WO2015198521A1 - 正極、電池、電池パック、電子機器、電動車両、蓄電装置および電力システム - Google Patents
正極、電池、電池パック、電子機器、電動車両、蓄電装置および電力システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015198521A1 WO2015198521A1 PCT/JP2015/002479 JP2015002479W WO2015198521A1 WO 2015198521 A1 WO2015198521 A1 WO 2015198521A1 JP 2015002479 W JP2015002479 W JP 2015002479W WO 2015198521 A1 WO2015198521 A1 WO 2015198521A1
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- active material
- positive electrode
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Classifications
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- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0034—Fluorinated solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
- H01M2300/004—Three solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
- Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
- Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
Definitions
- This technology relates to a positive electrode, a battery, a battery pack, an electronic device, an electric vehicle, a power storage device, and a power system.
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode including a lithium composite oxide.
- Patent Document 1 as a positive electrode active material, the general formula Li 1 + n MXO 4 (n is a number from 0 to 1. M is obtained from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Ti. And at least one element, X is P or Si.). Further, this document describes that the porosity of the positive electrode active material particles is 6% by volume or more.
- Patent Document 1 the porosity is specified, but depending on the position and shape of the void, the filling property may be lowered, which may cause the volume energy density to be lowered. Further, in Patent Document 2, although the reaction resistance on the surface of the active material particles can be improved, it is difficult to improve the diffusion resistance of lithium (Li) into the particles. For this reason, improvement of load characteristics cannot be expected.
- An object of the present technology is to provide a positive electrode, a battery, a battery pack, an electronic device, an electric vehicle, a power storage device, and a power system that can achieve both volumetric energy density and load characteristics.
- the first invention Including a first active material and a second active material;
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal,
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the average particle of the first active material
- the diameter D1 is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle of the second active material
- the positive electrode has a diameter D2 of 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m].
- the second invention is Including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte;
- the positive electrode includes a first active material and a second active material,
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal,
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the average particle of the first active material
- the diameter D1 is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle of the second active material
- the battery has a diameter D2 of 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m].
- the third invention is A battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte;
- the positive electrode includes a first active material and a second active material,
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal,
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the average particle of the first active material
- the diameter D1 is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle of the second active material
- the battery pack has a diameter D2 of 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m].
- the fourth invention is: A battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte;
- the positive electrode includes a first active material and a second active material,
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal,
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the average particle of the first active material
- the diameter D1 is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle of the second active material
- the diameter D2 is 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m], An electronic device that is supplied with power from a battery
- the fifth invention is: Battery, A conversion device that receives power supplied from the battery and converts it into driving force of the vehicle; A control device that performs information processing related to vehicle control based on information related to the battery,
- the battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte.
- the positive electrode includes a first active material and a second active material
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the average particle of the first active material
- the diameter D1 is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle of the second active material
- the electric vehicle has a diameter D2 of 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m].
- the sixth invention is: A battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte;
- the positive electrode includes a first active material and a second active material,
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal,
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the average particle of the first active material
- the diameter D1 is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle of the second active material
- the diameter D2 is 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m],
- a power storage device that supplies electric power to an
- the seventh invention A battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte;
- the positive electrode includes a first active material and a second active material,
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal,
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the average particle of the first active material
- the diameter D1 is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle of the second active material
- the diameter D2 is 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m], This is a power system in which power is supplied from a
- both the volume energy density and the load characteristic can be achieved.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a wound electrode body taken along line IV-IV in FIG. 3. It is a block diagram showing an example of 1 composition of a battery pack and electronic equipment concerning a 3rd embodiment of this art. It is the schematic which shows the example of 1 structure of the electrical storage system which concerns on 4th Embodiment of this technique.
- FIG. 8A shows the SEM image of the positive electrode active material layer of Example 1.
- FIG. 8B shows an SEM image of the positive electrode active material particles of Example 1.
- FIG. 8C shows an SEM image of the positive electrode active material particles of Comparative Example 1.
- the present inventors have intensively studied to provide a lithium-rich positive electrode capable of satisfying both volumetric energy density and load characteristics. The outline will be described below.
- the use of a lithium-rich positive electrode active material as the positive electrode active material can be expected to increase the capacity of the positive electrode.
- the diffusion resistance in the bulk of lithium (Li) in the lithium-rich positive electrode active material is different from other positive electrode active materials. Much higher than in materials. For this reason, in a lithium-excess type positive electrode active material, when positive electrode active material particles having a large particle diameter are produced, load characteristics are deteriorated.
- lithium-rich positive electrode active material particles are produced so that there are voids in the particles depending on coprecipitation conditions and firing conditions, diffusion resistance in the bulk of lithium (Li) is reduced and load characteristics are improved.
- the filling property (volume energy density) is lowered by the voids in the particles.
- the load characteristics can be improved as in the case described above. The volume energy density) cannot be improved, and the slurry properties are likely to deteriorate.
- the present inventors have conducted extensive studies based on the above points, and as a result, even if there are no intra-particle voids or at least small lithium (Li) particles having low intra-particle diffusion resistance, It was found that the volume energy density and the load characteristics can be compatible by using a combination of large particles with reduced diffusion resistance in the bulk of lithium (Li) provided with voids. It has also been found that particularly good volume energy density and load characteristics can be obtained when the mixing ratio of both particles is set within a predetermined range.
- Embodiments of the present technology will be described in the following order. 1. First embodiment (example of cylindrical battery) 2. Second Embodiment (Example of flat battery) 3. Third Embodiment (Example of Battery Pack and Electronic Device) 4). Fourth embodiment (an example of a power storage system) 5. Fifth embodiment (example of electric vehicle)
- This nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is, for example, a so-called lithium ion secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode is represented by a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium (Li) as an electrode reactant.
- This non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a so-called cylindrical type, and a pair of strip-like positive electrode 21 and strip-like negative electrode 22 are laminated and wound inside a substantially hollow cylindrical battery can 11 via a separator 23. The wound electrode body 20 is rotated.
- the battery can 11 is made of iron (Fe) plated with nickel (Ni), and has one end closed and the other end open. Inside the battery can 11, an electrolytic solution as an electrolyte is injected and impregnated in the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 23. In addition, a pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 are respectively disposed perpendicular to the winding peripheral surface so as to sandwich the winding electrode body 20.
- a battery lid 14 At the open end of the battery can 11, a battery lid 14, a safety valve mechanism 15 provided inside the battery lid 14, and a thermal resistance element (Positive16Temperature ⁇ Coefficient; PTC element) 16 are provided via a sealing gasket 17. It is attached by caulking. Thereby, the inside of the battery can 11 is sealed.
- the battery lid 14 is made of, for example, the same material as the battery can 11.
- the safety valve mechanism 15 is electrically connected to the battery lid 14, and when the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a certain level due to an internal short circuit or external heating, the disk plate 15A is reversed and wound with the battery lid 14. The electrical connection with the rotating electrode body 20 is cut off.
- the sealing gasket 17 is made of, for example, an insulating material, and the surface is coated with asphalt.
- a center pin 24 is inserted in the center of the wound electrode body 20.
- a positive electrode lead 25 made of aluminum (Al) or the like is connected to the positive electrode 21 of the spirally wound electrode body 20, and a negative electrode lead 26 made of nickel or the like is connected to the negative electrode 22.
- the positive electrode lead 25 is electrically connected to the battery lid 14 by being welded to the safety valve mechanism 15, and the negative electrode lead 26 is welded to and electrically connected to the battery can 11.
- the open circuit voltage (that is, the battery voltage) in the fully charged state per pair of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 may be 4.2 V or less, but from 4.2 V May be designed to be within a range of 4.4V to 6.0V, more preferably 4.4V to 5.0V.
- 4.2 V May be designed to be within a range of 4.4V to 6.0V, more preferably 4.4V to 5.0V.
- the positive electrode 21 is a so-called lithium-rich positive electrode and has, for example, a structure in which a positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector 21A. Although not shown, the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be provided only on one surface of the positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the positive electrode current collector 21A is made of, for example, a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, a nickel foil, or a stainless steel foil.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B includes, for example, a lithium-excess type positive electrode active material that can occlude and release lithium (Li) as an electrode reactant.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B may further contain an additive as necessary. As the additive, for example, at least one of a conductive agent and a binder can be used.
- the positive electrode active material includes a first positive electrode active material and a second positive electrode active material.
- the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material contain a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal.
- the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material include a lithium composite oxide in which at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) are dissolved as transition metals. Yes.
- the average composition of the lithium composite oxide is preferably represented by the following formula (1).
- M3 is aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), barium (Ba), boron (B), silicon (Si) and iron (Fe).
- Al aluminum
- Mg magnesium
- Zr zirconium
- Ti titanium
- Fe iron
- At least one of aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg) and titanium (Ti) where a is 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.25 and b is 0.3 ⁇ b ⁇ .
- c is 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1-b, d is 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 1, and e is 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.
