Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
  • A61K31/737—Sulfated polysaccharides, e.g. chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/02—Antidotes

Definitions

• the subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to cell protective methods and compositions. More specifically, disclosed herein are chondroitin sulfate compounds, and methods of using the same to treat histone toxicity and related conditions, including sepsis. BACKGROUND
• Histones are basic proteins that are involved in the packaging of DNA to form chromatin. Histones effectively pack DNA into the cell nucleus and regulate access to the genetic information contained within the DNA.
• Histones have a relatively strong positive charge, and when not bound to chromatin can cause harmful effects within a cell or in an extracellular environment. Thus, histone levels are tightly regulated intracellularly via various mechanisms. However, numerous biological conditions can induce an accumulation of non- chromatin-bound histones, also referred to as“free” or“excess” histones. Free histones in a cellular environment can cause significant cellular death, as can be seen in sepsis, trauma, ischemia/reperfusion injury and autoimmune disease. The cytotoxic effect of histones can be related to their acting as damage-associated molecular pattern proteins, activating the immune system and/or causing further cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic effects of free histones can lead to acute organ injury and mortality. A need remains for treatments and therapeutic approaches for histone toxicity and related conditions.
• chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprise a CS backbone, CS-A, CS-E, CS-C and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound comprises chondroitin sulfate backbone 19 mer, CS-A 19 mer, CS-C 19 mer, CS-E 19 mer, CS backbone 13 mer, CS-A 13 mer, CS-C 13 mer, CS-E 13 mer and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprise one or more of the following structures:
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can comprise a CS compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant for administration of the CS.
• compositions for use in treating histone toxicity and/or sepsis comprising one or more chondroitin sulfate compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprises a CS backbone, CS-A, CS-E, CS-C and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprise chondroitin sulfate backbone 19 mer, CS-A 19 mer, CS-C 19 mer, CS-E 19 mer, CS backbone 13 mer, CS-A 13 mer, CS-C 13 mer, CS-E 13 mer and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprise one or more of the following structures:
• R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group), wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
• Also provided herein are methods of treating sepsis in a subject comprising providing a subject in need of sepsis treatment, and administering to the subject a chondroitin sulfate compound, wherein the sepsis in the subject is treated.
• the subject can be a human subject.
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprise a CS backbone, CS-A, CS-E, CS-C and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprises chondroitin sulfate backbone 19 mer, CS-A 19 mer, CS-C 19 mer, CS-E 19 mer, CS backbone 13 mer, CS-A 13 mer, CS- C 13 mer, CS-E 13 mer and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can comprise one or more of the following structures:
• the chondroitin sulfate compounds can be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can comprise a CS compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant for administration of the CS.
• Fig. 1A is a histogram of data from studies evaluating the effectiveness of synthesized CS oligosaccharides in neutralizing histone cellular toxicity in a cell- based assay model.
• Fig. 1B is a graphical depiction of data from studies evaluating the effect of synthesized CS oligosaccharides on the survival rate of mice treated by histone together with CS oligosaccharides.
• the survival rate of mice receiving CS oligosaccharides treatment was 100%, whereas none of the mice exposed to histones and receiving no CS therapy survived.
• Fig. 2A is a schematic illustration showing enzymatic synthesis routes and methods for CS oligosaccharides as disclosed herein, including for example CS-E oligosaccharides.
• Fig. 2A shows the scheme to synthesize CS-E 7-mer, 13-mer and 19-mer, presented in shorthand symbols.
• Fig. 2B is a schematic illustration of the chemical structures of four different CS oligosaccharides synthesized according to Fig.2A, and described further herein.
• Figs. 3A and 3B show the purity and structural analysis of CS-E 7-mer.
• Fig. 3A shows the DEAE-HPLC chromatogram of CS-E 7-mer
• Fig. 3B shows the high-resolution MS spectrum of CS-E 7-mer.
• the measure molecular mass for CS-E 7-mer is 1772.227, which is similar to the calculated molecular mass of 1772.221.
• Fig. 4A shows representative images and quantitation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of formalin fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissues from mice intoxicated with histone (75 mg/kg) with or without CS-E 19-mer (50 mg/kg) treatment.
