing of improving the soil.Take fertilizer as main, become age general every mu of garden to execute 2500kg～3000kg, be affixed by a small amount of fused calcium magnesium phosphate and boron fertilizer.Can adopt ring-type ditch spread or parallel ditch spread in the ranks.Fill with sufficient water after the fertilising.
Topdress
3.2.a.1 earsh
Answer a tip two fertilizer, whenever sprout inferior to sprouting and the young sprout blade turns and applies fertilizer 1 time before green, First Year is take nitrogenous fertilizer as main, cooperate phosphorus, potassium, calcium, fertiliser containing magnesium, take organic farmyard manure as main, peanut press pulp 0.5kg～1.0kg, composite fertilizer 0.5kg～1.0kg are executed in every strain every year after the Second Year.Fertilizing amount increases from less to more year by year.
3.2.a.2 bearing-age tree
Divide short fertilizers for potted flowers, fruit-promoting fertilizer, the rear fertilizer of fruit and winter top dressing.
Short fertilizers for potted flowers: take quick-acting fertilizer as main, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15, lower same) 0.2kg～0.4kg is executed in every strain, executes down in mid or late Febuary.When more prosperous the or bud amount of tree vigo(u)r is few, should not execute short fertilizers for potted flowers.
Fruit-promoting fertilizer: take quick-acting fertilizer as main, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.25kg～0.30kg is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, fertile 0.5kg～the 1.0kg of the peanut press pulp that becomes thoroughly decomposed, in 3 months, execute down the last ten-days period, in the fruit expanding period 4 months, carry out root outer spraying 2～3 time with 3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate etc. upper, the middle ten days in the last ten-days period to May.
Fertile behind the fruit: take organic fertilizer as main, cooperate instant nitrogenousfertilizer and phosphorus, potash fertilizer, the peanut press pulp 2.0kg～2.5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.2kg～0.3kg.
Winter top dressing: take the organic fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed as main, join and execute phosphate fertilizer, lime, turf mud and potash fertilizer, on mid-November～December, the middle ten days, 20kg～30kg hog manure or garbage tankage 50kg are executed in every strain, fertile 1.5kg～the 2.0kg of peanut press pulp, phosphate fertilizer 0.5kg, potash fertilizer 0.5kg, loosen the soil in conjunction with deep ploughing, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields pulverized limestone 100kg.
3.3 water management
Pour water
Earsh answers moisturizing, sun-proof, mulch, anti-ponding; Bearing-age tree is met drought before bud stage, flowering stage, young fruit expanding stage and fruit maturation, should in time pour water or trickle.The overlay tree dishes such as crop tangerine bar are also used in the orchard of water scarcity, in order to soil moisture conservation.Advocate water saving irrigation practices such as adopting drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, little spray.
Draining
The drain ditch is set, timely draining when rainwater is more.
3.4 pruning
Shaping
The shaping of general employing natural open centre shape, the high 50cm～60cm of trunk stays 3～4 major branches, evenly distributes, and stays 2～3 side shoots on each major branch, develops at major branch both sides tilted direction.Without central backbone.
Prune
3.4.a.1 earsh
After field planting survives, at major branch 25cm～30cm place cutting back, impel and sprout branch and elongated shoot; The bud that grows on major branch, the side shoot carried out suitable cutting back, and in time removes and upset tree-like water sprout, formed the natural open centre shape tree crown through 2 years or 3 years.
3.4.a.2 first fruit tree
Pruning is advisable with light pruning, and long putting is main, payes attention to summer pruning, mainly is in cultivating, fruit spur, removes water sprout.Go 1/3 to surpassing the long branch cutting back of 30cm winter, with in short extraction the out, fruit spur, dredge simultaneously and delete that part is overstocked, overlapping, the moon covers branch, wipe out deadwood, sick branch.