- the first positive electrode active material has a particulate shape. That is, the first positive electrode active material is made of powder of particles containing the first positive electrode active material (hereinafter referred to as “first positive electrode active material particles”).
- the first positive electrode active material particles have voids in the particles.
- the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first positive electrode active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%]
- the average particle diameter D1 of the first positive electrode active material is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ . 20 [ ⁇ m].
- the average porosity V1 and the average particle diameter D1 in the particles are obtained from a cross-sectional photograph of the positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- the second positive electrode active material has a particulate shape. That is, the second positive electrode active material is made of powder of particles containing the second positive electrode active material (hereinafter referred to as “second positive electrode active material particles”).
- the second positive electrode active material particles do not have voids in the particles or have voids in the particles.
- the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second positive electrode active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle diameter D2 is 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m].
- the average porosity V2 and the average particle diameter D2 in the particles are obtained from a cross-sectional photograph of the positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- V1 when V1 is V1 ⁇ 10 [%], the diffusion resistance of lithium (Li) in the particles of the first positive electrode active material is increased, and the load characteristics are deteriorated.
- V1 when V1 is 30 [%] ⁇ V1, the filling property of the first positive electrode active material is lowered, and the volume energy density is lowered.
- D1 is D1 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m]
- D1 is 20 ⁇ D1 [ ⁇ m]
- the diffusion resistance of lithium (Li) in the particles of the first positive electrode active material is increased, and the load characteristics are deteriorated.
- V2 is 10 [%] ⁇ V2
- the filling property of the second positive electrode active material is lowered, and the volume energy density is lowered.
- D2 is D2 ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m]
- the filling property of the second positive electrode active material is lowered, and the volume energy density is lowered.
- D2 is 6 ⁇ D2 [ ⁇ m]
- the diffusion resistance of lithium (Li) in the particles of the second positive electrode active material is increased, and the load characteristics are degraded.
- the weight ratio of the first positive electrode active material to the second positive electrode active material is preferably 95: 5 or more and 70:30 or less. By setting this range, particularly good volume energy density and load characteristics can be obtained.
- the first positive electrode active material particles have voids in the particles.
- the voids are preferably distributed throughout the first positive electrode active material particles.
- voids having such a distribution voids that are three-dimensionally distributed so as to surround the center or almost the center of the first positive electrode active material particles, specifically, voids having an annual ring shape are preferable.
- the void When the void has a shape such as an annual ring and is distributed throughout the first positive electrode active material particle, the void is localized at the center of the first positive electrode active material particle, etc. In comparison, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of uneven potential distribution in the first positive electrode active material particles and to prevent capacity deterioration. Further, the first positive electrode active material particles can be prevented from collapsing due to expansion / contraction associated with charging / discharging, and charging / discharging can be performed more stably. Therefore, cycle characteristics (capacity maintenance ratio) can be improved.
- the annual ring-shaped voids are composed of, for example, a plurality of void layers having different sizes (diameters) provided three-dimensionally so as to surround the center or almost the center of the particles.
- Each void layer constituting the annual ring may be composed of one continuous space, or may be composed of a discontinuous distribution of many voids.
- Specific examples of annual rings include, for example, a substantially concentric sphere, a substantially concentric elliptical sphere, and an indefinite shape, but are not limited to these shapes.
- the gap in the cross section is sized so as to surround the center or almost the center of the first positive electrode active material particles ( It is preferable that a plurality of annular void layers having different diameters are formed.
- the shape of the annular void layer include, but are not limited to, a substantially circular shape, a substantially elliptical shape, and an indefinite shape.
- the second positive electrode active material particles may also have voids in the particles.
- interval is not specifically limited, From a viewpoint of suppressing the diffusion resistance in lithium (Li) particle
- the weight ratio of the first positive electrode active material to the second positive electrode active material is preferably 95: 5 to 70:30. With this weight ratio range, particularly good volume energy density and load characteristics can be obtained.
- binder examples include resin materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and these resin materials. At least one selected from copolymers and the like mainly composed of is used.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the conductive agent examples include carbon materials such as graphite, carbon black, and ketjen black, and one or more of them are used in combination.
- a metal material or a conductive polymer material may be used as long as it is a conductive material.
- the negative electrode 22 has, for example, a structure in which a negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided on both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector 22A. Although not shown, the negative electrode active material layer 22B may be provided only on one surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the negative electrode current collector 22A is made of, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, or a stainless steel foil.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B contains one or more negative electrode active materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium as a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B may further contain an additive such as a binder as necessary.
- the electrochemical equivalent of the negative electrode material capable of occluding and releasing lithium is larger than the electrochemical equivalent of the positive electrode 21, In the middle, lithium metal does not deposit on the negative electrode 22.
- Examples of the negative electrode material capable of occluding and releasing lithium include materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium and containing at least one of a metal element and a metalloid element as a constituent element.
- the negative electrode 22 containing such a negative electrode material is referred to as an alloy-based negative electrode. This is because a high energy density can be obtained by using such a material. In particular, the use with a carbon material is more preferable because a high energy density can be obtained and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the negative electrode material may be a single element, alloy or compound of a metal element or metalloid element, or may have at least a part of one or more of these phases.
- the alloy includes an alloy including one or more metal elements and one or more metalloid elements in addition to an alloy composed of two or more metal elements.
- the nonmetallic element may be included.
- Some of the structures include a solid solution, a eutectic (eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, or two or more of them.
- metal elements or metalloid elements constituting the negative electrode material examples include magnesium (Mg), boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge). ), Tin (Sn), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), palladium (Pd) ) Or platinum (Pt). These may be crystalline or amorphous.
- the negative electrode material a material containing a 4B group metal element or a semimetal element in the short-period type periodic table as a constituent element is preferable, and at least one of silicon (Si) and tin (Sn) is particularly preferable. It is included as an element. This is because silicon (Si) and tin (Sn) have a large ability to occlude and release lithium (Li), and a high energy density can be obtained.
- tin (Sn) As an alloy of tin (Sn), for example, as a second constituent element other than tin (Sn), silicon (Si), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), indium (In), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti), germanium (Ge), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), and chromium (Cr) The thing containing at least 1 sort is mentioned.
- Si As an alloy of silicon (Si), for example, as a second constituent element other than silicon (Si), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), indium (In), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti), germanium (Ge), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), and chromium (Cr).
- Si silicon
- Si tin
- Ni nickel
- Cu copper
- iron (Fe) cobalt
- Mn manganese
- Zn zinc
- indium (In) silver (Ag), titanium (Ti), germanium (Ge), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), and chromium (Cr).
- Cr chromium
- tin (Sn) compound or silicon (Si) compound examples include those containing oxygen (O) or carbon (C). In addition to tin (Sn) or silicon (Si), the above-described compounds are used. Two constituent elements may be included. Specific examples of the tin (Sn) compound include silicon oxide represented by SiO v (0.2 ⁇ v ⁇ 1.4).
- Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium include non-graphitizable carbon, graphitizable carbon, graphite, pyrolytic carbons, cokes, glassy carbons, and fired organic polymer compounds And carbon materials such as carbon fiber or activated carbon.
- graphite it is preferable to use spheroidized natural graphite or substantially spherical artificial graphite.
- artificial graphite artificial graphite obtained by graphitizing mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) or artificial graphite obtained by graphitizing and pulverizing a coke raw material is preferable.
- Examples of the coke include pitch coke, needle coke, and petroleum coke.
- An organic polymer compound fired body refers to a carbonized material obtained by firing a polymer material such as phenol resin or furan resin at an appropriate temperature, and part of it is non-graphitizable carbon or graphitizable carbon.
- graphite is preferable because it has a high electrochemical equivalent and can provide a high energy density.
- non-graphitizable carbon is preferable because excellent characteristics can be obtained.
- those having a low charge / discharge potential specifically, those having a charge / discharge potential close to that of lithium metal are preferable because a high energy density of the battery can be easily realized.
- Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium further include other metal compounds or polymer materials.
- Examples of other metal compounds include oxides such as MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , and V 6 O 13 , sulfides such as NiS and MoS, and lithium nitrides such as LiN 3 , and polymer materials include polyacetylene. , Polyaniline or polypyrrole.
- Carbon materials are generally used for the negative electrode active material of lithium ion secondary batteries. With the recent increase in functionality of electronic devices, their power consumption has increased remarkably, and large-capacity secondary batteries are becoming increasingly necessary. However, as long as carbon materials are used, the needs will be met in the near future. It becomes difficult. Therefore, negative electrode active materials made of Sn-based materials and Si-based materials, which are materials having a higher capacity than carbon materials, are being actively developed. However, a negative electrode active material made of Sn-based material or Si-based material generally has a large irreversible capacity at the time of initial charge.
- the positive electrode active material containing the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material described above is suitable. That is, a negative electrode active material including at least one of silicon (Si) and tin (Sn) and a positive electrode active material including the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material described above are used in combination. preferable.
- binder examples include resin materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and these resin materials. At least one selected from copolymers and the like mainly composed of is used.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the separator 23 separates the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 and allows lithium ions to pass through while preventing a short circuit of current due to contact between the two electrodes.
