WO2018061191A1 - 冷間鍛造用鋼及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
冷間鍛造用鋼及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
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- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
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- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
- C21D1/32—Soft annealing, e.g. spheroidising
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- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
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- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
- C21D8/065—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires of ferrous alloys
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- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
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- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
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- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/525—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a steel for cold forging and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Machine structural steel is used for machine parts such as industrial machines, construction machines, and transport machines represented by automobiles.
- Machine structural steel is generally roughly processed by hot forging and then machined to finish a machine part having a predetermined shape. Therefore, workability and machinability are required for machine structural steel.
- cold forging Since cold forging has higher dimensional accuracy than hot forging, it has the advantage of reducing the amount of cutting after forging. For this reason, in recent years, in the above rough machining, there are an increasing number of parts that are roughly formed by cold forging. However, when cold forging is performed, cracks are more likely to occur in the steel than when hot forging is performed. For this reason, cold forging steel used for cold forging is required to have not only machinability but also a property that prevents cracking during cold forging (hereinafter referred to as cold forgeability).
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 propose a technique for improving the machinability of a steel material by controlling the form of sulfide.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a case-hardened steel in which machinability is improved by controlling the solidification rate during casting and finely dispersing sulfides in order to suppress the coarsening of sulfides.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a case-hardened steel having improved machinability by dispersing a submicron level sulfide.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 although machinability after hot forging is studied, no consideration is given to machinability after spheroidizing annealing and cold forging. Moreover, in patent document 2, the cold forgeability is not considered.
- Patent Document 3 and Patent Document 4 disclose free-cutting steel that has improved chip disposal by reducing the interparticle distance of sulfide inclusions.
- Patent Document 3 and Patent Document 4 when coarse sulfide is present, if the interparticle distance is small, cracks during cold forging are more likely to occur. May be reduced.
- patent document 3 although the machinability after hot forging is examined, the machinability after spheroidizing annealing and cold forging is not taken into consideration at all.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above situation.
- the objective of this invention is providing the steel for cold forging excellent in cold forgeability and machinability, and its manufacturing method.
- the present inventors conducted research and examination on cold forging steel and obtained the following knowledge.
- the annealing before cold forging is effective for improving the cold forgeability of the steel material.
- annealing is performed, so that the chips when cut become longer and the chip disposal becomes worse.
- the surface roughness of the steel material after cutting increases.
- Non-patent literature W.Kurz and D.J.Fisher, “Fundamentals of Solidification”, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Switzerland (Switzerland), 1998, p. 256
- the primary arm interval ⁇ of the dendrite depends on the solid-liquid interface energy ⁇ , and if this ⁇ can be reduced, ⁇ decreases. If ⁇ can be reduced, the size of Mn sulfide crystallized between dendritic trees can be reduced.
- the present inventors have newly found that by containing a small amount of Bi in steel, the solid-liquid interface energy can be reduced and the size of the sulfide can be refined.
- the present invention has been completed based on the above findings, and the gist thereof is as follows (1) to (5).
- the steel for cold forging according to one embodiment of the present invention has a chemical composition of mass%, C: 0.05 to 0.30%, Si: 0.05 to 0.45%, Mn: 0 .40-2.00%, S: 0.008-less than 0.040%, Cr: 0.01-3.00%, Al: 0.010-0.100%, Bi: 0.0001-0.
- d is an average value of equivalent circle diameters of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more
- ⁇ is a standard deviation of equivalent circle diameters of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more
- SA is the number of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more and less than 3.0 ⁇ m
- SB is the number of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more.
- the chemical component is mass%, Mo: 0.02 to 1.00%, Ni: 0.10 to 1.00%, V: It may contain one or more selected from the group consisting of 0.03-0.30%, B: 0.0005-0.0200%, and Mg: 0.0001-0.0035%. Good.
- the chemical components are in mass%, Ti: 0.002 to 0.060%, and Nb: 0.010 to 0.00. You may contain 1 type or 2 types selected from the group which consists of 080%.
- a method for producing a cold forging steel according to another aspect of the present invention comprises the chemical component according to any one of (1) to (3) above and is within a range of 15 mm from the surface.
- the method for producing a steel for cold forging as described in (4) above is the temperature from the liquidus temperature to the solidus temperature at a depth of 15 mm from the surface of the slab in the casting step.
- the average cooling rate in the region may be 120 ° C./min to 500 ° C./min.
- the steel for cold forging excellent in cold forgeability and machinability, and its manufacturing method can be provided.
- the steel for cold forging according to the above aspect of the present invention is machinability when performing a cutting process after directly or if necessary performing normalizing on a rough formed product by cold forging after annealing. Is excellent. For this reason, the ratio of the cutting cost to the manufacturing cost of steel parts such as gears, shafts and pulleys for automobiles and industrial machines can be reduced, and the quality of the parts can be improved.
- a steel for cold forging which is excellent in machinability after cold forging, that is, machinability before carburizing, carbonitriding or nitriding, which is a material for steel parts such as gears, shafts and pulleys is obtained. .
- the steel for cold forging according to one embodiment of the present invention (the steel for cold forging according to the present embodiment) will be described in detail.
- the machinability and cold forgeability will be further described. From the viewpoint of machinability, it is important to increase the S content. By containing S, the tool life and chip disposal during cutting are improved. This effect is determined by the total amount of S content and is not easily influenced by the shape of the sulfide. Therefore, to improve machinability, it is desirable to produce sulfide in the steel.
- the sulfide in steel becomes a starting point of fracture due to deformation of the sulfide itself during cold forging.
- coarse sulfides greatly reduce the cold forgeability such as the critical compressibility. Specifically, if the maximum equivalent circle diameter of a sulfide observed with an optical microscope exceeds 10.0 ⁇ m, it is likely to become a starting point of crack generation during cold forging.
- hot working such as hot rolling or hot forging is performed in the process of producing case-hardened steel, coarse sulfides are stretched and machinability is often lowered. Therefore, in the cold forging steel according to this embodiment, it is desirable to refine the sulfide.
- the dendrite structure greatly affects the particle size of the sulfide. The finer the dendrite structure, the smaller the particle size of the sulfide.
- the cold forging steel according to the present embodiment has a predetermined chemical component
- d is an average value of the equivalent circle diameter of sulfide
- ⁇ is a standard deviation of the equivalent circle diameter of sulfide
- SA is equivalent to a circle.
- the metal structure comprising a sulfide of 1.0 ⁇ 10.0 [mu] m in circle equivalent diameter 1200 / mm 2 or more, the average distance between the sulfide is less than 30.0.
- C 0.05 to 0.30% Carbon (C) increases the tensile strength and fatigue strength of steel. Therefore, the C content is set to 0.05% or more. Preferably it is 0.10% or more, more preferably 0.15% or more. On the other hand, if there is too much C content, the cold forgeability of steel will fall and machinability will also fall. Therefore, the C content is 0.30% or less. Preferably it is 0.28% or less, More preferably, it is 0.25% or less.
- Si 0.05 to 0.45% Silicon (Si) is dissolved in the ferrite in the steel to increase the tensile strength of the steel. Therefore, the Si content is set to 0.05% or more. Preferably it is 0.15% or more, more preferably 0.20% or more. On the other hand, if there is too much Si content, the cold forgeability of steel will fall. Therefore, the Si content is 0.45% or less. Preferably it is 0.40% or less, More preferably, it is 0.35% or less.
- Mn 0.40 to 2.00%
- Manganese (Mn) dissolves in steel to increase the tensile strength and fatigue strength of the steel and enhance the hardenability of the steel. Further, Mn combines with sulfur (S) in the steel to form a Mn sulfide and enhances the machinability of the steel. Therefore, the Mn content is 0.40% or more.