3.4.a.3 contain fruit tree
The suitable light pruning of tree that growth potential is strong, weak tendency is set suitable heavy pruning, prunes off with cutting back to combine, to cultivate bouquet shape branch and fruit spur as main.Divide summer pruning and winter pruning.Summer pruning is finished in the 15d after fruit picking, in time wipes out tree crown top and upsets tree-like vertical branch, water sprout or water sprout group; The tree crown that the moon covers is suitably pruned the branch that overlaps, make solar ray energy disperse to be shining in the tree crown; The black Li Yuan retraction of envelope row in the ranks, the intersection branch between strain, wipe out interior thorax decline branch, descending branch, deadwood, sick branch.Winter pruning in November to 12 month, carry out the last ten-days period, wipes out water sprout, deadwood, sick branch, dredges and deleted intensive branch group, to surpassing the long fruit branch cutting back 1/3 more than the 30cm, from below to up, from inside to outside, from the bough to the sprig, it is level and smooth that clip is wanted during pruning.
3.4.a.4 old and feeble tree
In time carry out renewal pruning.Before sprouting the spring tip, the large side shoot year-by-year of part is carried out the severe cutting back by turns, short energetic vegetative shoot and fruit bearing shoot.Old and feeble tree carries out major branch when upgrading, if major branch bottom or middle part pumping water sprout, then can sturdy water sprout give birth to outside with the major branch amputation, or in major branch, secondary major branch, the bottom cutting back, stimulate resting bud to sprout, grow water sprout or healthy and strong branch, again cultivate tree crown.
3.5 flower and fruit management
Pollination
The method supplementary pollination such as honeybee is put in employing and artificial point is awarded and feather duster rolls pollinates, plantation rape attract insect to guarantee output, improve single fruit weight and fruit regularity.Putting the honeybee phase forbids spraying medicine, and 3 groups of honeybees of per hectare configuration are advisable.
Fruit retention
Carry out foliage-spray at bud stage, leaf stretching period with nutrient, or spray 70% drop-proof agent 1g at young fruit period and be watered 50 kg, fruit expanding period is watered 5Okg with gibberellin 2.5g, adds 0.1% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% borax mixed liquor and carries out fruit retention.
Take precautions against drought, rainproof, anti-ponding
Bud stage, flowering stage, the chance wet weather shakes spends pearl and the residual flower of falling into water that shake.Fruit expanding period is met arid and will in time be poured water, and holds the anti-ponding in drain ditch during the spring rain successfully.
Fruit thinning
For the second time carried out fruit thinning before the phase to stone behind the physiological fallen fruit, remove upwards fruit and the tree crown periphery fruit of covering without branches and leaves of overstocked fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, top, bouquet shape fruit branch and fruit spur stay 1 fruit, in, long fruit branch interval 10cm stays 1 fruit, leaf-fruit ratio 18～30:1 is advisable.Fruit thinning can divide secondary to carry out, for the first time 20d～30d after blooming, for the second time 50d～60d after blooming.
Bagging
Bagging time is more early better after deciding fruit, sprays the once medicament of the anti-worm of curing the disease before the bagging, and the front 15d that gathers separates bag.
4 extermination of disease and insect pest
4.1 control principle
Implement the policy of " put prevention first, integrated control ", take cultural control as the basis, physical control and biological control are core, rationally carry out chemical control.
4.2 the method for control
Cultural control
Strengthen cultivation management, enhancing tree body is disease-resistant, insect resistance capacity; Applying organic manure, the control amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer; Rationally pruning makes tree body ventilation and penetrating light; Strict flower and fruit thinning, rationally load keeps tree vigo(u)r healthy and strong; In time dig trenches to drain the water away, prevent the garden internal water accumulation, reduce the orchard air humidity; Remove sick branch and dry branches and fallen leaves, reduce the wintering pest radix.
Physical control
With frequency ventilating type insecticidal lamp, black light lamp attraction and trapping heart-eating worm, chafer, leaf roller etc.; Lure the collection aphid with yellow plate; Artificial capture method longicorn, chafer etc.
Biological control
With gyplure, biogenic pesticide pest control; In Li Yuan, increase the natural enemy foodstuff, the hidden and hibernacle of natural enemy is set, raise natural enemy; The restriction agricultural chemicals uses, and reduces the injury to natural enemy.