• H&E hematoxylin and eosin
• Fig 4B shows representative images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of formalin fixed paraffin-embedded kidney and liver tissues from mice intoxicated with histone (75 mg/kg) with or without CS-E 19-mer (50 mg/kg) treatment.
• H&E hematoxylin and eosin
• Figs. 5A through 5E show data illustrating that CS-E 19-mer protects against death and organ damages caused by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
• Fig. 5A is an image of a Western blot for the analysis of histone H3 in mice plasma after the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (6 mg/kg).
• Fig. 5B is a graphical depiction of survival plots of mice administered with LPS (6 mg/kg) with or without the treatment of CS-E 19-mer (0.5 mg/kg).
• Ten animals were in LPS/CS-E 19-mer cohort, and thirteen animals were included in LPS treated cohort. Kaplan-Meier survival curves by log-rank test using GraphPad Prism software was performed to obtained.
• Figs. 5C through 5E shows the plasma concentrations of different biomarkers, including BUN, creatinine and AST, respectively, in animals treated with phosphate-buffered saline, LPS and LPS/CS-E 19-mer.
• Figs.6A through 6E show data illustrating that CS-E 19-mer forms a complex with histone to protect against histone-induced endothelial cell damage.
• Fig.6A is an image of a Western blot analysis of mouse plasma samples with or without avidin- agarose affinity column purification. Lane 1 is histone H3. Lane 2 is untreated mouse plasma. Lane 3 is untreated mouse plasma incubated with biotinylated CS-E 19-mer after affinity purification. Lane 4 is LPS-treated mouse plasma. Lane 5 is LPS-treated mouse plasma with biotinylated CS-E 19-mer after affinity purification. Fig.
• 6B is a graph of data showing cytotoxicity of histone toward endothelial with or without CS oligosaccharides.
• Cell damage as measured by flow cytometry for propidium iodide (PI) staining, in EA.hy926 cells cultures with histone H3 (30 mg/mL) without or with different concentrations of CS oligosaccharides.
• Figs. 6C through 6E shows the concentrations of leaked Evans blue from the lung, kidney and liver, respectively, under the treatment of saline, LPS or LPS/CS-E 19-mer.
• the term“about,” when referring to a value or to an amount of a composition, mass, weight, temperature, time, volume, concentration, percentage, etc., is meant to encompass variations of in some embodiments ⁇ 20%, in some embodiments ⁇ 10%, in some embodiments ⁇ 5%, in some embodiments ⁇ 1%, in some embodiments ⁇ 0.5%, and in some embodiments ⁇ 0.1% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods or employ the disclosed compositions.
• the phrase“consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim.
• the phrase“consists of” appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.
• the term“and/or” when used in the context of a listing of entities refers to the entities being present singly or in combination.
• the phrase“A, B, C, and/or D” includes A, B, C, and D individually, but also includes any and all combinations and subcombinations of A, B, C, and D.
• a composition is “substantially pure” when it is at least 60% pure, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% pure, and, in certain cases, at least 99% pure.
• A“compound,” as used herein, refers to any type of substance or agent that is commonly considered a drug, therapeutic, pharmaceutical, small molecule, or a candidate for use as the same, as well as combinations and mixtures of the above.
• inhibitor refers to the ability of a compound, agent, or method to reduce or impede a described function, level, activity, rate, etc., based on the context in which the term“inhibit” is used. Preferably, inhibition is by at least 10%, more preferably by at least 25%, even more preferably by at least 50%, and most preferably, the function is inhibited by at least 75%.
• the term“inhibit” is used interchangeably with“reduce” and“block.”
• module refers to changing the level of an activity, function, or process.
• modulate encompasses both inhibiting and stimulating an activity, function, or process.
• modulate is used interchangeably with the term“regulate” herein.
• prevention means to stop something from happening, or taking advance measures against something possible or probable from happening.
• prevention generally refers to action taken to decrease the chance of getting a disease or condition.
• the term“regulate” refers to either stimulating or inhibiting a function or activity of interest.
