CN101045237B - Method for improving medium or serious saline and alkaline land by the sea, and comprehensive utilization of the same - Google Patents
Method for improving medium or serious saline and alkaline land by the sea, and comprehensive utilization of the same Download PDFInfo
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- CN101045237B CN101045237B CN2007101014764A CN200710101476A CN101045237B CN 101045237 B CN101045237 B CN 101045237B CN 2007101014764 A CN2007101014764 A CN 2007101014764A CN 200710101476 A CN200710101476 A CN 200710101476A CN 101045237 B CN101045237 B CN 101045237B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
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Abstract
A method for improving and utilizing the serious saline-alkaline land at seaside includes such areas as digging ponds to build high-level field, arranging water supplying and draining ditches in the field, planting agricultural crops in the high-level field, and culturing aquatic animals in ponds.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of alkaline land improving and comprehensive utilization method, heavy saline improvement and method of comprehensive utilization in particularly a kind of strand.
Background technology
There is wide littoral zone in China, the littoral zone periphery have a large amount of in heavy salinized ground resource, especially area, the Huanghe delta, minimizing year by year and the passing of time along with the Yellow River water diversion, the soil salinization of soil will be on the rise, and the soil is saline and alkaline to be the outstanding factor that troubles local rural economic development always.Saline and alkaline soil is the important reserve land resource of Huanghe delta exploitation, the great potential that develops fishman's economy is being contained in wide salt-soda soil, if scientific and reasonable this land resource of utilizing of energy, resources advantage is converted into commodity advantage and economic advantages as early as possible, make that it continues, coordination, high-efficient development, then can change and live in the saline-alkali soil masses' the mode of production on the ground, change its economic looks.Around the improvement and the Application and Development in salt-soda soil, people have carried out a large amount of research and test, have obtained certain effect at present.As " upper farming lower fishing " exploitation is in hypsography low-lying and the higher heavy saline district of level of ground water, by engineering measure, digs Chi Zhutian, raise the field face, the row of filling sets up separately, discharges saline and alkaline, the improvement salt-soda soil, raised fields development plant husbandry, the alkaline land improvement of pond development culture fishery utilizes form.The field exploitation of zanjon row alkali bar is according to saline and alkaline degree and level of ground water height, determine rational depth of draining and spacing, carrying out the row of filling sets up separately, row's ditch is deepened step by step, and the final stage gutter is communicated with the water conservancy supplementary measures in row river, irrigates by big flood, it is saline and alkaline to reach drip washing, discharge saline and alkalinely, reduce soil salt content, the purpose in improvement salt-soda soil.Closed drainage improvement salt-soda soil technology is on the basis that soil is investigated, changing the alkali requirement according to closed drainage designs, utilizing professional pipe laying machinery that PVC is oozed pipe imbeds underground by certain gradient, usually buried depth makes the underground water of infiltration flow to sump or enter the open drain under the effect of gravity at 1.5-2.0m.These imbed the underground at regular intervals and closed drain that is parallel to each other, interknits, and effective regulation and control farmland level of ground water makes underground saline and alkaline water management about the hidden pipe degree of depth on the one hand, prevents soil generation salinization of soil; On the other hand, utilization irrigation and rainfall are washed desalination to the salinity of the saliferous soil layer on hidden pipe top, and system discharges buck by closed drainage.More than the methods of several alkaline land improvings, provide certain basis for improveing the early stage in salt-soda soil, but lack concrete technical measures, especially the raised fields after the early stage improvement and pond are lacked further technical measures aspect the utilizing of later stage, accumulation of salt in the surface soil alkali phenomenon often appears, it is low to cause crops to cultivate with cultured output, the problem that is difficult to promote the use of for a long time.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is by the water salt characteristics of motion after the salt-soda soil exploitation of analysis and research coastal saline-alkali area, raised fields, the pond, ooze the set-up mode and the method for alkali ditch, raised fields secondary salinization Prevention Technique, discussion is suitable for the saline and alkaline development technique standard of coastal saline-alkali area improvement, be the extensive comprehensive exploitation in coastal saline-alkali area, effect a radical cure the complete skill scheme that saline and alkaline soil provides a kind of plant husbandry and aquaculture organically to combine, the engineering specification of science and development technique standard have been guaranteed the high standard of Development Engineering, heavy saline improvement and method of comprehensive utilization in the strand of high-quality and high benefit.
Technical scheme of the present invention comprises following content:
By the excavation pond, the field is built in shoveling, raises the field face, and the field is provided with confession, the gutter, raised fields carries out proportion of crop planting, the alkaline land improvement that aquaculture is carried out in the pond utilizes mode, pond area 5-10 mu, length-width ratio 2.0-2.5: 1, slope, pond 1: 2, under dig more than the 3.0m, top width 5.0-8.0m on the dam between the pond is 2/1000 than falling to discharge ends at the bottom of the pond, water inlet end should have the water pouring slope, raise more than the 2.0m on the raised fields level land, and size is by the pond and ooze the decision of alkali ditch earth volume, mesa width 50-70m, outer side slope 1: 2, stay the cofferdam all around, top width 1-2m on the cofferdam exceeds table top 0.6m, and compacting firmly, raised fields leveling and be organized into little furrow, raised fields are become silted up in the native discrepancy in elevation 0.2m, ooze the alkali ditch along the pond one side setting of supporting or opposing of raised fields length, more than the wide 10m suitable for reading, ditch slope 1: 2.0-2.5 digs 2.0-2.5m under the level land, and externally draining is unobstructed and do not communicate with inlet channel, the periphery, district be provided with ooze the alkali ditch and with the district in ooze the alkali ditch and be communicated with pond and raised fields, ooze and look the weir platform that soil types is stayed wide 3-5m between alkali ditch and the raised fields.