Chemical control
Strengthen the disease worm dynamic monitoring and prediction occurs, in good time medication is to improve control efficiency.The regulation that should meet GB 4285 chemistry security Application standards and GB/T 8321 (all parts) agricultural chemicals reasonable application is selected and used to agricultural chemicals.Ban use of agricultural chemicals to announce No. 199 execution according to The Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, MOA, should not use Rogor and flolimat, to avoid causing the fallen leaves shedding.Notice that the agricultural chemicals of the different mechanisms of action rationally uses with and be used alternatingly, avoid the disease worm to develop immunity to drugs.
4.3 main diseases pest control
Major Diseases
Bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose, gummosis etc., prophylactico-therapeutic measures is referring to appendix A.
Major Pests
Heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid, chafer etc., prophylactico-therapeutic measures is referring to appendix A.
5 fruit harvestings
Fruit picking should be arranged in to be carried out when weather is nice and cool morning.Fruit picking tool can be selected bamboo basket or cloth bag, large bamboo or wicker basket or bubble chamber, bamboo ladder, double ladder etc., and bamboo basket and large bamboo or wicker basket should fill up with brown paper or plastic film.Fruit will be handled with care, avoids stabbing, and pinches and hinders and crowded the wound.By the commodity requirement, hardripe stage, begin to gather, and elder generation is ripe adopts first, plucks by stages, improves fruit grade, output and quality.Fruit quality is pressed GB 1846.2 agricultural product security quality Pollution-free Fruit safety requirements, classification, packing.
The present invention is directed to black Japanese plum seedling-wood breeding, build garden and 5 cultivation management phases such as field planting, cultivation management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and fruit harvesting, integrated each cultivation management technology measure of having assembled in black Lee's planting process, form black Lee of cover production technology system of standardizing, the various places effect is remarkable.Black Lee in 6 small towns such as the sweet Chinese bush cherry of Fu'an City, Sai Qi, Xi Tan, small stream handle, pool head and lower Bai Shi production Demonstration Base that standardizes, one-level fruit rate reaches more than 70%, and strain is produced more than the 20kg, more than the per mu yield 1300kg; Every mu is increased production 665.84 kilograms, 699135 kilograms of new unitss increased in production, nearly 7,000,000 yuan of new output value.Promote in Yongtai County, Foochow, use peasant household and reach family more than 600, promote more than 3000 mu of plantation, more than 90 ten thousand kilograms of year new unitss increased in production, more than 900 ten thousand yuan of year new output values, plantation peasant household increases income every year and surpasses 1.5 ten thousand yuan, has significantly promoted black Lee's in Yongtai County standardized planting level; Simultaneously, several main diseases insect pest ecology regulation and control systems have been set up in promotion, effectively controlled causing harm of black Lee's main diseases insect pests such as bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid, chafer, annual minimizing dispenser 4-5 time, save the agricultural chemicals usage amount more than 50%, significantly reduce the prevention and control cost, improved the plantation ecotope.Promote in counties (district) such as Sanming City Mingxi, Youxi, ternarys, use peasant household and reach family more than 300, promote more than 1200 mu of plantation, more than 36 ten thousand kilograms of year new unitss increased in production, more than 360 ten thousand yuan of year new output values, plantation peasant household increases income every year and surpasses 1.2 ten thousand yuan, has significantly promoted black Lee's of Sanming City standardized planting level.In the Songxi County, Nan Ping, use peasant household and reach family more than 500, promote more than 2000 mu of plantation, more than 120 ten thousand kilograms of new unitss increased in production, more than 1,200 ten thousand yuan of new output values, plantation peasant household increases income every year and surpasses 1.2 ten thousand yuan, has significantly promoted black Lee's standardized planting level.
