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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C315/00—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides
  • C07C315/04—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides by reactions not involving the formation of sulfone or sulfoxide groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C315/00—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/04—Alumina
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/18—Arsenic, antimony or bismuth
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
  • B01J23/745—Iron
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
  • B01J31/0255—Phosphorus containing compounds
  • B01J31/0257—Phosphorus acids or phosphorus acid esters
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
  • C07C303/02—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof
  • C07C303/04—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof by substitution of hydrogen atoms by sulfo or halosulfonyl groups
  • C07C303/06—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof by substitution of hydrogen atoms by sulfo or halosulfonyl groups by reaction with sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C315/00—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides
  • C07C315/06—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
  • C07C317/14—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings

Definitions

• the invention described herein pertains to a process for making diaryl sulfones, such as 4,4'-dihalodiphenyl sulfones.
• diaryl sulfones such as 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone (DCDPS) are known. Such processes may utilize various paths to make diaryl sulfones starting various aryl starting materials, such as from chlorobenzene.
• DCDPS 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone
• DCDPS is produced from sulfur trioxide and monochlorobenzene in a two-step process.
• the first step is the reaction of monochlorobenzene with sulfur trioxide to form chlorobenzene sulfonic acid (CBSA).
• CBSA chlorobenzene sulfonic acid
• the second step is the reaction of chlorobenzene sulfonic acid with monochlorobenzene.
• the reaction in reported to result in an average conversion to DCDPS of 20.8% based on CBSA and sulfuric acid feed (Table I). Additional steps are taken to recover unreacted CBSA for repeating the second step to form additional DCDPS.
• DCDPS is formed from chlorobenzene and sulfonic acid with added boric acid in a one- step process. Purification is performed by selective washing with a solvent, by fractional crystallization or by centrifuging. The reported yield is 84%
• DCDPS is formed from chlorobenzene, sulfuric acid, and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) as a dehydrating reagent.
• TFAA trifluoroacetic anhydride
• the overall reaction does not result in water as a product because TFAA is converted to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• diaryl sulfones such as 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone.
• a process for efficiently producing diaryl sulfones such as DCDPS, in high yield and high selectivity with minimal byproduct formation.
• the disclosure provides a process for preparing a sulfone of the formula
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl- (C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - C10 aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC6-C10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C10 aryl; the process comprising
• a coupling step comprising contacting a sulfonic acid of the formula
• the disclosure provides a process for preparing a sulfone of the formula
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl- (C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - C 10 aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl; the process comprising
• the disclosure provides a process for preparing a sulfone of the formula
• X and X are independently halogens
• the process comprising a coupling step comprising contacting a sulfonic acid with an aryl halide in the presence of a catalyst, wherein resulting water is removed during the coupling step.
• the disclosure provides a process for preparing a sulfone of the formula wherein X 1 and X 2 are independently halogens, the process comprising a first step comprising contacting an aryl halide reactant with sulfur trioxide to provide a first product mixture comprising a sulfonic acid, and a coupling step comprising contacting the sulfonic acid with an aryl halide in the presence of a catalyst, wherein resulting water is removed during the coupling step.
• a coupling step comprising contacting a sulfonic acid of the formula wherein X 1 is a halogen, with an aryl halide of the formula v— 'J" wherein X 2 is a halogen, in the presence of a catalyst, wherein resulting water is removed during the coupling step.
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-
• Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - C 10 aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl; the process comprising
• a coupling step comprising contacting a sulfonic acid of the formula
• concentration of the catalyst relative to all components of the coupling step, when the coupling step is initiated is about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.7 wt% to about 1.1 wt%, or about 0.9 wt%.
• the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a boron catalyst, an iron catalyst, a zinc catalyst, a tin catalyst, a titanium catalyst, a zirconium catalyst, a bismuth catalyst, an antimony catalyst, a silica catalyst, a metal sulfate catalyst, a metal oxide catalyst, a sulfonic acid catalyst, an iodine catalyst, or a combination thereof.
