ATE265511T1 - Verfahren zur wiedergewinnung von kohlenstoff und kominationen von kohlenwasserstoffen aus polymeren, vorzugsweise in form von altreifen, durch pyrolyse in einem pyrolysereaktor - Google Patents
Verfahren zur wiedergewinnung von kohlenstoff und kominationen von kohlenwasserstoffen aus polymeren, vorzugsweise in form von altreifen, durch pyrolyse in einem pyrolysereaktorInfo
- Publication number
- ATE265511T1 ATE265511T1 AT99943601T AT99943601T ATE265511T1 AT E265511 T1 ATE265511 T1 AT E265511T1 AT 99943601 T AT99943601 T AT 99943601T AT 99943601 T AT99943601 T AT 99943601T AT E265511 T1 ATE265511 T1 AT E265511T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- pyrolysis
- reactor
- hydrocarbons
- led
- heated
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 title abstract 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title abstract 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B7/00—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven
- C10B7/14—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven with trucks, containers, or trays
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Coke Industry (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Other Resins Obtained By Reactions Not Involving Carbon-To-Carbon Unsaturated Bonds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE9802792A SE513063C2 (sv) | 1998-08-21 | 1998-08-21 | Förfarande vid återvinning av kol och kolväteföreningar från polymeriskt material, företrädesvis i form av kasserade däck, genom pyrolys i en pyrolysreaktor |
PCT/SE1999/001418 WO2000011110A1 (en) | 1998-08-21 | 1999-08-20 | Method for recovery of carbon and combinations of hydrocarbons from polymers, preferably in the form of disposed tyres, by pyrolysis in a pyrolysis reactor |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE265511T1 true ATE265511T1 (de) | 2004-05-15 |
Family
ID=20412305
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT99943601T ATE265511T1 (de) | 1998-08-21 | 1999-08-20 | Verfahren zur wiedergewinnung von kohlenstoff und kominationen von kohlenwasserstoffen aus polymeren, vorzugsweise in form von altreifen, durch pyrolyse in einem pyrolysereaktor |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6271427B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1114122B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5016750B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100561802B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1126804C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE265511T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU749346B2 (de) |
BR (1) | BR9913163B1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2341171C (de) |
DE (1) | DE69916860T2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2220108T3 (de) |
ID (1) | ID27564A (de) |
IL (1) | IL141492A (de) |
MX (1) | MXPA01001856A (de) |
PL (1) | PL195737B1 (de) |
SE (1) | SE513063C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000011110A1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA200101456B (de) |
Families Citing this family (56)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2000290661A (ja) * | 1999-04-05 | 2000-10-17 | Nippon System Kanryu Kk | ゴム等の油分含有物の乾留装置 |
DE10058162B4 (de) * | 2000-11-22 | 2008-03-27 | Helmut Dobelke | Verfahren zum Verschwelen von Altgummiprodukten, wie Autoreifen und dergleichen |
US20030187311A1 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-02 | Barvincak James P. | Method of separating and converting hydrocarbon composites and polymer materials |
GB2387594A (en) * | 2002-04-20 | 2003-10-22 | Jonathan Charles Radford | Method and apparatus for pyrolysing waste materials |