After raised fields forms, the salt measure of taking in advance of falling comprises: the way of 1. taking winter ploughing spring irrigation, by ploughing, make topsoil soils obtain the weathering of being exposed to the sun, can utilize broad irrigation in rainy season table top, amount of flush water during flushing is greater than field capacity, 2. reduce raised fields external source water level, the pond water level is controlled at below the design standard, ooze the alkali ditch and keep low water level or anhydrous state as far as possible, 3. build big cofferdam around the table top, the cofferdam is with rainwater and water to pour water and stay unlikely outflow in the field, 4. in the raised fields farming, strengthen organic manure application rate; At first wash the pond when cultivating pool uses, once add water after cleaning up the pond to maximum stage, promptly the pond water level is not higher than design water level, annotates with backsight pond water quality and water level situation and changes water, annotates during the breed and changes water 2-3 time.
Take to add the way that fresh waterflood reduces the pond salinity water, the pond salinity water is controlled at below 10, according to pond salinity water and potassium content difference, the potassium chloride amount of application is 40 * 10
-6-150 * 10
-6, the content of control potassium ion is the 1/3-2/3 of normal seawater, cultures and only adds water early stage, do not change water, add water 5--10cm at every turn, add to ordinary water level gradually, culture middle and later periods maintenance peak level 1.5--2.0m, look the water quality situation and suitably change water, each quantity of exchanged water can not surpass 20%, adjusts acid-base value to normal level with quick lime after changing water, every pond is equipped with aerator 1--2 platform, pond water quality is aging degenerate after, adopt quick lime to regulate water quality, every 15-20 days full pool spilling head 15 * 10
-6-20 * 10
-6The quick lime serum once.
Raised fields after the improvement is based on plant cotton, technical scheme comprises: 1. use sufficient base manure before the sowing, mu is executed high-quality farmyard manure 2000kg before broadcasting, carbonic hydroammonium 50kg, calcium superphosphate 50kg, urea 12.5kg, potassium sulfate 10kg, micronutrient boron, each 1kg of zinc fertilizer and 1.5kg, mixing spreads fertilizer over the fields ground, plough under in the soil, deep ploughing 18-20cm, the leveling rake is thin, reach warm and sunny real down on the soil, the epiphragma insulation is taked in the late April sowing, and every mu of strain numerical control is built in the 2800-3300 strain, plant height finally is controlled at about 1m, 2. cotton enters florescence and takes on a small quantity repeatedly spray by stages and helps strong plainly, and the colored bell fertilizer of heavy dressing is executed urea 15-20kg in early July with the shallow 4-5cm of the executing method of Drill for spreading chemical fertilizer mu when the plant blossom of field 50% or more; The pond culture kind is based on Penaeus Vannmei and Chinese prawn, the technical scheme of taking comprises: 1. regulate water quality, seed reduces salinity 2-3 ‰ every day in the desalination process, drop to 5-10 ‰ until the pond salinity water, can move into the low-solids water pond culture, shrimp seedling injected volume 3-5 ten thousand tail/mus, in the breeding process, keep the relatively stable of various water quality index, the pH value keeps 7.8-9.0, and dissolved oxygen reaches more than the 4mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is below 0.5mg/L, the water colour yellow green, breen, transparency keeps 30-60cm, and COD is no more than 3mg/L, concentration of hydrogen sulfide is no more than 0.1mg/L at the bottom of the pond, only add water and do not change water early stage, adds water 5--10cm at every turn, adds to ordinary water level gradually; Middle and later periods keeps the pond maximum stage, and the depth of water will reach 2.0-2.5m, changes water pond easily, suitably repeatedly change water on a small quantity, change water after acid-base value in time adjust to normal level, after the heavy rain, to in time adjust water quality, the higher pond of the acid-base value zeolite powder of splashing, a mu consumption is 20-25kg; The pond that acid-base value the is on the low side quick lime of splashing, the mu consumption is 20kg, the running time of aerator was not less than 20 hours every day, 2. bait feeding, shrimp seedling are thrown in after 2 days and are begun the mixed feed of throwing something and feeding, and day throw something and feed 2 times early stage, day middle and later periods throws something and feeds 3-4 time, daily ration of feeding calculates by 5% of shrimp body weight or decides according to the shrimp situation of ingesting, the water temperature height, and shrimp ingests vigorous, can suitably throw more, water temperature is low, then throws less, and water temperature is lower than 15 ℃ and does not then throw, 3. disease control, put the preceding thoroughly clear pond of seedling, do a good job of it the instrument sterilization at ordinary times, the shrimp seedling carries out strictness and detects, stop the fresh food of throwing something and feeding, every 7-10 days to the pond water sterilization once, disinfecting drug mainly contains chlorinated product, the bromine preparation, Operand is as chlorine dioxide use amount 0.3-0.5g/m
3, BCDMH use amount 0.5g/m
3, C5H6Br2N2O2 use amount 0.2g/m
3, the 78 powerful use amount 150-200g/ mus that kill. rice, three generations's fishes and shrimps peace use amount 0.27g/m
3, quaternary amine chelated iodine use amount 0.4g/m
3, to sterilize and used probiotics and substrate modifying agent in back 3 days, probiotics mainly contains photosynthetic bacteria 5-10g/m
3Use amount, special efficacy is protected the precious use amount 1kg/ of water mu, the precious use amount 500g/ of water purification mu. rice, the substrate modifying agent mainly contains clean use amount 500g/ mu at the bottom of the pond. rice, quick lime use amount 10-20kg/ mu, zeolite powder use amount 20-30kg/ mu, change 6+1 use amount 1kg/ mu at the bottom of the Hai Fu, 4. adopt the full price high-quality mixed feed that contains immune enhancer, promptly regularly in bait, add vitamin, antibiotic and immunopotentiator, adding ingredient and percentage by weight are respectively: immune polysaccharide 2%, vitamin C 1-1.5 ‰, vitamin E 0.5 ‰, selenium 20 * 10-6, allicin 1%, threw something and fed every month 2-3 course of treatment continuously 5-7 days.