• the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, zirconium oxide, bismuth oxide, boric anhydride, boric acid, ferric oxide, stannic oxide, titanium oxide, titanium sulfate, zinc oxide, iodine, lithium iodide, methane sulfonic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, silica and dimethylsulfate.
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl- (C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - C 10 aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, as determined by the 2,4' isomer relative to all sulfone products.
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl- (C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC6-C10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - C10 aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC6-C10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, as determined by the 2,4' isomer relative to all sulfone products,.
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl- (C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC6-C10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - C 10 aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, as determined by the 3,4' isomer relative to all sulfone products.
• any of the preceding ng a first step comprising contacting a reactant of the formula a H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 - C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, with sulfur trioxide
• FIG. 1 is a flow diagram showing one embodiment of a process for preparing dichlorodiphenyl sulfone from chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, include a coupling step and a purification step.
• a process in accordance with a first embodiment includes a process for preparing a sulfone of the formula 1 2
• X and X are each independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OC1-C6 alkyl or -OC6-C10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), - OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -Ci 0 aryl.
• alkyl includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched and contains from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkyl may be advantageously of limited length, including C 1 -C 12 , C 1 -C 10 , C 1 -C9, Ci-Cg, C 1 -C7, Ci-C 6 , and Ci-C 4 , Illustratively, such particularly limited length alkyl groups, including Q-Cg, C 1 -C7, Ci-C 6 , and Ci-C 4 , and the like may be referred to as "lower alkyl.” Illustrative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, neopent
• Alkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• alkyl may be combined with other groups, such as those provided above, to form a functionalized alkyl.
• the combination of an "alkyl” group, as described herein, with a “carboxy” group may be referred to as a “carboxyalkyl” group.
• Other non-limiting examples include hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and the like.
• aryl refers to an all-carbon monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic groups of 6 to 12 carbon atoms having a completely conjugated pi-electron system. It will be understood that in certain embodiments, aryl may be advantageously of limited size such as C 6 -Cio aryl. Illustrative aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl and anthracenyl. The aryl group may be unsubstituted, or substituted as described for alkyl or as described in the various embodiments provided herein. It will be understood that "aryl” may be combined with other groups, to form a functionalized aryl.
• hydroxy or ""hydroxyl” refers to an -OH group.
• alkoxy refers to an -O-(alkyl) group, such as an -OCi-C 6 alkyl.
• Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like.
• aryloxy refers to an -O-aryl group, such as an -OC 6 -C 10 aryl.
• mercapto refers to an -SH group.
• alkylthio refers to an -S-(alkyl) or an -S-(unsubstituted cycloalkyl) group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, cyclopropylthio, cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio, and the like.
• arylthio refers to an -S-aryl or an -S-heteroaryl group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, phenylthio, pyridinylthio, furanylthio, thienylthio, pyrimidinylthio, and the like.
• cyano refers to a -CN group.
• oxo represents a carbonyl oxygen.
• a cyclopentyl substituted with oxo is cyclopentanone.
• halogen refers to fluorine (F), chlorine (CI), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). Halogens in their anionic forms or when covalently bonded to another atom may be alternatively referred to as "halides.” Illustratively, a bond between carbon and a halogen is understood to be a covalent bond and may be alternatively referred to as a carbon-halogen or carbon-halide bond.
• bond refers to a covalent bond
• substituted means that the specified group or moiety bears one or more substituents.
• unsubstituted means that the specified group bears no substituents.
• substitution is meant to occur at any valency-allowed position on the system.
• substituted means that the specified group or moiety bears one, two, or three substituents.
• substituted means that the specified group or moiety bears one or two substituents.
• substituted means the specified group or moiety bears one substituent.
• each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl is independently optionally substituted by halogen
• a halogen may be but need not be present on the Ci-C 6 alkyl replacement of a hydrogen atom for each halogen group, and the description includes situations where a Ci-C 6 alkyl, for example, is substituted with a halogen, and situations where a Ci-C 6 alkyl, for example, is not substituted with a halogen.