• sample refers to a biological sample from a subject, including, but not limited to, normal tissue samples, diseased tissue samples, biopsies, blood, saliva, feces, semen, tears, and urine.
• a sample can also be any other source of material obtained from a subject which contains cells, tissues, or fluid of interest.
• stimulation means to induce or increase an activity or function level such that it is higher relative to a control value.
• the stimulation can be via direct or indirect mechanisms.
• the activity or function is stimulated by at least 10% compared to a control value, more preferably by at least 25%, and even more preferably by at least 50%.
• the term“stimulator” as used herein refers to any composition, compound or agent, the application of which results in the stimulation of a process or function of interest, including, but not limited to, wound healing, angiogenesis, bone healing, osteoblast production and function, and osteoclast production, differentiation, and activity.
• the terms“treating,”“treatment”, and“to treat” are used to indicate the production of beneficial or desired results, such as to alleviate symptoms, or eliminate the causation of a disease or disorder either on a temporary or a permanent basis, slow the appearance of symptoms and/or progression of the disorder, or prevent progression of disease.
• the terms“treat” or“treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down the development or spread of disease or symptoms.
• Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total).“Treatment” can also refer to prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
• alkyl refers to C 1-20 inclusive, linear (i.e., "straight- chain”), branched, or cyclic, saturated or at least partially and in some cases fully unsaturated (i.e., alkenyl and alkynyl) hydrocarbon chains, including for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, octenyl, butadienyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, and allenyl groups.
• Branched refers to an alkyl group in which a lower alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, is attached to a linear alkyl chain.
• Lower alkyl refers to an alkyl group having 1 to about 8 carbon atoms a C 1-8 alkyl), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms.
• Higher alkyl refers to an alkyl group having about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms, e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms.
• alkyl refers, in particular, to C 1-8 straight-chain alkyls.
• “alkyl” refers, in particular, to C1-8 branched-chain alkyls.
• Alkyl groups can optionally be substituted (a“substituted alkyl”) with one or more alkyl group substituents, which can be the same or different.
• alkyl group substituent includes but is not limited to alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, arylamino, acyl, hydroxyl, aryloxyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkyloxyl, aralkylthio, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, oxo, and cycloalkyl.
• alkyl chain There can be optionally inserted along the alkyl chain one or more oxygen, sulfur or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atoms, wherein the nitrogen substituent is hydrogen, lower alkyl (also referred to herein as“alkylaminoalkyl”), or aryl.
• substituted alkyl includes alkyl groups, as defined herein, in which one or more atoms or functional groups of the alkyl group are replaced with another atom or functional group, including for example, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxyl, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, sulfate, and mercapto.
• aryl is used herein to refer to an aromatic substituent that can be a single aromatic ring, or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, linked covalently, or linked to a common group, such as, but not limited to, a methylene or ethylene moiety.
• the common linking group also can be a carbonyl, as in benzophenone, or oxygen, as in diphenylether, or nitrogen, as in diphenylamine.
• aryl specifically encompasses heterocyclic aromatic compounds.
• the aromatic ring(s) can comprise phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine and benzophenone, among others.
• aryl means a cyclic aromatic comprising about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms, e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms, and including 5- and 6-membered hydrocarbon and heterocyclic aromatic rings.
• the aryl group can be optionally substituted (a“substituted aryl”) with one or more aryl group substituents, which can be the same or different, wherein“aryl group substituent” includes alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, aralkyloxyl, carboxyl, acyl, halo, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, acyloxyl, acylamino, aroylamino, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl, dialkylcarbamoyl, arylthio, alkylthio, alkylene, and–NR'R'', wherein R' and R' can each be independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, and aralkyl.
• substituted aryl includes aryl groups, as defined herein, in which one or more atoms or functional groups of the aryl group are replaced with another atom or functional group, including for example, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halogen, aryl, substituted aryl, alkoxyl, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, sulfate, and mercapto.
• aryl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopentadienyl, phenyl, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyran, pyridine, imidazole, benzimidazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrazine, triazine, pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, carbazole, and the like.