Fishman of the present invention is in conjunction with the effective way that is the development and use beach saline land.Years of researches with facts have proved, the fishman is in conjunction with being the breed of a kind of melt water product, retaining is the stereo ecological agricultural development pattern of one with the plantation of development high-efficiency agriculture, it has solved the two big restraining factors that the soil plough horizon salt content is high and fresh water lacks that the heavy saline exploitation exists in the strand effectively, " drought; waterlogging; salt " Three Difficult Issues that the salt-soda soil is administered have been overcome, thereby effected a radical cure the salt-soda soil, increase effective water surface for aquaculture and cultivated area, realize fishman's complementation, given full play to the comprehensive benefit of salt-soda soil exploitation, be a kind of effective way that develops coastal saline-alkali land resource, have high promotional value.
The fishman is a kind of scientific and reasonable saline and alkaline land development form in conjunction with the potential mechanism with self-control.Raised fields WATER LEVEL CHANGES amplitude is significantly less than untapped ground, and the luffing line is at table top soil layer below 2 meters.Rainy season, raised fields diving rose, and this moment is the table top nature desalination phase just.Though spring and autumn are the soil accumulation of salt in the surface soil phases, be the pond culture time out at this moment, the pond water level is low, and the steady or decline of raised fields diving is difficult to form soil accumulation of salt in the surface soil condition.
Constructing raised fields raises topsoil the underground latent water buried depth is descended relatively.Digging the pond lifts the field table top is artificially improved, effectively reduce the underground latent water buried depth, according to practice and observation for many years, the underground latent water buried depth fluctuation of untapped ground is very big, be in the above soil layer of 2m substantially and change, and raised fields is lifted to 2m from ground level, have only annual 7-8 short time rainy season in month to rise to 2m soil layer up and down, all the other times all are stabilized in the following soil layer of 2m, are uniformity with the pond water level, in the 20 cm fluctuation up and down of pond water level.Raised fields is raised 2m, and the pond water bit line is controlled at 0.5-0.8m under the horizon, and the underground latent water buried depth is stabilized in about the water level of pond, and the soil plough horizon salt content is reduced to 0.05-0.21% by original 0.5-1.2%.The reduction of underground latent water buried depth is key technology and the safeguard that secondary salinization takes place after desalination of table top soil and the prevention desalination.
Pond water level control and water quality adjustment are that the fishman is in conjunction with the key technology that changes alkali synergy.Fresh-water fish-culture has limited planktonic breeding growth because raised fields salt solution drenches into the pond, and its salinity is higher, causes the pond productivity relatively low.Therefore, the pond culvert system must separate, and water body lower floor salt water is discharged in often water filling and draining, use sufficient fertilizer, the water quality of fostering and apply fertilizer, the pool inner water position is not less than the external source water level during the breed, prevent that underground water from infiltrating in the pond, guarantee pond water stable physical-chemical indexes, this all is the key of water quality adjustment.Simultaneously, the enforcement of these measures, the prevention that the incident Primnesium saltans of saline-alkaline pond is endangered also has remarkable result.
Adding fresh water and reduce salinity, regulate potassium concentration in halogen, the infiltration, is the another key technology that shrimp is supported in infiltration.Water quality test is the result show, the potassium content of pond, salt-soda soil infiltration is generally on the low side, and ratio between the kind of other ion and its concentration and seawater are very close, and Chi Shuizhong is as long as replenish the condition of water quality that an amount of potassium ion just can satisfy the sea-farming kind.And the addition of minimizing potassium ion reduces the water transfer cost and has become one of key technology measure of the foster shrimp of infiltration.The present invention uses the seawater macroelement and forms the constancy principle, adds fresh waterflood in a large number before taking to put seedling, reduces the method for pond salinity water, and the content that makes potassium ion is the 35-67% of normal seawater.Simultaneously, we repeatedly carry out shrimp seedling biometric authentication, potassium content when being normal seawater amount 1/3-2/3 the shrimp seedling can survive safely, in view of the above, the content that adds after chemicals control ion replenishes is constant 1/3-2/3.The application of these methods greatly reduces the medicine use amount, has obtained good production effect.
The present invention is applied to improve the salt-soda soil and has that small investment, risk are little, the characteristics of instant effect, high efficiency, is the effective way and the breach of coastal region comprehensive agricultural development, has broad prospect for its application.
