WO2017056981A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池、その製造方法およびその評価方法 - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4285—Testing apparatus
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
- H01M4/662—Alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery, a manufacturing method thereof, and an evaluation method thereof.
- lithium ion secondary batteries Since lithium ion secondary batteries have high energy density and excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics, they are widely used as power sources for small mobile devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Also, in recent years, due to consideration for environmental problems and increased awareness of energy saving, a large capacity and long life such as a storage battery for a vehicle such as an electric vehicle or a hybrid electric vehicle, and a power storage system such as a household power storage system are required. Demand for large power supplies is also increasing.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a monomer (3-hexylthiophene) containing a lithium nickel composite oxide having a layered rock salt structure in a positive electrode and having an alkyl group in a non-aqueous electrolyte and electrochemically polymerizable within a battery operating voltage.
- a thiophene derivative or a pyrrole derivative having an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc. and an electric double layer by an AC impedance method should be 3 F / Ah per battery discharge capacity (4 mF / cm 2 per positive electrode area) or more.
- a lithium secondary battery is described. And it is described that this secondary battery has improved input / output characteristics in a short time under a low temperature environment.
- Patent Document 2 includes a lithium nickel composite oxide having a layered rock salt structure and activated carbon in a positive electrode, and an electric double layer capacity by an AC impedance method is 3 F / Ah per battery discharge capacity (4 mF / cm 2 per positive electrode area) or more.
- a lithium secondary battery characterized in that is described. And it is described that this secondary battery has improved input / output characteristics in a short time under a low temperature environment.
- LiBOB lithium bis (oxalato) borate
- the negative electrode contains natural graphite coated with amorphous carbon
- a LiBOB-derived film is formed on the surface thereof.
- this secondary battery can suppress heat generation when charging and discharging are repeatedly performed in a high temperature environment.
- Patent Document 4 describes the measurement of internal impedance by the AC impedance method and the calculation of the impedance frequency characteristics by the impedance model, and the optimum values of the parameters of each element constituting the impedance model so that the measurement result and the calculation result match.
- Lithium ion battery characterized in that a device parameter representing the ease of charge transfer on the positive electrode surface and a device parameter representing the ease of charge transfer on the negative electrode surface are obtained and compared
- the measurement method is described.
- the impedance model may include a first equivalent circuit representing the electrochemical impedance of the positive electrode and a second equivalent circuit connected in series to the first equivalent circuit and representing the electrochemical impedance of the negative electrode. Are listed. And it is described that according to this measuring method, characteristics such as charge / discharge characteristics, long-term reliability, and safety of a lithium ion battery can be evaluated.
- Patent Document 5 a specific evaluation cell is prepared, and when the basic capacitance of the active material obtained by measuring the AC impedance of the cell is in the range of 0.1 to 0.16 F / g, the active cell is measured.
- An active material evaluation method for evaluating that a material is a non-defective product is described. And it is described that the lithium secondary battery excellent in characteristics, such as reaction resistance and a capacity
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics.
- a positive electrode including a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a graphite material as a negative electrode active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery including an electrolyte solution Provided is a lithium ion secondary battery having a Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity determined by an AC impedance method of 0.005 or less.
- a positive electrode including a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a graphite material as a negative electrode active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery including an electrolyte solution
- the electric double layer capacity (C dl ) determined by the AC impedance method and the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity are expressed by the following formula (1): 1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl ) ⁇ 125 (1)
- a lithium ion secondary battery that satisfies the above is provided.
- a method for evaluating a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a graphite material as a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte solution Provided is an evaluation method for a lithium ion secondary battery, in which a Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity determined by an AC impedance method is determined to be a non-defective product when it is 0.005 or less.
- a method for evaluating a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a graphite material as a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte solution,
- the electric double layer capacity (C dl ) determined by the AC impedance method and the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity are expressed by the following formula (1): 1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl ) ⁇ 125 (1)
- An evaluation method for a lithium ion secondary battery is provided, which is judged to be a non-defective product when the condition is satisfied and is selected.
- FIG.5 (a) is the case before aging
- FIG.5 (b) is the case after aging).
- It is a diagram illustrating a Warburg coefficient (sigma 0) and the electric double layer capacity (C dl) made from the parameter (1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl )) and the cycle capacity retention rate relationship per charge capacity.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode including a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a graphite material as a negative electrode active material, and a battery including an electrolytic solution. And it has the structure which satisfy
- the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity determined by the AC impedance method is 0.005 or less.
- the electric double layer capacity per charging capacity is 1.5 (F / Ah) or more.
- the charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery means the electric capacity (Ah) at the first charge within the battery operating voltage. Specifically, at an environmental temperature of 25 ° C., a constant current and constant voltage with a current value equivalent to 0.2 C up to an upper limit battery voltage determined according to the configuration of the battery such as an electrode active material, in a total time of 7 hours. Use the charging capacity when charging.
- the quality of the secondary battery can be determined without performing a charge / discharge cycle test of the secondary battery. Therefore, an efficient evaluation method can be provided.
- the Warburg coefficient of the battery is obtained by an AC impedance method, and the quality of the product is determined using this Warburg coefficient, By selecting good products, the yield rate can be improved efficiently, and a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be efficiently manufactured at a high yield rate.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the embodiment of the present invention can have the following preferred configuration.
