WO2016088668A1 - アバランシェ・フォトダイオード - Google Patents
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- WO2016088668A1 WO2016088668A1 PCT/JP2015/083358 JP2015083358W WO2016088668A1 WO 2016088668 A1 WO2016088668 A1 WO 2016088668A1 JP 2015083358 W JP2015083358 W JP 2015083358W WO 2016088668 A1 WO2016088668 A1 WO 2016088668A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/102—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier
- H01L31/107—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes
- H01L31/1075—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes in which the active layers, e.g. absorption or multiplication layers, form an heterostructure, e.g. SAM structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022416—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier comprising ring electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/0304—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only AIIIBV compounds
- H01L31/03046—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only AIIIBV compounds including ternary or quaternary compounds, e.g. GaAlAs, InGaAs, InGaAsP
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035272—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/035281—Shape of the body
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an avalanche photodiode used as a light receiving element in optical communication and the like.
- a general light receiver in optical communication is composed of a light receiving element such as a photodiode or an avalanche photodiode, and a transimpedance amplifier for amplifying a photocurrent generated by the light receiving element.
- the light receiving element has a role of converting incident light into current. In the light receiving element, light is absorbed by the light absorption layer to form electron-hole pairs as carriers, and the generated electrons and holes move to cause a current to flow.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photodiode has an upper limit of 100% as a quantum efficiency.
- an avalanche photodiode is a light receiving element having a function of causing photoelectrons generated in the element to collide with a lattice by accelerating under a high electric field and ionizing them to amplify carriers. For this reason, avalanche photodiodes can output a plurality of carriers for one photon, can obtain sensitivity exceeding 100% as quantum conversion efficiency, and are applied to a high sensitivity optical receiver (non-patented) Reference 1).
- avalanche photodiodes have poorer linearity between the input light intensity and the output electrical signal intensity. Therefore, when high linearity is required between the input light intensity and the output electric signal intensity due to the constraints such as distortion of the output waveform as in the digital coherent system, in which research and development are advanced in recent years, avalanche is required. -Application of a photodiode becomes difficult.
- the light absorbing layer has a structure of a Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD).
- UTC-PD Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiode
- the light absorption layer is p-type doped, deterioration of the linearity of the electric output intensity with respect to the light input intensity caused by the accumulation of holes due to the high light input intensity does not occur (Non-patent literature 2).
- an undoped layer (i layer) which is a light absorbing layer is sandwiched between a p-type doped layer (p layer) and an n-type doped layer (n layer) It takes a pin-type photodiode (pin-PD) configuration.
- pin-PD pin-type photodiode
- carriers generated in the light absorption layer are accelerated by the electric field of the depleted undoped layer and can move at high speed.
- holes move at a slower speed than electrons, which is a limiting factor of the operation speed.
- the UTC-PD structure is an element that eliminates the factor that limits the speed in the above-described pin-PD structure and enables further speeding up.
- the light absorption layer In the undoped structure, the light absorption layer is undoped and there is no carrier transit layer, while in the UTC-PD structure, as shown in FIG. 11, the light absorption layer (Light Absorption Layer) is p-type and depleted during operation
- the region to be measured (depletion layer) is made of a material different from the light absorption layer as a carrier collecting layer (see Non-Patent Document 2). With this configuration, minority carriers (electrons) generated in the light absorption layer can be diffused to the depleted carrier traveling layer.
- a p-type “Diffusion Block Layer” is inserted between the p electrode and the light absorption layer.
- the time required for the holes to respond is equivalent to the dielectric relaxation time (on the order of 10 ⁇ 12 seconds), so that the accumulation of holes does not occur. That is, it is only necessary to consider the movement of electrons as a factor determining the speed of the element.
- the movement of electrons in UTC-PD is diffusion in the p-type absorption layer and drift in the carrier traveling layer, but in the carrier traveling layer, the drift time is shortened by utilizing the overshoot effect, and 100 GHz or more It becomes possible to obtain ultra-high speed operation.
- the carrier transport time in the general undoped light absorption layer is inversely proportional to the absorption layer thickness
- the carrier transport time in the light absorption layer of the UTC-PD structure is inversely proportional to the square of the absorption layer thickness. That is, in the UTC-PD structure, when the absorption layer thickness is reduced and sensitivity is largely sacrificed, ultra-high-speed operation of 100 GHz or more becomes possible, but the undoped light absorption layer is Sometimes higher sensitivity can be obtained.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency has an upper limit of 100% as a quantum efficiency, and the sensitivity is largely degraded particularly when the absorption layer is made thick to increase the sensitivity.
- an avalanche photodiode using an undoped light absorption layer is formed of an undoped light absorption layer (Absorption Layer) and a p-type electric field control layer (p-Field control) on a p-type InP electrode layer.
- layer InAlAs multiplication layer (Avalanche layer), n-type electric field control layer (n-Field control layer), InP edge-field buffer layer (In-field control layer), n-type electrode layer (n-Contact layer) (See Non-Patent Document 3).
- This structure can obtain sensitivity higher than 100% as quantum conversion efficiency by amplifying carriers in the multiplication layer, it is inferior in linearity because it uses an undoped light absorption layer.