The specific embodiment
Soil types and characteristics thereof before the improvement
The natural soils that distribute in the trial zone are all grown on marine sediments.Soil is in the juvenile phase, becomes the soil age later, and the soil texture is based on sandy loam, and the MAIN SOILS type is strand saline moist soil and strand tide solonchak.The saline moist soil additional salinization that is moisture soil in leading soil-forming process and forming is the transitional type between moisture soil and the solonchak, and it and solonchak belong to salinized soil together, identical one-tenth soil condition is arranged and become native feature, and be the salification amount difference of the topsoil or the soil body.General topsoil salt content is at 0.1-0.8%.Saline moist soil is to form under the condition of high mineralization diving, and all about 3-4m, level of ground water is between 2-4m for the regional ground elevation that saline moist soil distributes, and only there is 1m in the area that has.Diving salinity major part is about 10g/L, and some areas reach 20g/L, under the weather conditions of evaporation greater than precipitation, by the capillarity of soil, the salinity of diving is taken to the face of land, cause top soil body salification, form salinization soil, natural vegetation is based on reed, cogongrass.There are halophytes such as Huang Xucai, Chinese tamarisk in the heavy area of salinization.Strand chloride tide solonchak mainly is distributed in the above area of ground elevation 3.5m, has broken away from the tide influence.Big of geomorphic type is the slightly-inclined level land, and natural vegetation mainly contains reed, Herba Aeluropi sinensis, Huang Xucai, diving buried depth 2-3m, and salinity reaches as high as 30g/L more than 10g/L.Ion set becomes cation with K
+, Na
+Preponderate, anion is with Cl
-Be main, Cl
-And SO
4 2-Ratio is greater than 4.0.The top layer quality is based on light weight sand earth, and the overwhelming majority is sand, light, middle earth, and soil body salt content is between 0.8-2.22%, because the salt content height, crop can not grow, and existing major part is the salt wasteland.Strand beach tide solonchak mainly is distributed in the following area of ground elevation 3.5m, is subjected to the influence of tide bigger, salt content height in the soil body, and also levels changes little.Vegetation sparse, major part is the tabula rasa beach, only at low-lying place scattered have yellow must dish etc. halophytes, be by after the Yellow River mud alluvial, repeatedly flood a kind of soil that forms through tide again.Salt is grouped into based on chloride, mainly is chloride strand saline moist soil, and strand chloride tide solonchak and strand beach solonchak are subjected to marine deposit, and the seawater side is oozed or tide basins irrigation that the back forms.Be characterized in: 1. salt content is all very high up and down for soil; 2. contained salinity mainly is a sodium chloride; 3. level of ground water height, the salinity height; 4. solonchak becomes large stretch of distribution, is banded with the coastline and extends.Salt-soda soil, trial zone physical features is smooth, and to than reducing to 1/8000, ground elevation is at 5.6-7.0m from south orientation Beiliu City for landform.Naturally drench under the salt action upper soll layer desalination gradually in the district long-term.But because its bury of groundwater of local area is more shallow, the diving salinity is higher, and the soil texture is lighter, and capillarity is strong, very easily causes the soil accumulation of salt in the surface soil.Soil salt content is generally 0.3-1.0% and does not wait, season in spring and autumn partly piece up to 1.5%.Because closely by the Bohai Sea, the degree of mineralization of ground water is higher in the trial zone, generally at 7.5g/L, high person reaches 36.6g/L.Phreatic chemical composition: anion is with chlorine root (Cl
-) be main, be sulfate radical (SO secondly
4 2-) and heavy carbonic root (HCO
3 -) etc.; Cation is with sodium (Na
+) be main, next has magnesium (Mg
2+), calcium (Ca
2+), potassium (K
+) etc.Mineralizer is based on sodium chloride in the formation diving.
Heavy saline improvement and method of comprehensive utilization are at the concrete implementing measure of above-mentioned trial zone in the strand
The technology of the present invention overview is exactly in hypsography low-lying and the higher heavy saline district of level of ground water, by engineering measure, digs Chi Zhutian, raise the field face, the row of filling sets up separately, discharges saline and alkaline, the improvement salt-soda soil, raised fields development plant husbandry, the alkaline land improvement of pond development culture fishery utilizes form.
The trial zone mainly contains three kinds of combining forms, and a kind of is ternary " 3710 " form, and promptly per 20 mu is a development block, is made up of pond, raised fields and rice field ternary, forms 3 mu of rice fields, 7 mu of ponds, 10 mu of raised fields; A kind of is ternary " 6543 " form, and promptly per 18 mu is a development block, is made up of pond, raised fields, rice field ternary, forms 6 mu of raised fields, 5 mu of ponds, 4 mu of rice fields, 3 mu of irrigation canals and ditches roads occupations of land; A kind of is binary " 442 " form, and promptly per 10 mu is a development block, is made up of pond and raised fields binary, forms 4 mu of ponds, 4 mu of raised fields, 2 mu of irrigation canals and ditches roads occupations of land.
Design standard:
1, pond: area 5-10 mu, thing length are to, length-width ratio 2.0-2.5: 1, and Chi Po 1: 2 digs more than the 3.0m down, and top width 5.0-8.0m on the dam between the pond is 2/1000 than falling to discharge ends at the bottom of the pond, and water inlet end should have the water pouring slope.
2 raised fields: raise more than the 2.0m on the level land, and size is determined with oozing alkali ditch earth volume by the pond, but mesa width 50-70m.Outer side slope 1: 2 is stayed the cofferdam all around, and top width 1-2m on the cofferdam exceeds table top 0.6m, and compacting firmly, and raised fields flattens and be organized into little furrow.Raised fields becomes silted up in the native discrepancy in elevation 0.2m.