- the separator 23 is made of, for example, a porous film made of synthetic resin made of polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, or the like, or a porous film made of ceramic, and these two or more kinds of porous films are laminated. It may be a structure. Among these, a porous film made of polyolefin is preferable because it is excellent in the effect of preventing short circuit and can improve the safety of the battery due to the shutdown effect.
- polyethylene is preferable as a material constituting the separator 23 because it can obtain a shutdown effect within a range of 100 ° C. or higher and 160 ° C. or lower and is excellent in electrochemical stability.
- Polypropylene is also preferable.
- any resin having chemical stability can be used by copolymerizing or blending with polyethylene or polypropylene.
- the separator 23 is impregnated with an electrolytic solution that is a liquid electrolyte.
- the electrolytic solution contains a solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the solvent.
- the electrolytic solution may contain a known additive in order to improve battery characteristics.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate can be used, and it is preferable to use one of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, particularly a mixture of both. This is because the cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the solvent in addition to these cyclic carbonates, it is preferable to use a mixture of chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate or methylpropyl carbonate. This is because high ionic conductivity can be obtained.
- the solvent preferably further contains 2,4-difluoroanisole or vinylene carbonate. This is because 2,4-difluoroanisole can improve discharge capacity, and vinylene carbonate can improve cycle characteristics. Therefore, it is preferable to use a mixture of these because the discharge capacity and cycle characteristics can be improved.
- examples of the solvent include butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3- Dioxolane, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, 3-methoxypropironitrile, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-methyloxazolidinone, N, N-dimethyl Examples include imidazolidinone, nitromethane, nitroethane, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, and trimethyl phosphate.
- a compound obtained by substituting at least a part of hydrogen in these non-aqueous solvents with fluorine may be preferable because the reversibility of the electrode reaction may be improved depending on the type of electrode to be combined.
- lithium salt As electrolyte salt, lithium salt is mentioned, for example, 1 type may be used independently, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for it.
- Lithium salts include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiB (C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiCH 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSiF 6 , LiCl, difluoro [oxolato-O, O ′] lithium borate, lithium bisoxalate borate, or LiBr.
- LiPF 6 is preferable because it can obtain high ion conductivity and can improve cycle characteristics.
- lithium ions when charged, for example, lithium ions are released from the positive electrode active material layer 21B and inserted into the negative electrode active material layer 22B through the electrolytic solution.
- lithium ions when discharging is performed, for example, lithium ions are released from the negative electrode active material layer 22B and inserted into the positive electrode active material layer 21B through the electrolytic solution.
- a first positive electrode active material, a second positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder are mixed to prepare a positive electrode mixture, and this positive electrode mixture is mixed with N-methyl-2-
- a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry is prepared by dispersing in a solvent such as pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP pyrrolidone
- this positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to the positive electrode current collector 21 ⁇ / b> A, the solvent is dried, and the positive electrode active material layer 21 ⁇ / b> B is formed by compression molding with a roll press or the like, thereby forming the positive electrode 21.
- a negative electrode active material and a binder are mixed to prepare a negative electrode mixture, and this negative electrode mixture is dispersed in a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry Is made.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to the negative electrode current collector 22A, the solvent is dried, and the negative electrode active material layer 22B is formed by compression molding using a roll press or the like, and the negative electrode 22 is manufactured.
- the positive electrode lead 25 is attached to the positive electrode current collector 21A by welding or the like, and the negative electrode lead 26 is attached to the negative electrode current collector 22A by welding or the like.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound through the separator 23.
- the front end of the positive electrode lead 25 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 15, and the front end of the negative electrode lead 26 is welded to the battery can 11, and the wound positive electrode 21 and negative electrode 22 are connected with the pair of insulating plates 12 and 13. It is housed inside the sandwiched battery can 11.
- the electrolytic solution is injected into the battery can 11 and impregnated in the separator 23.
- the battery lid 14, the safety valve mechanism 15, and the heat sensitive resistance element 16 are fixed to the opening end of the battery can 11 by caulking through a sealing gasket 17. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 is obtained.
- First positive electrode active material positive electrode having an average porosity V1 in the particles of 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%] and an average particle diameter D1 of 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- Second positive electrode active material the average porosity V2 in the particles is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the average particle diameter D2 is 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m]
- first positive electrode active material When the weight ratio of the first positive electrode active material to the second positive electrode active material (first positive electrode active material: second positive electrode active material) is within the range of 95: 5 to 70:30 Particularly good volume energy density and load characteristics can be obtained.
- FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing a configuration example of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the second embodiment of the present technology.
- a flat wound electrode body 30 to which a positive electrode lead 31 and a negative electrode lead 32 are attached is housed in a film-like exterior member 40, and is reduced in size, weight and thickness. It is possible.
- the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 are each led out from the inside of the exterior member 40 to the outside, for example, in the same direction.
- the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 are each made of, for example, a metal material such as aluminum, copper, nickel, or stainless steel, and each have a thin plate shape or a mesh shape.
- the exterior member 40 is made of, for example, a rectangular aluminum laminated film in which a nylon film, an aluminum foil, and a polyethylene film are bonded together in this order.
- the exterior member 40 is disposed so that the polyethylene film side and the wound electrode body 30 face each other, and the outer edge portions are in close contact with each other by fusion bonding or an adhesive.
- An adhesive film 41 is inserted between the exterior member 40 and the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 to prevent intrusion of outside air.
- the adhesion film 41 is made of a material having adhesion to the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32, for example, a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, modified polyethylene, or modified polypropylene.
- the exterior member 40 may be configured by a laminated film having another structure, a polymer film such as polypropylene, or a metal film instead of the above-described aluminum laminated film.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing an enlarged part of the spirally wound electrode body shown in FIG.
- the wound electrode body 30 is obtained by laminating the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 via the separator 23 and the electrolyte layer 33 and winding the outermost peripheral portion with a protective tape (not shown). Also good.
- the electrolyte layer 33 is provided between the positive electrode 21 and the separator 23, and is provided between the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23.
- the same parts as those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted.
- the electrolyte layer 33 includes an electrolytic solution and a polymer compound serving as a holding body that holds the electrolytic solution, and has a so-called gel shape.
- the gel electrolyte layer 33 is preferable because high ion conductivity can be obtained and battery leakage can be prevented.
- the composition of the electrolytic solution is the same as that of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the first embodiment.
- polymer compound examples include polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyphosphazene, and polysiloxane.
- polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene or polyethylene oxide is preferable from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability.
- a precursor solution containing a solvent, an electrolyte salt, a polymer compound, and a mixed solvent is applied to each of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, and the mixed solvent is volatilized to form the electrolyte layer 33.
- the positive electrode lead 31 is attached to the end of the positive electrode current collector 21A by welding, and the negative electrode lead 32 is attached to the end of the negative electrode 22 by welding.
- the laminated body is wound in the longitudinal direction, and a protective tape is adhered to the outermost peripheral portion to form the wound electrode body 30.
- the wound electrode body 30 is sandwiched between the exterior members 40, and the outer edges of the exterior members 40 are sealed and sealed by heat fusion or the like.
- the adhesion film 41 is inserted between the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 and the exterior member 40. Thereby, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery shown in FIG. 3 is obtained.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the second embodiment of the present technology may be manufactured as follows. First, the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 are attached to the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22. Next, the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated and wound via the separator 23, and a protective tape is bonded to the outermost peripheral portion to form a wound body that is a precursor of the wound electrode body 30. Next, the wound body is sandwiched between the exterior members 40, and the outer peripheral edge except for one side is heat-sealed to form a bag shape, which is then stored inside the exterior member 40.
- an electrolyte composition including a solvent, an electrolyte salt, a monomer that is a raw material of the polymer compound, a polymerization initiator, and other materials such as a polymerization inhibitor as necessary is prepared, and the exterior member Inject into 40.
- the opening of the exterior member 40 is heat-sealed in a vacuum atmosphere and sealed.
- the gelled electrolyte layer 33 is formed by applying heat to polymerize the monomer to obtain a polymer compound.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery shown in FIG. 3 is obtained.
- the operation and effect of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the second embodiment are the same as those of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the first embodiment.
- the electronic device 400 includes an electronic circuit 401 of the electronic device body and a battery pack 300.
- the battery pack 300 is electrically connected to the electronic circuit 401 via the positive terminal 331a and the negative terminal 331b.
- the electronic device 400 has a configuration in which the battery pack 300 is detachable by a user.
- the configuration of the electronic device 400 is not limited to this, and the battery pack 300 is built in the electronic device 400 so that the user cannot remove the battery pack 300 from the electronic device 400. May be.
- the positive terminal 331a and the negative terminal 331b of the battery pack 300 are connected to the positive terminal and the negative terminal of a charger (not shown), respectively.
- the positive terminal 331a and the negative terminal 331b of the battery pack 300 are connected to the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the electronic circuit 401, respectively.