- the sensitivity is governed by the absorptivity in the light absorption layer, and the velocity is governed by the carrier transport time. For this reason, it is required to thicken the absorption layer for high sensitivity, and thinning of the absorption layer is required for high speed, and the trade-off is essentially between high speed operation and high sensitivity operation. Relationship. In particular, in consideration of high linearization, it is preferable to select a light absorbing layer having a UTC-PD structure, but as described above, the sensitivity is more deteriorated than a normal undoped light absorbing layer. Thus, conventionally, there has been a problem that high linearity can not be obtained without sacrificing light receiving sensitivity and high speed.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and in an avalanche photodiode, it is possible to obtain high linearity without sacrificing light receiving sensitivity and high speed. To aim.
- An avalanche photodiode comprises a p-type electrode layer made of a p-type semiconductor, a first light absorption layer made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the p-type electrode layer, and a first light absorption layer.
- Layer, an electric field control layer formed on the multiplication layer, a second light absorption layer formed on the electric field control layer, and a second light absorption layer And an n-electrode connected to the n-type electrode layer, and an n-electrode connected to the n-type electrode layer.
- the first light absorption layer and the multiplication layer may be formed in a larger area than the n-type electrode layer.
- the avalanche photodiode includes a diffusion barrier layer made of a p-type semiconductor disposed between the p-type electrode layer and the first light absorption layer and having a conduction band edge higher than that of the first light absorption layer. You may do so.
- the edge field relaxation layer may be disposed between the second light absorption layer and the n-type electrode layer and made of a semiconductor whose band gap energy is larger than that of the second light absorption layer.
- a p-type semiconductor layer made of a p-type semiconductor whose band gap energy is larger than that of the multiplication layer may be provided between the multiplication layer and the first light absorption layer.
- the p-type first light absorption layer and the second light absorption layer are provided with the multiplication layer in between, in the avalanche photodiode, the light receiving sensitivity and the high speed are obtained. It is possible to obtain an excellent effect that high linearity can be realized without sacrificing gender.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a band diagram schematically showing carrier movement of an electron injection avalanche photodiode having a conventional undoped light absorption layer.
- FIG. 2B is a band diagram schematically showing movement of carriers of the avalanche photodiode in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram showing the characteristics (a) of the avalanche photodiode according to the present invention and the characteristics (b) of the avalanche photodiode having the conventional undoped light absorption layer.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a band diagram schematically showing carrier movement of an electron injection avalanche photodiode having a conventional undoped light absorption layer.
- FIG. 4 shows an electron injection avalanche photodiode (black triangle) having a conventional undoped light absorption layer, an avalanche photodiode (black square) having a UTC type light absorption layer, and an avalanche photodiode according to the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of an avalanche photodiode according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a band diagram for explaining comparison of tunnel leaks in the case where there is no p-type semiconductor layer 321 (a) and in the case where there is a p-type semiconductor layer 321 (b).
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a band diagram schematically showing the movement of carriers of the avalanche photodiode in the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a band diagram for explaining the UTC-PD structure.
- FIG. 12 is a configuration diagram for explaining an avalanche photodiode using an undoped light absorption layer.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the avalanche photodiode includes a p-type electrode layer 101 made of a p-type semiconductor, a first light absorption layer 102 made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the p-type electrode layer 101, and a first light absorption layer. And a multiplication layer 103 formed on the substrate 102.
- the first light absorption layer 102 is doped with p-type impurities (doped) to be p-type.
- the first light absorption layer 102 is doped with impurities to the extent that depletion does not occur at the operating voltage of the avalanche photodiode.
- the avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment includes an n-type electric field control layer 104 formed on the multiplication layer 103 and a second light absorption layer 105 formed on the electric field control layer 104.
- An n-type electrode layer 106 made of an n-type semiconductor formed on the second light absorption layer 105, a p-electrode 107 connected to the p-type electrode layer 101, and an n-electrode 108 connected to the n-type electrode layer 106 Equipped with From the side of the p electrode 107, this avalanche photodiode is connected to the p-type electrode layer 101, the first light absorption layer 102, the multiplication layer 103, the electric field control layer 104, the second light absorption layer 105, and the n-type electrode layer 106. Are stacked in this order.
- the first light absorption layer 102 and the second light absorption layer 105 are made of a group III-V compound semiconductor of band gap energy corresponding to the target wavelength of light, and the other layers are The first light absorption layer 102 and the second light absorption layer 105 are made of III-V compound semiconductors of different band gap energies.
- the band gap energy of the electric field control layer 104 may be equal to or higher than the band gap energy of the light absorption layer and equal to or lower than the band gap energy of the multiplication layer 103.
- n-type doping amount in the electric field control layer 104 is set such that the impurity concentration of the second light absorption layer 105 is sufficiently depleted at the time of reverse bias application.
- an electron injection type in which a light absorption layer is provided on the p electrode side or a hole injection type in which a light absorption layer is provided on the n electrode side is adopted in the lamination direction of each layer.
- a light absorbing layer is provided on either side of one side of the multiplication layer.
- the first light absorption layer 102 and the second light absorption layer 105 that are p-type doped are disposed on both sides of the multiplication layer 103.
- the total thickness of the light absorbing layer is the same, in the configuration of the present invention, it is divided into the first light absorbing layer 102 and the second light absorbing layer 105 only, and the light receiving sensitivity is changed to a state where avalanche multiplication does not occur. There is no.