3, ooze the alkali ditch: along the pond one side setting of supporting or opposing of raised fields length, more than the wide 10m suitable for reading, ditch slope 1: 2.0-2.5 digs 2.0-2.5m under the level land, and externally draining is unobstructed and do not communicate with inlet channel, the periphery, trial zone be provided with ooze the alkali ditch and with the district in ooze the alkali ditch and be communicated with.
4, Yan Tai: pond and raised fields, ooze and look soil types between alkali ditch and the raised fields and stay wide 3-5m.
5, integral layout: the arrangement mode of the textural association of scientific and reasonable definite pond, raised fields etc. and each combination.Independent culvert system is arranged.To accomplish in the trial zone that infrastructure such as irrigation canals and ditches road and bridge culvert are supporting.
Culvert system: the large-scale water conservancy framework in trial zone is rationally convenient.
1, inspection well, some layout
(1) inspection well: play 8 mouthfuls of groundwater observation wells in the trial zone, be used to observe the phreatic table and the salinity situation of change on raised fields and untapped ground.
(2) observation station: establish 7 of observation stations in the trial zone, mainly measure soil salt content, raised fields P in soil H value, organic value, porosity and the pond water physical and chemical index etc. on raised fields and untapped ground.
2, culture experiment
(1) fish culture
Fingerling with put in a suitable place to breed: main breed variety is famous-brand and high-quality kinds such as Tilapia mossambica, Colossoma brachypomum, leather beard Nian, pond crucian carp, Hunan cloud crucian carp, Feng Ze crucian carp, gold crucian carp, Paralichthys lethostigma, Atlantic Ocean lefteye flounder, Cynoglossus semilaevis, desalination perch and mullet, arranges in pairs or groups simultaneously and raises together with conventional fingerlings such as a small amount of grass carp, silver carp, carp, snakehead.
Feedstuff feeding: except that leather beard Nian, the mixed feed of all throwing something and feeding is carried out " five fixed five see " domestication bait throwing in technology, and daily ration of feeding accounts for fish body weight 3-5%, adjusts once in per 10 days, number of times 2-4 time of throwing something and feeding day.The leather beard Nian pluck etc. of mainly throwing something and feeding.
Water quality management: the exploitation pond is darker, and level of ground water is higher because of the raised fields influence, and haline water easily infiltrates in the pond outside the pond.When using, the fresh-water fish-culture pond at first washes the pond, to discharge the haline water in the pond.Once add water after cleaning up the pond to maximum stage, prevent that diving infiltrates in the pond once again outside the pond, but pool water level must not be higher than design water level (in case the raised fields phreatic table rises).Change water with backsight pond water quality and water level situation notes, annotate during general the breed and change water 2-3 time.Under the situation of freshwater resources deficiency, the part pond water quality is easily aging to degenerate, and takes to use quick lime to regulate water quality, every 15-20 days full pool spilling head 15 * 10
-8-20 * 10
-6The quick lime serum once to improve water quality, is tided over dry season.From high yield pool outfit in July aerator, started shooting every day 3-5 hour, make water base of pond reach the requirement of " fertile tender the feeling well of living ".
Fish disease prevention and cure: clean up the pond with quick lime or bleaching powder before discharging water, maintain strict control over fish body sterilization pass during fingerling stocking, regularly carry out bacillary during the breed and the control parasite type disease.General the class medicines such as deinsectization king and chlorine dioxide that use, prevention and the treatment parasite type and the bacterial diseases of fishes.
(2) prawn culturing
Pond salinity water and ion are regulated: the pond aquation is tested the result and is shown, the composition of macroelement and content ratio and seawater are different in the infiltration of pond, salt-soda soil, takes to add the way that fresh waterflood reduces the pond salinity water, and the pond salinity water is grasped 10, and carries out ion and regulate.
Seedling desalination with put in a suitable place to breed: seed reduces salinity 2-3 ‰ every day in the desalination process, drops to 5-10 ‰ until the pond salinity water, can move into the low-solids water pond culture.Shrimp seedling injected volume 3-5 ten thousand tail/mus.In the breeding process, keep the relatively stable of various water quality index, the pH value keeps 7.8-9.0, dissolved oxygen reaches more than the 4mg/L, ammonia nitrogen below 0.5mg/L, water colour yellow green, breen, transparency keeps 30-60cm, and COD is no more than 3mg/L, and concentration of hydrogen sulfide is no more than 0.1mg/L at the bottom of the pond.Only add water and do not change water early stage, adds water 5-10cm at every turn, adds to ordinary water level gradually; Middle and later periods keeps the pond maximum stage, and the depth of water will reach 2.0-2.5m, changes water pond easily, suitably repeatedly changes water on a small quantity, change water after acid-base value in time adjust to normal level.After the heavy rain, in time adjust water quality, the higher pond of the acid-base value zeolite powder of splashing, a mu consumption is 20-25kg; The pond that acid-base value the is on the low side quick lime of splashing, a mu consumption is 20kg.Oxygenation is that one of active and effective measure takes place for enhancing prawn physique, prevent disease, and the running time of aerator was not less than 20 hours every day, particularly morning and noon more should note oxygenation.
Bait feeding: the shrimp seedling is thrown in after 2 days and is begun the special compound feed of throwing something and feeding, and day in early stage throws something and feeds 2 times, and day middle and later periods throws something and feeds 3-4 time, and daily ration of feeding calculates by 5% of shrimp body weight or decides according to the shrimp situation of ingesting.The water temperature height, shrimp ingests vigorous, can suitably throw more, and water temperature is low, then throws less, and water temperature is lower than 15 ℃ and does not then throw.