DE10219440A1 (de) * | 2002-04-26 | 2003-11-13 | Peggy Diana Berndt | Verfahren und Anlage zur Niedrigtemperatur-Pyrolyse von Gummi-Erzeugnissen, Stahl-Gummi-Verbunden und dergleichen |
RU2269415C2 (ru) | 2004-04-26 | 2006-02-10 | Криворучко Евгений Петрович | Способ термической переработки изношенных шин и установка для его осуществления |
ITFI20040127A1 (it) * | 2004-06-09 | 2004-09-09 | Franco Fini | Impianto e procedimento per la produzione di sostanze combustibili mediante depolimerizzazione di prodotti in gomma |
US20060163053A1 (en) * | 2005-01-21 | 2006-07-27 | Bengt-Sture Ershag | Batch pyrolysis system |
BG65901B1 (bg) * | 2005-05-09 | 2010-04-30 | КОЛЕВ Димитър | Метод и инсталация за пиролиз на автомобилни гуми |
DE112006002434A5 (de) * | 2005-07-11 | 2008-06-19 | Carbo Tec Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Aufbereiten von Kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Produkten |
JP4942980B2 (ja) * | 2005-10-13 | 2012-05-30 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 廃棄物の熱分解進行度の検知方法及び装置、並びに、廃棄物の熱分解方法及び装置 |
KR100593725B1 (ko) * | 2005-12-05 | 2006-06-30 | (주)에티스 | 폐타이어의 열분해 및 유화 시스템 |
US8263038B2 (en) * | 2006-04-18 | 2012-09-11 | Delta-Energy Holdings, Llc | Method of devolatilizing recycled carbon black and associated method |
KR100696985B1 (ko) * | 2006-06-07 | 2007-03-20 | 주식회사 동아이엔씨 | 폐타이어의 열분해 반응장치 |
WO2007148402A1 (ja) * | 2006-06-22 | 2007-12-27 | Mizokawa Kensetsu Co., Ltd. | 高分子系廃棄物処理装置 |
SE531785C2 (sv) * | 2006-12-05 | 2009-08-04 | Bengt-Sture Ershag | Anläggning för återvinning av kol och kolväteföreningar genom pyrolys |
US20090007484A1 (en) * | 2007-02-23 | 2009-01-08 | Smith David G | Apparatus and process for converting biomass feed materials into reusable carbonaceous and hydrocarbon products |
US7893307B2 (en) * | 2007-02-23 | 2011-02-22 | Smith David G | Apparatus and process for converting feed material into reusable hydrocarbons |
WO2008106008A1 (en) | 2007-03-01 | 2008-09-04 | Wms Gaming Inc. | Flex-time scheduling of electronic gaming machines |
WO2008144381A2 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2008-11-27 | Riverside Technologies Inc. | Pyrolyzed rubber products and processes |
US8020499B2 (en) * | 2007-11-09 | 2011-09-20 | Overseas Capital Assets Limited | Apparatus and method for pyrolysis of scrap tyres and the like |
DE102008030983B4 (de) * | 2008-06-27 | 2012-06-06 | Corina Projahn | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung einer Pyrolyse und deren Verwendung zum Verschwelen von Altreifen und Biomasse |
WO2009094962A1 (de) * | 2008-01-28 | 2009-08-06 | Corina Projahn | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur durchführung einer pyrolyse |
HUP0800261A2 (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2009-10-28 | Lekrinszki Balazs Barna | Pyrolysis reactor and method |
KR100914917B1 (ko) * | 2008-09-24 | 2009-08-31 | 주식회사 에이쓰 | 폐타이어 재활용 시스템 |
KR100937214B1 (ko) * | 2008-10-08 | 2010-01-20 | 주식회사 에이쓰 | 폐타이어 재활용 시스템 |
KR101026859B1 (ko) * | 2008-12-01 | 2011-04-06 | 전영민 | 폐타이어 재활용 방법 |
DE102008062350C5 (de) * | 2008-12-15 | 2016-03-31 | Carbo Tex Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Rückgewinnen von Kohlenstofffasern und/oder Aktivkohlepartikeln |
CA2689855C (en) * | 2009-03-24 | 2011-01-04 | Recycling International Petroleum Products Inc. | Method of reclaiming carbonaceous materials from scrap tires and products derived therefrom |
DE102009018514B4 (de) * | 2009-04-23 | 2012-09-27 | Dietmar Guschl | Verfahren zur Umwandlung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Abfallprodukten |
HK1128384A2 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2009-10-23 | Dongsung Ecore Co Ltd | Heat recovery system |
MY143153A (en) | 2009-07-17 | 2011-03-15 | Advanced Pyrotech Sdn Bhd | Carbonization process |