• the process of the present disclosure additionally includes a first step comprising contacting a reactant of the formula ⁇ 1 ⁇ v— V wherein X 1 is H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -CrC 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OC1-C6 alkyl or -OC6-C10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in CrC 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -CrC 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCrC 6 alkyl or -OC 6 - Cio aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl
• the first step is generally described by the equation:
• the first step may be performed in a first reaction vessel and the product mixture produced by the first step may be transferred to a second reaction vessel after the first step for use in a coupling step.
• the product mixture of the first step may comprise a sulfonic acid, an aryl halide, and a sulfone.
• the sulfonic acid may be chlorobenzene sulfonic acid
• the aryl halide may be monocholorbenzene
• the sulfone may be dichlorodiphenyl sulfone.
• the first product mixture comprises about 53% of the sulfonic acid, about 6% of the aryl halide, and about 41% of the sulfone.
• the process of the present disclosure comprises a coupling step comprising contacting a sulfonic acid of the formula wherein X 1 is a halogen, with an aryl halide of the formula v— 'J" wherein X 2 is H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio
• the coupling step is generally described by the equation:
• a bond is formed between a carbon of the aryl halide and the sulfur of sulfur trioxide.
• the bond may form as a result of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which sulfur trioxide replaces an aryl hydrogen.
• the coupling step occurs in the presence of a catalyst, and resulting water is removed during the coupling step.
• resulting water describes water formed as a result of the coupling step.
• the coupling step may comprise adding the catalyst to the product mixture of the first step.
• the catalyst is boric acid.
• the first step and the coupling steps are separate steps of a batch process. In another aspect of the present disclosure, the first step and the coupling steps are separate steps of a continuous process. In other embodiments, the first step is a batch process, and the coupling step is a continuous process.
• X 1 and X 2 are CI.
• the sulfone is of the formula
• yield describes the actual amount of a product produced by a reaction relative to the theoretical maximum amount of the product predicted by a stoichiometric calculation.
• determining yield by the sulfone relative to the sulfonic acid may include determining the theoretical maximum amount of the sulfone based on the number of moles of the sulfonic acid in the initial reaction mixture. Calculating yield is well understood in the art.
• crude yield describes yield determined after reaction workup or quenching, prior to additional purification steps.
• purified yield describes yield determined after reaction workup or quenching and after one or more purification steps.
• the process produces sulfone products with enhanced yields.
• the crude yield of the coupling step is about 50% to about 100%, about 55% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 65% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 75% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 85% to about 100%, about 50% to about 95%, about 55% to about 95%, about 60% to about 95%, about 65% to about 95%, about 70% to about 95%, about 75% to about 95%, about 80% to about 95%, about 85% to about 95%, about 50% to about 90%, about 55% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 65% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 75% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, or about 85% to about 90%.
• the crude yield of the coupling step as determined by the sulfone relative to the sulfonic acid, may be about 60% to about 95%. Additionally, the crude yield of the coupling step, as determined by the sulfone relative to the sulfonic acid, may be about 82% to about
• the purified yield of the coupling step is about 40% to about 95%, about 45% to about 95%, about 50% to about 95%, about 55% to about 95%, about 60% to about 95%, about 65% to about 95%, about 70% to about 95%, about 75% to about 95%, about 80% to about 95%, 40% to about 90%, about 45% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 55% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 65% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 75% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, 40% to about 85%, about 45% to about 85%, about 50% to about 85%, about 55% to about 85%, about 60% to about 85%, about 65% to about 85%, about 70% to about 85%, about 75% to about 85%, or about 80% to about 85%.
• the purified yield of the coupling step may be about 50% to about 85%. Additionally, the purified yield of the coupling step, as determined by the sulfone relative to the sulfonic acid, may be about 70% to about 75%.
• the coupling step is initiated under anhydrous conditions.