- the electrolytic solution preferably contains a cyclic sulfonate compound as an additive. Moreover, it is preferable that this electrolyte solution contains a carbonate type solvent as a solvent.
- the positive electrode active material includes a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide, and the lithium nickel-containing composite oxide preferably has a nickel content (atom ratio) of 60% or more in the metal occupying nickel sites.
- the negative electrode active material includes a graphite material, and as the graphite material, graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite, and graphite coated with amorphous carbon can be suitably used. From the viewpoint of cost reduction, natural graphite and natural graphite coated with amorphous carbon are preferable.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an example (laminate type) lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of this example includes a positive electrode current collector 3 made of a metal such as an aluminum foil and a positive electrode active material layer 1 containing a positive electrode active material provided thereon.
- a negative electrode current collector 4 made of a metal such as copper foil and a negative electrode active material layer 2 containing a negative electrode active material provided thereon.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated via a separator 5 made of a nonwoven fabric or a polypropylene microporous film so that the positive electrode active material layer 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 face each other.
- This electrode pair is accommodated in a container formed by the outer casings 6 and 7 made of an aluminum laminate film.
- a positive electrode tab 9 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 3
- a negative electrode tab 8 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 4, and these tabs are drawn out of the container.
- An electrolytic solution is injected into the container and sealed. It can also be set as the structure where the electrode group by which the several electrode pair was laminated
- Fig. 2 shows the equivalent circuit used for AC impedance analysis.
- L1 is an inductor
- Rs is a liquid resistance of the electrolytic solution
- R1 is a charge transfer resistance of the negative electrode (charge transfer resistance accompanying transfer of charge between the active material and the electrolytic solution)
- R2 is a charge transfer resistance of the positive electrode
- Wc is The diffusion resistance of Lithium ions (Warburg impedance) is shown
- CPE1 shows the electric double layer capacity of the negative electrode (electric double layer capacity at the interface between the active material and the electrolyte)
- CPE2 shows the electric double layer capacity of the positive electrode.
- AC impedance analysis uses an impedance measurement system consisting of a potentiostat and a frequency response analyzer, and analyzes the response current by giving a minute voltage amplitude to the lithium secondary battery to be measured.
- measurement can be performed by applying a voltage amplitude of 10 mV and a frequency range of 10 kHz to 50 mHz at an environmental temperature of 25 ° C.
- the lowest frequency is preferably set so that the Warburg impedance corresponding to a straight line portion having an inclination of about 45 degrees can be seen in the Cole-Cole plot in which the measured impedance is displayed on the complex plane.
- CPE constant phase element
- parameters are a coefficient T and a phase p, I * is an imaginary number, and ⁇ is an angular frequency.
- p 1
- CPE represents electric double layer capacity
- p 0.5
- CPE represents diffusion resistance (Warburg impedance).
- the values of T and p of CPE1 are CPE1-T
- CPE2 are CPE2-T
- CPE2-P, W and T and p values are written as Wc-T and Wc-P.
- Diffusion resistance (Warburg impedance) Zw can be expressed by the following equation (3).
- ⁇ is the Warburg coefficient
- j is the imaginary number
- ⁇ is the angular frequency
- the Warburg coefficient ⁇ can be expressed by the following equation (4).
- R is a gas constant (8.3145 J K ⁇ 1 mol ⁇ 1 )
- Ta is an absolute temperature (K)
- n is the number of electrons
- F is a Faraday constant (9.6845 ⁇ 10 4 C mol ⁇ 1 )
- Ar represents the electrode surface area (m 2 )
- D represents the diffusion coefficient (m 2 / s)
- C * represents the ion concentration (mol / m 3 ).
- Lithium ion diffusivity is known to have a significant effect on battery performance, and is considered to be an important indicator for improving battery performance.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram (Cole-Cole plot) showing the impedance frequency characteristics of the equivalent circuit of FIG. 2 on a complex plane.
- the horizontal axis is the real axis, and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis.
- the semicircle on the high frequency side is derived from the negative electrode and the semicircle on the low frequency side is derived from the positive electrode.
- attention is focused on a semicircle on the low frequency side which is considered to be derived from the positive electrode.
- the parameters of each element constituting the equivalent circuit model were obtained by fitting, and the correlation between the obtained parameters and the cycle characteristics was investigated.
- the optimum value of the parameter of each element constituting the equivalent circuit model is determined so that the measurement data of the frequency characteristic of the internal impedance of the battery matches the frequency characteristic of the impedance calculated by the equivalent circuit model.
- the simulator commercially available general AC impedance measurement / analysis software can be used.
- an electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt was dissolved in a carbonate solvent and an electrolytic solution in which an additive was further added were prepared. Using these electrolytic solutions, cells having the same configuration except that the electrolytic solutions were different were produced.
- AC impedance measurement was performed before and after aging.
- Aging can be performed by storing a charged cell at a predetermined temperature for a certain period.
- the aging temperature may be set to room temperature or higher, but preferably 30 ° C. or higher and 60 ° C. or lower for the lithium ion secondary battery according to the embodiment of the present invention, and the aging time is 24 hours or longer and 720 hours (30 days) or shorter. Is preferred. This can be done for the purpose of selecting cells with poor self-discharge from the voltage drop after aging, or stabilizing the SEI film of the negative electrode by storing for a certain period of time to improve cell characteristics.