EP2456813A1 (de) * | 2009-07-22 | 2012-05-30 | Dockal, Miroslav | Verfahren und vorrichtung für die thermische zersetzung von kautschuk und/oder kunststoff |
KR101140553B1 (ko) * | 2009-10-14 | 2012-05-02 | 주식회사 케이이앤피 | 러버 스크랩 및 러버 플레이크의 열적 성분 분해 시스템 |
CN102770509B (zh) | 2009-10-14 | 2015-01-28 | 瑞克莱姆股份有限公司 | 热解工艺和产物 |
KR101121569B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-16 | 2012-03-06 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 폐타이어 열분해 카본블랙의 고품위화를 위한 가공방법. |
JP5620095B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-28 | 2014-11-05 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | 高分子系廃棄物の熱分解装置 |
CL2010000026A1 (es) * | 2010-01-15 | 2011-06-10 | Russian Tech Spa | Metodo e instalacion de tratamiento termico de neumaticos usados que comprende una termolisis de la materia prima dentro de un reactor, exento de oxigeno, con recirculacion de una parte de los gases salientes, que pasan a traves de un dispositivo de preparacion de gases calientes y un enfriamiento del producto solido de termolisis. |
WO2012108751A1 (es) * | 2011-02-09 | 2012-08-16 | Cortes Valenzuela Pablo Alejandro | Dispositivo para el reciclado de neumáticos por pirólisis |
GB2493004B (en) * | 2011-07-20 | 2013-08-21 | Chinook End Stage Recycling Ltd | Method and apparatus for gasifying organic materials |
JP5773856B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-07 | 2015-09-02 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 有害物質吸着活性炭の再生処理装置及び方法 |
TWI494352B (zh) * | 2013-08-19 | 2015-08-01 | Chien Hsiung Chang | 廢輪胎熱裂解設備及以其進行熱裂解之方法 |
SE538794C2 (sv) | 2014-05-20 | 2016-11-29 | Ses Ip Ab C/O Scandinavian Enviro Systems Ab | Anläggning och förfarande för återvinning av kol och kolväteföreningar från organiskt insatsmaterial genom pyrolys. |
CZ2014534A3 (cs) * | 2014-08-07 | 2016-02-24 | Alpajar Group S.R.O. | Zařízení pro kontinuální termické zpracování ojetých či jinak znehodnocených pneumatik |
CN104150179B (zh) * | 2014-08-14 | 2016-03-30 | 刘建波 | 废轮胎微波裂解装置接触式封闭进出料组合阀 |
DE102014014816A1 (de) | 2014-10-01 | 2016-04-07 | Xiaomei Cai | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung einer Pyrolyse |
US10611967B2 (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2020-04-07 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Pyrolysis to determine hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of hydrocarbon source rock |
CN106916600A (zh) * | 2015-12-24 | 2017-07-04 | 华云新能源科技(深圳)有限公司 | 废橡胶裂解系统 |
CN106867555B (zh) * | 2017-02-16 | 2019-09-24 | 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 | 清理煤调湿蒸汽回转干燥机内沉积物的方法 |
EA031040B8 (ru) * | 2017-05-16 | 2019-03-29 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Модум-Техно" | Способ получения сажи из резиновых отходов |
CA3068267A1 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2019-01-03 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Pyrolysis to determine hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of hydrocarbon source rock |
CN107699265A (zh) * | 2017-10-16 | 2018-02-16 | 广州宝狮无线供电技术有限公司 | 一种处理废旧轮胎的方法及装置 |
CN108949210A (zh) * | 2018-07-31 | 2018-12-07 | 乳源东阳光氟树脂有限公司 | 一种单体裂解炉的运行方法 |
CA3122101A1 (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2020-06-18 | Bolder Industries | Clog prevention in a gas extraction system of a pyrolytic reactor |
CN112744804B (zh) * | 2019-10-29 | 2023-02-21 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 重质油浆制备炭材料的方法 |
WO2024132440A1 (en) | 2022-12-20 | 2024-06-27 | Orion Engineered Carbons Gmbh | A filler composition |
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JPS532478B2 (de) * | 1973-11-19 | 1978-01-28 | ||
JPS519175A (en) * | 1974-07-13 | 1976-01-24 | Fuji Kasui Kogyo Kk | Gomuhaikibutsuno shorihoho |