- the electrons of the first light absorption layer 102 reach the multiplication layer 103 by electron diffusion
- the holes in the two light absorbing layer 105 reach the multiplication layer 103 by hole drift, and both the electrons and holes induce avalanche multiplication through the ionization process.
- avalanche multiplication by double injection is performed.
- the number of electron-hole pairs generated in the multiplication layer 103 by each of the electrons and holes injected into the multiplication layer 103 is the thickness of each of the first light absorption layer 102 and the second light absorption layer 105.
- And electrons, depending on the ionization rate of holes are the number of electron-hole pairs generated in the multiplication layer 103 by each of the electrons and holes injected into the multiplication layer 103.
- the displacement of the electric field strength accompanying the accumulation of holes (space charge effect) as occurs in a general undoped light absorption layer. Does not occur.
- accumulation of carriers in the vicinity of the multiplication layer 103 may occur in electrons having a long travel distance to the electrode, but this saturation speed is about one digit larger than that of holes. For this reason, the influence is small as compared with the space charge effect due to the accumulation of holes as seen in a normal undoped light absorption layer.
- FIG. 2A is a band diagram schematically showing carrier movement of an electron injection avalanche photodiode having a conventional undoped light absorption layer.
- FIG. 2B is a band diagram schematically showing the movement of carriers of the avalanche photodiode in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- reference numeral 102 a denotes an undoped light absorption layer
- reference numeral 103 a denotes a multiplication layer
- reference numeral 104 a denotes an electric field control layer.
- the layer thickness of the undoped light absorption layer 102 a is Wabs 0, the layer thickness of the first light absorption layer 102 is Wabs 1, and the layer thickness of the second light absorption layer 105 is Wabs 2.
- Wabs0 Wabs1 + Wabs2. Therefore, the conventional avalanche photodiode and the avalanche photodiode according to the present invention have the same light receiving sensitivity in the non-multiplied state.
- black circles indicate electrons and white circles indicate holes.
- the electrons / holes generated in the undoped light absorption layer 102a travel for the layer thickness Wabs0.
- the multiplication factor (M) of the avalanche photodiode becomes a high multiplication factor of 10 or more, a large number of holes generated by impact ionization of the multiplication layer 103a similarly travels for Wabs0.
- the saturation rate of holes is generally smaller than that of electrons, when the light input intensity increases, holes are accumulated in the undoped light absorption layer 102a, particularly in the vicinity of the multiplication layer having a large distance to the electrode. As a result, the electric field strength of the multiplication layer is lowered.
- the multiplication factor is increased, the same effect as when the light input intensity is increased is generated. That is, the holes generated in the multiplication layer 103a are injected into the undoped light absorption layer 102a, but the holes are accumulated in the vicinity of the multiplication layer 103a having a large distance to the electrode. Therefore, in the typical avalanche photodiode, the degradation of the linearity of the output current with respect to the optical input intensity is more significantly confirmed as the multiplication factor is larger.
- FIG. 2B shows the relationship of the output current to the light input intensity described above.
- FIG. 3A shows the characteristics of the avalanche photodiode according to the present invention
- FIG. 3B shows the characteristics of the avalanche photodiode having the conventional undoped light absorption layer 102a.
- FIG. 4 shows an electron injection avalanche photodiode (black triangle) having a conventional undoped light absorption layer, an avalanche photodiode (black square) having a UTC type light absorption layer, and an avalanche photodiode according to the present invention
- Wabs0 and Wabs1 + Wabs2 are set to 0.7 ⁇ m
- GBP gain bandwidth product
- the film thickness of the multiplication layer and the like other than the light absorption layer was about 0.2 ⁇ m.
- carrier transport in the light absorbing layer depends on electron diffusion, so carrier transport time is relatively large at a film thickness of about 0.7 ⁇ m, and for high speed operation Not suitable.
- the degree of deterioration of the traveling band with respect to the multiplication factor is significantly improved as compared to an avalanche photodiode having an undoped light absorption layer.
- the structure of the avalanche photodiode according to the present invention is effective as long as the ratio of the ionization rate of electrons to the ionization rate of holes is about twice, even when the ionization rates of electrons and holes are different. Effect.
- the ionization rate of one carrier is relatively high and the contribution of the injection of the other carrier to the avalanche multiplication decreases, the advantages of the avalanche photodiode according to the present invention tend to be lost.
- the relative ratio of ionization rates of electrons and holes tends to decrease as the electric field becomes higher, and the design concept of the present invention can be widely applied.
- a material having a near electron and hole ionization rate for example, InP, and an avalanche photodiode using this semiconductor material as a multiplication layer is considered to be convenient for applying the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of an avalanche photodiode according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the avalanche photodiode includes a substrate 201, a p-type electrode layer 202 formed of a p-type semiconductor formed on the substrate 201, and a diffusion formed of a p-type semiconductor formed on the p-type electrode layer 202.
- a barrier layer 203, a first light absorption layer 204 made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the diffusion barrier layer 203, and a multiplication layer 205 formed on the first light absorption layer 204 are provided.
- the first light absorption layer 204 is p-type doped with p-type impurities.
- the first light absorption layer 204 is doped with impurities to the extent that depletion does not occur at the operating voltage of the avalanche photodiode.
- the avalanche photodiode according to the second embodiment includes an n-type electric field control layer 206 formed on the multiplication layer 205, and a second light absorption layer 207 formed on the electric field control layer 206.