- aging was performed by storing at 45 ° C. for 14 days in a fully charged state (4.15 V).
- FIG. 4 shows the correlation between the electric double layer capacity per charge capacity (C dl ) and the cycle capacity retention rate (FIG. 4 (a) is before aging and FIG. 4 (b) is after aging). .
- S is a surface area
- ⁇ is a distance between ions.
- the surface area S is represented by the product of the specific surface area S 0 (m 2 / g) of the material and the active material weight W (g)
- W the active material weight W
- W Cs / C 0 from the specific capacity C 0 (Ah / g) and the cell capacity Cs (Ah) of the active material
- C dl ⁇ S 0 Cs / C 0 ⁇ .
- the cycle retention rate is higher as the reaction surface area of the positive electrode is smaller. This is presumably because a good film was formed on the active surface of the positive electrode active material or on the new surface due to cracking of the positive electrode active material that occurred during charging.
- the cycle retention ratio increases as the reaction surface area of the positive electrode increases. This is thought to be due to the fact that the lithium ion reaction region is large because decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the positive electrode under high SOC is suppressed.
- the electric double layer capacity per charge capacity (C dl ) is preferably 1.5 (F / Ah) or more, More preferably, it is 1.6 (F / Ah) or more.
- FIG. 5 shows the correlation between the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity and the cycle capacity retention ratio (cycle retention ratio (%) on the vertical axis) (FIG. 5 (a) shows the relationship between FIG. b) after aging).
- the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity is defined by the product of the Warburg coefficient ⁇ and the charge capacity.
- the Warburg coefficient ⁇ is inversely proportional to the electrode surface area Ar. Since the electrode surface area is proportional to the weight of the active material, it is proportional to the cell capacity Cs and becomes ⁇ 1 / Ar ⁇ 1 / Cs, and is inversely proportional to the cell capacity. Therefore, the product ⁇ Cs of ⁇ and cell capacity is a parameter independent of the cell capacity.
- FIG. 5 shows that the smaller the Warburg coefficient, that is, the higher the lithium ion diffusibility, the higher the cycle maintenance ratio. This is presumably because the insertion and removal of lithium ions is smooth.
- the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity is preferably 0.005 or less, and more preferably 0.0045 or less.
- 1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl ) consisting of the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity and the electric double layer capacity (C dl ) does not depend on the presence or absence of aging but also depends on the cell capacity. (It is obvious from the above discussion that it does not depend on the cell capacity), and it was found to be highly correlated with the cycle characteristics. This is because ⁇ is considered to represent lithium ion diffusivity (difficult to diffuse), and C dl represents the reaction surface area. Therefore, 1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl ) is Li ion per reaction surface area of the positive electrode. It is considered that the diffusibility of lithium (the ease of diffusion of lithium ions at the positive electrode interface) is shown. As shown in FIG. 6, when such parameters satisfy a specific condition, a battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- FIG. 6 is a plot of 1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl ) on the horizontal axis and cycle capacity maintenance ratio on the vertical axis. It can be seen that there is a threshold around 1 / ( ⁇ 0 Cdl) of 125.
- a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure As the positive electrode active material, a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure can be used.
- This lithium nickel-containing composite oxide preferably has a nickel content ratio (atomic ratio) in the metal occupying nickel sites of 60% or more.
- lithium nickel-containing composite oxide in which a part of nickel at the nickel site is replaced with another metal.
- the metal other than Ni occupying the nickel site for example, at least one metal selected from Mn, Co, Al, Mg, Fe, Cr, Ti, and In is preferable.
- This lithium nickel-containing composite oxide preferably contains Co as a metal other than Ni occupying nickel sites.
- the lithium nickel-containing composite oxide preferably contains Mn or Al in addition to Co, that is, lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide (NCM) having a layered crystal structure, lithium nickel having a layered crystal structure Cobalt aluminum composite oxide (NCA) or a mixture thereof can be suitably used.
- NCM lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide
- NCA Cobalt aluminum composite oxide
- lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure those represented by the following formula can be suitably used.
- Me1 is Mn or Al
- Me2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Al, Mg, Fe, Cr, Ti, In (excluding the same type of metal as Me1), ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.1, 0.1 ⁇ b ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.5)
- 0.6 ⁇ b ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.4 is preferable, 0.6 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.4 is more preferable.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is, for example, preferably from 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably from 1 to 30 ⁇ m, and even more preferably from 2 to 25 ⁇ m, from the viewpoints of reactivity with the electrolytic solution and rate characteristics.
- the average particle diameter means a particle diameter (median diameter: D 50 ) at an integrated value of 50% in a particle size distribution (volume basis) by a laser diffraction scattering method.
- the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer on the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode is disposed so that the active material layer faces the negative electrode active material layer on the negative electrode current collector through the separator.
- the positive electrode active material layer can be formed as follows. First, it is formed by preparing a slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a binder and a solvent (and if necessary, a conductive aid), applying the slurry onto a positive electrode current collector, drying, and pressing as necessary. it can. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) can be used as a slurry solvent used in preparing the positive electrode.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- binder those usually used as a binder for positive electrodes such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) can be used.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the positive electrode active material layer can contain a conductive additive and a binder in addition to the positive electrode active material and the binder.