- S sulfur
- the preferable Mn content is 0.60% or more, and the more preferable Mn content is 0.75% or more.
- the Mn content is 2.00% or less.
- the preferable Mn content is 1.50% or less, and the more preferable Mn content is 1.20% or less.
- S 0.008% or more and less than 0.040%
- Sulfur (S) combines with Mn in steel to form a Mn sulfide, thereby improving the machinability of the steel. Therefore, the S content is 0.008% or more.
- the preferable S content is 0.010% or more, and the more preferable S content is 0.015% or more.
- the S content is less than 0.040%.
- the preferable S content is less than 0.030%, and the more preferable S content is less than 0.025%.
- Chromium (Cr) increases the hardenability of the steel and increases the tensile strength, and the surface hardness of the steel after carburizing and induction hardening. Since the machine part manufactured by the steel for cold forging according to the present embodiment may harden the surface of the steel by carburizing or induction hardening, the Cr content is 0.01% in order to obtain these effects. That's it. When the hardenability and tensile strength of steel are further increased, the preferable Cr content is 0.03% or more, and the more preferable Cr content is 0.10% or more. On the other hand, when there is too much Cr content, the cold forgeability and fatigue strength of steel will fall. Therefore, the Cr content is 3.00% or less. When further improving the cold forgeability and fatigue strength, the preferable Cr content is 2.00% or less, the more preferable Cr content is 1.50% or less, and the more preferable Cr content is 1.20%. It is as follows.
- Al 0.010 to 0.100%
- Al is an element having a deoxidizing action.
- Al is an element that combines with N to form AlN and is effective in preventing austenite grain coarsening during carburizing heating.
- the Al content is set to 0.010% or more.
- Preferably it is 0.030% or more.
- the Al content is 0.100% or less.
- the upper limit with preferable Al content is 0.060%.
- Bi 0.0001 to 0.0050%
- Bi is an important element in the present invention.
- the Bi content needs to be 0.0001% or more.
- the Bi content is preferably 0.0010% or more.
- the Bi content is set to 0.0050% or less.
- the Bi content may be 0.0048% or less.
- N 0.0250% or less Nitrogen (N) is contained as an impurity. N dissolved in the steel increases the deformation resistance during cold forging of the steel and lowers the cold forgeability. Further, when B is contained, if the content of N is high, BN is generated and the effect of improving the hardenability of B is reduced. Therefore, when B is contained, when Ti or Nb is not contained, the N content is preferably as small as possible. Therefore, the N content is 0.0250% or less. A preferable N content is 0.0180% or less, and a more preferable N content is 0.0150% or less. Since it is preferable that the N content is small, it may be 0%.
- P 0.050% or less Phosphorus (P) is an impurity. P reduces the cold forgeability and hot workability of steel. Therefore, it is preferable that the P content is small. When the P content exceeds 0.050%, the decrease in cold forgeability and hot workability becomes particularly large, so the P content is made 0.050% or less. A preferable P content is 0.035% or less, and a more preferable P content is 0.020% or less. Since it is preferable that the P content is small, it may be 0%.
- O oxygen
- oxygen is liable to form a hard oxide inclusion by bonding with Al, and lowers bending fatigue strength.
- the content of O is set to 0.0020% or less.
- the content of O as an impurity element is preferably 0.0010% or less, more desirably as small as possible within a range that does not increase the cost in the steelmaking process, and may be 0%.
- the remainder of the chemical composition of the cold forging steel according to this embodiment is basically composed of Fe and impurities.
- the impurities referred to here are ores and scraps used as raw materials for steel, or elements mixed in from the environment of the manufacturing process.
- the impurity is, for example, copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), etc. in addition to the above-described P, O, and N.
- the contents of Cu and Ni as impurities are the same as the contents of Cu and Ni in the SCr steel and SCM steel defined in JIS G4053 alloy steel for machine structural use, and the Cu content is 0.30% or less.
- the Ni content is preferably 0.25% or less.
- the steel for cold forging according to the present embodiment further includes one or more selected from the group consisting of Mo, V, B, Mg, Ti, and Nb within a range described below. It may be contained instead of a part of Fe. Mo, V, B and Mg are all effective in increasing the fatigue strength of steel. Ti and Nb are effective in increasing the cold forgeability and fatigue strength of steel. However, since these elements do not necessarily need to be contained, the lower limit is 0%.
- Mo 0 to 1.00% Molybdenum (Mo) increases the hardenability of the steel and increases the fatigue strength of the steel. Moreover, Mo suppresses an incomplete quenching layer in the carburizing process. If Mo is contained even a little, the above effect can be obtained. If the Mo content is 0.02% or more, the above effect is remarkably obtained, which is preferable. More preferably, it is 0.05% or more. On the other hand, if there is too much Mo content, the machinability of steel will fall. Furthermore, the manufacturing cost of steel increases. Therefore, even when it contains, Mo content is 1.00% or less. Preferably it is 0.50% or less, More preferably, it is 0.30% or less.
- Nickel (Ni) has an effect of increasing the hardenability of the steel and is an effective element for increasing the fatigue strength. Therefore, you may make it contain as needed.
- the Ni content is preferably 0.10% or more.
- the amount of Ni in the case of containing is 1.00% or less.
- the amount of Ni is preferably 0.80% or less.
- V 0 to 0.30%
- Vanadium (V) forms carbides in the steel and increases the fatigue strength of the steel. Vanadium carbide precipitates in ferrite and increases the strength of the steel core (the portion other than the surface layer). If V is contained even a little, the above effect can be obtained. If the V content is 0.03% or more, the above effect is remarkably obtained, which is preferable. More preferably, it is 0.04% or more, More preferably, it is 0.05% or more. On the other hand, if there is too much V content, the cold forgeability and fatigue strength of steel will fall. Therefore, even when contained, the V content is 0.30% or less. Preferably it is 0.20% or less, More preferably, it is 0.10% or less.
- B 0 to 0.0200% Boron (B) increases the hardenability of the steel and increases the fatigue strength. If B is contained even a little, the above effect can be obtained. If the B content is 0.0005% or more, the above effect is remarkably obtained, which is preferable. More preferably, it is 0.0010% or more, More preferably, it is 0.0020% or more. On the other hand, when the B content exceeds 0.0200%, the effect is saturated. Therefore, even when it contains, B content is 0.0200% or less. Preferably, it is 0.0120% or less, More preferably, it is 0.0100% or less.
- Mg 0 to 0.0035%
- Magnesium (Mg) like Al, deoxidizes steel and refines oxides in the steel. As the oxide in the steel becomes finer, the probability that the coarse oxide is the starting point of fracture is reduced, and the fatigue strength of the steel is increased. If Mg is contained even a little, the above effect can be obtained. If the Mg content is 0.0001% or more, the above effect is remarkably obtained, which is preferable. More preferably, it is 0.0003% or more, More preferably, it is 0.0005% or more. On the other hand, if there is too much Mg content, the said effect will be saturated and the machinability of steel will fall. Therefore, even when it contains, Mg content is 0.0035% or less. Preferably it is 0.0030% or less, More preferably, it is 0.0025% or less.
- Titanium (Ti) is an element that produces fine carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides in steel and refines austenite crystal grains by a pinning effect. When the austenite crystal grains are refined, the cold forgeability and fatigue strength of the steel increase. If Ti is contained even a little, the above effect can be obtained. A Ti content of 0.002% or more is preferable because the above effect can be obtained remarkably. More preferably, it is 0.005% or more, More preferably, it is 0.010% or more. On the other hand, if there is too much Ti content, the machinability and cold forgeability of steel will fall. Therefore, even when contained, the Ti content is 0.060% or less. Preferably it is 0.040% or less, More preferably, it is 0.030% or less.