Disease control: should take to rely mainly on prevention the anti-policy of controlling that overweights for the prevention of prawn disease.Put the preceding thoroughly clear pond of seedling, do a good job of it the instrument sterilization at ordinary times, the shrimp seedling carries out strictness and detects, and stops the fresh food of throwing something and feeding.Every 7-10 days to the pond water sterilization once, disinfecting drug mainly contains chlorinated product, bromine preparation, Operand etc., as chlorine dioxide (0.3-0.5g/m
3), BCDMH (0.5g/m
3), C5H6Br2N2O2 (0.2g/m
3), 78 powerful killing (150-200g/ mu. rice), three generations's fishes and shrimps peace (0.27g/m
3), quaternary amine chelated iodine (0.4g/m
3) etc.Sterilize and used probiotics and substrate modifying agent in back 3 days, probiotics mainly contains photosynthetic bacteria (5-10g/m
3), special efficacy protect water treasured (1kg/ mu), water purification treasured (500g/ mu. rice) etc.; That the substrate modifying agent mainly contains is clean at the bottom of the pond (500g/ mu. rice), change 6+1 (1kg/ mu) etc. at the bottom of the quick lime (10-20kg/ mu), zeolite powder (20-30kg/ mu), Hai Fu.
Employing contains the full price high-quality mixed feed of immune enhancer, regularly in bait, add vitamin, antibiotic and immunopotentiator, as: immune polysaccharide 2%, vitamin C 1-1.5 ‰, vitamin E 0.5 ‰, selenium 20 * 10-6, allicin 1% etc., threw something and fed every month 2-3 course of treatment continuously 5-7 days.
Planktonic organism kind and quantity in the low-solids water shrimp pool, salt-soda soil are investigated and analysed, the phytoplankton biomass in shrimp pond, salt-soda soil is between 26.85-201.96mg/L, on average approximate 73.59mg/L, the zooplankter biomass on average approximates 1.654mg/L between 3.127-26.2091mg/L.The planktonic organism amount is higher, has promoted the material circulation and the energy in shrimp pond to transform.The planktonic organism (the higher algae of nutrition such as some unicellular chrysophyceae, spirulina, little ring algae, Chaetoceros) that helps the prawn growth often forms dominant population.The phytoplankton of higher density increases photosynthetic oxygen-producing amount, and biological growth is accelerated.
3, planting experiment demonstration
The raised fields condition: more than the height 2.0m, slush pump alluvial raised fields needs through turning over the weathering phase more than 1 year, and the dig-built type raised fields can be realized developing then, plantation then, and raised fields is smooth and be made into the embanked field.
Varieties of plant: comprise grain (wheat, corn, paddy rice), oil plant (peanut, soybean), woods fruit (winter jujube, grape), melon dish (tomato, leek, fresh kidney beans and melon).
The cultivation main points: use sufficient base manure, base manure is based on fertilizer, and carries out rational application of fertilizers according to soil nutrient status; Plough deeply, flatten, harrow fine earth ground, it is real to reach Panasonic; Select the high yield improved seeds for use, the intercropping field is more paid attention to kind and is selected, and makes the crops for rotation arrangement reasonable; Spring sowing melon dish and peanut are all carried out covering with ground sheeting; Enhance field management, topdressing, water, drawing aspect hoe and the prevention and elimination of disease and pests with the land for growing field crops Routine Management; Pay special attention to cofferdam reinforcing and the protection of platform slope rainy season, rainwater is stayed on the raised fields, be beneficial to soil moisture conservation and desalination; Extract part according to the pond aqueous condition during arid and be used for the raised fields pouring.
With the plant cotton is example, and mu is executed high-quality farmyard manure 2000kg, carbonic hydroammonium 50kg before broadcasting, calcium superphosphate 50kg, urea 12.5kg, potassium sulfate 10kg, micronutrient boron, each 1kg of zinc fertilizer and 1.5kg, mixing spreads fertilizer over the fields ground, plough under in the soil, deep ploughing 18-20cm, the leveling rake is thin, reaching warm and sunny real down on the soil, is to broadcast full stand to lay the first stone.Heavy dressing flower bell fertilizer, owing to be that raised fields is planted cotton, the rich water leaching loss is very fast, this phase is the fertile peak periods of need in cotton all one's life in addition, therefore, and the colored bell fertilizer of heavy dressing when the plant blossom of field 50% or more, in early July mu execute urea 15-20kg, its method is with the shallow 4-5cm of executing of Drill for spreading chemical fertilizer, dark person hinders the dead seedling of root.
Suitable Density: according to cotton No. 20 the breeding good method supporting technology requirement of prosperous autumn 22, Shandong cotton 17, Shandong, prosperous autumn 22, Shandong cotton 17, Shandong are all sowed in late April for cotton No. 20, take epiphragma to be incubated, to press down measures such as salt, every mu of strain numerical control is built in the 2800-3300 strain, plant height finally is controlled at about 1m, it is reasonable to reach colony, and ventilation and penetrating light is good, reduces to come off and mashed bell.
Chemical regulation: cotton entered since late June to early July, by buddingging to the transition in florescence, this phase, rainfall increases gradually just, and temperature is higher, the illumination abundance, fertilizer and water condition is suitable, cause the prosperous length of cotton plant, help strong plain each 1.5g, 2g, 2g, convert water 25-30kg even spraying respectively at June 29, July 6, spray in July 14.Take on a small quantity repeatedly, effect is rather good.