- a conductive support agent The conductive material normally used as a conductive support agent for positive electrodes, such as carbonaceous materials, such as carbon black, acetylene black, natural graphite, artificial graphite, and carbon fiber, can be used.
- a binder what is normally used as a binder for positive electrodes, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), can be used.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a higher proportion of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferable because the capacity per mass increases.
- a conductive auxiliary agent from the viewpoint of electrode strength.
- a binder it is preferable to add a binder. If the proportion of the conductive auxiliary agent is too small, it becomes difficult to maintain sufficient conductivity, and the resistance of the electrode is likely to increase. When the ratio of the binder is too small, it becomes difficult to maintain the adhesive force with the current collector, active material, and conductive additive, and electrode peeling may occur.
- the content of the conductive additive in the active material layer is preferably 1 to 10% by mass
- the content of the binder in the active material layer is preferably 1 to 10% by mass.
- the positive electrode active material layer may contain other lithium-containing compounds such as lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide.
- the lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a layered crystal structure may contain a residual Li component such as Li 2 CO 3 or LiOH. These residual Li components exhibit alkalinity and cause decomposition of the electrolytic solution, which may cause cycle deterioration and gas generation. Therefore, it is preferable to use a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide in which the content of the residual Li component is suppressed to such an extent that such deterioration and gas generation do not occur.
- the additive of the electrolytic solution suppresses the reductive decomposition of the electrolytic solution at the negative electrode by reacting on the negative electrode to form the SEI film.
- the residual Li in the positive electrode There is a possibility that the decomposition of the electrolyte solution by the residual Li component is suppressed by a specific reaction between the component and the additive.
- the positive electrode current collector aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, titanium, or an alloy thereof can be used.
- the shape include foil, flat plate, and mesh.
- an aluminum foil can be suitably used.
- the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer (not including the current collector) is preferably 10 to 30%, more preferably 20 to 25%.
- the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer is set to the above value, the discharge capacity during use at a high discharge rate is improved, which is preferable.
- the porosity means the ratio of the remaining volume, which is obtained by subtracting the volume occupied by particles such as the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent, from the apparent volume of the active material layer as a whole. Therefore, it can be obtained by calculation from the thickness of the active material layer, the weight per unit area, and the true density of particles such as the active material and the conductive aid.
- Porosity (apparent volume of active material layer-volume of particles) / (apparent volume of active material layer)
- the “particle volume” in the above formula (the volume occupied by the particles contained in the active material layer) can be calculated by the following formula.
- Particle volume (Weight per unit area of active material layer ⁇ area of active material layer ⁇ content of particles) ⁇ true density of particles
- the “area of the active material layer” refers to the area of the plane opposite to the current collector side (separator side).
- a carbonaceous material can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the carbonaceous material include graphite, amorphous carbon (for example, graphitizable carbon and non-graphitizable carbon), diamond-like carbon, fullerene, carbon nanotube, and carbon nanohorn.
- graphite natural graphite and artificial graphite can be used, and cheap natural graphite is preferable from the viewpoint of material cost.
- the amorphous carbon include those obtained by heat treatment of coal pitch coke, petroleum pitch coke, acetylene pitch coke, and the like.
- the average particle size of the negative electrode active material is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of input / output characteristics, from the viewpoint of suppressing side reactions during charge / discharge and suppressing reduction in charge / discharge efficiency. And from the viewpoint of electrode production (smoothness of electrode surface, etc.), it is preferably 80 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter means a particle diameter (median diameter: D 50 ) at an integrated value of 50% in a particle size distribution (volume basis) by a laser diffraction scattering method.
- the negative electrode is prepared by mixing a negative electrode active material (carbonaceous material), a binder (binder), a solvent, and, if necessary, a conductive additive, preparing a slurry containing these, and placing this slurry on the negative electrode current collector
- the negative electrode (the current collector and the negative electrode active material layer thereon) can be obtained by applying to the substrate, drying, and pressing as necessary to form a negative electrode active material layer.
- Examples of the method for applying the negative electrode slurry include a doctor blade method, a die coater method, and a dip coating method. You may add additives, such as an antifoamer and surfactant, to a slurry as needed.
- the content of the binder in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 30% by mass as the content with respect to the negative electrode active material, from the viewpoints of binding force and energy density that are in a trade-off relationship.
- the range of 0.5 to 25% by mass is more preferable, and the range of 1 to 20% by mass is more preferable.
- the content is preferably 1 to 15% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 10% by mass.
- an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or water
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- a binder for an organic solvent such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a rubber binder for example, SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber)
- acrylic binder can be used.
- aqueous binder can be used in the form of an emulsion.
- acrylic binder examples include polymers (homopolymers or copolymers) containing units of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, esters or salts thereof (hereinafter referred to as “acrylic units”).
- copolymer examples include a copolymer containing an acrylic unit and a styrene unit, and a copolymer containing an acrylic unit and a silicone unit.
- acrylic binder one prepared in the state of an aqueous emulsion can be used.
- the thickener examples include water-soluble polymer thickeners such as cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol or modified products thereof, starch or modified products thereof, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid or salts thereof, and polyethylene glycol.