- Examples of the electronic device 400 include a notebook personal computer, a tablet computer, a mobile phone (for example, a smartphone), a portable information terminal (Personal Digital Assistants: PDA), an imaging device (for example, a digital still camera, a digital video camera, etc.), Audio equipment (for example, portable audio player), game equipment, cordless phone, e-book, electronic dictionary, radio, headphones, navigation system, memory card, pacemaker, hearing aid, electric tool, electric shaver, refrigerator, air conditioner, TV, stereo , Water heaters, microwave ovens, dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, lighting equipment, toys, medical equipment, robots, road conditioners, traffic lights, etc., but are not limited thereto.
- the electronic circuit 401 includes, for example, a CPU, a peripheral logic unit, an interface unit, a storage unit, and the like, and controls the entire electronic device 400.
- the battery pack 300 includes an assembled battery 301 and a charge / discharge circuit 302.
- the assembled battery 301 is configured by connecting a plurality of secondary batteries 301a in series and / or in parallel.
- the plurality of secondary batteries 301a are connected, for example, in n parallel m series (n and m are positive integers).
- FIG. 5 shows an example in which six secondary batteries 301a are connected in two parallel three series (2P3S).
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the first or second embodiment is used as the secondary battery 301a.
- the charging / discharging circuit 302 controls charging of the assembled battery 301.
- the charging / discharging circuit 302 controls the discharging of the electronic device 400.
- a power storage system that includes the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the first or second embodiment in a power storage device will be described.
- This power storage system may be anything as long as it uses power, and includes a simple power device.
- This power system includes, for example, a smart grid, a home energy management system (HEMS), a vehicle, and the like, and can also store electricity.
- HEMS home energy management system
- This power storage system 100 is a residential power storage system, from a centralized power system 102 such as a thermal power generation 102a, a nuclear power generation 102b, and a hydropower generation 102c through a power network 109, an information network 112, a smart meter 107, a power hub 108, etc. Electric power is supplied to the power storage device 103. At the same time, power is supplied to the power storage device 103 from an independent power source such as the home power generation device 104. The electric power supplied to the power storage device 103 is stored. Electric power used in the house 101 is fed using the power storage device 103. The same power storage system can be used not only for the house 101 but also for buildings.
- the house 101 is provided with a home power generation device 104, a power consumption device 105, a power storage device 103, a control device 110 that controls each device, a smart meter 107, a power hub 108, and a sensor 111 that acquires various information.
- Each device is connected by a power network 109 and an information network 112.
- a solar cell, a fuel cell, or the like is used as the home power generation device 104, and the generated power is supplied to the power consumption device 105 and / or the power storage device 103.
- the power consuming device 105 is a refrigerator 105a, an air conditioner 105b, a television receiver 105c, a bath 105d, or the like.
- the electric power consumption device 105 includes an electric vehicle 106.
- the electric vehicle 106 is an electric vehicle 106a, a hybrid car 106b, and an electric motorcycle 106c.
- the power storage device 103 includes the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the first or second embodiment.
- the smart meter 107 has a function of measuring the usage amount of commercial power and transmitting the measured usage amount to an electric power company.
- the power network 109 may be any one or a combination of DC power supply, AC power supply, and non-contact power supply.
- the various sensors 111 are, for example, human sensors, illuminance sensors, object detection sensors, power consumption sensors, vibration sensors, contact sensors, temperature sensors, infrared sensors, and the like. Information acquired by various sensors 111 is transmitted to the control device 110. Based on the information from the sensor 111, the weather state, the state of a person, and the like can be grasped, and the power consumption device 105 can be automatically controlled to minimize the energy consumption. Furthermore, the control device 110 can transmit information regarding the house 101 to an external power company or the like via the Internet.
- the power hub 108 performs processing such as branching of power lines and DC / AC conversion.
- the communication method of the information network 112 connected to the control device 110 includes a method using a communication interface such as UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transceiver), Bluetooth (registered trademark), ZigBee, Wi-Fi.
- a communication interface such as UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transceiver), Bluetooth (registered trademark), ZigBee, Wi-Fi.
- the Bluetooth (registered trademark) system is applied to multimedia communication and can perform one-to-many connection communication.
- ZigBee uses a physical layer of IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Electronics) 802.15.4. IEEE 802.15.4 is the name of a short-range wireless network standard called PAN (Personal Area Network) or W (Wireless) PAN.
- the control device 110 is connected to an external server 113.
- the server 113 may be managed by any one of the house 101, the power company, and the service provider.
- the information transmitted and received by the server 113 is, for example, information related to power consumption information, life pattern information, power charges, weather information, natural disaster information, and power transactions. These pieces of information may be transmitted / received from a power consuming device in the home (for example, a television receiver) or may be transmitted / received from a device outside the home (for example, a mobile phone). Such information may be displayed on a device having a display function, such as a television receiver, a mobile phone, or a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
- a display function such as a television receiver, a mobile phone, or a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
- the control device 110 that controls each unit includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a RAM (Random Access Memory), a ROM (Read Only Memory), and the like, and is stored in the power storage device 103 in this example.
- the control device 110 is connected to the power storage device 103, the home power generation device 104, the power consumption device 105, the various sensors 111, the server 113 and the information network 112, and adjusts, for example, the amount of commercial power used and the amount of power generation. It has a function. In addition, you may provide the function etc. which carry out an electric power transaction in an electric power market.
- the power generated by the home power generation device 104 is supplied to the power storage device 103.
- the power generated by the home power generation device 104 can be stored. Therefore, even if the generated power of the home power generation device 104 fluctuates, it is possible to perform control such that the amount of power to be sent to the outside is constant or discharge is performed as necessary.
- the electric power obtained by solar power generation is stored in the power storage device 103, and midnight power with a low charge is stored in the power storage device 103 at night, and the power stored by the power storage device 103 is discharged during a high daytime charge. You can also use it.
- control device 110 is stored in the power storage device 103 .
- control device 110 may be stored in the smart meter 107 or may be configured independently.
- the power storage system 100 may be used for a plurality of homes in an apartment house, or may be used for a plurality of detached houses.
- the hybrid vehicle 200 is a hybrid vehicle that employs a series hybrid system.
- the series hybrid system is a vehicle that runs on the power driving force conversion device 203 using electric power generated by a generator that is driven by an engine or electric power that is temporarily stored in a battery.
- the hybrid vehicle 200 includes an engine 201, a generator 202, a power driving force conversion device 203, driving wheels 204a, driving wheels 204b, wheels 205a, wheels 205b, a battery 208, a vehicle control device 209, various sensors 210, and a charging port 211. Is installed.
- the battery 208 the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the first or second embodiment is used.
- Hybrid vehicle 200 travels using electric power / driving force conversion device 203 as a power source.
- An example of the power driving force conversion device 203 is a motor.
- the electric power / driving force converter 203 is operated by the electric power of the battery 208, and the rotational force of the electric power / driving force converter 203 is transmitted to the driving wheels 204a and 204b.
- DC-AC DC-AC
- AC-DC conversion AC-DC conversion
- the power driving force converter 203 can be applied to either an AC motor or a DC motor.
- the various sensors 210 control the engine speed via the vehicle control device 209 and control the opening (throttle opening) of a throttle valve (not shown).
- the various sensors 210 include a speed sensor, an acceleration sensor, an engine speed sensor, and the like.
- the rotational force of the engine 201 is transmitted to the generator 202, and the electric power generated by the generator 202 by the rotational force can be stored in the battery 208.
- the resistance force at the time of deceleration is applied as a rotational force to the power driving force conversion device 203, and the regenerative electric power generated by the power driving force conversion device 203 by this rotational force is used as the battery 208. Accumulated in.
- the battery 208 is connected to an external power source of the hybrid vehicle 200 via the charging port 211, so that it is possible to receive power from the external power source using the charging port 211 as an input port and store the received power. is there.
- an information processing apparatus that performs information processing related to vehicle control based on information related to the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be provided.
- an information processing apparatus for example, there is an information processing apparatus that displays a battery remaining amount based on information on the remaining amount of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the series hybrid vehicle that runs on the motor using the electric power generated by the generator that is driven by the engine or the electric power that is temporarily stored in the battery has been described as an example.
- the present technology is also effective for a parallel hybrid vehicle that uses both engine and motor outputs as drive sources and switches between the three modes of running with only the engine, running with only the motor, and running with the engine and motor. Applicable.
- the present technology can be effectively applied to a so-called electric vehicle that travels only by a drive motor without using an engine.
- the 1st positive electrode active material was produced as follows. First, a precursor was prepared by precipitating a hydroxide salt by a coprecipitation method which is generally performed industrially. CoSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O (manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O (manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O (manufactured by Shodo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as transition metal raw materials , And Al (NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O and NaOH as an alkali raw material were weighed so as to have the metal ratio shown in Table 1 and dissolved in water. In addition, ammonia water (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was used as a chelating agent for stable coprecipitation.