• the coupling step is initiated with less than about 10 wt% water, less than about 5 wt% water, less than about 1 wt% water, or less than about 0.5 wt% water.
• the coupling step is initiated with less than about 10 wt% water.
• the resulting water in the coupling step is removed continuously during the coupling step.
• the resulting water may be removed by distillation.
• the concentration of water throughout the coupling step is less than about 10 wt% water, less than about 5 wt% water, less than about 1 wt% water, or less than about 0.5 wt% water.
• the concentration of water throughout the coupling step may be less than about 10 wt% water.
• the coupling step is performed without a dehydrating reagent.
• a "dehydrating reagent” is a reagent that prevents the production of water as a reaction product during the coupling step by reacting with other reactants involved in sulfone formation.
• An example of a dehydrating reagent is trifluoroacetic anhydride when used with cholorbenzene and sulfuric acid.
• the concentration of the catalyst relative to all components of the coupling step, when the coupling step is initiated is about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.7 wt% to about 1.1 wt%, or about 0.9 wt%.
• the concentration of the catalyst relative to all components of the coupling step, when the coupling step is initiated may be about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%.
• the concentration of the catalyst relative to all components of the coupling step, when the coupling step is initiated may be about 0.7 wt% to about 1.1 wt%.
• amount of the catalyst relative to the sulfonic acid, when the coupling step is initiated may be about 0.01 equivalent to about 1 equivalent, about 0.01 equivalent to about 0.5 equivalent, about 0.01 equivalent to about 0.1 equivalent, about 0.01 to about 0.075 equivalent, about 0.02 equivalent to about 1 equivalent, about 0.02 equivalent to about 0.5 equivalent, about 0.02 equivalent to about 0.1 equivalent, about 0.02 to about 0.075 equivalent, about 0.025 equivalent, or about 0.05 equivalent.
• the concentration of the catalyst relative to the sulfonic acid, when the coupling step is initiated may be about 0.01 equivalent to about 0.1 equivalent.
• the concentration of the catalyst relative to the sulfonic acid, when the coupling step is initiated may be about 0.025 equivalent to about 0.05 equivalent.
• the catalyst is a boron catalyst, an iron catalyst, a zinc catalyst, a tin catalyst, a titanium catalyst, a zirconium catalyst, a bismuth catalyst, an antimony catalyst, a silica catalyst, a metal sulfate catalyst, a metal oxide catalyst, a sulfonic acid catalyst, an iodine catalyst, or a combination thereof.
• the catalyst may be aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, zirconium oxide, bismuth oxide, boric anhydride, boric acid, ferric oxide, stannic oxide, titanium oxide, titanium sulfate, zinc oxide, iodine, lithium iodide, methane sulfonic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, silica, or dimethylsulfate.
• the catalyst may be aluminum oxide.
• the catalyst may be antimony oxide.
• the catalyst may be zirconium oxide.
• the catalyst may be bismuth oxide.
• the catalyst may be boric anhydride.
• the catalyst may be boric acid.
• the catalyst may be ferric oxide. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be stannic oxide. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be titanium oxide. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be titanium sulfate. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be zinc oxide. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be iodine. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be lithium iodide. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be methane sulfonic acid. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be trifluoromethane sulfonic acid. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be silica. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may be dimethylsulfate.
• the coupling step results in less than 20% of a 2,4' isomer of the formula
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl- (C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, as determined by the 2,4' isomer relative to all sulfone products.
• the coupling is independently optionally
• the coupling step results in less than 20% of a 3,4' isomer of the formula
• X and X are independently H, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl- (C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl, wherein each hydrogen atom in Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 - C 10 aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C 6 -Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC 6 -C 10 aryl is independently optionally substituted with a halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-(C6-Cio aryl), -OCi-C 6 alkyl or -OC6-C10 aryl, as determined by the 3,4' isomer relative to all sulfone products.
• the coupling step is independently optionally
• the coupling step results in less than 20% of a 2,4' isomer of the formula
• X 1 and X 2 are independently halogen, as determined by the 2,4' isomer relative to all sulfone products.