- a cellulose derivative is preferable and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is more preferable.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- a sodium salt or an ammonium salt thereof can be used.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer thickener in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.2 to 10% by mass, more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 5% by mass with respect to the negative electrode active material. A range of 0.5 to 2% by mass is more preferable.
- the content of the thickener is preferably 10% by mass or less from the viewpoint of the electric resistance of the negative electrode active material layer, and 0.2% by mass from the viewpoint of increasing the dispersibility and adhesion of the active material particles to obtain a sufficient binding force. % Or more is preferable.
- the negative electrode active material layer may contain a conductive auxiliary as necessary.
- a conductive material generally used as a negative electrode conductive auxiliary agent such as carbonaceous material such as carbon black, ketjen black, and acetylene black can be used.
- the content of the conductive additive in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 3.0% by mass as a content rate with respect to the negative electrode active material.
- the content of the conductive additive relative to the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more from the viewpoint of forming a sufficient conductive path, resulting from excessive addition of the conductive additive. 3.0 mass% or less is preferable and 1.0 mass% or less is more preferable from the point which suppresses the gas generation by electrolytic solution decomposition
- the negative electrode current collector copper, stainless steel, nickel, titanium, or an alloy thereof can be used.
- the shape include foil, flat plate, and mesh.
- Electrode As the electrolytic solution, a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in one or two or more nonaqueous solvents can be used.
- Non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC); dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), chain carbonates such as dipropyl carbonate (DPC); aliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and ethyl propionate; ⁇ -lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone; 1,2-ethoxy Examples include chain ethers such as ethane (DEE) and ethoxymethoxyethane (EME); and cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- BC butylene carbonate
- VVC vinylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl
- lithium salt dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent is not particularly limited, for example LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiSbF 6, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and lithium bisoxalatoborate are included. These lithium salts can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types. Moreover, a polymer component may be included as a non-aqueous electrolyte. The concentration of the lithium salt can be set in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 mol / L, preferably 0.9 to 1.1 mol / L.
- the electrolytic solution preferably contains a compound that is usually used as an additive for non-aqueous electrolytic solutions.
- a compound that is usually used as an additive for non-aqueous electrolytic solutions for example, carbonate compounds such as vinylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate; acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride; boron additives such as boronic esters; sulfite compounds such as ethylene sulfite; 1,3-propane sultone 1,2-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1,2-butane sultone, 1,3-butane sultone, 2,4-butane sultone, 1,3-pentane sultone, and other cyclic monosulfonic acid esters; methylenemethane disulfonic acid Examples thereof include cyclic disulfonate compounds such as esters (1,5,2,4-dioxadithian-2,2,4,4-tetraoxide) and
- additives may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound is preferable and a cyclic disulfonic acid compound is preferable from the viewpoint that a film can be more effectively formed on the positive electrode surface and battery characteristics can be improved.
- the content of an additive such as a cyclic sulfonic acid ester in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass from the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient addition effect while suppressing an increase in the viscosity and resistance of the electrolytic solution. More preferably, the content is 0.1 to 5% by mass.
- the electrolytic solution contains sufficient cyclic sulfonic acid ester, a coating can be more effectively formed on the surface of the positive electrode, and battery characteristics can be improved.
- cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound a cyclic disulfonic acid compound represented by the following formula (A) is preferable.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an atom or substituent selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, and an amino group
- R 3 represents 1 to 5 an alkylene group, a carbonyl group, a sulfinyl group, a sulfonyl group, a fluoroalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkylene group or a divalent group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms bonded to the fluoroalkylene group via an ether bond
- R 1 or R 2 may be substituted with an atom other than a hydrogen atom or a substituent. That is, at least one of R 1 and R 2 in formula (A) may be an atom or substituent selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, and an amino group. Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, and a bromine atom.
- both R 1 and R 2 may be a hydrogen atom, one may be a hydrogen atom, and the other may be an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or R 1 And R 2 may each independently be an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, but it is more preferable that at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a hydrogen atom.
- Examples of the alkyl group represented by R 1 and R 2 in the formula (A) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, and a pentyl group, which may be linear or branched.
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a propyl group are preferable.
- R 3 in the formula (A) is preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a fluoroalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a fluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. More preferably, an alkylene group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms and a fluoroalkylene group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms are more preferable. These alkylene groups and fluoroalkylene groups may be linear or branched.
- a methylene group, an ethylene group, a monofluoromethylene group, a difluoromethylene group, a monofluoroethylene group, a difluoroethylene group, a trifluoroethylene group, and a tetrafluoroethylene group are preferable.
- a methylene group and an ethylene group are more preferable, and a methylene group is most preferable.
- Preferred compounds represented by the formula (A) include compounds in which R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen atoms, R 3 is a methylene group or an ethylene group (preferably a methylene group), and one of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen. Examples thereof include compounds in which the atom, the other is an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms (preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms), and R 3 is a methylene group or an ethylene group (preferably a methylene group).
- the compounds represented by the formula (A) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a porous resin film, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric, or the like can be used as the separator.
- the resin constituting the porous film include polyolefin resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, polyester resins, acrylic resins, styrene resins, and nylon resins.
- a polyolefin-based microporous membrane is preferable because of its excellent ion permeability and performance of physically separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator may be formed with a layer containing inorganic particles.