- An edge field relaxation layer 208 formed on the second light absorption layer 207, a first n-type electrode layer 209 made of an n-type semiconductor formed on the edge field relaxation layer 208, and a first n-type electrode layer 209
- a second n-type electrode layer 210 made of an n-type semiconductor formed thereon.
- the avalanche photodiode has a p-type electrode layer 202, a diffusion barrier layer 203, a first light absorption layer 204, a multiplication layer 205, an electric field control layer 206, a second light absorption layer 207, and an edge.
- the electric field relaxation layer 208, the first n-type electrode layer 209, and the second n-type electrode layer 210 are stacked in this order.
- FIG. 5 shows one avalanche photodiode formed on the substrate 201.
- the p-type electrode layer 202 and the respective layers thereon are separately formed separately and electrically separated.
- the diffusion barrier layer 203, the first light absorption layer 204, the multiplication layer 205, and the n-type electric field control layer 206 have the same shape in plan view, and constitute a first mesa.
- the second light absorption layer 207 and the edge electric field relaxation layer 208 have the same shape in plan view to constitute a second mesa, and have an area smaller than that of the first mesa.
- the first n-type electrode layer 209 and the second n-type electrode layer 210 have the same shape in plan view to form a third mesa, which is smaller than the second mesa.
- a second mesa is formed inside the first mesa
- a third mesa is formed inside the second mesa.
- central axes in the substrate normal direction of the mesas may be common.
- the first light absorption layer 204 and the second light absorption layer 207 are made of a group III-V compound semiconductor of band gap energy corresponding to the target wavelength of light, and the other layers are The first light absorption layer 204 and the second light absorption layer 207 are made of III-V compound semiconductors of different band gap energies.
- the band gap energy of the electric field control layer 206 is preferably equal to or higher than the band gap of the multiplication layer 205.
- the band gap energy of the electric field control layer 206 is equal to or higher than the band gap of the multiplication layer 205 and the offset with the valence band edge of the multiplication layer 205 is 100 meV or more. It is preferable from the viewpoint of not inhibiting transport.
- the substrate 201 may be a semiconductor substrate made of semi-insulating InP, which has a high resistance by doping iron.
- the p-type electrode layer 202 may be made of InP to which a p-type impurity is introduced at a high concentration.
- the diffusion barrier layer 203 may be made of InGaAsP into which a p-type impurity is introduced.
- the first light absorption layer 204 may be made of InGaAs into which a p-type impurity is introduced.
- the multiplication layer 205 may be made of InP.
- the electric field control layer 206 may be made of InP into which an n-type impurity is introduced.
- the second light absorption layer 207 may be made of InGaAs.
- the edge field relaxation layer 208 may be made of undoped InP.
- the first n-type electrode layer 209 may be made of InP into which an n-type impurity is introduced.
- the second n-type electrode layer 210 may be made of InGaAsP in which n-type impurities are introduced at high concentration.
- p-type InP p-type electrode layer 202
- p-type InGaAsP diffusion barrier layer 203
- p-type InGaAs first light absorption layer 204
- substrate 201 made of semi-insulating InP.
- InP multiplication layer 205
- n-type InP field control layer 206
- InGaAs second light absorption layer 207
- InP edge field relaxation layer 208
- n-type InP first n-type electrode layer 209
- n-type InGaAsP second n-type electrode layer 210) are sequentially deposited by epitaxial growth. These may be formed by the well-known metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOVPE) method.
- MOVPE metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- an n electrode 211 is formed on the n-type InGaAsP layer.
- a resist mask pattern having an opening in a region to be the n electrode 211 is formed, and a three-layer laminated film of titanium layer / platinum layer / gold layer is formed thereon by electron beam evaporation.
- the resist mask pattern is removed to form an n-electrode 211 ohmically connected to the n-type InGaAsP layer (second n-type electrode layer 210). This is a manufacturing method called a so-called lift-off method.
- layers of n-type InGaAsP, n-type InP, InP, InGaAs, n-type InP, InP, p-type InGaAs, p-type InGaAsP are first formed by known lithography and etching techniques (wet etching). Are patterned to form the same shape as the first mesa described above in plan view. By this patterning, the p-type electrode layer 202, the diffusion barrier layer 203, the first light absorption layer 204, the multiplication layer 205, and the electric field control layer 206 are formed.
- each layer of n-type InGaAsP, n-type InP, InP, InGaAs is patterned by a known lithography technique and etching technique (wet etching) to form the same shape as the above-mentioned second mesa in plan view. By this patterning, the second light absorption layer 207 and the edge electric field relaxation layer 208 are formed.
- each layer of n-type InGaAsP and n-type InP is patterned by a known lithography technique and etching technique (wet etching) to form the above-mentioned third mesa.
- the first n-type electrode layer 209 and the second n-type electrode layer are formed.
- a part of the p-type electrode layer 202 is exposed around the formed first mesa.
- the p electrode 212 is formed on the p-type electrode layer 202 exposed by the patterning.
- the p electrode 212 has a three-layer structure of titanium layer / platinum layer / gold layer. Similar to the n-electrode 211, the p-electrode 212 may be formed by an electron beam evaporation method and a lift-off method.
- n-type electric field control layer 206 disposed in the upper layer of multiplication layer 205 are ionized.
- a high electric field is induced in the multiplication layer 205.
- a band gap is formed between the first light absorption layer 204 and the multiplication layer 205 and between the n-type electric field control layer 206 and the second light absorption layer 207.