- a precursor was prepared by a coprecipitation method as follows. While stirring the inside of the 0.5 L reaction tank at 1000 rpm, the alkali raw material was dropped into the constant flow rate transition metal raw material and the chelating agent so that the pH was constant, and overflow from the 50 ° C. reaction tank After collecting the precipitate by the above, the collected product was filtered and sufficiently dried. Thereby, the precursor was obtained.
- Li: Mn: Co: Ni: Al 1.13: 0.522: 0.174: 0.174: 0.01 (atomic ratio) Li 2 CO 3 (manufactured by Honjo Chemical Co., Ltd., UF-200) was mixed, and the resulting mixture was calcined in air at 850 ° C. for 12 hours. Thereby, a lithium composite oxide having an average composition (Li 1.13 [Mn 0.6 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 ] 0.87 Al 0.01 O 2 ) shown in Table 1 was obtained. This lithium composite oxide was used as the first positive electrode active material.
- a second positive electrode active material was prepared as follows.
- the average composition (Li 1.13 [Mn 0.6 Co 0.2 ] shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as in the first positive electrode active material production step except that the firing conditions of the mixture were 850 ° C. and 12 hours instead of 1050 ° C. and 12 hours.
- a lithium composite oxide having Ni 0.2 ] 0.87 Al 0.01 O 2 was obtained.
- This lithium composite oxide was further pulverized with a planetary mill at 1000 rpm for 15 minutes. This pulverized lithium composite oxide was used as the second positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material is obtained by mixing the first positive electrode active material M1 and the second positive electrode active material M2 obtained as described above in a weight ratio (M1: M2) of 80:20. It was.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced as shown below.
- the following single-sided coating sample of the positive electrode and the negative electrode was produced separately, and the charge capacity of the positive electrode and the negative electrode was determined by the counter electrode Li coin cell of each electrode.
- the electric capacity when charged to the initial charging voltage of each example is measured.
- the negative electrode after 0 V at a constant current, until the current value becomes 1/10 of the constant current value. The electric capacity when charged at a low voltage was measured, and the charge capacity per mixture thickness of each electrode was determined. Using this value, the thickness of the positive electrode and the negative electrode was adjusted according to the solid content of the positive electrode and negative electrode mixture slurry, the coating speed, etc. so that (charge capacity of the positive electrode / charge capacity of the negative electrode) was 0.5.
- a positive electrode was produced as follows. First, 90% by weight of the mixed positive electrode active material, 5% by weight of amorphous carbon powder (Ketjen Black) and 5% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) were mixed to prepare a positive electrode mixture. This positive electrode mixture was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry, and then this positive electrode mixture slurry was uniformly applied to both sides of a strip-shaped aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector). Thus, a coating film was formed.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the coating film was dried with hot air, and then compression molded with a roll press (roll temperature 130 ° C., linear pressure 0.7 t / cm, press speed 10 m / min) to form a positive electrode sheet.
- this positive electrode sheet was cut into a 48 mm ⁇ 300 mm band to produce a positive electrode.
- a positive electrode lead was attached to the exposed portion of the positive electrode current collector of the positive electrode.
- the average porosity V1 and the average particle diameter D in the first positive electrode active material particles were determined as follows. First, a cross section of the positive electrode after pressing was prepared using an ion milling system E-3500 manufactured by HITACHI, and the cross section was 5000 times at 3 kV using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) manufactured by HITACHI. A cross-sectional image (hereinafter referred to as “cross-sectional SEM image”) was taken. Thereafter, ten first positive electrode active material particles were randomly selected from the cross-sectional SEM image using image analysis software ImageJ, and the void ratio and particle size in each of these particles were calculated.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- This operation was performed on 20 cross-sectional SEM images, and the average porosity (V1) in the particles was obtained by simply averaging (arithmetic average) the porosity in the obtained particles. Moreover, the average particle diameter D1 was calculated
- the second method is the same as that for obtaining the average porosity V1 and average particle size D1 in the first positive electrode active material particles.
- the average porosity V2 and the average particle diameter D2 in the positive electrode active material particles were determined.
- FIG. 8A and 8B show cross-sectional SEM images of the positive electrode of Example 1.
- FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B show that annual ring-shaped voids are formed in the first positive electrode active material particles.
- a negative electrode was produced as follows. First, SiO particles having an average particle diameter of 7 ⁇ m as a negative electrode active material and an NMP solution containing 20% by weight of a polyimide binder are mixed so that the weight ratio (SiO particles: NMP solution) is 7: 2, and a negative electrode mixture A slurry was prepared. Next, the negative electrode mixture slurry was applied to both sides of a 15 ⁇ m thick copper foil (negative electrode current collector) using a bar coater having a gap of 35 ⁇ m to form a coating film, and the coating film was dried at 80 ° C. Next, after compression-molding the coating film with a roll press machine, the negative electrode sheet was formed by heating at 700 ° C. for 3 hours. This negative electrode sheet was cut into a strip of 50 mm ⁇ 310 mm to produce a negative electrode. Next, the negative electrode lead was attached to the negative electrode current collector exposed portion of the negative electrode.
- the produced positive electrode and negative electrode are closely attached via a separator made of a microporous polyethylene film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m, wound in the longitudinal direction, and a protective tape is attached to the outermost peripheral portion, whereby a flat-shaped winding An electrode body was produced.
- this wound electrode body was loaded between the exterior members, and three sides of the exterior member were heat-sealed, and one side had an opening without being thermally fused.
- a moisture-proof aluminum laminate film in which a 25 ⁇ m-thick nylon film, a 40 ⁇ m-thick aluminum foil, and a 30 ⁇ m-thick polypropylene film were laminated in order from the outermost layer was used.
- LiPF6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- Example 2 The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary is the same as in Example 1 except that the first positive electrode active material M1 and the second positive electrode active material M2 are mixed so that the weight ratio (M1: M2) is 90:10. A battery was produced.
- Example 3 Graphite was used as the negative electrode active material. Further, the thicknesses of the positive electrode and the negative electrode were adjusted by the solid content of the positive electrode and the negative electrode mixture slurry, the coating speed, and the like so that (charge capacity of the positive electrode / charge capacity of the negative electrode) was 0.9. Except for this, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 4 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that silicon (Si) was used as the negative electrode active material.
- Example 5 The grinding conditions were changed in the production process of the second positive electrode active material, the average particle diameter D2 of the second positive electrode active material particles was 5.5 [ ⁇ m], and the average porosity V2 in the particles was 2 [%].
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that.
- Example 7 The grinding conditions were changed in the production process of the second positive electrode active material, the average particle diameter D2 of the second positive electrode active material particles was 1.1 [ ⁇ m], and the average porosity V2 in the particles was 1 [%].
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that.
- Example 8 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that in the first and second cathode active material preparation steps, the mixture of the precursor and the Li source was baked in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- Example 9 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the reaction layer temperature (coprecipitation temperature) was set to 55 ° C. in the first and second cathode active material manufacturing steps.
- Example 10 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was 800 ° C. in the production process of the first positive electrode active material.
- Example 11 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was set to 950 ° C. in the production process of the second positive electrode active material.
- Example 13 The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary is the same as in Example 1 except that the first positive electrode active material M1 and the second positive electrode active material M2 are mixed so that the weight ratio (M1: M2) is 60:40. A battery was obtained.
- Example 14 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that sodium carbonate was used as the alkali source in the first and second positive electrode active material manufacturing steps. In the positive electrode of Example 14, it was confirmed by a cross-sectional SEM image that an irregularly shaped void was localized in the center of the first positive electrode active material particle.
- Example 16> A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the reaction vessel was set to 35 ° C. in the first and second positive electrode active material manufacturing steps.
- Example 1 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was set to 950 ° C. in the first and second positive electrode active material manufacturing steps.
- FIG. 8C shows a cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode of Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 8C shows that very small voids are sparsely scattered in the first positive electrode active material particles.
- particles having a certain size of voids are also observed. In this case, it can be seen that the voids of a certain size are localized at the center of the first positive electrode active material particles.
- Example 3 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode mixture was prepared without mixing the second positive electrode active material.
- Example 4 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the reaction vessel was changed to 60 ° C. in the first and second positive electrode active material manufacturing steps.
- Example 5 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature in the production process of the second positive electrode active material was set to 900 ° C.
- Example 6 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that in the first and second cathode active material manufacturing steps, the temperature of the reaction vessel was 55 ° C. and the stirring speed was 600 rpm.
- Example 7 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the reaction vessel was set to 25 ° C. in the first positive electrode active material manufacturing step.
- Example 8 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that in the step of producing the second positive electrode active material, the pulverization time of the planetary mill was set to 30 minutes.
- the initial volume energy density was determined as follows. First, charging / discharging was performed 2 cycles under the following charging / discharging conditions, and the discharge capacity (mAh / g) per positive electrode active material weight in the second cycle was measured. Next, the volume energy density (mAh / cc) was calculated by multiplying the measured discharge capacity by the volume density (g / cc) of the positive electrode active material layer. Charging conditions: environmental temperature 23 ° C, charging voltage 4.55V, charging current 0.5A, charging time 2.5 hours Discharging conditions: environmental temperature 23 ° C, discharging current 0.2A, final voltage 2.0V
- Table 1 shows the configurations and evaluation results of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 16.