- the inorganic particles include insulating oxides, nitrides, sulfides, carbides, etc. Among them, TiO. 2 or Al 2 O 3 is preferably included.
- a case made of a flexible film, a can case, or the like can be used for the exterior container, and a flexible film is preferably used from the viewpoint of reducing the weight of the battery.
- a film in which a resin layer is provided on the front and back surfaces of a metal layer serving as a base material can be used.
- a metal layer having a barrier property such as prevention of leakage of the electrolytic solution or entry of moisture from the outside can be selected, and aluminum, stainless steel, or the like can be used.
- a heat-fusible resin layer such as a modified polyolefin is provided.
- An exterior container is formed by making the heat-fusible resin layers of the flexible film face each other and heat-sealing the periphery of the portion that houses the electrode laminate.
- a resin layer such as a nylon film or a polyester film can be provided on the surface of the exterior body that is the surface opposite to the surface on which the heat-fusible resin layer is formed.
- An electrolytic solution (a plurality of types of electrolytic solutions having different types and concentrations of additives) was prepared.
- MMDS methane dimethylene disulfonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- Electrolytic solution 1 no additive added
- Electrolytic solution 2 Sulfur-based additive (MMDS), additive concentration 0.4% by mass
- Electrolytic solution 3 Sulfur-based additive (MMDS), additive concentration 0.8% by mass
- Electrolytic solution 4 Sulfur-based additive (MMDS), additive concentration 1.2% by mass
- Electrolytic solution 5 sulfur-based additive (MMDS), additive concentration 1.6% by mass
- Electrolytic solution 6 carbonate-based additive (VC), additive concentration 0.5% by mass
- Electrolytic solution 7 carbonate-based additive (VC), additive concentration 1.0% by mass
- Electrolytic solution 8 carbonate-based additive (VC), additive concentration 1.5% by mass
- Electrolyte 9 fluorinated carbonate additive (FEC), additive concentration 0.5% by mass
- Electrolytic solution 10 fluorinated carbonate-based additive (FEC), additive concentration 1.0% by mass.
- NCM811 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as a solvent
- the electrode area (active material application part) is 12 cm ⁇ 6 cm.
- the negative electrode was superimposed on both sides of the positive electrode so that the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer were opposed to each other through a separator made of a porous film, to obtain a laminate of five positive electrodes and six negative electrodes.
- the laminate was wrapped with an aluminum laminate film, and an electrolyte was injected and sealed.
- the cell capacity (charge capacity) was 3 Ah.
- AC impedance measurement and analysis AC impedance measurement was performed before and after aging of the produced battery.
- the AC impedance measurement was performed using a Solartron 1280Z type electrochemical measurement system.
- equivalent circuit analysis software manufactured by Solartron, trade name: ZView Version: 2.9b
- the measurement conditions were an ambient temperature of 25 ° C., a voltage amplitude of 10 mV, and a frequency range of 10 kHz to 50 mHz. However, the lowest frequency was set so that the Warburg impedance corresponding to a straight line portion having an inclination of about 45 ° could be seen in the Cole-Cole plot in which the measured impedance was displayed on the complex plane.
- the equivalent circuit the circuit shown in FIG. 2 was used.
- the capacity maintenance ratio is a ratio (%) of the discharge capacity after the cycle to the recovery discharge capacity after the aging (discharge capacity before the cycle).
- the charge / discharge cycle test was performed under the following charge / discharge conditions.
- Charge 1C CCV charge, upper limit voltage 4.15V (charge end voltage), charge time 2.5 hours, discharge: 1C CC discharge, lower limit voltage 2.5V (discharge end voltage), Environmental temperature during charge / discharge cycle: 25 ° C., number of charge / discharge cycles: 25 cycles.
- FIG. 4 showing the correlation between the electric double layer capacity per charge capacity and the cycle capacity maintenance rate (FIG. 4 (a) is before aging, FIG. 4 (b) is after aging), FIG. 5 showing the correlation between the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity and the cycle capacity maintenance rate (FIG. 5 (a) is before aging, FIG. 5 (b) is after aging), FIG. 6 showing the relationship between the cycle capacity maintenance ratio and the parameter (1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl )) including the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity and the electric double layer capacity (C dl ) was obtained.
- the electric double layer capacity per charge capacity (C dl ) is preferably 1.5 (F / Ah) or more, It turns out that it is more preferable that it is 1.6 (F / Ah) or more.
- the Warburg coefficient ( ⁇ 0 ) per charge capacity is preferably 0.005 or less, and more preferably 0.0045 or less. I understand that.
- the expression (1) is satisfied, that is, 1 / ( ⁇ 0 C dl ) is preferably 125 or more, more preferably 135 or more, and 145 or more. Is more preferable.