- Nb 0 to 0.080% Niobium (Nb), like Ti, produces fine carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides to refine the austenite crystal grains and increase the cold forgeability and fatigue strength of the steel. If Nb is contained even a little, the above effect can be obtained. If the Nb content is 0.010% or more, the above effect is remarkably obtained, which is preferable. More preferably, it is 0.015% or more, More preferably, it is 0.020% or more. On the other hand, if there is too much Nb content, the said effect will be saturated and the machinability of steel will fall. Therefore, even when it contains, Nb content is 0.080% or less. Preferably it is 0.050% or less, More preferably, it is 0.040% or less.
- the steel for cold forging according to the present embodiment includes the above-described basic element and has at least a chemical composition composed of the remaining Fe and impurities, or selected from the above-described basic element and the above-described selective element. 1 type, and has a chemical composition consisting of the balance Fe and impurities.
- the metal structure contains 1200 / mm 2 or more of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m] Sulfides are useful for improving machinability. However, when the S content is increased, machinability is improved, but coarse sulfides are increased. Coarse sulfides stretched by hot rolling or the like impairs cold forgeability. Therefore, it is necessary to control the size and number density of sulfides. Specifically, in the cold forging steel according to the present embodiment, the number of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m is set to 1200 pieces / mm 2 or more in the metal structure.
- the equivalent circle diameter is less than 1200 pieces / mm 2 with 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m of sulfide, the number of sulfides contributing to chip breaking is not sufficient, and the machinability deteriorates. . Although it is not necessary to limit an upper limit, it is difficult to set it to more than 2000 pieces / mm 2 .
- the reason why sulfides with an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m were targeted is that sulfides exceeding 10.0 ⁇ m are the starting point of destruction, and small sulfides less than 1.0 ⁇ m are controlled. This is because there is no effect on cold forgeability and chip disposal.
- An increase in the number density of sulfides less than 1.0 ⁇ m or a number density of sulfides greater than 10.0 ⁇ m is not preferable because it leads to a decrease in the number density of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfide is the diameter of a circle having an area equal to the area of the sulfide, and can be obtained by image analysis. Similarly, the number of sulfides can be obtained by image analysis. Moreover, what is necessary is just to confirm that an inclusion is a sulfide by the energy dispersive X-ray analysis attached to a scanning electron microscope.
- the average distance between sulfides needs to be less than 30.0 ⁇ m.
- the present inventors conducted various experiments on the relationship between the average distance between sulfides (interparticle distance between sulfides) and chip disposal, and as a result, the interparticle distance between sulfides was 30.0 ⁇ m. If it is less than this, it has confirmed that favorable chip disposal property is obtained.
- the average distance between sulfides becomes short, it tends to be a starting point of destruction, so the average distance is preferably 10.0 ⁇ m or more.
- the interparticle distance between sulfides can be determined by image analysis.
- d in the formula (1) is an average value ( ⁇ m) of the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfide having the equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more
- ⁇ is the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfide having the equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more. Standard deviation.
- SA in the formula (2) is the number of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more and less than 3.0 ⁇ m
- SB is the number of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfide is the diameter of a circle having an area equal to the area of the sulfide, and can be obtained by image analysis.
- the number of sulfides and the interparticle distance between sulfides can be determined by image analysis. Specifically, it can be determined by the following procedure. That is, the D / 4 position of the round bar after spheroidizing annealing was cut parallel to the axial direction, a test piece for observing sulfide was collected, the test piece was filled with resin, A test surface parallel to the longitudinal direction is mirror-polished. The predetermined positions of these polished test pieces are photographed at a magnification of 100 with a scanning electron microscope, and images of an inspection reference area (region) of 0.9 mm 2 are prepared for 10 visual fields. That is, the observation field of sulfide is 9 mm 2 .
- a sulfide is identified based on the contrast of the reflected electron image observed with a scanning electron microscope, and the particle size distribution of the sulfide having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in the observation field (image). Is detected.
- the number of sulfides can be obtained.
- the equivalent circle diameter can be obtained by converting the equivalent circle diameter indicating the diameter of a circle having the same area as the sulfide area.
- the average distance between sulfides is obtained from the observation field of view (image) in which the particle size distribution of sulfides is detected, and the center of gravity of the sulfide having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more is obtained.
- the distance between the center of gravity of each sulfide is measured, and the distance of the sulfide existing closest to each sulfide is measured. Then, for the total number of sulfides in each field of view, the measured value of the nearest sulfide distance is measured, and the average distance is taken as the average distance between sulfides.
- the solidification structure of the continuous cast slab usually has a dendrite form. Sulfides in steel materials often crystallize before solidification (in molten steel) or during solidification, and are greatly affected by the dendrite primary arm interval. That is, if the dendrite primary arm interval is small, the sulfide crystallized between the trees will be small. Therefore, if the dendrite primary arm interval of the steel slab is reduced to, for example, less than 600 ⁇ m, the proportion of fine sulfide crystallized from the dendrite trees is increased, and the sulfide exceeding 10.0 ⁇ m is eliminated, the cold Forgeability is improved.
- the variation of the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfide detected per observation field 9 mm 2 is calculated as the standard deviation ⁇ , and the average equivalent circle diameter d is added to this standard deviation 3 ⁇ .
- the value was defined as the left side (F1) of the formula (1), and F1 was defined as the following formula (1 ′).
- d and ⁇ in the formula (1 ′) are the same as d and ⁇ in the formula (1).
- the F1 value can be observed with an optical microscope existing in the cold forged molten steel according to this embodiment, which is predicted from the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfide and the standard deviation of the equivalent circle diameter observed within the observation field of 9 mm 2.
- the maximum equivalent circle diameter is shown in 99.7% of the sulfides among various sulfides. That is, when the F1 value is 10.0 ⁇ m or less, the steel for cold forging according to the present embodiment has almost no sulfide having a maximum equivalent circle diameter of more than 10.0 ⁇ m.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfides to be observed was set to 1.0 ⁇ m or more is that it is practically a general-purpose instrument, and the particle size and components can be statistically handled. This is because even if controlled, there is little influence on cold forgeability and chip disposal.
- the value of F1 is less than 10.0 ⁇ m.
- SA and SB are the same as SA and SB in equation (2). If the F2 value is less than 0.30, the ratio of fine sulfides that are difficult to become a stress concentration source at the time of chip separation during cutting is reduced, so that chip disposal is improved. The reason why the equivalent circle diameter of the sulfide to be observed was set to 1.0 ⁇ m or more is that, even if a sulfide smaller than this is controlled, there is no effect on cold forgeability and chip disposal.
- the cold forging steel according to the present embodiment is not limited to the manufacturing method as long as it has the above-described characteristics, but has the above-mentioned chemical components and has a dendrite primary arm interval within a range of 15 mm from the surface.
- the hot working includes a hot working process in which the slab is made into a steel slab by forging and / or a hot rolling process in which the slab or the steel slab is hot rolled.
- spheroidizing annealing is preferable for annealing.
- a steel slab satisfying the above chemical composition is produced by a continuous casting method.
- An ingot (steel ingot) may be formed by an ingot-making method.
- Examples of casting conditions include a 220 ⁇ 220 mm square mold, a superheat of the molten steel in the tundish at 10 to 50 ° C., and a casting speed of 1.0 to 1.5 m / min.