- Table 2 shows the configurations and evaluation results of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 8.
- M1, M2, D1, D2, V1, V2, and (* 1) have the following meanings.
- Table 1 shows the following.
- the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first positive electrode active material satisfies 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%]
- the average particle diameter D1 of the first positive electrode active material is 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second positive electrode active material satisfies 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%]
- the average particle diameter D2 of the second positive electrode active material is 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ .
- D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m] is satisfied. For this reason, good volume energy density, load characteristics, and capacity retention ratio are obtained.
- lithium composite oxides with a limited number of values of a, b, c, d, and e have been studied. However, the above effects are not limited to this example. Absent. For example, when the lithium composite oxide having the average composition represented by the formula (1) in the first embodiment is used, the above effect can be obtained.
- Comparative Example 3 since the second positive electrode active material is not used, the filling property of the positive electrode active material is not improved, and the volume energy density is reduced. In addition, a positive electrode active material having a large particle size has a higher diffusion resistance of Li than a positive electrode active material having a small particle size, and Li desorption / insertion from the inside of the particle becomes difficult, and load characteristics tend to be deteriorated. Therefore, in Comparative Example 3 in which the weight ratio of the first positive electrode active material having a large particle diameter is 100, the load characteristics are deteriorated. Similarly, the cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate due to the diffusion resistance of Li.
- Comparative Example 6 since the average porosity V1 in the first positive electrode active material particles exceeds 30 [%], the filling rate of the positive electrode active material is reduced and the volume energy density is reduced. In Comparative Example 6, since the first positive electrode active material has large voids, it lacks structural stability, collapses when the cycle is repeated, and is easily isolated from the conductive auxiliary agent. It is thought that there is. Since the load characteristics are measured at the beginning of the cycle, it is considered that the ionic resistance of Li is low and the decrease in load characteristics is small due to the large number of voids.
- the weight ratio of the first positive electrode active material to the second positive electrode active material was 95: 5 or more. It can be seen that particularly good volume energy density, load characteristics and capacity retention ratio can be obtained when the ratio is 70:30 or less.
- the volume energy density can be improved as compared with the case of using graphite as the negative electrode active material, It can be seen that the volume energy density can be particularly improved when SiO is used.
- the positive electrode is not limited to this example, and is used in a general lithium ion secondary battery as the positive electrode. What is currently used may be used.
- the present technology is applied to a battery having a winding structure.
- the structure of the battery is not limited to this, and a structure in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are folded, or The present technology can also be applied to a battery having a stacked structure.
- the present technology is applied to a battery having a cylindrical shape or a flat shape.
- the shape of the battery is not limited to this, and a coin shape
- the present technology can also be applied to a battery of a button type or a square type.
- the present technology can also employ the following configurations.
- the first active material and the second active material include a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal,
- the first active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V1 in the particles of the first active material is 10 [%] ⁇ V1 ⁇ 30 [%], and the first active material Average particle diameter D1 of 6 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D1 ⁇ 20 [ ⁇ m],
- the second active material has a particulate shape, the average porosity V2 in the particles of the second active material is 0 [%] ⁇ V2 ⁇ 10 [%], and the second active material
- a positive electrode having an average particle diameter D2 of 1 [ ⁇ m] ⁇ D2 ⁇ 6 [ ⁇ m].
- the average composition of the said lithium complex oxide is a positive electrode as described in (1) represented by the following formula
- M3 is at least one of aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), barium (Ba), boron (B), silicon (Si) and iron (Fe).
- A is 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.25, b is 0.3 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.7, c is 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1-b, d is 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 1, and e is 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.
- the weight ratio of the first active material to the second active material is 95: 5 or more and 70:30 or less (1) to (4)
- the positive electrode in any one of. (6) M3 in said formula (1) is a positive electrode as described in (2) which is at least 1 sort (s) of aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), and titanium (Ti).
- the negative electrode includes at least one of silicon (Si) and tin (Sn).
- the negative electrode includes silicon oxide.
- a battery pack comprising the battery according to any one of (7) to (10).
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Abstract
Description
第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である正極である。
正極と負極と電解質とを含み、
正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である電池である。
正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である電池パックである。
正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]であり、
電池から電力の供給を受ける電子機器である。
電池と、
電池から電力の供給を受けて車両の駆動力に変換する変換装置と、
電池に関する情報に基づいて車両制御に関する情報処理を行う制御装置と
を備え、
電池は、正極と、負極と、電解質とを含み、
正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である電動車両である。
正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]であり、
電池に接続される電子機器に電力を供給する蓄電装置である。
正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]であり、
電池から電力の供給を受け、または、発電装置もしくは電力網から電池に電力が供給される電力システムである。