• the coupling step results in less than 10% of the
• X 1 and X 2 may be CI.
• the coupling step results in less than 20% of a 3,4' isomer of the formula
• X 1 and X 2 are independently halogen, as determined by the 3,4' isomer relative to all sulfone products.
• the coupling step results in less than 10% of the 3,4' isomer.
• X 1 and X 2 may be CI.
• the aryl halide or aryl compound is added to the sulfonic acid continuously during the coupling step.
• the aryl halide may be added to the sulfonic acid continuously for about 0.5 hour to about 20 hours, about 1 hour to about 20 hours, about 2 hours to about 20 hours, about 7 hours to about 20 hours, about 9 hours to about 20 hours, about 10 hours to about 20 hours, about 0.5 hour to about 15 hours, about 1 hour to about 15 hours, about 2 hours to about 15 hours, about 7 hours to about 15 hours, about 9 hours to about 15 hours, about 10 hours to about 15 hours, about 0.5 hour to about 13 hours, about 1 hour to about 13 hours, about 2 hours to about 13 hours, about 7 hours to about 13 hours, about 9 hours to about 13 hours, about 10 hours to about 13 hours, about 0.5 hour to about 12 hours, about 1 hour to about 12 hours, about 2 hours to about 12 hours, about 7 hours to about 12 hours, about 9 hours to about 12 hours, about 10 hours to about 12 hours, or about
• the aryl halide may be added to the sulfonic acid continuously for about 7 hours to about 13 hours. Additionally, the aryl halide may be added to the sulfonic acid continuously for about 9 hours to about 12 hours. Moreover, the aryl halide may be added to the sulfonic acid
• the aryl halide or aryl compound is added to the sulfonic acid continuously at the same time that water is removed continuously from the sulfonic acid. In certain embodiments, the aryl halide or aryl compound is added to the sulfonic acid
• the aryl halide or aryl compound may be added at a flow rate of about 0.1 mL/min to about 10 mL/min, about 0.5 mL/min to about 5 mL/min, about 0.5 mL/min to about 3 mL/min, or about 1.5mL/min. More specifically, the aryl halide may be added at a flow rate of about 1.5mL/min.
• the coupling step is performed at a coupling temperature of about
• the coupling step is performed at a coupling temperature of about 180 °C to about 240 °C.
• the coupling temperature may be increased during the coupling step.
• the process may include increasing the coupling temperature from about 180 °C to about 240 °C during the coupling step.
• the coupling temperature may be increased continuously for about 5 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, or about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes.
• the coupling temperature is increased continuously for about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes.
• the coupling temperature is increased continuously for about 15 minutes
• aryl halide or aryl compound may be added continuously at the same time that the coupling temperature is increased.
• the aryl halide or aryl compound may be the solvent of the coupling step.
• the coupling step is performed at a pressure of about 15 pounds per square inch (psi) to about 100 psi, about 30 psi to about 100 psi, about 40 psi to about 100 psi, about 15 psi to about 75 psi, about 30 psi to about 75 psi, about 40 psi to about 75 psi, about 15 psi to about 60 psi, about 30 psi to about 60 psi, about 40 psi to about 60 psi, about 15 psi to about 50 psi, about 30 psi to about 50 psi, about 40 psi to about 50 psi, or about 45 psi.
• the coupling step may be performed at a pressure of about 30 psi to about 60 psi.
• the process includes one or more purification methods.
• the aryl halide or aryl compound is removed from the sulfone after the coupling step.
• the aryl halide or aryl compound may be removed from the sulfone by distillation.
• the sulfone is cooled to a quenching temperature of about 50 °C to about 70 °C.
• the process may include cooling the sulfone to a quenching temperature of about 60 °C.
• the process includes extracting the sulfone after the coupling step.
• the sulfone may be extracted with an aromatic solvent after the coupling step.
• the sulfone is extracted with toluene after the coupling step.