- the average in the temperature range from the liquidus temperature to the solidus temperature at a depth of 15 mm from the slab surface.
- the cooling rate is desirably 120 ° C./min or more and 500 ° C./min or less. If the distance between the dendrite primary arms is less than 600 ⁇ m, the sulfide is finely dispersed, which is advantageous in obtaining the sulfide of the cold forged molten steel according to the present embodiment described above.
- the average cooling rate is less than 120 ° C./min, it becomes difficult to make the dendrite primary arm interval less than 600 ⁇ m at a depth of 15 mm from the slab surface, and there is a possibility that the sulfide cannot be finely dispersed.
- the average cooling rate exceeds 500 ° C./min, the sulfide crystallized from between the dendrite trees becomes too fine, and the chip processing property may be lowered.
- the temperature range from the liquidus temperature to the solidus temperature is the temperature range from the start of solidification to the end of solidification of the slab. Therefore, the average cooling temperature in this temperature range means the average solidification rate of the slab.
- the average cooling rate can be achieved by, for example, controlling the mold cross-sectional size, casting speed, etc. to appropriate values, or increasing the amount of cooling water used for water cooling immediately after casting. This is applicable to both continuous casting and ingot casting methods.
- the cooling rate at a position 15 mm deep from the above slab surface is obtained by etching a cross section of the obtained slab with picric acid, and a pitch of 5 mm in the casting direction at each position 15 mm deep from the slab surface.
- the cooling rate in each slab is obtained by the above formula, and the optimum casting condition is determined from the obtained cooling rate, whereby the average cooling rate is determined. Can be controlled. Further, in order to reduce center segregation, reduction may be applied during the solidification of continuous casting.
- Hot working process In the hot working process, the slab or ingot is processed into a steel material by hot working such as hot forging, or the slab or ingot is hot worked to produce a billet (steel piece). May be hot-rolled to obtain steel materials such as steel bars and wire rods. Hot working and hot rolling may be performed by a known method according to required mechanical properties.
- a spheroidizing annealing process is performed on the manufactured steel bar or wire.
- the cold forgeability of the steel material can be enhanced by the spheroidizing annealing treatment.
- Spheroidizing annealing may be performed by a known method.
- the cold forging steel according to the present embodiment is obtained.
- Steels A to L shown in Table 1 are steels having a chemical composition defined in the present invention.
- steels M to Y are comparative steels whose chemical compositions deviate from the conditions specified in the present invention.
- the underlined values in Table 1 indicate that they are outside the scope of the present invention.
- the slab obtained by continuous casting was once cooled to room temperature, and a test piece for observing a dendrite structure was collected from the cooled slab.
- each slab was heated at 1250 ° C. for 2 hours, the heated slab was hot forged, and after hot forging, it was allowed to cool to produce a plurality of round bars (bars) having a diameter of 30 mm.
- a spheroidizing annealing treatment was performed on a round bar having a diameter of 30 mm. Specifically, the above round bar was soaked at 1300 ° C. for 1 hour using a heating furnace. Next, the round bar was transferred to another heating furnace, soaked at 925 ° C. for 1 hour, and after soaking, the round bar was allowed to cool. Next, the round bar was heated again and soaked at 765 ° C. for 10 hours. After soaking, the round bar was cooled to 650 ° C. at a cooling rate of 15 ° C./h. Thereafter, the round bar was allowed to cool. In this way, cold forging steels having test numbers 1 to 27 were produced. These were subjected to microstructure and sulfide observation, cold forgeability test, and machinability test.
- the solidified structure was obtained by etching the cross section of the above slab with picric acid, measuring 100 points of the primary dendrite arm spacing at a 15 mm position in the depth direction from the slab surface at a pitch of 5 mm in the casting direction, and calculating the average value. Asked.
- Microstructure observation method The microstructure of the round bar after the spheroidizing annealing treatment was observed. A D / 4 position of the round bar was cut in parallel to the axial direction, and a specimen for microstructural observation was collected. The cut surface of the test piece was polished and corroded with a nital corrosive solution, and after the corrosion, the microstructure of the central portion of the cut surface was observed with a 400 ⁇ optical microscope.
- the microstructures of the round bars of each test number were structures in which spherical cementite was dispersed in ferrite.
- the observation field of sulfide is 9 mm 2 .
- a sulfide was identified based on the contrast of a reflected electron image observed with a scanning electron microscope, and it was confirmed by EDS whether the sulfide was a predetermined sulfide.
- the observation area was displayed as a gray scale image.
- the contrasts of the matrix (parent phase), sulfide, and oxide in the reflected electron image were different.
- the particle size distribution of sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in the observation field (image) was detected.
- the average distance between sulfides is obtained from the observation field of view (image) in which the particle size distribution of sulfides is detected, and the center of gravity of the sulfide having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more is obtained.
- the distance between the centers of gravity of each sulfide was measured, and the distance between the sulfides closest to each sulfide was measured.
- the actual value of the distance between nearest sulfides was measured for the total number of sulfides in each field of view, and the average distance was taken as the average distance between sulfides.
- Table 2 shows the F1 and F2 values, the number density of sulfides of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m, and the distance between the sulfides.
- the underline in Table 2 means outside the scope of the present invention.
- a round bar test piece was prepared from the R / 2 position of a round bar having a diameter of 30 mm after spheroidizing annealing.
- the round bar test piece is a test piece having a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 15 mm centered on the R / 2 position of a round bar having a diameter of 30 mm.
- the longitudinal direction of the round bar test piece is a forging shaft of a round bar having a diameter of 30 mm. And parallel.
- the target of cold forgeability was set to 75% or more, which is practically acceptable in terms of the critical compression ratio.
- the remainder of the round steel bar with a diameter of 30 mm subjected to spheroidizing annealing was cold-drawn at a surface reduction rate of 30.6% to obtain a bar steel with a diameter of 25 mm.
- the cold drawn steel bar was cut into a length of 500 mm to obtain a test material for turning.
- the outer peripheral portion of the test material having a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 500 mm obtained in this manner was turned using an NC lathe under the following conditions, and the chip processability was investigated as machinability.
- Chip disposal was evaluated by the following method. Chips discharged in 10 seconds during the machinability test were collected. The length of the collected chips was examined, and 10 chips were selected in order from the longest. The total weight of the ten selected chips was defined as “chip weight”. When the total number of chips was less than 10 as a result of long chip connection, the total weight of the collected chips was measured, and the value converted to the number of 10 chips was defined as “chip weight”. For example, when the total number of chips is 7 and the total weight is 12 g, the chip weight was calculated to be 12 g ⁇ 10 pieces / 7 pieces.
- chip weight was 15 g or less, it was judged that the chip disposal was high. When the chip weight exceeded 15 g, it was evaluated that the chip processability was low.
- the chemical compositions of the steels having the test numbers 1 to 12 are within the range of the chemical composition of the steel for cold forging according to the present invention, and the formula (1
- the number density of sulfides satisfying the formula (2) and 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m and the distance between the sulfides were within the scope of the present invention.
- the steels with test numbers 1 to 12 had excellent cold forgeability and machinability after cold forging.
- Test No. 13 steel was within the range of the chemical composition of the present invention. However, since the cooling rate at the time of casting was too fast, a large amount of fine Mn sulfide was generated and the formula (2) was not satisfied. As a result, the Mn sulfide did not play the role of the notch effect at the time of cutting, so the chip weight exceeded 15 g.
- Test No. 14 steel was within the chemical composition of the cold forging steel according to the present embodiment. However, since the cooling rate at the time of casting was slow, the number of sulfides of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m was small. Moreover, the average distance between sulfides was 30.0 ⁇ m or more. As a result, machinability was low.