The point of pinching: the point of pinching is a topmost link in the cotton training work.The point of in good time pinching is to make full use of the determinate growth phase, makes the cotton buds and bolls on the fruit branch obtain more nutrient, improves the field illumination condition, be to increase the effective measures that flower bud protects bell, therefore, all carried out pinching point in late July, help increasing flower bud and protect peach, reduce frost back flower rate, improve the yield and quality.
Science is gathered: for prosperous autumn 22, Shandong cotton 17, Shandong good numerous cotton field of cotton No. 20, will in time pluck behind the blow-of-cottons and cool the solarization.The cotton of plucking was advisable with blow-of-cottons in about 7 days, picked the dry cotton boll of abundant cracking, bell shell, and plucking time is before October 20, and cold is shone and preserved separately, and the cotton of plucking after October 20 can be as commodity cotton.
Fall the salt measure: after raised fields formed, soil moisture content and salt content height can not directly be cultivated, and must take measures to reduce gradually the table top soil salt content.Major measure: 1. plough the back desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching.Generally take the way of winter ploughing spring irrigation, by ploughing, make topsoil soils obtain the weathering of being exposed to the sun, also reduced the rising intensity of underground high salinity diving simultaneously, it is poly-to reduce the salt submeter, accelerates the soil dehydration.Can utilize broad irrigation in rainy season table top during the desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching, the flushing soil salt, the amount of flush water during flushing is carried out 1-2 flushing according to circumstances or is continued for some time flushing greater than field capacity, makes salinity with drenching under water.2. reduce raised fields external source water level.The pond water level is controlled at below the design standard, oozes the alkali ditch and keeps low water level or anhydrous state as far as possible, avoids causing that because of its water level rises the rising of raised fields diving causes the table top accumulation of salt in the surface soil.3. build big cofferdam around the table top.The cofferdam is with rainwater and water to pour water and stay unlikely outflow in the field, plays and stays washing salt to press the effect of salt.4. in the raised fields farming, strengthen organic manure application rate, improve soil physico-chemical property and increase soil fertility, carry out the agricultural technology and the measure of favourable raised fields improvement such as smooth table top, the plantation of bar furrow, plastic sheeting for farm use covering, suitable late sowing.
Soil salt is measured: 7 observation stations in the trial zone are measured for Various Seasonal soil salt situation, and soil salt content all significantly descends.Checked and accepted on September 24th, 2006 and measure the average salt content 0.083% of each point topsoil, be significantly less than 0.2% and require index.5 untapped ground topsoil salt content liftings are indefinite, do not fall trend as follows, and checking and accepting and measuring the average salt content of topsoil is 0.81%.
The breeding result of the test
Prawn average yield per mu 243.7kg; Marketable fish average yield per mu 557.6kg; Per mu Average Cotton Output 255.95kg; Wheat average yield per mu 350kg, corn average yield per mu 425kg, paddy rice average yield per mu 525kg, soybean average yield per mu 180kg, peanut average yield per mu 300kg, grape average yield per mu 3000kg, nectarine average yield per mu 2500kg, vegetables average yield per mu 3000kg, watermelon average yield per mu 3000kg.
Claims (4)
1. heavy saline improvement and method of comprehensive utilization in the strand, by the excavation pond, the field is built in shoveling, raise the field face, the field is provided with confession, the gutter, raised fields carries out proportion of crop planting, the alkaline land improvement that aquaculture is carried out in the pond utilizes mode, it is characterized in that: pond area 5-10 mu, length-width ratio 2.0-2.5: 1, slope, pond 1: 2, under dig more than the 3.0m, top width 5.0-8.0m on the dam between the pond, be 2/1000 than falling to discharge ends at the bottom of the pond, water inlet end should have the slope that sluices, and raise more than the 2.0m on the raised fields level land, size is by the pond and ooze the decision of alkali ditch earth volume, mesa width 50-70m, outer side slope 1: 2 is stayed the cofferdam all around, top width 1-2m on the cofferdam, exceed table top 0.6m, and compacting firmly, raised fields flattens and is organized into little furrow, raised fields becomes silted up in the native discrepancy in elevation 0.2m, ooze the alkali ditch along the pond one side setting of supporting or opposing of raised fields length, more than the wide 10m suitable for reading, ditch slope 1: 2.0-2.5, dig 2.0-2.5m under the level land, externally draining is unobstructed and do not communicate with inlet channel, the periphery, district be provided with ooze the alkali ditch and with the district in ooze the alkali ditch and be communicated with pond and raised fields, ooze and look the weir platform that soil types is stayed wide 3-5m between alkali ditch and the raised fields.
2. heavy saline improvement and method of comprehensive utilization in the strand according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: after raised fields forms, the salt measure of taking in advance of falling comprises: the way of 1. taking winter ploughing spring irrigation, by ploughing, make topsoil soils obtain the weathering of being exposed to the sun, utilize broad irrigation in rainy season table top, amount of flush water during flushing is greater than field capacity, 2. reduce raised fields external source water level, the pond water level is controlled at below the design standard, oozes the alkali ditch and keeps low water level or anhydrous state as far as possible, 3. build big cofferdam around the table top, the cofferdam is with rainwater and water to pour water and stay unlikely outflow in the field, 4. in the raised fields farming, strengthens organic manure application rate; At first wash the pond when cultivating pool uses, once add water after cleaning up the pond to maximum stage, promptly the pond water level is not higher than design water level, annotates with backsight pond water quality and water level situation and changes water, annotates during the breed and changes water 2-3 time.