- the provision of a certain “band gap graded layer” is effective in the sense of suppressing the influence of the barrier at the hetero interface, as in the case of a conventional avalanche photodiode.
- the areas of the first mesa, the second mesa, and the third mesa in plan view are sequentially reduced and disposed. This is to reduce the electric field strength of the side surfaces of the first light absorption layer 204 and the second light absorption layer 207. If the reverse bias voltage is increased to activate the avalanche photodiode in the case of a structure that does not form a three-step mesa, a potential distribution corresponding to the potential inside the device (bulk) appears on the mesa surface and this electric field Depending on the surface leakage current flows. This is not desirable because it degrades the sensitivity in the reception operation of the avalanche photodiode and causes the lifetime of the avalanche photodiode to be shortened.
- the reverse bias voltage is increased to bring it into the operating state
- one portion of the first n-type electrode layer 209 (the second n-type electrode layer 210) from the part of the first light absorption layer 204 Deplete to the part.
- the potential of the electric field control layer 206 hardly changes even if the reverse bias voltage is further increased.
- the dielectric constant of the medium (for example, the insulator) on the electric field control layer 206 around the second mesa is sufficiently smaller than that of the semiconductor, and that of the first n-type electrode layer 209 (the second n-type electrode layer 210).
- the spatial distance from the periphery to the periphery of the first mesa is sufficiently large. As a result of these, it is possible to suppress an increase in the electric field strength at the periphery of the first mesa (Citation 3).
- the second mesa the first n-type electrode layer 209 (second n-type electrode layer 210), and the second light absorption layer 207 and the edge electric field relaxation layer are obtained even if the reverse bias voltage is further increased.
- the electric field strength of the side surface of 208 does not keep rising.
- the first light absorbing layer 204 and the second light absorbing layer 207 having the smallest band gap with the multiplication layer 205 in between are disposed. For this reason, special attention must be paid to the relaxation of the electric field strength on the mesa side surface as compared with the conventional avalanche photodiode. As described above, by having the multistage mesa structure, the electric field strength on the side surface of the mesa can be significantly reduced.
- a diffusion barrier layer 203 of InGaAsP is provided between the p-type electrode layer 202 and the first light absorption layer 204.
- Carrier transport in the first light absorption layer 204 is by electron diffusion.
- electrons generated in the first light absorption layer 204 by light absorption may also diffuse to the p-type electrode layer 202 side. In this case, there is a concern that the light reception sensitivity may deteriorate more than the value expected from the layer thickness of the first light absorption layer 204.
- the diffusion barrier layer 203 made of, for example, InGaAsP at a position where the conduction band edge is higher than the light absorption layer constituting material, the first light absorption layer 204 on the p-type electrode layer 202 side is It becomes possible to suppress electron diffusion and transport electrons to the multiplication layer 205 more effectively.
- the avalanche photodiode according to the present invention is designed in terms of securing reliability and ensuring operational stability, as compared with the conventionally proposed inverted avalanche photodiode (refer to Non-Patent Document 3).
- the curvature of the edge of the pn junction is smaller than the curvature of the center, so the electric field at the edge is larger than the electric field at the center due to the very high reverse voltage applied to cause avalanche breakdown. Become. This causes a breakdown phenomenon at the edge from the center.
- the edge electric field relaxation layer is disposed adjacent to the multiplication layer to reduce the edge electric field to the multiplication layer, but in the avalanche photodiode of the present invention, Also in the second light absorbing layer 207, there is a concern of edge breakdown.
- an edge electric field associated with the concentration of electric lines of force derived from this structure is present on the surface portion of the interface between the first n-type electrode layer 209 and the edge electric field relaxing layer 208. It occurs. Due to the edge electric field, the second light absorption layer 207 and the multiplication layer 205 may generate a local high electric field derived from the edge shape, which may cause edge breakdown. When edge breakdown occurs, the breakdown occurs at a lower voltage than a voltage at which the multiplication factor of the avalanche photodiode becomes sufficiently high, which makes it difficult to operate at a high multiplication factor.
- edge field relaxation layer 208 by providing the edge field relaxation layer 208, the edge portion of the third mesa, and the second light absorption layer 207 and the multiplication layer 205 are spatially separated. Furthermore, for the edge field relaxation layer 208, a material having a larger band gap than the second light absorption layer 207, such as InP or InAlAs, is applied. These can suppress edge breakdown in the edge field relaxation layer 208 itself.
- the electric field strength in the second light absorption layer 207 is desirably 200 kV / cm or less in the operating state of the avalanche photodiode. This is to suppress material deterioration of InGaAs from the viewpoint of long-term reliability.
- InGaAs is used as the semiconductor material of the light absorption layer
- InP is used as the semiconductor material of the multiplication layer
- the design concept of this patent does not necessarily limit the semiconductor materials used, and various semiconductor materials It can be applied to the combination of
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the avalanche photodiode includes a substrate 301, a p-type electrode layer 302 made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the substrate 301, and a diffusion made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the p-type electrode layer 302.
- a barrier layer 303, a first light absorption layer 304 made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the diffusion barrier layer 303, and a multiplication layer 305 formed on the first light absorption layer 304 are provided.
- the first light absorption layer 304 is p-type doped with p-type impurities.