• the extracting step may be performed after removing the aryl halide or aryl compound from the sulfone.
• the extracting step results in an amber colored solution comprising the sulfone.
• the process of the present disclosure may further comprise washing the sulfone with water.
• the washing step may be performed after extracting the sulfone.
• the washing step may result in the sulfone being substantial free of the sulfonic acid.
• the process may include crystallizing the sulfone.
• crystallizing step may be performed after washing and extracting the sulfone.
• the crystallizing step may result in the sulfone having a purity of greater than about 95%.
• the crystallizing step results in the sulfone having a purity of greater than about 99%.
• the crystallizing step may result in the sulfone having a purity of about 99.9%.
• the first step of the process of the present disclosure is performed under anhydrous conditions.
• the concentration of water in the first product mixture may be less than about 10 wt% water, less than about 5 wt% water, less than about 1 wt% water, or less than about 0.5 wt% water. In certain embodiments, the concentration of water in the first product mixture is less than about 10 wt% water.
• the first step may be performed at a sulfonation temperature of about 30 °C to about 100 °C, about 40 °C to about 100 °C, about 50 °C to about 100 °C, about 60 °C to about 100 °C, about 30 °C to about 90 °C, about 40 °C to about 90 °C, about 50 °C to about 90 °C, about 60 °C to about 90 °C, about 30 °C to about 80 °C, about 40 °C to about 80 °C, about 50 °C to about 80 °C, about 60 °C to about 80 °C, about 30 °C to about 75 °C, about 40 °C to about 75 °C, about 50 °C to about 75 °C, or about 60 °C to about 75 °C.
• the first step occurs without external cooling.
• FIG. 1 a process for preparing dichlorodiphenyl sulfone from chlorobenzene sulfonic acid is shown.
• the process includes a coupling step and a purification step.
• the coupling step includes first combining chlorobenzene sulfonic acid,
• monochlorobenzene also referred to herein as chlorobenzene
• boric acid in a DCDPS reactor
• Step 3 The coupling step results in a crude dichlorodiphenyl sulfone mixture.
• the purification step includes transferring the crude dichlorodiphenyl sulfone mixture to another vessel fitted with a Dean-Stark trap (Step 4). Water is added to the crude
• dichlorodiphenyl sulfone mixture (Step 5) while wet monochlorbenzene is removed (Step 6).
• Dichlorophenyl sulfone is obtained by filtration (Step 7).
• Chlorobenzene sulfonic acid is recovered by evaporation (Step 8).
• the process of the present disclosure efficiently affords 4,4'- dichlorodiphenylsulfone in high yield and high selectivity with minimal byproduct formation, as further demonstrated by the Examples below.
• a 0.5 L autoclave fitted with an addition pump for chlorobenzene, backflow regulator, and condenser was charged with 50 g cone, sulfuric acid, 100 g chlorobenzene, and 1.5 g boric acid catalyst.
• the back flow regulator was set to 65 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser.
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and heating was continued until the reactor reached 240 °C (approximately 1 hour). The chlorobenzene addition was continued for a total of 16 hours while distilling off excess chlorobenzene and any water formed during the reaction.
• the reactor was cooled to 120 °C the autoclave was opened and found to contain a 69 g of a black tar in unreacted chlorobenzene. Analysis showed it to contain 60.5% 4,4'- dichlorodiphenyl sulfone relative to the other dichlorodiphenyl sulfone isomers (see Table 1), but many other unidentified byproducts were also present. The amount of 4.4' -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone in the tar corresponded to a 14% yield relative to reacted chlorobenzene. Attempts to separate the desired material from the byproducts were unsuccessful.
• EXAMPLE 1 Improved process for preparing 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using boric acid catalyst
• a 500 mL round-bottom flask containing 145 g chlorobenzene was treated with gaseous 42 g sulfur trioxide over a 3 hour period so as to keep the internal temperature of the reaction vessel at or below 75 °C without external cooling.