3. heavy saline improvement and method of comprehensive utilization in the strand according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: take to add the way that fresh waterflood reduces the pond salinity water, the pond salinity water is controlled at below 10, and according to pond salinity water and potassium content difference, the potassium chloride amount of application is 40 * 10
-6-150 * 10
-6, the content of control potassium ion is the 1/3-2/3 of normal seawater, cultures and only adds water early stage, do not change water, add water 5--10cm at every turn, add to ordinary water level gradually, culture middle and later periods maintenance peak level 1.5--2.0m, look the water quality situation and suitably change water, each quantity of exchanged water can not surpass 20%, adjusts acid-base value to normal level with quick lime after changing water, every pond is equipped with aerator 1--2 platform, pond water quality is aging degenerate after, adopt quick lime to regulate water quality, every 15-20 days full pool spilling head 15 * 10
-6-20 * 10
-6The quick lime serum once.
4. according to heavy saline improvement and method of comprehensive utilization in claim 2 or the 3 described strands, it is characterized in that: the raised fields after the improvement is based on plant cotton, technical scheme comprises: 1. use sufficient base manure before the sowing, mu is executed high-quality farmyard manure 2000kg, carbonic hydroammonium 50kg, calcium superphosphate 50kg before broadcasting, urea 12.5kg, potassium sulfate 10kg, micronutrient boron, each 1kg of zinc fertilizer and 1.5kg, mixing spreads fertilizer over the fields ground, plough under in the soil, deep ploughing 18-20cm, the leveling rake is thin, reaches warm and sunny real down on the soil, the late April sowing, take the epiphragma insulation, every mu of strain numerical control is built in the 2800-3300 strain, and plant height finally is controlled at about 1m, 2. cotton enters florescence and takes on a small quantity repeatedly spray by stages and helps strong plain, heavy dressing flower bell fertilizer when the plant blossom of field more than 50%, in early July with the shallow 4-5cm that executes of Drill for spreading chemical fertilizer, mu execute urea 15-20kg; The pond culture kind is based on Penaeus Vannmei and Chinese prawn, the technical scheme of taking comprises: 1. regulate water quality, seed reduces salinity 2-3 ‰ every day in the desalination process, drop to 5-10 ‰ until the pond salinity water, can move into the low-solids water pond culture, shrimp seedling injected volume 3-5 ten thousand tail/mus, in the breeding process, keep the relatively stable of various water quality index, the pH value keeps 7.8-9.0, and dissolved oxygen reaches more than the 4mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is below 0.5mg/L, the water colour yellow green, breen, transparency keeps 30-60cm, and COD is no more than 3mg/L, concentration of hydrogen sulfide is no more than 0.1mg/L at the bottom of the pond, only add water and do not change water early stage, adds water 5--10cm at every turn, adds to ordinary water level gradually; Middle and later periods keeps the pond maximum stage, and the depth of water will reach 2.0-2.5m, changes water pond easily, suitably repeatedly change water on a small quantity, change water after acid-base value in time adjust to normal level, heavy rain later will in time be adjusted water quality, the higher pond of the acid-base value zeolite powder of splashing, a mu consumption is 20-25kg; The pond that acid-base value the is on the low side quick lime of splashing, the mu consumption is 20kg, the running time of aerator was not less than 20 hours every day, 2. bait feeding, shrimp seedling are thrown in after 2 days and are begun the mixed feed of throwing something and feeding, and day throw something and feed 2 times early stage, day middle and later periods throws something and feeds 3-4 time, daily ration of feeding calculates by 5% of shrimp body weight or decides according to the shrimp situation of ingesting, the water temperature height, and shrimp ingests vigorous, the suitably throwing more, water temperature is low, then throws less, and water temperature is lower than 15 ℃ and does not then throw, 3. disease control, put the preceding thoroughly clear pond of seedling, do a good job of it the instrument sterilization at ordinary times, the shrimp seedling carries out strictness and detects, stop the fresh food of throwing something and feeding, every 7-10 days to the pond water sterilization once, disinfecting drug has chlorinated product, the bromine preparation, Operand specifically comprises chlorine dioxide use amount 0.3-0.5g/m
3, BCDMH use amount 0.5g/m
3, C5H6Br2N2O2 use amount 0.2g/m
3, the 78 powerful use amount 150-200g/ mus that kill. rice, three generations's fishes and shrimps peace use amount 0.27g/m
3, quaternary amine chelated iodine use amount 0.4g/m
3, to sterilize and used probiotics and substrate modifying agent in back 3 days, probiotics mainly contains photosynthetic bacteria 5-10g/m
3Use amount, special efficacy are protected the precious use amount 1kg/ of water mu, the precious use amount 500g/ of water purification mu. rice, the substrate modifying agent mainly contains clean use amount 500g/ mu at the bottom of the pond. change 6+1 use amount 1kg/ mu at the bottom of rice, quick lime use amount 10-20kg/ mu, zeolite powder use amount 20-30kg/ mu, the Hai Fu, 4. adopt the full price high-quality mixed feed that contains immune enhancer, promptly regularly add vitamin, antibiotic and immunopotentiator in bait, adding ingredient and percentage by weight are respectively: immune polysaccharide 2%, vitamin C 1-1.5 ‰, vitamin E 0.5 ‰, selenium 20 * 10
-6, allicin 1%, threw something and fed every month 2-3 course of treatment continuously 5-7 days.
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