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JPS59145282A (ja) * | 1983-02-08 | 1984-08-20 | Hokuriku Shiyoukiyakuro Sangyo:Kk | 木炭の製造方法および装置 |
JPS59161612A (ja) * | 1983-03-04 | 1984-09-12 | Tonami Denki Eng:Kk | 燃焼装置 |
JPS6170315A (ja) * | 1984-09-13 | 1986-04-11 | Ebara Corp | プラスチツク又はプラスチツクを含む廃棄物の熱的処理方法及び装置 |
JPS63304089A (ja) * | 1987-06-03 | 1988-12-12 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | コ−クス炉の燃焼室温度制御方法 |
JP2526147B2 (ja) * | 1990-02-19 | 1996-08-21 | 濱田重工株式会社 | 乾留釜の燃焼加熱制御方法 |
JPH0848511A (ja) * | 1994-08-09 | 1996-02-20 | Ube Techno Enji Kk | 廃タイヤ乾留チャーの亜鉛除去方法および活性炭の製造方法 |
JPH09272877A (ja) * | 1996-04-05 | 1997-10-21 | Toyota Chem Eng Kk | シュレッダーダストの処理方法 |
JPH10160149A (ja) * | 1996-11-29 | 1998-06-19 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 高分子有機材料の加熱処理方法 |
CA2194805C (en) * | 1997-01-10 | 2004-04-27 | Richard Bouziane | Batch process for recycling hydrocarbon containing used material |
US6005149A (en) * | 1998-08-18 | 1999-12-21 | Engineering, Separation & Recycling, Ltd. Co. | Method and apparatus for processing organic materials to produce chemical gases and carbon char |
-
1998
- 1998-08-21 SE SE9802792A patent/SE513063C2/sv unknown
-
1999
- 1999-08-20 WO PCT/SE1999/001418 patent/WO2000011110A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-08-20 DE DE69916860T patent/DE69916860T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-20 CA CA002341171A patent/CA2341171C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-20 ES ES99943601T patent/ES2220108T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-20 EP EP99943601A patent/EP1114122B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-20 AU AU56666/99A patent/AU749346B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-08-20 PL PL99346171A patent/PL195737B1/pl unknown
- 1999-08-20 ID IDW20010417A patent/ID27564A/id unknown
- 1999-08-20 BR BRPI9913163-3A patent/BR9913163B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-20 US US09/423,649 patent/US6271427B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-20 CN CN99811493A patent/CN1126804C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-20 KR KR1020017002169A patent/KR100561802B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-20 AT AT99943601T patent/ATE265511T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-20 IL IL14149299A patent/IL141492A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-20 MX MXPA01001856A patent/MXPA01001856A/es unknown
- 1999-08-20 JP JP2000566369A patent/JP5016750B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-02-21 ZA ZA200101456A patent/ZA200101456B/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1126804C (zh) | 2003-11-05 |
CN1320147A (zh) | 2001-10-31 |
BR9913163A (pt) | 2001-05-15 |
PL346171A1 (en) | 2002-01-28 |
IL141492A (en) | 2004-06-01 |
DE69916860T2 (de) | 2005-04-21 |
ES2220108T3 (es) | 2004-12-01 |
JP5016750B2 (ja) | 2012-09-05 |
PL195737B1 (pl) | 2007-10-31 |
EP1114122B1 (de) | 2004-04-28 |
KR20010089169A (ko) | 2001-09-29 |
KR100561802B1 (ko) | 2006-03-21 |
EP1114122A1 (de) | 2001-07-11 |
DE69916860D1 (de) | 2004-06-03 |
JP2002523552A (ja) | 2002-07-30 |
IL141492A0 (en) | 2002-03-10 |
ID27564A (id) | 2001-04-12 |
ZA200101456B (en) | 2001-08-21 |
SE513063C2 (sv) | 2000-06-26 |
CA2341171C (en) | 2008-06-10 |
CA2341171A1 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
SE9802792D0 (sv) | 1998-08-21 |
WO2000011110A1 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
AU5666699A (en) | 2000-03-14 |
MXPA01001856A (es) | 2002-04-08 |
SE9802792L (sv) | 2000-02-22 |
AU749346B2 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
BR9913163B1 (pt) | 2010-03-23 |
US6271427B1 (en) | 2001-08-07 |
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