- the first light absorption layer 304 is doped with impurities to the extent that depletion does not occur at the operating voltage of the avalanche photodiode.
- an n-type electric field control layer 306 formed on the multiplication layer 305 and a second light absorption layer 307 formed on the electric field control layer 306;
- An edge field relaxation layer 308 formed on the second light absorption layer 307, a first n-type electrode layer 309 made of an n-type semiconductor formed on the edge field relaxation layer 308, and a first n-type electrode layer 309
- a second n-type electrode layer 310 formed of an n-type semiconductor.
- a p electrode 312 connected to the p-type electrode layer 302 and an n electrode 311 connected to the second n-type electrode layer 310 are provided.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 321 is provided between the first light absorption layer 304 and the multiplication layer 305.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 321 has a band gap energy larger than that of the multiplication layer 305, and is made of, for example, InAlAs.
- the other configuration is the same as that of the second embodiment described above.
- the diffusion barrier layer 303, the first light absorption layer 304, the p-type semiconductor layer 321, the multiplication layer 305, and the n-type electric field control layer 306 have the same shape in plan view.
- the second light absorption layer 307 and the edge field relaxation layer 308 have the same shape in plan view to constitute a second mesa, and have an area smaller than that of the first mesa.
- the first n-type electrode layer 309 and the second n-type electrode layer 310 have the same shape in plan view to constitute a third mesa, and have an area smaller than that of the second mesa.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 321 is newly added to the avalanche photodiode of the second embodiment.
- the manufacturing method is substantially the same as that of the second embodiment, and the details are omitted.
- the material of electric field control layer 306 is made of a material having a band gap larger than that of multiplication layer 305. This point will be described first.
- the entire first light absorption layer 304 is fully depleted in the operating state of the avalanche photodiode when it is heavily doped with p-type.
- a high voltage of 20 V or more is applied in the operating state, and in the multiplication layer 305, the electric field strength is as high as about 600-900 kV / cm.
- the electric field strength is as high as about 600-900 kV / cm.
- the first light absorption layer 304 When the electric field generated in the first light absorption layer 304 near such a multiplication layer 305 reaches several hundred kV / cm, first, the first light absorption layer 304 is typically made of InGaAs with a small band gap. Since it is configured, a tunnel leak current is generated. Second, the GBP decreases as the effective multiplication layer 305 thickness increases.
- FIG. 7 shows the case where there is no p-type semiconductor layer 321, and (b) shows the case where there is a p-type semiconductor layer 321.
- the light absorption layer 304 and the multiplication are obtained by inserting a p-type semiconductor layer 321 having a band gap energy higher than that of the multiplication layer 305. It is possible to suppress the occurrence of the tunnel leakage current with the increase of the electric field strength between the layer 305 and the layer 305.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- the avalanche photodiode includes a substrate 401, a second n-type electrode layer 402 made of an n-type semiconductor formed on the substrate 401, and a first n-type electrode layer formed on the second n-type electrode layer 402. And 403, a second light absorption layer 404 formed on the first n-type electrode layer 403, and an n-type electric field control layer 405 formed on the second light absorption layer 404.
- the avalanche photodiode includes a multiplication layer 406 formed on the n-type electric field control layer 405, a p-type electric field control layer 407 formed on the multiplication layer 406, and a p-type electric field control layer 407. And a first semiconductor layer 409 formed on the edge electric field relaxation layer 408, and a second semiconductor layer 410 formed on the first semiconductor layer 409. .
- a p-type impurity is introduced into the impurity introduced region 411 from the second semiconductor layer 410 to the first semiconductor layer 409.
- a first light absorption layer 412 is formed in the first semiconductor layer 409 of the impurity introduced region 411 into which the p-type impurity is introduced, and a p-type electrode is formed into the second semiconductor layer 410 of the impurity introduced region 411 into which the p-type impurity is introduced.
- the layer 413 is formed.
- the p-type electrode layer 413 also functions as a diffusion barrier layer.
- a p electrode 414 connected to the p-type electrode layer 413 and an n electrode 415 connected to the first n-type electrode layer 403 are provided.
- the substrate 401 is made of semi-insulating InP
- the second n-type electrode layer 402 is made of n-type InP
- the first n-type electrode layer 403 is made of n-type InGaAs
- the absorption layer 404 is made of InGaAs
- the n-type electric field control layer 405 is made of n-type InAlAs.
- the multiplication layer 406 is composed of InP
- the p-type electric field control layer 407 is composed of p-type InAlAs
- the edge field relaxation layer 408 is composed of InP
- the first semiconductor layer 409 is composed of InGaAs.
- the second semiconductor layer 410 is made of InAlAs.
- the p-type impurity introduced into the impurity introduced region 411 is, for example, Zn, and it may be formed by selective diffusion in the region inside the first semiconductor layer 409 and the second semiconductor layer 410 in plan view.
- the first light absorption layer 412 is made of p-type InGaAs with Zn as a dopant
- the p-type electrode layer 413 is made of p-type InAlAs with Zn as a dopant.
- the avalanche photodiode according to the present invention is applied to a "planar structure".
- the relaxation of the electric field on the side surface of the device is realized not by the multi-stage mesa but by selective diffusion of Zn which is a p-type impurity.
- a part of the n-type electrode layer 403 may be exposed by wet etching, and in addition to this, a patterning process for forming an element shape is not necessary.