1.第1の実施形態(円筒型電池の例)
2.第2の実施形態(扁平型電池の例)
3.第3の実施形態(電池パックおよび電子機器の例)
4.第4の実施形態(蓄電システムの例)
5.第5の実施形態(電動車両の例)
[電池の構成]
以下、図1を参照しながら、本技術の第1の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池の一構成例について説明する。この非水電解質二次電池は、例えば、負極の容量が、電極反応物質であるリチウム(Li)の吸蔵および放出による容量成分により表されるいわゆるリチウムイオン二次電池である。この非水電解質二次電池はいわゆる円筒型といわれるものであり、ほぼ中空円柱状の電池缶11の内部に、一対の帯状の正極21と帯状の負極22とがセパレータ23を介して積層し巻回された巻回電極体20を有している。電池缶11は、ニッケル(Ni)のめっきがされた鉄(Fe)により構成されており、一端部が閉鎖され他端部が開放されている。電池缶11の内部には、電解質としての電解液が注入され、正極21、負極22およびセパレータ23に含浸されている。また、巻回電極体20を挟むように巻回周面に対して垂直に一対の絶縁板12、13がそれぞれ配置されている。
正極21は、いわゆるリチウム過剰型の正極であり、例えば、正極集電体21Aの両面に正極活物質層21Bが設けられた構造を有している。なお、図示はしないが、正極集電体21Aの片面のみに正極活物質層21Bを設けるようにしてもよい。正極集電体21Aは、例えば、アルミニウム箔、ニッケル箔あるいはステンレス箔などの金属箔により構成されている。正極活物質層21Bは、例えば、電極反応物質であるリチウム(Li)を吸蔵および放出することが可能なリチウム過剰型の正極活物質を含んでいる。正極活物質層21Bは、必要に応じて添加剤をさらに含んでいてもよい。添加剤としては、例えば、導電剤および結着剤のうちの少なくとも1種を用いることができる。
正極活物質は、第1の正極活物質および第2の正極活物質を含んでいる。第1の正極活物質および第2の正極活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含んでいる。具体的には、第1の正極活物質および第2の正極活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)が固溶されたリチウム複合酸化物を含んでいる。
Li1+a(MnbCocNi1-b-c)1-aM3dO2-e ・・・(1)
(但し、式(1)中、M3はアルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、チタン(Ti)、バリウム(Ba)、ホウ素(B)、ケイ素(Si)および鉄(Fe)のうちの少なくとも1種、好ましくはアルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)およびチタン(Ti)のうちの少なくとも1種である。aは0<a<0.25、bは0.3≦b<0.7、cは0≦c<1-b、dは0≦d≦1、eは0≦e≦1である。)
結着材としては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)およびカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)などの樹脂材料、ならびにこれら樹脂材料を主体とする共重合体などから選択される少なくとも1種が用いられる。
導電剤としては、例えば、黒鉛、カーボンブラックあるいはケッチェンブラックなどの炭素材料が挙げられ、それらのうちの1種または2種以上が混合して用いられる。また、炭素材料の他にも、導電性を有する材料であれば金属材料あるいは導電性高分子材料などを用いるようにしてもよい。
負極22は、例えば、負極集電体22Aの両面に負極活物質層22Bが設けられた構造を有している。なお、図示はしないが、負極集電体22Aの片面のみに負極活物質層22Bを設けるようにしてもよい。負極集電体22Aは、例えば、銅箔、ニッケル箔あるいはステンレス箔などの金属箔により構成されている。
結着剤としては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)およびカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)などの樹脂材料、ならびにこれら樹脂材料を主体とする共重合体などから選択される少なくとも1種が用いられる。
セパレータ23は、正極21と負極22とを隔離し、両極の接触による電流の短絡を防止しつつ、リチウムイオンを通過させるものである。セパレータ23は、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレンあるいはポリエチレンなどよりなる合成樹脂製の多孔質膜、またはセラミック製の多孔質膜により構成されており、これらの2種以上の多孔質膜を積層した構造とされていてもよい。中でも、ポリオレフィン製の多孔質膜は短絡防止効果に優れ、かつシャットダウン効果による電池の安全性向上を図ることができるので好ましい。特にポリエチレンは、100℃以上160℃以下の範囲内においてシャットダウン効果を得ることができ、かつ電気化学的安定性にも優れているので、セパレータ23を構成する材料として好ましい。また、ポリプロピレンも好ましく、他にも、化学的安定性を備えた樹脂であればポリエチレンあるいはポリプロピレンと共重合させたり、またはブレンド化することで用いることができる。
セパレータ23には、液状の電解質である電解液が含浸されている。電解液は、溶媒と、この溶媒に溶解された電解質塩とを含んでいる。電解液が、電池特性を向上するために、公知の添加剤を含んでいてもよい。
次に、本技術の第1の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池の製造方法の一例について説明する。
第1の実施形態によれば、以下の第1の正極活物質と第2の正極活物質を組み合わせて用いることで、リチウム過剰型の正極21の体積エネルギー密度と負荷特性を両立できる。
第1の正極活物質:粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]である正極活物質
第2の正極活物質:粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である正極活物質
[電池の構成]
図3は、本技術の第2の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池の一構成例を示す分解斜視図である。この二次電池は、正極リード31および負極リード32が取り付けられた扁平形状の巻回電極体30をフィルム状の外装部材40の内部に収容したものであり、小型化、軽量化および薄型化が可能となっている。
次に、本技術の第2の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池の製造方法の一例について説明する。まず、正極21および負極22のそれぞれに、溶媒と、電解質塩と、高分子化合物と、混合溶剤とを含む前駆溶液を塗布し、混合溶剤を揮発させて電解質層33を形成する。次に、正極集電体21Aの端部に正極リード31を溶接により取り付けるとともに、負極22の端部に負極リード32を溶接により取り付ける。次に、正極21と負極22とをセパレータ23を介して積層し積層体としたのち、この積層体をその長手方向に巻回して、最外周部に保護テープを接着して巻回電極体30を形成する。最後に、例えば、外装部材40の間に巻回電極体30を挟み込み、外装部材40の外縁部同士を熱融着などにより密着させて封入する。その際、正極リード31および負極リード32と外装部材40との間には密着フィルム41を挿入する。これにより、図3に示した非水電解質二次電池が得られる。
第3の実施形態では、第1または第2の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池を備える電池パックおよび電子機器について説明する。
電子回路401は、例えば、CPU、周辺ロジック部、インターフェース部および記憶部などを備え、電子機器400の全体を制御する。
電池パック300は、組電池301と、充放電回路302とを備える。組電池301は、複数の二次電池301aを直列および/または並列に接続して構成されている。複数の二次電池301aは、例えばn並列m直列(n、mは正の整数)に接続される。なお、図5では、6つの二次電池301aが2並列3直列(2P3S)に接続された例が示されている。二次電池301aとしては、第1または第2の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池が用いられる。
第4の実施形態では、第1または第2の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池を蓄電装置に備える蓄電システムについて説明する。この蓄電システムは、およそ電力を使用するものである限り、どのようなものであってもよく、単なる電力装置も含む。この電力システムは、例えば、スマートグリッド、家庭用エネルギー管理システム(HEMS)、車両など含み、蓄電も可能である。
以下、図6を参照して、第4の実施形態に係る蓄電システム(電力システム)100の構成例について説明する。この蓄電システム100は、住宅用の蓄電システムであり、火力発電102a、原子力発電102b、水力発電102cなどの集中型電力系統102から電力網109、情報網112、スマートメータ107、パワーハブ108などを介し、電力が蓄電装置103に供給される。これと共に、家庭内発電装置104などの独立電源から電力が蓄電装置103に供給される。蓄電装置103に供給された電力が蓄電される。蓄電装置103を使用して、住宅101で使用する電力が給電される。住宅101に限らずビルに関しても同様の蓄電システムを使用できる。
第5の実施形態では、第1または第2の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池を備える電動車両について説明する。
(第1の正極活物質の作製工程)
第1の正極活物質を以下のようにして作製した。まず、一般に工業的に行われている共沈法により水酸化物の塩を析出させることによって前駆体を作製した。遷移金属原料としてのCoSO4・7H2O(日本化学産業株式会社製)、MnSO4・H2O(日本化学産業株式会社製)、NiSO4・6H2O(正同化学工業株式会社製)、およびAl(NO3)3・9H2Oと、アルカリ原料としてのNaOHとを、表1に示す金属比となるように秤量して水に溶解して用いた。また、安定に共沈させるために、キレート剤としてアンモニア水(関東化学株式会社製)を用いた。
第2の正極活物質を以下のようにして作製した。混合物の焼成条件を850℃、12時間に代えて1050℃、12時間とする以外は第1の正極活物質の作製工程と同様にして、表1に示す平均組成(Li1.13[Mn0.6Co0.2Ni0.2]0.87Al0.01O2)を有するリチウム複合酸化物を得た。このリチウム複合酸化物をさらに遊星ミルにて1000rpmにて15分間粉砕した。この粉砕したリチウム複合酸化物を第2の正極活物質として用いた。
上述のようにして得られた第1の正極活物質M1と第2の正極活物質M2とを重量比(M1:M2)で80:20となるように混合することにより、正極活物質を得た。
以上のようにして得られた正極活物質として用いて、以下に示すようにして非水電解質二次電池を作製した。なお、下記の正極および負極の片面塗布試料を別途作製し、各電極の対極Liコインセルにより、正極および負極の充電容量を求めた。具体的には、正極の場合、各実施例の初回充電電圧まで充電したときの電気容量を測定し、負極の場合、定電流で0V後、電流値が定電流値の1/10となるまで低電圧充電したときの電気容量を測定し、各電極の合剤厚み当たりの充電容量を求めた。この値を用いて、(正極の充電容量/負極の充電容量)が0.5となるように、正極、負極の厚みを正極、負極合剤スラリーの固形分や塗布速度などにより調整した。
正極を以下のようにして作製した。まず、混合した正極活物質90重量%、アモルファス性炭素粉(ケッチェンブラック)5重量%と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5重量%とを混合して正極合剤を調製した。この正極合剤をN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させて正極合剤スラリーを作製した後、この正極合剤スラリーを帯状アルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の両面に均一に塗布して、塗膜を形成した。次に、この塗膜を温風乾燥した後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成型(ロール温度130℃、線圧0.7t/cm、プレス速度10m/min)し、正極シートを形成した。次に、この正極シートを48mm×300mmの帯状に切り出して、正極を作製した。次に、正極の正極集電体露出部分に正極リードを取り付けた。
第1の正極活物質粒子の粒子内の平均空隙率V1、平均粒径Dを以下のようにして求めた。まず、HITACHI製、イオンミリングシステムE-3500を用いて、プレス後の正極の断面を作製し、その断面をHITACHI製の走査電子顕微鏡(Scanning Electron Microscope;SEM)を用いて3kVにて5000倍の断面画像(以下「断面SEM像」という。)を撮った。その後、画像解析ソフトImageJを用いて、断面SEM像中から無作為に10個の第1の正極活物質粒子を選び出し、それらの粒子それぞれの粒子内の空隙率および粒径を算出した。この操作を20枚の断面SEM像について行い、得られた粒子内の空隙率を単純に平均(算術平均)して粒子内の平均空隙率V1を求めた。また、得られた粒径を単純に平均(算術平均)して平均粒径D1を求めた。
負極を以下のようにして作製した。まず、負極活物質としての平均粒径7μmのSiO粒子とポリイミドバインダーを20重量%含むNMP溶液とを重量比(SiO粒子:NMP溶液)で7:2となるように混合して、負極合剤スラリーを作製した。次に、負極合剤スラリーをギャップ35μmのバーコーターを用いて15μm厚の銅箔(負極集電体)の両面に塗布して塗膜を形成し、この塗膜を80℃で乾燥させた。次に、ロールプレス機で塗膜を圧縮成型した後、700℃で3時間加熱して負極シートを形成した。この負極シートを50mm×310mmの帯状に切り出して、負極を作製した。次に、負極の負極集電体露出部分に負極リードを取り付けた。
まず、作製した正極および負極を、厚み25μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルムよりなるセパレータを介して密着させ、長手方向に巻回して、最外周部に保護テープを貼り付けることにより、扁平形状の巻回電極体を作製した。次に、この巻回電極体を外装部材の間に装填し、外装部材の3辺を熱融着し、一辺は熱融着せずに開口を有するようにした。外装部材としては、最外層から順に25μm厚のナイロンフィルムと、40μm厚のアルミニウム箔と、30μm厚のポリプロピレンフィルムとが積層された防湿性のアルミラミネートフィルムを用いた。