• Analysis of the resultant solution showed it to contain 53.4% 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 5.8% 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone, and 40.8% chlorobenzene.
• This solution (173 g) and 1.5 g boric acid were charged to the autoclave of Example 1.
• the back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser. Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/ min and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C (approximately 30 minutes). The chlorobenzene addition was continued for a total of 10 hours while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser.
• the autoclave contained 50 g chlorobenzene, 29.3 g 4- chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, and 102 g of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone and related isomers (85% yield when adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid and subtraction of unwanted isomers).
• the contents of the autoclave were transferred to a round-bottom flask fitted with a Dean-Stark trap.
• the remaining chlorobenzene was then steam distilled from the mixture while returning the water back into the flask.
• the resultant grey slurry was cooled to 60 °C and extracted twice with toluene.
• EXAMPLE 2 Improved process for preparing 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using boric acid catalyst and purchased 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid.
• the autoclave of example 1 was charged with 104.1 g 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid (tech grade, 87.4% by weight, 0.47 Mol) and 1.5 g boric acid.
• the back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser.
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/ min and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C (approximately 30 minutes). The chlorobenzene addition was continued for a total of 10 hours while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser.
• Example 2 The procedure of Example 2 was followed except 0.40 g of ferric oxide was used in place of boric acid, the chlorobenzene addition rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the reaction time was 7.4 hours. 28.3 g of unreacted 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid was isolated and 82.3g of 4,4'- dichlorodiphenyl sulfone was obtained in 88.6% isomeric purity (88% yield adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• Example 3 The procedure of Example 3 was followed except 3.66 g of stannic oxide was used in place of boric acid, the chlorobenzene addition rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the reaction time was 7.4 hours. 24.4 g unreacted 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid was isolated and 84.5 g of 4,4'- dichlorodiphenyl sulfone was obtained in 88.6% isomeric purity (85% yield adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using titanium sulfate catalyst.
• Example 3 The procedure of Example 3 was followed except 7.3 g of titanium sulfate was used in place of boric acid, the chlorobenzene addition rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the reaction time was 7.4 hours. 27.4 g unreacted 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid was isolated and 87.5g of 4,4'- dichlorodiphenyl sulfone was obtained in 86.4% isomeric purity (89% yield adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using iodine catalyst
• Example 3 The procedure of Example 3 was followed except 3.16 g of iodine was used in place of boric acid, the chlorobenzene addition rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the reaction time was 12 hours. 27.6 g unreacted 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid was isolated and 91.8 g of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone was obtained in 86.7% isomeric purity (87% yield adjusted for unreacted
• EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone The procedure of Example 3 was followed except 4.0 g of lithium iodide was used in place of boric acid, the chlorobenzene addition rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the reaction time was 7.4 hours. 44.1 g unreacted 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid was isolated and 59.7 g of 4,4'- dichlorodiphenyl sulfone was obtained in 82.1% isomeric purity (81% yield adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• EXAMPLE 8 Improved process for preparing 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using boric acid catalyst (B400-07) A solution of 100 g monochlorobenzene, 95.20 g chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, and 1.5 g boric acid (0.05 equiv) were charged to the autoclave of Example 1. The solution contained 7.27 g water. The back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser.
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1 mli min until 454.40 g chlorobenzene was added and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C. The chlorobenzene addition was continued while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser. At the end of the addition the autoclave contained 56.00 g chlorobenzene, 35.68 g 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, and 82.30 g of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone and related isomers (58.0% yield when adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• EXAMPLE 9 Improved process for preparing 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using ferric oxide catalyst (B400-08)
• Example 2 (0.025 equiv) were charged to the autoclave of Example 1.
• the solution contained 7.32 g water.
• the back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1 mli min until 452.20 g chlorobenzene was added and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C. The chlorobenzene addition was continued while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser. At the end of the addition the autoclave contained 39.00 g chlorobenzene, 36.17 g 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, and 82.29 g of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone and related isomers (57.6% yield when adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• EXAMPLE 10 Improved process for preparing 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using stannic oxide catalyst (B400-24)
• a solution of 100 g monochlorobenzene, 95.80 g chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, and 3.66 g Sn0 2 (0.05 equiv) were charged to the autoclave of Example 1.