- the manufacturing method including the step of obtaining the Warburg coefficient (sigma 0) after the aging step, by using the Warburg coefficient (sigma 0), a predetermined threshold value previously determined
- the quality of the product can be determined by a method such as whether or not it exceeds the battery, and it is possible to remove a battery that may deteriorate the cycle characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、正極に層状岩塩構造のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を含み、非水電解液へアルキル基を有し電池動作電圧内で電気化学的に重合可能なモノマー(3-ヘキシルチオフェン等の炭素数1~10のアルキル基を有するチオフェン誘導体又はピロール誘導体)が添加され、交流インピーダンス法による電気二重層が電池放電容量あたり3F/Ah(正極面積あたり4mF/cm2)以上となることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池が記載されている。そして、この二次電池は、低温環境下での短時間における入出力特性が改善されることが記載されている。
層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が0.005以下である、リチウムイオン二次電池が提供される。
層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた電気二重層容量(Cdl)及び充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が下記式(1):
1/(σ0Cdl) ≧ 125 (1)
を満たす、リチウムイオン二次電池が提供される。
層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が0.005以下であるときに良品と判定し、選別する、リチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法が提供される。
層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた電気二重層容量(Cdl)及び充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が下記式(1):
1/(σ0Cdl) ≧ 125 (1)
を満たすときに良品と判定し、選別する、リチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法が提供される。
層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法であって、
充電したリチウムイオン二次電池を30℃以上60℃以下で24時間以上720時間以下保持する工程(A)と、
工程(A)を経た後の前記リチウムイオン二次電池のワールブルグ係数を交流インピーダンス法で求める工程と、
前記ワールブルグ係数を利用して良否を判定し、良品を選別する工程を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法が提供される。
交流インピーダンス法で求めた充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が0.005以下であること。
交流インピーダンス法で求めた電気二重層容量(Cdl)及び充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が下記式(1):
1/(σ0Cdl) ≧ 125 (1)
を満たすこと。
正極活物質としては、層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を用いることができる。
(式中、Me1はMn又はAlであり、Me2は、Mn、Al、Mg、Fe、Cr、Ti、Inからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であり(Me1と同種の金属を除く)、-0.5≦a<0.1、0.1≦b<1、0<c<0.5、0<d<0.5)
(活物質層の単位面積当たりの重量×活物質層の面積×その粒子の含有率)÷粒子の真密度
負極活物質としては、炭素質材料を用いることができる。炭素質材料としては、黒鉛、非晶質炭素(例えば易黒鉛化炭素、難黒鉛化炭素)、ダイヤモンド状炭素、フラーレン、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノホーンなどが挙げられる。黒鉛としては、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛を用いることができ、材料コストの観点から安価な天然黒鉛が好ましい。非晶質炭素としては、例えば、石炭ピッチコークス、石油ピッチコークス、アセチレンピッチコークス等を熱処理して得られるものが挙げられる。
電解液としては、1種又は2種以上の非水溶媒に、リチウム塩を溶解させた非水系電解液を用いることができる。
電解液には、非水電解液用添加剤として通常使用されている化合物を含むことが好ましい。例えば、ビニレンカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート等のカーボネート系化合物;マレイン酸無水物等の酸無水物;ボロン酸エステル等のホウ素系添加剤;エチレンサルファイト等のサルファイト系化合物;1,3-プロパンスルトン、1,2-プロパンスルトン、1,4-ブタンスルトン、1,2-ブタンスルトン、1,3-ブタンスルトン、2,4-ブタンスルトン、1,3-ペンタンスルトン等の環状モノスルホン酸エステル;メチレンメタンジスルホン酸エステル(1,5,2,4-ジオキサジチアン-2,2,4,4-テトラオキシド)、エチレンメタンジスルホン酸エステル等の環状ジスルホン酸エステル化合物が挙げられる。これらの添加剤は、1種を単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。特に、正極表面に被膜をより効果的に形成でき、電池特性を向上できる点から、環状スルホン酸エステル化合物が好ましく、環状ジスルホン酸化合物が好ましい。
セパレータとしては、樹脂製の多孔質膜、織布、不織布等を用いることができる。多孔質膜を構成する樹脂としては、例えばポリプロピレンやポリエチレン等のポリオレフィン樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、アクリル樹脂、スチレン樹脂、またはナイロン樹脂等が挙げられる。特にポリオレフィン系の微多孔膜は、イオン透過性と、正極と負極とを物理的に隔離する性能に優れているため好ましい。また、必要に応じて、セパレータには無機物粒子を含む層を形成してもよく、無機物粒子としては、絶縁性の酸化物、窒化物、硫化物、炭化物などを挙げることができ、なかでもTiO2やAl2O3を含むことが好ましい。
外装容器には可撓性フィルムからなるケースや、缶ケース等を用いることができ、電池の軽量化の観点からは可撓性フィルムを用いることが好ましい。
電解液の溶媒としてECとDECの混合液(EC/DEC=3/7(体積比))を用い、この混合溶媒にリチウム塩としてLiPF6を1mol/L溶解させた電解液と、さらに添加剤を加えた電解液(添加剤の種類と濃度が異なる複数種の電解液)を作製した。