- Test number 15 and test number 16 did not contain Bi, and the S content was less than the lower limit of the specified value. Therefore, although the equivalent circle diameter of the generated sulfide was small and satisfied the formula (1), the number of sulfides of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m was small, and the average distance between sulfides was 30.0 ⁇ m or more. Although cold forgeability was high, machinability was low. Specifically, the chip weight exceeded 15 g.
- Test numbers 17 to 20 did not contain Bi. Therefore, the formula (1) was not satisfied. Coarse sulfide was present, and the number of sulfides of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m was small, so the cold forgeability was below the standard value.
- Test No. 21 contained Bi but the S content exceeded the upper limit of the specified value. As a result, although the dendrite primary arm interval was not more than the specified value, the formula (1) was not satisfied, so the cold forgeability was below the reference value. It is presumed that the cold forgeability was below the standard value because of the large S content and the presence of coarse sulfides.
- Test number 22 and test number 23 contained Bi, but the S content was below the lower limit of the specified value. As a result, although the formula (1) was satisfied and the cold forgeability was not less than the standard value, the formula (2) was not satisfied, and there were many sulfides having an equivalent circle diameter of less than 3 ⁇ m, and the average distance between the sulfides was 30 ⁇ m. As a result, the chip weight exceeded 15 g.
- Test number 24 and test number 25 contained Bi but the S content exceeded the upper limit of the specified value. As a result, although the dendrite primary arm interval was less than or equal to the specified value, the formula (1) was not satisfied. Therefore, the cold forgeability was below the standard value.
- Test number 27 did not contain Bi. Therefore, the number of sulfides of 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ m was small, and the average distance between sulfides was 30.0 ⁇ m or more. As a result, the cold forgeability was high, but the machinability was low. Specifically, the chip weight exceeded 15 g.
- the ratio of the cutting cost to the manufacturing cost of steel parts such as gears, shafts and pulleys for automobiles and industrial machines can be reduced, and the quality of the parts can be reduced. Can be improved.
- steel for cold forging that is excellent in machinability after cold forging, that is, machinability before carburizing, carbonitriding, or nitriding, which is a material for steel parts such as gears, shafts, and pulleys can be obtained. . Therefore, industrial applicability is high.
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Abstract
Description
したがって、従来、冷間鍛造性と被削性とを両立させることは困難であった。従来の冷間鍛造用鋼は、S含有量を低減することにより冷間鍛造性や疲労強度の低下を抑制しており、その結果、被削性が低かった。
しかしながら、特許文献1及び特許文献2では、熱間鍛造後の被削性については検討されているものの、球状化焼鈍及び冷間鍛造を行った後の被削性については何ら考慮されていない。また、特許文献2では、冷間鍛造性についても考慮されていない。
しかしながら、特許文献3及び特許文献4に開示された技術においては、粗大な硫化物が存在した場合には、粒子間距離が小さいと、かえって冷間鍛造時の割れが発生しやすく、冷間鍛造性が低下する恐れがある。また、特許文献3では、熱間鍛造後の被削性については検討されているものの、球状化焼鈍及び冷間鍛造後の被削性について何ら考慮されていない。
λ∝(D×σ×ΔT)0.25 …(A)
ここで、λ:デンドライトの1次アーム間隔(μm)、D:拡散係数(m2/s)、σ:固液界面エネルギー(J/m2)、ΔT:凝固温度範囲(℃)である。
d+3σ≦10.0 ・・・(1)
SA/SB<0.30 ・・・(2)
式(1)におけるdは円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の円相当径の平均値であり、σは前記円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の前記円相当径の標準偏差であり、式(2)におけるSAは円相当径が1.0μm以上3.0μm未満の硫化物の個数であり、SBは前記円相当径が1.0μm以上の前記硫化物の個数である。
(2)上記(1)に記載の冷間鍛造用鋼は、前記化学成分が、質量%で、Mo:0.02~1.00%、Ni:0.10~1.00%、V:0.03~0.30%、B:0.0005~0.0200%、及びMg:0.0001~0.0035%、からなる群から選択される1種または2種以上を含有してもよい。
(3)上記(1)または(2)に記載の冷間鍛造用鋼は、前記化学成分が、質量%で、Ti:0.002~0.060%、及びNb:0.010~0.080%、からなる群から選択される1種または2種を含有してもよい。