- the electric field on the side surface of the avalanche photodiode can be relaxed in the operating state without forming the multistage mesa.
- the fourth embodiment in the second and third embodiments described above, it is possible to reduce the exposure and development steps for patterning that were required a plurality of times for forming the multistage mesa, and one patterning and Zn selection can be performed. Since the element can be formed by electrode formation by diffusion, metal deposition or the like, the manufacturing process can be shortened. In the configuration in which the first light absorption layer is disposed on the substrate side, the n-type electrode layer to be the uppermost layer may be formed by selective diffusion of n-type impurities such as silicon.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an avalanche photodiode according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- the avalanche photodiode includes a substrate 501, a p-type electrode layer 502 made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the substrate 501, and a diffusion made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the p-type electrode layer 502.
- a barrier layer 503, a first light absorption layer 504 made of a p-type semiconductor formed on the diffusion barrier layer 503, and a multiplication layer 505 formed on the first light absorption layer 504 are provided.
- the first light absorption layer 504 is p-type doped with p-type impurities.
- the first light absorption layer 504 is doped with impurities to the extent that depletion does not occur at the operating voltage of the avalanche photodiode.
- the avalanche photodiode according to the fifth embodiment includes an n-type electric field control layer 506 formed on the multiplication layer 505, and a second light absorption layer 507 formed on the electric field control layer 506; An edge field relaxation layer 508 formed on the second light absorption layer 507, a first n-type electrode layer 509 made of an n-type semiconductor formed on the edge field relaxation layer 508, and a first n-type electrode layer 509 And a second n-type electrode layer 510 made of an n-type semiconductor formed thereon.
- the first light absorption layer 504 has a second light from the side of the p-type electrode layer 502 to the side of the second light absorption layer 507 in the doping concentration of the p-type impurity. The closer to the absorption layer 507, the lower the impurity concentration. For example, the impurity concentration of the first light absorption layer 504 gradually decreases toward the side of the second light absorption layer 507 (grated doping).
- the p-type electric field control layer 521 is provided between the first light absorption layer 504 and the multiplication layer 505.
- the p-type electric field control layer 521 is appropriately set to have a doped impurity concentration so as to be depleted at the operating voltage of the avalanche photodiode.
- the p-type electric field control layer 521 has a band gap energy larger than that of the first light absorption layer 504, and is made of, for example, InAlGaAs.
- the other configuration is the same as that of the second embodiment described above.
- the diffusion barrier layer 503, the first light absorption layer 504, the p-type electric field control layer 521, the multiplication layer 505, and the n-type electric field control layer 506 have the same shape in plan view. It constitutes a mesa.
- the second light absorption layer 507 and the edge electric field relaxation layer 508 have the same shape in plan view to form a second mesa, which is smaller than the first mesa.
- the first n-type electrode layer 509 and the second n-type electrode layer 510 have the same shape in plan view to constitute a third mesa, and have an area smaller than that of the second mesa.
- the distance traveled by the large number of holes generated by impact ionization of the multiplication layer 505 is the first light absorption layer.
- dielectric relaxation occurs.
- holes generated by multiplication are not injected into this region, and only electrons generated by multiplication are injected. Electrons have a higher saturation velocity than holes, and thus do not significantly degrade the carrier transport characteristics.
- the doping profile of the first light absorption layer 504 is changed to the avalanche photodiode of the second embodiment, and a p-type electric field control layer 521 is newly added.
- a p-type electric field control layer 521 is newly added.
- the first light absorption layer 504 uses the operation principle of UTC-PD, and uses electron diffusion as a carrier transport mechanism.
- the electron velocity in the first light absorption layer 504 is governed by the electron mobility and the diffusion coefficient.
- the p-type impurity concentration on the p-type electrode layer 502 side is high, so the conduction band edge (V.B.) Located close to the level.
- the impurity concentration is relatively small on the side of the second light absorption layer 507, the Fermi level is relatively positioned on the mid gap side from the conduction band edge.
- the band of the first light absorption layer 504 is inclined as if an electric field is applied in a pseudo manner even though the first light absorption layer 504 is not depleted. Therefore, in the first light absorption layer 504 in which the doping profile in the fifth embodiment is used, electrons have a drift component in addition to diffusion, and the electron velocity becomes higher. As a result, according to the fifth embodiment, wide band can be realized.
- the p-type electric field control layer 521 is depleted during the avalanche photodiode operation.
- the p-type electric field control layer 521 has a band gap equal to or higher than the multiplication layer 505 and is simply p-type doped, diffusion injected from the first light absorption layer 504 during operation of the avalanche photodiode For electrons, this may become an electron trap accompanying the band offset between the absorption layer and the p-type layer.
- the electric field control layer In avalanche photodiodes, it is necessary to generate a very high electric field of several hundred kV / cm in the multiplication layer to cause impact ionization, but when such high electric field strength occurs in the light absorption layer, light is generated. Avalanche multiplication or zener breakdown occurs in the absorption layer.
- the multiplication layer of the avalanche photodiode is carefully selected in material and thickness so that excess noise during impact ionization is small and band degradation can be suppressed even at high multiplication factors.
- the avalanche multiplication characteristic of the light absorption layer does not reflect the carrier multiplication characteristic of the carrier in the multiplication layer. The noise, multiplication and band characteristics of the photodiode are limited.