電解液1:添加剤は無添加、
電解液2:硫黄系添加剤(MMDS)、添加剤濃度0.4質量%、
電解液3:硫黄系添加剤(MMDS)、添加剤濃度0.8質量%、
電解液4:硫黄系添加剤(MMDS)、添加剤濃度1.2質量%、
電解液5:硫黄系添加剤(MMDS)、添加剤濃度1.6質量%、
電解液6:カーボネート系添加剤(VC)、添加剤濃度0.5質量%、
電解液7:カーボネート系添加剤(VC)、添加剤濃度1.0質量%、
電解液8:カーボネート系添加剤(VC)、添加剤濃度1.5質量%
電解液9:フッ素化カーボネート系添加剤(FEC)、添加剤濃度0.5質量%
電解液10:フッ素化カーボネート系添加剤(FEC)、添加剤濃度1.0質量%。
(負極)
負極活物質として黒鉛(表面コート天然黒鉛)を用い、水を溶媒として用い、黒鉛とSBRとCMCを含む水系スラリーを調製した(組成は質量比で黒鉛:SBR:CMC=97:2:1)。このスラリーを銅箔に塗布し、乾燥させた。その後、この塗布物をロールプレス機にて圧縮し、塗布膜(負極活物質層)の密度が1.4g/cm3、目付量(両面):24mg/cm2の負極シートを作製し、このシートを所定のサイズに加工して負極を得た。電極面積(活物質塗布部)は12cm×6cm。
正極活物質としてNCM811(LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2)を用い、N-メチル-2‐ピロリドンを溶媒として用い、NCM811とカーボン(導電助剤)とPVDFを含むスラリーを調製した(組成は質量比でNCM811/カーボン/PVDF=92/5/3)。このスラリーをアルミニウム箔に塗布し、乾燥させた。その後、この塗布物をロールプレス機にて圧縮し、塗布膜(正極活物質層)の密度が3.3g/cm3、目付量(両面):40mg/cm2の正極シートを作製し、このシートを所定のサイズに加工して正極を得た。電極面積(活物質塗布部)は12cm×6cm。
多孔性フィルムからなるセパレータを介して正極活物質層と負極活物質層が対向するように、正極の両側に負極を重ね合わせ、正極5枚と負極6枚の積層体を得た。正極用の引き出し電極、負極用の引き出し電極を設けた後、この積層体をアルミニウムラミネートフィルムで包み、電解液を注入し、封止した。セル容量(充電容量)は3Ahであった。
作製した電池のエージング前とエージング後に交流インピーダンス測定を行った。
交流インピーダンス測定は、ソーラトロン社製1280Z型電気化学測定システムを用いて行った。また、フィッティングは、等価回路解析ソフトウェア(ソーラトロン社製、商品名:ZView Version:2.9b)を用いた。測定条件は、25℃の環境温度下で、電圧振幅10mV、周波数範囲は10kHz~50mHzの電圧をかけて測定した。ただし、最低周波数は、測定されたインピーダンスを複素平面上に表示したCole-Coleプロットにおいて、約45°の傾きを有する直線部分に相当するワールブルグインピーダンスが見えるように設定した。等価回路は、前述の図2に示す回路を用いた。
容量維持率は、エージング後の回復放電容量(サイクル前の放電容量)に対するサイクル後の放電容量の比率(%)である。
充電:1CのCCV充電、上限電圧4.15V(充電終止電圧)、充電時間2.5時間、放電:1CのCC放電、下限電圧2.5V(放電終止電圧)、
充放電サイクル時の環境温度:25℃、充放電サイクル数:25サイクル。
満充電状態(4.15V)で45℃14日間保存することでエージングを行った。
交流インピーダンス解析と充放電サイクル試験の結果として、
充電容量当たりの電気二重層容量とサイクル容量維持率との相関性を示す図4(図4(a)はエージング前の場合、図4(b)はエージング後の場合)、
充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)とサイクル容量維持率との相関性を示す図5(図5(a)はエージング前の場合、図5(b)はエージング後の場合)、
充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)と電気二重層容量(Cdl)からなるパラメータ(1/(σ0Cdl))とサイクル容量維持率の関係を示す図6が得られた。
2 負極活物質層
3 正極集電体
4 負極集電体
5 セパレータ
6 ラミネート外装体
7 ラミネート外装体
8 負極タブ
9 正極タブ
Claims (12)
- 層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が0.005以下である、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた電気二重層容量(Cdl)及び充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が下記式(1):
1/(σ0Cdl) ≧ 125 (1)
を満たす、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が、0.005以下である、請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 充電容量当たりの電気二重層容量が、1.5(F/Ah)以上である、請求項2又は3に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記電解液は、環状スルホン酸エステル化合物を含む、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記リチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物は、ニッケルサイトを占める金属中のニッケルの含有率(原子数比)が60%以上である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記リチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物は、ニッケルサイトを占めるニッケル以外の金属として、コバルト及びマンガン、又はコバルト及びアルミニウムを含む、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記電解液は、カーボネート系溶媒を含む、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が0.005以下であるときに良品と判定し、選別する、リチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法。 - 層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法であって、
交流インピーダンス法で求めた電気二重層容量(Cdl)及び充電容量当たりのワールブルグ係数(σ0)が下記式(1):
1/(σ0Cdl) ≧ 125 (1)
を満たすときに良品と判定し、選別する、リチウムイオン二次電池の評価方法。 - 層状結晶構造を有するリチウムニッケル含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含む正極と、黒鉛質材料を負極活物質として含む負極と、電解液を含むリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法であって、
充電したリチウムイオン二次電池を30℃以上60℃以下で24時間以上720時間以下保持する工程(A)と、
工程(A)を経た後の前記リチウムイオン二次電池のワールブルグ係数を交流インピーダンス法で求める工程と、
前記ワールブルグ係数を利用して良否を判定し、良品を選別する工程を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
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