• a ring structure for example, but not limited to a 3-carbon, a 4-carbon, a 5-carbon, a 6-carbon, and the like, aliphatic and/or aromatic cyclic compound comprising a substituent R group, wherein the R group can be present or absent, and when present, one or more R groups can each be substituted on one or more available carbon atoms of the ring structure.
• R group can be present or absent, and when present, one or more R groups can each be substituted on one or more available carbon atoms of the ring structure.
• the presence or absence of the R group and number of R groups is determined by the value of the integer n.
• Each R group, if more than one, is substituted on an available carbon of the ring structure rather than on another R group.
• Cyclic and “cycloalkyl” refer to a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms.
• the cycloalkyl group can be optionally partially unsaturated.
• the cycloalkyl group also can be optionally substituted with an alkyl group substituent as defined herein, oxo, and/or alkylene.
• cyclic alkyl chain There can be optionally inserted along the cyclic alkyl chain one or more oxygen, sulfur or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atoms, wherein the nitrogen substituent is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl, thus providing a heterocyclic group.
• Representative monocyclic cycloalkyl rings include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.
• Multicyclic cycloalkyl rings include adamantyl, octahydronaphthyl, decalin, camphor, camphane, and noradamantyl.
• heterocycle refers to a non-aromatic or aromatic, monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 14 atoms, wherein at least one of the atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur).
• heteroatom e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
• N-heterocycle refers to a heterocycle wherein at least one of the heteroatoms is a nitrogen atom. Examples of N-heterocycles include, but are not limited to, azetidine, pyrrolidine, pyrrole, pyrroline, piperidine, pyridine, piperazine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, morpholine, and thiazine.
• Alkyl refers to an aryl–alkyl– group wherein aryl and alkyl are as previously described, and included substituted aryl and substituted alkyl.
• exemplary aralkyl groups include benzyl, phenylethyl, and naphthylmethyl.
• acyl specifically includes arylacyl groups, such as an acetylfuran and a phenacyl group. Specific examples of acyl groups include acetyl and benzoyl.
• amino refers to the–NH 2 , the -NHR, and the -NR 2 groups, wherein each R is independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, or aralkyl, as well as to amino and ammonium functionalities in N-heterocycles (e.g., morpholine, etc).
• amino and ammonium functionalities in N-heterocycles e.g., morpholine, etc.
• amino and ammonium functionalities in N-heterocycles e.g., morpholine, etc.
• amino and ammonium functionalities in N-heterocycles e.g., morpholine, etc.
• amino and ammonium functionalities in N-heterocycles e.g., morpholine, etc.
• amino and ammonium functionalities in N-heterocycles e.g., morpholine, etc.
• R group can include an amino substituent and the ester is an amino ester.
• R groups such as groups R 1 and R 2 , or groups X and Y
• R 1 and R 2 can be substituted alkyls, or R 1 can be hydrogen and R 2 can be a substituted alkyl, and the like.
• CS Chondroitin sulfates
• ChS Chondroitin sulfates
• CS Chondroitin sulfates
• a 6-O-sulfated N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc6S) containing CS facilitates the infection of B. burgdorferi to cause lyme disease
• 4-O-sulfated N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc4S) involves in P. falciparum infection to cause malaria.
• a domain containing 4,6 disulfated N- acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc4S6S) residues can, in some instances, be necessary to direct neuronal signaling and inhibit axon growth.
• CS compounds and therapeutic compositions comprising CS. Also disclosed herein are therapeutic approaches using CS compounds and compositions, use of CS compounds and compositions for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment for histone toxicity, sepsis and related conditions, and methods of treatment for histone toxicity, sepsis and related conditions using such CS therapeutics.
• CS Various forms of CS are disclosed herein.
• the uses and methods of treatments disclosed herein include CS compounds comprising sulfated polysaccharides, including those having a size ranging from a trisaccharide to a polysaccharide with nineteen saccharide units, i.e. a 19-mer.
• CS contains the repeating disaccharide unit of b1®3-linked glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) disaccharide, ®4)GlcA b(1®3) GalNAcb(1®. Both GlcA and GalNAc residues carry sulfo groups, giving rise to different types of CS.