(4)本発明の別の態様に係る冷間鍛造用鋼の製造方法は、上記(1)~(3)の何れか一項に記載の化学成分を有し、かつ表面から15mmの範囲内におけるデンドライト1次アーム間隔が600μm未満である鋳片を鋳造する鋳造工程と;前記鋳片を熱間加工して鋼材を得る熱間加工工程と;前記鋼材を焼鈍する焼鈍工程と;を有する。
(5)上記(4)に記載の冷間鍛造用鋼の製造方法は、前記鋳造工程において、前記鋳片の前記表面から15mmの深さにおける、液相線温度から固相線温度までの温度域内の平均冷却速度を120℃/min以上500℃/min以下としてもよい。
本発明の上記態様に係る冷間鍛造用鋼は、焼鈍後の冷間鍛造による粗成形品を直接に、または必要に応じて焼きならしを行ってから、切削加工を施す際の被削性に優れている。このため、自動車、産業機械用の歯車、シャフト、プーリーなどの鋼製部品の製造費用に占める切削加工コストの割合を低減でき、また部品の品質を向上することができる。
また、本発明の上記態様に係る冷間鍛造用鋼の製造方法では、所定の化学成分を有する鋳片を鋳造することで、硫化物の晶出核となるデンドライト組織を微細化させて、鋼中の硫化物を微細分散させる。そのため、歯車、シャフト、プーリーなどの鋼製部品の素材となる、冷間鍛造後の被削性、つまり、浸炭、浸炭窒化または窒化前の被削性に優れた冷間鍛造用鋼が得られる。
被削性の観点からは、S含有量の増加が重要である。Sを含有させることにより、切削時の工具寿命および切りくず処理性が向上する。この効果は、S含有量の総量で決まり、硫化物の形状の影響を受けにくい。したがって、被削性を高めるには、鋼中に硫化物を生じさせることが望ましい。
炭素(C)は、鋼の引張強度及び疲労強度を高める。そのため、C含有量を0.05%以上とする。好ましくは0.10%以上、より好ましくは0.15%以上である。一方、C含有量が多すぎれば、鋼の冷間鍛造性が低下し、被削性も低下する。したがって、C含有量は0.30%以下である。好ましくは0.28%以下であり、さらに好ましくは、0.25%以下である。
シリコン(Si)は、鋼中のフェライトに固溶して、鋼の引張強度を高める。そのため、Si含有量を0.05%以上とする。好ましくは0.15%以上、さらに好ましくは0.20%以上である。一方、Si含有量が多すぎれば、鋼の冷間鍛造性が低下する。したがって、Si含有量は、0.45%以下である。好ましくは0.40%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.35%以下である。
マンガン(Mn)は、鋼に固溶して鋼の引張強度及び疲労強度を高め、鋼の焼入れ性を高める。Mnはさらに、鋼中の硫黄(S)と結合してMn硫化物を形成し、鋼の被削性を高める。そのため、Mn含有量を0.40%以上とする。鋼の引張強度、疲労強度及び焼入れ性を高める場合、好ましいMn含有量は0.60%以上であり、さらに好ましいMn含有量は0.75%以上である。一方、Mn含有量が高すぎれば、鋼の冷間鍛造性が低下する。したがって、Mn含有量は、2.00%以下である。鋼の冷間鍛造性をさらに高める場合、好ましいMn含有量は1.50%以下であり、さらに好ましいMn含有量は1.20%以下である。
硫黄(S)は、鋼中のMnと結合してMn硫化物を形成し、鋼の被削性を高める。そのため、S含有量を0.008%以上とする。より鋼の被削性を高める場合、好ましいS含有量は0.010%以上であり、さらに好ましいS含有量は、0.015%以上である。一方、Sを過剰に含有すれば、鋼の冷間鍛造性や疲労強度が低下する。したがって、S含有量は、0.040%未満である。鋼の冷間鍛造性をさらに高める場合、好ましいS含有量は0.030%未満であり、さらに好ましいS含有量は、0.025%未満である。
クロム(Cr)は、鋼の焼入れ性を高め、引張強度、及び浸炭処理や高周波焼入れ後の鋼の表面硬度を高める。本実施形態に係る冷間鍛造用鋼により製造される機械部品は、浸炭処理や高周波焼入れにより鋼の表面を硬化する場合があるので、これらの効果を得るため、Cr含有量を0.01%以上とする。鋼の焼入れ性及び引張強度をさらに高める場合、好ましいCr含有量は、0.03%以上であり、さらに好ましいCr含有量は、0.10%以上である。一方、Cr含有量が多すぎると、鋼の冷間鍛造性や疲労強度が低下する。したがって、Cr含有量は、3.00%以下である。冷間鍛造性及び疲労強度をさらに高める場合、好ましいCr含有量は2.00%以下であり、より好ましいCr含有量は1.50%以下であり、さらに好ましいCr含有量は、1.20%以下である。
Alは脱酸作用を有する元素である。またAlは、Nと結合してAlNを形成し、浸炭加熱時のオーステナイト粒粗大化防止に有効な元素である。しかしながら、Alの含有量が0.010%未満では、安定してオーステナイト粒の粗大化を防止できない。オーステナイト粒が粗大化した場合、曲げ疲労強度が低下する。そのため、Al含有量を0.010%以上とする。好ましくは0.030%以上である。一方、Alの含有量が0.100%を超えると、粗大な酸化物が形成されやすくなり、曲げ疲労強度が低下する。したがって、Alの含有量を0.100%以下とする。Al含有量の好ましい上限は0.060%である。
Biは、本発明において重要な元素である。微量のBiを含有することによって、鋼の凝固組織が微細化し、その結果、硫化物が微細分散する。Mn硫化物の微細化効果を得るには、Biの含有量を0.0001%以上とする必要がある。被削性をさらに向上させるには、Bi含有量を0.0010%以上とすることが好ましい。一方、Biの含有量が0.0050%を超えると、デンドライト組織の微細化効果が飽和し、かつ鋼の熱間加工性が劣化し、熱間圧延が困難となる。そのため、Bi含有量を0.0050%以下とする。Bi含有量は0.0048%以下であってもよい。
窒素(N)は、不純物として含有される。鋼中に固溶するNは、鋼の冷間鍛造時の変形抵抗を大きくし、また冷間鍛造性を低下させる。また、Bを含有させる場合には、Nの含有量が高いとBNが生成され、Bの焼入れ性向上効果を低下させてしまう。したがって、Bを含む場合、TiやNbを含まない場合には、N含有量はなるべく少ない方が好ましい。そのため、N含有量を0.0250%以下とする。好ましいN含有量は、0.0180%以下であり、さらに好ましいN含有量は、0.0150%以下である。N含有量は少ない方が好ましいので、0%でもよい。
一方、NをTiやNbとともに含有させると、窒化物や炭窒化物を生成することにより、オーステナイト結晶粒が微細化され、鋼の冷間鍛造性や疲労強度が高まる。Bを含まず、かつTiやNbを含有して窒化物や炭窒化物を積極的に生成する場合には、0.0060%以上含有させてもよい。
燐(P)は不純物である。Pは鋼の冷間鍛造性や熱間加工性を低下させる。したがって、P含有量は少ない方が好ましい。P含有量が0.050%を超えると冷間鍛造性や熱間加工性の低下が特に大きくなるので、P含有量を0.050%以下とする。好ましいP含有量は0.035%以下であり、さらに好ましいP含有量は、0.020%以下である。P含有量は少ない方が好ましいので、0%でもよい。
O(酸素)は、Alと結合して硬質な酸化物系介在物を形成しやすく、曲げ疲労強度を低下させる。特に、Oの含有量が0.0020%を超えると、疲労強度の低下が著しくなる。したがって、Oの含有量を0.0020%以下とする。不純物元素としてのOの含有量は0.0010%以下にすることが好ましく、製鋼工程でのコスト上昇をきたさない範囲で、できる限り少なくすることがさらに望ましく、0%でもよい。
本実施形態に係る冷間鍛造用鋼は、上述した元素に加えて、さらに、Mo、V、B、Mg、Ti、Nbからなる群から選択された1種または2種以上を後述する範囲でFeの一部に代えて含有させてもよい。Mo、V、B及びMgはいずれも、鋼の疲労強度を高めるのに有効である。また、Ti、Nbは鋼の冷間鍛造性及び疲労強度を高めるのに有効である。しかしながら、これらの元素は必ずしも含有させる必要はないので、下限は0%である。
モリブデン(Mo)は、鋼の焼入れ性を高め、鋼の疲労強度を高める。また、Moは、浸炭処理において、不完全焼入れ層を抑制する。Moを少しでも含有すれば、上記効果が得られる。Mo含有量が0.02%以上であれば、上記効果が顕著に得られるので好ましい。より好ましくは0.05%以上である。一方、Mo含有量が多すぎれば、鋼の被削性が低下する。さらに、鋼の製造コストも高くなる。したがって、含有させる場合でも、Mo含有量は、1.00%以下である。好ましくは0.50%以下であり、さらに好ましくは、0.30%以下である。