• the solution contained 7.32 g water.
• the back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser.
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1 mli min until 482.20 g chlorobenzene was added and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C.
• the chlorobenzene addition was continued while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser.
• the autoclave contained 47.00 g chlorobenzene, 34.45 g 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, and 84.50 g of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone and related isomers (59.2% yield when adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• the contents of the autoclave were transferred to a round-bottom flask fitted with a Dean-Stark trap.
• the remaining chlorobenzene was then steam distilled from the mixture while returning the water back into the flask.
• the resultant grey slurry was cooled to 60 °C and extracted twice with toluene.
• a solution of 100 g monochlorobenzene, 95.80 g chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, and 1.5 g TiS0 4 were charged to the autoclave of Example 1.
• the solution contained 7.32 g water.
• the back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser.
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1 mL/ min until 473.70 g chlorobenzene was added and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C.
• the chlorobenzene addition was continued while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser.
• the autoclave contained 49.00 g chlorobenzene, 37.36 g 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, and 87.50 g of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone and related isomers (61.3% yield when adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• the contents of the autoclave were transferred to a round-bottom flask fitted with a Dean-Stark trap.
• the remaining chlorobenzene was then steam distilled from the mixture while returning the water back into the flask.
• the resultant grey slurry was cooled to 60 °C and extracted twice with toluene.
• EXAMPLE 12 Improved process for preparing 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using iodine catalyst (B400-36)
• a solution of 74.77 g monochlorobenzene, 89.41 g chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, and 1.5 g I 2 were charged to the autoclave of Example 1.
• the solution contained 0.1 g water and 7.74 g dichlorodiphenylsulfone.
• the back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser.
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1 mL/ min until 760.84 g chlorobenzene was added and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C. The chlorobenzene addition was continued while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser. At the end of the addition the autoclave contained 48.00 g
• EXAMPLE 13 Improved process for preparing 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl Sulfone using lithium iodide catalyst (B400-40)
• a solution of 105.00 g monochlorobenzene, 96.70 g chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, and 1.5 g Lil were charged to the autoclave of Example 1.
• the solution contained 7.39 g water.
• the back flow regulator was set to 45 psi and the contents of the autoclave were heated to 180 °C at which point condensate began to drip from the condenser.
• Chlorobenzene addition was started at a flow rate of 1 mL/ min until 487.70 g chlorobenzene was added and heating was continued until the reactor temperature reached 240 °C.
• the chlorobenzene addition was continued while simultaneously removing wet chlorobenzene though the condenser.
• the autoclave contained 35.00 g chlorobenzene, 44.10 g 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, and 59.73 g of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone and related isomers (41.4% yield when adjusted for unreacted chlorobenzenesulfonic acid).
• the contents of the autoclave were transferred to a round-bottom flask fitted with a Dean-Stark trap.
• the remaining chlorobenzene was then steam distilled from the mixture while returning the water back into the flask.
• the resultant grey slurry was cooled to 60 °C and extracted twice with toluene.
• a reaction vessel was charged with 113 g of chlorobenzene and catalyst (See table 2 for catalysts and amounts used). A gentle flow of SO 3 was introduced into the reaction vessel until a total of 41.5 g of SO 3 was delivered to the reaction vessel. During this time, the internal temperature of the reaction vessel reached a maximum of 75 °C. The mixture was heated to 200 °C during and most of the solvent distilled off. This hot residue was treated with 275g chlorobenzene over a 4 hour period via syringe pump while driving off excess chlorobenzene and any water formed. At the end of the 4 hour period, the reaction was quenched with water (125 mL) and the resultant solid filtered and air dried for 3-4 hours to provide crude DCDPS as a grey solid.

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