• CS-A Chondroitin sulfate A
• CS-C Chondroitin sulfate C
• CS-D chondroitin sulfate D
• CS-E chondroitin sulfate E
• Specialized CS sulfotransferases including 4-O-sulfotransferase (CS4OST), 6-O- sulfotransferase (CS6OST), 2-O-sulfotransferase and GalNAc4S-6-O- sulfotransferase, participate in the biosynthesis of CS.
• CS4OST 4-O-sulfotransferase
• CS6OST 6-O- sulfotransferase
• 2-O-sulfotransferase 2-O-sulfotransferase
• GalNAc4S-6-O- sulfotransferase GalNAc4S-6-O- sulfotransferase
• Such methods can in some embodiments comprise providing a subject in need of histone toxicity treatment or sepsis treatment, and administering to the subject a chondroitin sulfate compound such that the histone toxicity and/or sepsis in the subject is treated.
• a subject can be suffering from any condition related to or caused by histone toxicity, sepsis, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) shock, and any related conditions.
• the subject can be a human subject.
• Sepsis occurs when chemicals released in the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger inflammation throughout the body. This can cause a cascade of changes that damage multiple organ systems, leading them to fail, sometimes even resulting in death. Symptoms include, but are not limited to, fever, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, fast heart rate, and mental confusion.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound can comprise a CS backbone, CS-A, CS-E, CS-C and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound can comprise chondroitin sulfate backbone 19 mer, CS-A 19 mer, CS-C 19 mer, CS-E 19 mer, CS backbone 13 mer, CS-A 13 mer, CS- C 13 mer, CS-E 13 mer, backbone 7 mer, CS-A 7 mer, CS-C 7 mer, CS-E 7 mer and/or combinations thereof, and/or any other CS compound synthesizable via the methods and synthesis routes disclosed herein.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound can be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a CS compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant for administration of the CS compound.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more chondroitin sulfate compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound can comprise a CS backbone, CS-A, CS-E, CS-C and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound can comprise a chondroitin sulfate backbone 19 mer, CS-A 19 mer, CS-C 19 mer, CS-E 19 mer, CS backbone 13 mer, CS-A 13 mer, CS-C 13 mer, CS-E 13 mer, backbone 7 mer, CS-A 7 mer, CS-C 7 mer, CS-E 7 mer and/or combinations thereof, and/or any other CS compound synthesizable via the methods and synthesis routes disclosed herein.
• compositions comprising a CS compound, as disclosed herein.
• a pharmaceutical composition can comprise one or more CS as disclosed herein.
• a pharmaceutical composition can also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant for administration of the CS.
• the carrier is pharmaceutically acceptable for use in humans.
• the carrier or adjuvant desirably should not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition and should not be toxic.
• Suitable carriers can be large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polypeptides, liposomes, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, ammo acid copolymers and inactive virus particles.
• salts can be used, for example mineral acid salts, such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates and sulphates, or salts of organic acids, such as acetates, propionates, malonate and benzoates.
• mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates and sulphates
• organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonate and benzoates.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in therapeutic compositions can additionally contain liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents or pH buffering substances, can be present in such compositions. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated for administration to the patient.
• Suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the presently disclosed subject matter include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, bactericidal antibiotics and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the bodily fluids of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which can include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the formulations can be presented in unit- dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and can be stored in a frozen or freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Some exemplary ingredients are SDS in the range of in some embodiments 0.1 to 10 mg/ml, in some embodiments about 2.0 mg/ml; and/or mannitol or another sugar in the range of in some embodiments 10 to 100 mg/ml, in some embodiments about 30 mg/ml; and/or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Any other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question can be used.
• the carrier is pharmaceutically acceptable. In some embodiments the carrier is pharmaceutically acceptable for use in humans.
• compositions of the presently disclosed subject matter can have a pH between 5.5 and 8.5, preferably between 6 and 8, and more preferably about 7.
• the pH can be maintained by the use of a buffer.
• the composition can be sterile and/or pyrogen free.
• the composition can be isotonic with respect to humans.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the presently disclosed subject matter can be supplied in hermetically-sealed containers.