ニッケル(Ni)は、鋼の焼入れ性を高める効果があり、より疲労強度を高めるために有効な元素である。そのため、必要に応じて含有させてもよい。Niの焼入れ性向上による疲労強度を高める効果を安定して得るためには、Ni含有量は0.10%以上であることが好ましい。しかしながら、Niの含有量が1.00%を超えると、焼入れ性の向上による疲労強度を高める効果が飽和するだけでなく、変形抵抗が高くなり冷間鍛造性の低下が顕著となる。そのため、含有させる場合のNiの量を1.00%以下とする。含有させる場合のNiの量は0.80%以下であることが好ましい。
バナジウム(V)は、鋼中で炭化物を形成し、鋼の疲労強度を高める。バナジウム炭化物は、フェライト中に析出して鋼の芯部(表層以外の部分)の強度を高める。Vを少しでも含有すれば、上記効果が得られる。V含有量が0.03%以上であれば、上記効果が顕著に得られるので好ましい。より好ましくは0.04%以上、さらに好ましくは0.05%以上である。一方、V含有量が多すぎれば、鋼の冷間鍛造性及び疲労強度が低下する。したがって、含有させる場合でも、V含有量は0.30%以下である。好ましくは0.20%以下であり、さらに好ましくは、0.10%以下である。
ボロン(B)は、鋼の焼入れ性を高め、疲労強度を高める。Bが少しでも含有されれば、上記効果が得られる。B含有量が0.0005%以上であれば、上記効果が顕著に得られるので好ましい。より好ましく0.0010%以上、さらに好ましくは0.0020%以上である。一方、B含有量が0.0200%を超えると、その効果は飽和する。したがって、含有させる場合でも、B含有量は0.0200%以下である。好ましくは、0.0120%以下であり、さらに好ましくは、0.0100%以下である。
マグネシウム(Mg)は、Alと同様に、鋼を脱酸し、鋼中の酸化物を微細化する。鋼中の酸化物が微細化することにより、粗大酸化物を破壊起点とする確率が低下し、鋼の疲労強度が高まる。Mgを少しでも含有すれば、上記効果が得られる。Mg含有量が0.0001%以上であれば、上記効果が顕著に得られるので好ましい。より好ましくは0.0003%以上、さらに好ましくは0.0005%以上である。一方、Mg含有量が多すぎれば、上記効果は飽和し、かつ、鋼の被削性が低下する。したがって、含有させる場合でも、Mg含有量は0.0035%以下である。好ましくは0.0030%以下であり、さらに好ましくは、0.0025%以下である。
チタン(Ti)は、鋼中で微細な炭化物や窒化物、炭窒化物を生成し、ピン止め効果によりオーステナイト結晶粒を微細化する元素である。オーステナイト結晶粒が微細化されると、鋼の冷間鍛造性や疲労強度が高まる。Tiが少しでも含有されれば、上記効果が得られる。Ti含有量が0.002%以上であれば、上記効果が顕著に得られるので好ましい。より好ましくは0.005%以上、さらに好ましくは0.010%以上である。一方、Ti含有量が多すぎれば、鋼の被削性及び冷間鍛造性が低下する。したがって、含有させる場合でも、Ti含有量は0.060%以下である。好ましくは0.040%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.030%以下である。
ニオブ(Nb)は、Tiと同様に、微細な炭化物や窒化物、炭窒化物を生成してオーステナイト結晶粒を微細化し、鋼の冷間鍛造性及び疲労強度を高める。Nbが少しでも含有されれば、上記効果が得られる。Nb含有量が0.010%以上であれば、上記効果が顕著に得られるので好ましい。より好ましくは0.015%以上、さらに好ましくは0.020%以上である。一方、Nb含有量が多すぎれば、上記効果は飽和し、かつ、鋼の被削性が低下する。したがって、含有させる場合でも、Nb含有量は0.080%以下である。好ましくは0.050%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.040%以下である。
硫化物は、被削性の向上に有用である。ただし、S含有量を増加させると被削性は向上するものの、粗大な硫化物が増加する。熱間圧延等によって延伸した粗大な硫化物は、冷間鍛造性を損なう。そのため、硫化物のサイズ、個数密度を制御することが必要である。具体的には、本実施形態に係る冷間鍛造用鋼では、金属組織中に円相当径で1.0~10.0μmの硫化物を1200個/mm2以上とする。円相当径で1.0~10.0μmの硫化物が1200個/mm2未満であると、切りくずの分断に寄与する硫化物の個数が十分でなく、被削性が劣化するので好ましくない。上限を限定する必要はないが、2000個/mm2超とすることは困難である。円相当径が1.0~10.0μmの硫化物を対象としたのは、10.0μmを超える硫化物は破壊の起点になるためであり、1.0μm未満の小さな硫化物は制御しても冷間鍛造性および切りくず処理性に効果がないためである。1.0μm未満の硫化物の個数密度または10.0μm超の硫化物の個数密度の増加は、円相当径で1.0~10.0μmの硫化物の個数密度の減少につながるため好ましくない。
硫化物の円相当径は、硫化物の面積と等しい面積を有する円の直径であり、画像解析によって求めることができる。同様に、硫化物の個数は、画像解析によって求めることができる。また、介在物が硫化物であることは、走査電子顕微鏡に付属するエネルギー分散型X線解析によって確認すればよい。
さらに、被削時の切りくず処理性を向上するには、微細な硫化物を分散させることが必要である。すなわち、硫化物同士の間隔を小さくすることが重要である。具体的には、硫化物同士の平均距離が30.0μm未満とする必要がある。本発明者らは、硫化物同士の平均距離(硫化物間の粒子間距離)と、切りくず処理性との関係について種々実験を行った結果、硫化物間の粒子間距離が、30.0μm未満であれば、良好な切りくず処理性が得られることを確認している。一方、硫化物同士の平均距離が短くなると、破壊の起点となりやすくなるので、平均距離は10.0μm以上であることが好ましい。
硫化物間の粒子間距離は、画像解析によって求めることができる。
[SA/SB<0.30]
本実施形態における冷間鍛造用鋼では、さらに、式(1)及び(2)を満たす必要がある。
SA/SB<0.30 ・・・(2)
硫化物の円相当径は、硫化物の面積と等しい面積を有する円の直径であり、画像解析によって求めることができる。同様に、硫化物の個数、硫化物間の粒子間距離についても、画像解析によって求めることができる。具体的には、以下の手順で求めることができる。すなわち、球状化焼鈍後の丸棒のD/4位置を軸方向に対して平行に切断し、硫化物観察用の試験片を採取し、試験片を樹脂埋めした後、冷間鍛造用鋼の長手方向と平行な被検面を鏡面研磨する。これらの研磨試験片の所定位置を走査電子顕微鏡にて100倍で写真撮影して、0.9mm2の検査基準面積(領域)の画像を10視野分準備する。すなわち、硫化物の観察視野は、9mm2である。各観察領域において、走査電子顕微鏡で観察される反射電子像のコントラストに基づいて、硫化物を特定し、その観察視野(画像)中の円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の粒径分布を検出する。この観察視野画像を画像解析することで、硫化物の個数を求めることができる。また、硫化物の面積と同一の面積を有する円の直径を示す円相当径に換算して円相当径を求めることができる。また、硫化物間の平均距離は、硫化物の粒径分布を検出した観察視野(画像)から、円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の重心を求め、各硫化物について他の硫化物との重心間距離を測定し、各硫化物について最も近接して存在する硫化物の距離を測定する。そして、各視野の硫化物全数を対象に、最近接硫化物間距離の実測値を測定し、その平均距離を硫化物間の平均距離とする。
連続鋳造鋳片の凝固組織は、通常はデンドライト形態を呈している。鋼材中の硫化物は、凝固前(溶鋼中)、または凝固時に晶出することが多く、デンドライト1次アーム間隔に大きく影響を受ける。すなわち、デンドライト1次アーム間隔が小さければ、樹間に晶出する硫化物は小さくなる。そのため、鋼の鋳片のデンドライト1次アーム間隔を、例えば600μm未満に低減して、デンドライト樹間から晶出した微細な硫化物の割合を増やし、10.0μm超える硫化物を無くせば、冷間鍛造性が向上する。本実施形態に係る冷間鍛造用鋼では、観察視野9mm2当りに検出される硫化物の円相当径のばらつきを標準偏差σとして算出し、この標準偏差の3σに平均円相当径dを加えた値を式(1)の左辺(F1)とし、F1を次の式(1’)のとおり定義した。
一方で、観察される硫化物のうち、円相当径が1.0μm以上3.0μm未満の硫化物の個数を、円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の個数で除した値が0.30以上の場合に、切りくず処理性が低下する。この個数密度を式(2)の左辺(F2)とし、F2を次の式(2’)の通り定義した。