Claims (4)
1. black Lee's normalized planting method comprises seedling-wood breeding, builds garden and field planting, cultivation management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and fruit harvesting, and it is characterized in that: concrete steps are as follows:
(1) seedling-wood breeding: comprise that the suitable stock variety of selection is cultivated, grafting, stock variety comprises wild peach, mountain peach, Lee, Nanking cherry;
(2) build garden and field planting: comprise field planning, seedling planting and pollinizers configuration;
(3) cultivation management: comprise soil management, fertilising, water management and flower and fruit management;
(4) extermination of disease and insect pest: Major Diseases comprises bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and Major Pests comprises heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid, chafer, to put prevention first, to carry out integrated control.
2. black Lee's normalized planting method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described soil management comprises soil melioration, intercropping in the ranks, intertill and clean tillage, and concrete operation step is as follows:
Soil melioration
To extending out the cave, dig dark 0.4～0.5m winter next year behind the black Li Zhi around kind of plant hole, wide 0.5m, and the microscler ditch of long 0.8m～1.0m, lower farmyard manure is executed in layering, green manure is improved the soil, and expanding the cave time of improving the soil is late November～late December;
B, intercropping in the ranks
In 2 years after field planting, tree dish outer room kind short-term short-stalked crop comprises peanut, legume or leaf vegetables, and the stem stalk after the results, residual leaf are as pressing the green material of improving the soil to be used for improvement soil;
C, intertill and clean tillage
Clear ploughing or covering in the tree dish, the outer intercropping of tree dish or employing sod culture, remove deep-rootedness, malignant weed, introduce a fine variety butch clover, paspalum notatum, Japanese grass, perennial ryegrass, alfalfa, lady's-grass, Ageratum conyzoides, leatherleaf Cassia tora for the covering of ground sward, regularly mow overlay tree dish and ground;
Once set after the fruit picking dish weeding, dark 5cm～6cm loosens the soil, weed killer herbicide of spray that sward is overstocked, stay it to cover ground after weeds are withered, washing away serious black Li Yuan should earth up and cover exposed root mass, before annual November～late December, carry out once full garden artificial weeding, the weeds that scoop up are imbedded by ploughing deeply the requirement of improving the soil under the tree crown drip, and the shallow 6cm～7cm that loosens the soil of full field table.
3. black Lee's normalized planting method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described fertilising is determined fertilizing amount according to soil fertility, heavy dressing base manure, growth is rationally topdressed in season, and concrete fertilizing method is as follows:
Base manure
Carry out before fallen leaves behind fruit harvesting, in conjunction with ploughing deeply the autumn basal dressing of improving the soil, take fertilizer as main, 2500kg～3000kg is executed in one-tenth every mu in garden in age, is affixed by a small amount of fused calcium magnesium phosphate and boron fertilizer;
B, topdress
B.1 earsh
Answer a tip two fertilizer, whenever sprout inferior to sprouting and the young sprout blade turns and applies fertilizer 1 time before green, First Year is take nitrogenous fertilizer as main, cooperate phosphorus, potassium, calcium, fertiliser containing magnesium, take organic farmyard manure as main, peanut press pulp 0.5kg～1.0kg, composite fertilizer 0.5kg～1.0kg are executed in every strain every year after the Second Year, fertilizing amount increases from less to more year by year;
B.2 bearing-age tree
Divide short fertilizers for potted flowers, fruit-promoting fertilizer, the rear fertilizer of fruit and winter top dressing;
Wherein urge fertilizers for potted flowers: nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.2kg～0.4kg is executed in every strain, N:P in the described nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer
2O
5: K
2O=15:15:15 executed down in mid or late Febuary, when the more prosperous or bud amount of tree vigo(u)r is few, should not execute short fertilizers for potted flowers;
Fruit-promoting fertilizer: nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.25kg～0.30kg is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, fertile 0.5kg～the 1.0kg of the peanut press pulp that becomes thoroughly decomposed, in 3 months, execute down the last ten-days period, in the fruit expanding period 4 months, carry out root outer spraying 2～3 time with 3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate upper, the middle ten days in the last ten-days period to May;