• a therapeutic method according to the presently disclosed subject matter comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a CS or related compound as disclosed herein.
• a use according to the presently disclosed subject matter comprises use of a CS or related compound as disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for a therapeutic indication as disclosed herein.
• an effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition of the presently disclosed subject matter is administered to a subject in need thereof.
• the terms“therapeutically effective amount”,“therapeutically effective dose”,“effective amount’,“effective dose” and variations thereof are used interchangeably herein and refer to an amount of a therapeutic composition or pharmaceutical composition of the presently disclosed subject matter sufficient to produce a measurable response (e.g. reduced symptoms of sepsis).
• Actual dosage levels can be varied so as to administer an amount that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular subject.
• the quantity of a therapeutic composition of the presently disclosed subject matter administered to a subject will depend on a number of factors including but not limited to the subject’s size, weight, age, the target tissue or organ, the route of administration, the condition to be treated, and the severity of the condition to be treated.
• the potency of a therapeutic composition can vary, and therefore a "therapeutically effective" amount can vary.
• one skilled in the art can readily assess the potency and efficacy of the pharmaceutical compositions of the presently disclosed subject matter and adjust the therapeutic regimen accordingly.
• compositions for use in treating histone toxicity and/or sepsis comprising one or more chondroitin sulfate compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound in such uses can comprise a CS backbone, CS-A, CS-E, CS-C and/or combinations thereof.
• the chondroitin sulfate compound in such uses can comprise chondroitin sulfate backbone 19 mer, CS-A 19 mer, CS-C 19 mer, CS-E 19 mer, CS backbone 13 mer, CS-A 13 mer, CS-C 13 mer, CS-E 13 mer and/or combinations thereof.
• the subject treated in the presently disclosed subject matter is desirably a human subject, although it is to be understood that the principles of the disclosed subject matter indicate that the compositions and methods are effective with respect to invertebrate and to all vertebrate species, including mammals, which are intended to be included in the term“subject”.
• a mammal is understood to include any mammalian species in which treatment of histone toxicity conditions is desirable, particularly agricultural and domestic mammalian species.
• the methods of the presently disclosed subject matter are particularly useful in the treatment of warm-blooded vertebrates.
• the presently disclosed subject matter concerns mammals and birds.
• mammals such as humans, as well as those mammals of importance due to being endangered (such as Siberian tigers), of economical importance (animals raised on farms for consumption by humans) and/or social importance (animals kept as pets or in zoos) to humans, for instance, carnivores other than humans (such as cats and dogs), swine (pigs, hogs, and wild boars), ruminants (such as cattle, oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, and camels), and horses.
• carnivores other than humans such as cats and dogs
• swine pigs, hogs, and wild boars
• ruminants such as cattle, oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, and camels
• domesticated fowl i.e., poultry, such as turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and the like, as they are also of economical importance to humans.
• livestock including, but not limited to, domesticated swine (pigs and hogs), ruminants, horses, poultry, and the like.
• CS-A 19-mer wherein R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group).
• alkyl such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3
• substituted alkyl such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group.
• aryl such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group
• R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group).
• alkyl such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3
• substituted alkyl such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group.
• R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group).
• CS-E synthesizing CS-E
• Such methods utilize similar approaches as with the synthesis of CS-A and CS-C, but with additional enzymatic steps.
• the synthesis of CS- E requires additional CS sulfotransferases, including for example GalNAc4S-6-O- sulfotransferase.
• the instant disclosure provides both 2-O-sulfotransferase and GalNAc4S-6-O-sulfotransferase needed for such additional steps.
• CS compounds as disclosed herein can also be illustrated as shown below: Chemical structures CS and CS-A oligosaccharides:
• R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group)
• R is
• R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group)
• R is
• R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group)
• R is
• R is selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl (such as but not limited to -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 ), substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl (such as but not limited to a p-nitrophenyl group)
• R is
• the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 cells (ATCC) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco) at 37°C and 5% CO 2 .
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
• Gibco penicillin-streptomycin
• 5 x 10 5 cells were plated in 12-well plates (Corning) and incubated overnight, then washed with serum-free DMEM.