- the dark current rises at a voltage lower than that at which a high multiplication factor is achieved in the multiplication layer of the avalanche photodiode, leading to breakdown. In this case, the avalanche photodiode can not obtain the desired sensitivity.
- the avalanche electric field control layer is interposed between the multiplication layer and the light absorption layer so that avalanche multiplication or zener breakdown does not occur in the light absorption layer as described above.
- the electric field strength of the light absorption layer is small, and the electric field strength of the multiplication layer is large, so that the so-called "low-high" shape electric field strength profile is designed.
- a p-type impurity is introduced to make the electric field control layer p-type, and the light absorption layer
- an n-type impurity is introduced to make the electric field control layer n-type.
- the p-type first light absorption layer and the second light absorption layer are provided with the multiplication layer in between, in the avalanche photodiode, the light reception sensitivity and High linearity can be realized without sacrificing high speed. According to the present invention, it is possible to increase the sensitivity of the receiver in a communication system requiring high linearity and high speed, such as a digital coherent system.
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Abstract
Description
はじめに、本発明の実施の形態1について、図1を用いて説明する。図1は、本発明の実施の形態1におけるアバランシェ・フォトダイオードの構成を示す断面図である。このアバランシェ・フォトダイオードは、p型の半導体からなるp型電極層101と、p型電極層101の上に形成されたp型の半導体からなる第1光吸収層102と、第1光吸収層102の上に形成された増倍層103とを備える。第1光吸収層102は、p型の不純物が導入(ドーピング)されてp型とされている。なお、第1光吸収層102は、アバランシェ・フォトダイオードの動作電圧において、空乏化しない程度に不純物がドーピングされている。
次に、本発明の実施の形態2について、図5を用いて説明する。図5は、本発明の実施の形態2におけるアバランシェ・フォトダイオードの構成を示す断面図である。
次に、本発明の実施の形態3について、図6を用いて説明する。図6は、本発明の実施の形態3におけるアバランシェ・フォトダイオードの構成を示す断面図である。
次に、本発明の実施の形態4について、図8を用いて説明する。図8は、本発明の実施の形態4におけるアバランシェ・フォトダイオードの構成を示す断面図である。
次に、本発明の実施の形態5について、図9を用いて説明する。図9は、本発明の実施の形態5におけるアバランシェ・フォトダイオードの構成を示す断面図である。このアバランシェ・フォトダイオードは、基板501と、基板501の上に形成されたp型の半導体からなるp型電極層502と、p型電極層502の上に形成されたp型の半導体からなる拡散障壁層503と、拡散障壁層503の上に形成されたp型の半導体からなる第1光吸収層504と、第1光吸収層504の上に形成された増倍層505とを備える。第1光吸収層504は、p型の不純物がドーピングされてp型とされている。なお、第1光吸収層504は、アバランシェ・フォトダイオードの動作電圧において、空乏化しない程度に不純物がドーピングされている。
Claims (6)
- p型の半導体からなるp型電極層と、
前記p型電極層の上に形成されたp型の不純物が導入されたp型の半導体からなる第1光吸収層と、
前記第1光吸収層の上に形成された増倍層と、
前記増倍層の上に形成された電界制御層と、
前記電界制御層の上に形成された第2光吸収層と、
前記第2光吸収層の上に形成されたn型の半導体からなるn型電極層と、
前記p型電極層に接続するp電極と、
前記n型電極層に接続するn電極と
を備えることを特徴とするアバランシェ・フォトダイオード。 - 請求項1記載のアバランシェ・フォトダイオードにおいて、
前記第1光吸収層および前記増倍層は、前記n型電極層より大きな面積に形成されていることを特徴とするアバランシェ・フォトダイオード。 - 請求項1または2記載のアバランシェ・フォトダイオードにおいて、
前記p型電極層と前記第1光吸収層との間に配置され、前記第1光吸収層よりも伝導帯端が高い位置にあるp型の半導体からなる拡散障壁層を備えることを特徴とするアバランシェ・フォトダイオード。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のアバランシェ・フォトダイオードにおいて、
前記第2光吸収層と前記n型電極層との間に配置され、バンドギャップエネルギーが前記第2光吸収層よりも大きな半導体からなるエッジ電界緩和層を備えることを特徴とするアバランシェ・フォトダイオード。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のアバランシェ・フォトダイオードにおいて、
前記増倍層と前記第1光吸収層との間に、バンドギャップエネルギーが前記増倍層より大きいp型の半導体からなるp型半導体層を備えることを特徴とするアバランシェ・フォトダイオード。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のアバランシェ・フォトダイオードにおいて、
前記増倍層と前記第1光吸収層との間に形成されたp型とされたp型電界制御層を備え、
前記増倍層と前記第2光吸収層との間に形成された前記電界制御層は、n型とされ、
前記第1光吸収層は、前記p型電極層の側から前記第2光吸収層の側にかけて、前記第2光吸収層に近いほど低い不純物濃度とされている
ことを特徴とするアバランシェ・フォトダイオード。
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CN107004734A (zh) | 2017-08-01 |
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CA2969509C (en) | 2019-06-18 |
EP3229279A1 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
JP2019024091A (ja) | 2019-02-14 |
EP3229279A4 (en) | 2018-07-25 |
JP6755285B2 (ja) | 2020-09-16 |
US20180331246A1 (en) | 2018-11-15 |
JPWO2016088668A1 (ja) | 2017-07-06 |
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