Fertile behind the fruit: the peanut press pulp 2.0kg～2.5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.2kg～0.3kg;
Winter top dressing: on mid-November～December, the middle ten days, 20kg～30kg hog manure or garbage tankage 50kg are executed in every strain, the fertile 1.5kg～2.0kg of peanut press pulp, and phosphate fertilizer 0.5kg, potash fertilizer 0.5kg loosens the soil in conjunction with deep ploughing, and every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields pulverized limestone 100kg;
Black Lee's normalized planting method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described water management comprise pour water, draining and pruning, wherein the pruning concrete operations are as follows:
A, shaping
Adopt the natural open centre shape shaping, the high 50cm～60cm of trunk stays 3～4 major branches, evenly distributes, and stays 2～3 side shoots on each major branch, in the development of major branch both sides tilted direction, without central backbone;
B, pruning
B.1 earsh
After field planting survives, at major branch 25cm～30cm place cutting back, impel and sprout branch and elongated shoot; The bud that grows on major branch, the side shoot carried out suitable cutting back, and in time removes and upset tree-like water sprout, formed the natural open centre shape tree crown through 2 years or 3 years;
B.2 fruit tree at the beginning of
Pruning is advisable with light pruning, and long putting is main, payes attention to summer pruning, mainly be in cultivating, fruit spur, remove water sprout, go 1/3 to surpassing the long branch cutting back of 30cm winter, with in short extraction the out, fruit spur, dredge simultaneously and delete that part is overstocked, overlapping, the moon covers branch, wipe out deadwood, sick branch;
B.3 contain fruit tree
The tree light pruning that growth potential is strong, weak tendency is set heavy pruning, prunes off with cutting back to combine, to cultivate bouquet shape branch and fruit spur as main, minute summer pruning and winter pruning; Summer pruning is finished in the 15d after fruit picking, in time wipes out tree crown top and upsets tree-like vertical branch, water sprout or water sprout group; The tree crown that the moon covers is pruned the branch that overlaps, make solar ray energy disperse to be shining in the tree crown; The black Li Yuan retraction of envelope row in the ranks, the intersection branch between strain, wipe out interior thorax decline branch, descending branch, deadwood, sick branch; Winter pruning in November to 12 month, carry out the last ten-days period, wipes out water sprout, deadwood, sick branch, dredges and deleted intensive branch group, to surpassing the long fruit branch cutting back 1/3 more than the 30cm, from below to up, from inside to outside, from the bough to the sprig, it is level and smooth that clip is wanted during pruning;
B.4 aging is set
In time carry out renewal pruning: before sprouting the spring tip, the large side shoot year-by-year of part is carried out the severe cutting back by turns, short energetic vegetative shoot and fruit bearing shoot, old and feeble tree carries out major branch when upgrading, if major branch bottom or middle part pumping water sprout, then sturdy water sprout give birth to outside with the major branch amputation, or in major branch, secondary major branch, the bottom cutting back, stimulate resting bud to sprout, grow water sprout or healthy and strong branch, again cultivate tree crown.
4. black Lee's normalized planting method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described flower and fruit management comprises pollination, fruit retention, fruit thinning, and concrete steps are as follows:
Pollination
Honeybee is put in employing and artificial point is awarded and feather duster rolls pollination, plantation rape attract insect carry out supplementary pollination, to guarantee output, improves single fruit weight and fruit regularity, puts the honeybee phase to forbid spraying medicine, 3 groups of per hectare configuration honeybees;
B, fruit retention
Carry out foliage-spray at bud stage, leaf stretching period with nutrient, or spray 70% drop-proof agent 1g at young fruit period and be watered 50 kg, fruit expanding period is watered 5Okg with gibberellin 2.5g, adds 0.1% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% borax mixed liquor and carries out fruit retention;
C, fruit thinning
For the second time carried out fruit thinning before the phase to stone behind the physiological fallen fruit, remove upwards fruit and the tree crown periphery fruit of covering without branches and leaves of overstocked fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, top, bouquet shape fruit branch and fruit spur stay 1 fruit, in, long fruit branch interval 10cm stays 1 fruit, leaf-fruit ratio 18～30:1; Fruit thinning divides secondary to carry out, for the first time 20d～30d after blooming, for the second time 50d～60d after blooming.
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