• EA.hy926 were treated with 30 mg/mL calf thymus histones (Roche) in the presence of the following compounds: chondroitin sulphate (CS) backbone 19 mer, CS A 19 mer, CS C 19 mer, CS E 19 mer, CS backbone 13 mer, CS A 13 mer, CS C 13 mer or CS E 13 mer.
• CS chondroitin sulphate
• the endothelial cells were exposed to the treatments for 1 hour at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . Medium was removed and cells were detached from the plate with 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco).
• PI propidium iodide
• Example 2 The results of the experiments of Example 1 are shown in Fig. 1A. More particularly, the results demonstrate that in some embodiments, using the cell based assay model, the synthesized CS oligosaccharides can neutralize histone cellular toxic.
• Example 2 The results of the experiments of Example 1 are shown in Fig. 1A. More particularly, the results demonstrate that in some embodiments, using the cell based assay model, the synthesized CS oligosaccharides can neutralize histone cellular toxic.
• Example 2 The results of the experiments of Example 1 are shown in Fig. 1A. More particularly, the results demonstrate that in some embodiments, using the cell based assay model, the synthesized CS oligosaccharides can neutralize histone cellular toxic.
• Histones are DNA-binding proteins are encapsulated inside nuclei. Release of histones are associated with neutrophil activation in responding to infection or inflammation stimulations (1, 2). Extracellular histones exhibit cytotoxicity towards the host, which contributes to disease states, including sepsis (3). Histones contain isoforms, and histone H3 is the predominant form that is attributed to the cytotoxicity (4).
• CS-E isolated from human tissue or maritime organisms are a mixture of polysaccharides with different sizes and sulfation patterns, making the study for the structure and activity relationship difficult. What is needed is the ability to enzymatically synthesize homogeneous CS-E oligosaccharides.
• the synthesis of CS- E oligosaccharides was initiated from a commercially available monosaccharide, p- nitrophenyl glucuronide (GlcA-pNP) (Fig 2A). The synthesis involved the elongation of the monosaccharide to the desired size using a bacterial glycosyltransferase (KfoC) to form nonsulfated chondroitin backbone.
• KfoC bacterial glycosyltransferase
• the backbone underwent two rounds of sulfotransferase modifications.
• Sulfation with chondroitin sulfate 4-O- sulfotransferase (CS 4OST) was performed to form chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) oligosaccharides.
• CS-A chondroitin sulfate A
• GalNAc4S-6OST 4-O-sulfo GalNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase
• the access of highly active GalNAc4S-6OST was critically important for the synthesis of CS-E oligosaccharides.
• GalNAc4S- 6OST A high level expression of GalNAc4S- 6OST was achieved in insect cells using the baculovirus expression approach.
• Baculovrius contains an endogenous chondroitinase that may cleave CS substrates (6). Therefore, it is imperative to purify GalNAc4S-6OST away from the viral endogenous chondroitinase for the synthesis purpose.
• three CS-E oligosaccharides namely CS-E 7-mer, CS-E 13-mer, and CS-E 19-mer, were obtained in the scale of 10 to 100 mg.
• a nonsulfated chondroitin nonadecasaccharide backbone, CS-0S 19-mer was also synthesized to serve as a control oligosaccharide for the subsequent biological studies. See Fig.2B.
• CS-E oligosaccharides were analyzed using high resolution diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-HPLC, high resolution mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy.
• DEAE diethylaminoethyl
• CS-E 7-mer was eluted a single symmetric peak, demonstrating its high purity (Fig. 3A).
• High resolution mass spectrometry analysis revealed its molecular mass to be 1772.227, which is very close to the calculated value of 1772.221 (Fig. 3B).
• 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR analysis also confirmed the purity of CS-E 7-mer.
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• CS-E 19-mer displays the protective effect against kidney damage induced by LPS.
• AST asparate aminotransferase
• Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nat Med.2007;13:463-9.
• proteoglycan bikunin has sequence. Nat Chem Biol.2011;7:827-33. It will be understood that various details of the presently disclosed subject matter can be changed without departing from the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation.

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