本実施形態に係る冷間鍛造用鋼の好ましい製造方法を説明する。本実施形態に係る冷間鍛造用鋼は、上述の特徴を有していれば、製造方法に限定されないが、上記の化学成分を有し、かつ表面から15mmの範囲内におけるデンドライト1次アーム間隔が600μm未満である鋳片を連続鋳造し、この鋳片を熱間加工し、更に焼鈍することで、安定して製造されるので好ましい。ここで熱間加工は、鋳片を鍛造によって鋼片とする熱間加工工程、及び/又は、鋳片または鋼片を熱間圧延する熱間圧延工程を含む。また、焼鈍は球状化焼鈍が好ましい。
上記化学組成を満たす鋼の鋳片を連続鋳造法により製造する。造塊法によりインゴット(鋼塊)にしてもよい。鋳造条件は例えば、220×220mm角の鋳型を用いて、タンディッシュ内の溶鋼のスーパーヒートを10~50℃とし、鋳込み速度を1.0~1.5m/分とする条件を例示できる。
また、中心偏析低減のため、連続鋳造の凝固途中の段階で圧下を加えてもよい。
熱間加工工程では、鋳片またはインゴットを熱間鍛造等の熱間加工により鋼材に加工する、または、鋳片又はインゴットを熱間加工して、ビレット(鋼片)を製造し、更に、ビレットを熱間圧延して、棒鋼や線材等の鋼材を得ればよい。熱間加工、熱間圧延は、求められる機械特性などに応じて、公知の方法で行えばよい。
製造された棒鋼または線材等の鋼材に対して、球状化焼鈍処理を実施する。球状化焼鈍処理により、鋼材の冷間鍛造性を高めることができる。球状化焼鈍は公知の方法で行えばよい。
このようにして、本実施形態に係る冷間鍛造用鋼が得られる。
また、球状化焼鈍処理を実施された棒鋼、線材(冷間鍛造用鋼)を冷間鍛造し、粗形状の中間品を製造し、製造された中間品に対して、必要に応じて機械加工によって所定の形状に切削し、さらに周知の条件で、表面硬化処理を実施し、表面硬化処理後の中間品を機械加工により所定の形状に切削することで、冷間鍛造用鋼からなる機械部品が得られる。表面硬化処理は実施しなくてもよいが、実施する場合にはたとえば、浸炭処理や窒化処理、高周波焼入れである。
また、各鋼の鋳造において、鋳片の表面から15mmの深さの位置における液相線温度から固相線温度までの温度域内の平均冷却速度を、鋳型の冷却水量を変更することによって変更した。
これらについて、ミクロ組織及び硫化物の観察、冷間鍛造性試験、被削性試験を行った。
凝固組織は、上記の鋳片の断面をピクリン酸にてエッチングし、鋳片表面から深さ方向に15mmの位置を鋳込み方向に5mmピッチでデンドライト1次アーム間隔を100点測定し、平均値を求めた。
球状化焼鈍処理後の丸棒のミクロ組織を観察した。丸棒のD/4位置を軸方向に対して平行に切断し、ミクロ組織観察用の試験片を採取した。試験片の切断面を研磨し、ナイタル腐食液で腐食し、腐食後、400倍の光学顕微鏡で、切断面の中央部のミクロ組織を観察した。各試験番号の丸棒のミクロ組織はいずれも、フェライトに球状セメンタイトが分散した組織であった。
球状化焼鈍後の丸棒のD/4位置を軸方向に対して平行に切断し、硫化物観察用の試験片を採取した。試験片を樹脂埋めした後、被検面を鏡面研磨した。被検面は、冷間鍛造用鋼の長手方向と平行である。被検面内の硫化物を走査電子顕微鏡とエネルギー分散型X線分光分析装置(EDS)により特定した。具体的には、縦10mm×横10mmの研磨試験片を10個作製し、これらの研磨試験片の所定位置を走査電子顕微鏡にて100倍で写真撮影して、0.9mm2の検査基準面積(領域)の画像を10視野分準備した。すなわち、硫化物の観察視野は、9mm2である。各観察領域において、走査電子顕微鏡で観察される反射電子像のコントラストに基づいて、硫化物を特定し、所定の硫化物であるかどうか、EDSにて確認した。反射電子像では、観察領域をグレースケール画像で表示した。反射電子像内におけるマトリクス(母相)、硫化物、酸化物のコントラストはそれぞれ異なるものとなった。その観察視野(画像)中の円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の粒径分布を検出した。これらの寸法(直径)は、硫化物の面積と同一の面積を有する円の直径を示す円相当径に換算した。検出した硫化物の粒径分布から、硫化物の平均円相当径および標準偏差を算出した。
球状化焼鈍後の直径30mmの丸棒のR/2位置から、丸棒試験片を作製した。丸棒試験片は、直径30mmの丸棒のR/2位置を中心とした直径10mm、長さ15mmの試験片であり、丸棒試験片の長手方向は、直径30mmの丸棒の鍛伸軸と平行であった。
各鋼について、上記の球状化焼鈍を施した直径30mmの棒鋼の残りを用いて、冷間鍛造の代わりに冷間での引抜きにより歪を与え、その引抜き後の被削性で冷間鍛造後の被削性を評価した。
母材材質:超硬P20種グレード
コーティング:なし
<旋削加工条件>
周速:150m/分
送り:0.2mm/rev
切り込み:0.4mm
潤滑:水溶性切削油を使用
Claims (5)
- 化学成分が、質量%で、
C:0.05~0.30%、
Si:0.05~0.45%、
Mn:0.40~2.00%、
S:0.008~0.040%未満、
Cr:0.01~3.00%、
Al:0.010~0.100%、
Bi:0.0001~0.0050%、
Mo:0~1.00%、
Ni:0~1.00%、
V:0~0.30%、
B:0~0.0200%、
Mg:0~0.0035%、
Ti:0~0.060%、及び
Nb:0~0.080%、
を含有するとともに、残部がFeおよび不純物からなり、
前記不純物に含まれるN、PおよびOが、
N:0.0250%以下、
P:0.050%以下、
O:0.0020%以下であり、
下記式(1)および下記式(2)を満たし、
金属組織中に、円相当径で1.0~10.0μmの硫化物を1200個/mm2以上含み、
前記硫化物同士の平均距離が30.0μm未満である
ことを特徴とする冷間鍛造用鋼。
d+3σ≦10.0 ・・・(1)
SA/SB<0.30 ・・・(2)
式(1)におけるdは円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の円相当径の平均値であり、σは前記円相当径が1.0μm以上の硫化物の前記円相当径の標準偏差であり、式(2)におけるSAは円相当径が1.0μm以上3.0μm未満の硫化物の個数であり、SBは前記円相当径が1.0μm以上の前記硫化物の個数である。 - 前記化学成分が、質量%で、
Mo:0.02~1.00%、
Ni:0.10~1.00%、
V:0.03~0.30%、
B:0.0005~0.0200%、及び
Mg:0.0001~0.0035%、
からなる群から選択される1種または2種以上を含有する
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の冷間鍛造用鋼。 - 前記化学成分が、質量%で、
Ti:0.002~0.060%、及び
Nb:0.010~0.080%、
からなる群から選択される1種または2種を含有する
ことを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の冷間鍛造用鋼。 - 請求項1~請求項3の何れか一項に記載の化学成分を有し、かつ表面から15mmの範囲内におけるデンドライト1次アーム間隔が600μm未満である鋳片を鋳造する鋳造工程と;
前記鋳片を熱間加工して鋼材を得る熱間加工工程と;
前記鋼材を焼鈍する焼鈍工程と;
を有することを特徴とする冷間鍛造用鋼の製造方法。 - 前記鋳造工程において、前記鋳片の前記表面から15mmの深さにおける、液相線温度から固相線温度までの温度域内の平均冷却速度を120℃/min以上500℃/min以下とすることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の冷間鍛造用鋼の製造方法。
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EP3521470B1 (en) | 2024-08-21 |
CN109790604B (zh) | 2021-09-10 |
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US11111568B2 (en) | 2021-09-07 |
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CN109790604A (zh) | 2019-05-21 |
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