まず、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを、質量比がEC:EMC=5:5となるようにして混合した混合溶媒を調製した。次に、この混合溶媒に、電解質塩として六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1mol/lとなるように溶解させて電解液を調製した。この電解液を外装部材の開口から注入し、外装部材の残りの1辺を減圧下において熱融着し、密封した。これにより、目的とする非水電解質二次電池が得られた。
第1の正極活物質M1と第2の正極活物質M2とを重量比(M1:M2)で90:10となるように混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
負極活物質として黒鉛を用いた。また、(正極の充電容量/負極の充電容量)が0.9となるように、正極、負極の厚みを正極、負極合剤スラリーの固形分や塗布速度などにより調整した。これ以外のことは実施例1と同様に非水電解質二次電池を得た。
負極活物質としてケイ素(Si)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様に非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第2の正極活物質の作製工程において粉砕条件を変更し、第2の正極活物質粒子の平均粒径D2を5.5[μm]、粒子内の平均空隙率V2を2[%]としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に非水電解質二次電池を得た。
硝酸アルミニウム九水和物(Al(NO3)3・9H2O)を加えずに、Li:Mn:Co:Ni=1.2:0.48:0.16:0.16(原子比)となるように原料を混合したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第2の正極活物質の作製工程において粉砕条件を変更し、第2の正極活物質粒子の平均粒径D2を1.1[μm]、粒子内の平均空隙率V2を1[%]としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1、第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、前駆体およびLi源の混合物を窒素雰囲気下で焼成すること以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1、第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、反応層の温度(共沈温度)を55℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1の正極活物質の作製工程において、焼成温度を800℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、焼成温度を950℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
Li:Mn:Co:Ni:Ti=1.13:0.522:0.261:0.087:0.01(原子比)となるように原料を混合したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1の正極活物質M1と第2の正極活物質M2とを重量比(M1:M2)で60:40となるように混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1、第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、アルカリ源として炭酸ナトリウムを用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。なお、実施例14の正極では、不定形状の空隙が第1の正極活物質粒子の中心部に局在していることが断面SEM像により確認された。
Li:Mn:Co:Ni:Mg=1.13:0.522:0.261:0.087:0.01(原子比)となるように原料を混合したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1、第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、反応槽の温度を35℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1、第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、焼成温度を950℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第2の正極活物質の製造工程において粉砕条件を変更し、第2の正極活物質の平均粒径D2を6.4[μm]、粒子内の平均空隙率V2を4[%]としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第2の正極活物質を混合せずに正極合剤を作製したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1、第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、反応槽の温度を60℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第2の正極活物質の作製工程における焼成温度を900℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1、第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、反応槽の温度を55℃とし、さらに撹拌速度を600rpmとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第1の正極活物質の作製工程において、反応槽の温度を25℃とすること以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
第2の正極活物質の作製工程において、遊星ミルの粉砕時間を30分としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を得た。
上述のようにして得られた実施例1~16、比較例1~9の非水電解質二次電池について、以下の評価を行った。
初期の体積エネルギー密度を以下のようにして求めた。まず、以下の充放電条件にて、充放電を2サイクル行い、2サイクル目の正極活物質重量あたりの放電容量(mAh/g)を測定した。次に、測定した放電容量を、正極活物質層の体積密度(g/cc)と掛け合わせることで、体積エネルギー密度(mAh/cc)を算出した。
充電条件:環境温度23℃、充電電圧4.55V、充電電流0.5A、充電時間2.5時間
放電条件:環境温度23℃、放電電流0.2A、終止電圧2.0V
負荷特性を以下のようにして評価した。まず、上述の充放電条件にて充放電を行い、放電電流0.2Aでの放電容量を測定した。次に、充電電流0.5A、充電時間2.5時間の条件で充電を行った後、放電電流2.0A、終止電圧2.0Vの条件で放電を行い、放電電流値2.0Aでの放電容量を測定した。次に、測定した放電電流0.2Aでの放電容量および放電電流値2.0Aでの放電容量を以下の式に代入して、負荷特性を求めた。
負荷特性[%]=(放電電流値2.0Aでの放電容量)/(放電電流0.2Aでの放電容量)×100
容量維持率を以下のようにして求めた。まず、上述の充放電条件にて、充放電を行い、1サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。次に、上述の充放電条件にて充放電を繰り返した後、300サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。次に、測定した1サイクル目の放電容量および300サイクル目の放電容量を以下の式に代入して、300サイクル後の容量維持率を求めた。
300サイクル後の容量維持率[%]=(300サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
M1:第1の正極活物質
M2:第2の正極活物質
D1:第1の正極活物質の平均粒径
D2:第2の正極活物質の平均粒径
V1:第1の正極活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率
V2:第2の正極活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率
(*1):不定形状の空隙が第1の正極活物質の中心部に局在
実施例1~16では、第1の正極活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]を満たし、かつ、第1の正極活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]を満たしている。また、第2の正極活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]を満たし、かつ、第2の正極活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]を満たしている。このため、良好な体積エネルギー密度、負荷特性および容量維持率が得られている。
なお、実施例1~16では、a、b、c、dおよびeの数値が幾つかの限られたリチウム複合酸化物について検討を行っているが、上記効果はこの例に限定されるものではない。例えば、リチウム複合酸化物として第1の実施形態にて式(1)で示した平均組成を有するものを用いた場合には、上記効果を奏することができる。
(1)
第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および上記第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である正極。
(2)
上記リチウム複合酸化物の平均組成は、以下の式(1)で表される(1)に記載の正極。
Li1+a(MnbCocNi1-b-c)1-aM3dO2-e ・・・(1)
(但し、M3はアルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、チタン(Ti)、バリウム(Ba)、ホウ素(B)、ケイ素(Si)および鉄(Fe)のうちの少なくとも1種である。aは0<a<0.25、bは0.3≦b<0.7、cは0≦c<1-b、dは0≦d≦1、eは0≦e≦1である。)
(3)
上記第1の活物質は、粒子内全体に分布した空隙を有する(1)または(2)に記載の正極。
(4)
上記第1の活物質は、粒子内に年輪状の空隙を有する(1)または(2)に記載の正極。
(5)
上記第1の活物質と上記第2の活物質の重量比(上記第1の活物質:上記第2の活物質)は、95:5以上70:30以下である(1)から(4)のいずれかに記載の正極。
(6)
上記式(1)中のM3は、アルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)およびチタン(Ti)のうちの少なくとも1種である(2)に記載の正極。
(7)
正極と負極と電解質とを含み、
上記正極は、(1)から(6)のいずれかに記載の正極である電池。
(8)
上記負極は、ケイ素(Si)およびスズ(Sn)のうちの少なくとも一方を含む(7)に記載の電池。
(9)
上記負極は、酸化ケイ素を含む(7)に記載の電池。
(10)
一対の上記正極および上記負極当たりの完全充電状態における開回路電圧が、4.4V以上6.00V以下の範囲内である(7)から(9)のいずれかに記載の電池。
(11)
(7)から(10)のいずれかに記載の電池を備える電池パック。
(12)
(7)から(10)のいずれかに記載の電池を備え、
上記電池から電力の供給を受ける電子機器。
(13)
(7)から(10)のいずれかに記載の電池と、
上記電池から電力の供給を受けて車両の駆動力に変換する変換装置と、
上記電池に関する情報に基づいて車両制御に関する情報処理を行う制御装置と
を備える電動車両。
(14)
(7)から(10)のいずれかに記載の電池を備え、
上記電池に接続される電子機器に電力を供給する蓄電装置。
(15)
他の機器とネットワークを介して信号を送受信する電力情報制御装置を備え、
上記電力情報制御装置が受信した情報に基づき、上記電池の充放電制御を行う(14)に記載の蓄電装置。
(16)
(7)から(10)のいずれかに記載の電池を備え、
上記電池から電力の供給を受け、または、発電装置もしくは電力網から上記電池に電力が供給される電力システム。
12、13 絶縁板
14 電池蓋
15 安全弁機構
15A ディスク板
16 熱感抵抗素子
17 ガスケット
20 巻回電極体
21 正極
21A 正極集電体
21B 正極活物質層
22 負極
22A 負極集電体
22B 負極活物質層
23 セパレータ
24 センターピン
25 正極リード
26 負極リード
Claims (16)
- 第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および上記第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である正極。 - 上記リチウム複合酸化物の平均組成は、以下の式(1)で表される請求項1に記載の正極。
Li1+a(MnbCocNi1-b-c)1-aM3dO2-e ・・・(1)
(但し、M3はアルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、チタン(Ti)、バリウム(Ba)、ホウ素(B)、ケイ素(Si)および鉄(Fe)のうちの少なくとも1種である。aは0<a<0.25、bは0.3≦b<0.7、cは0≦c<1-b、dは0≦d≦1、eは0≦e≦1である。) - 上記第1の活物質は、粒子内全体に分布した空隙を有する請求項1に記載の正極。
- 上記第1の活物質は、粒子内に年輪状の空隙を有する請求項1に記載の正極。
- 上記第1の活物質と上記第2の活物質の重量比(上記第1の活物質:上記第2の活物質)は、95:5以上70:30以下である請求項1に記載の正極。
- 上記式(1)中のM3は、アルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)およびチタン(Ti)のうちの少なくとも1種である請求項2に記載の正極。
- 正極と負極と電解質とを含み、
上記正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および上記第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である電池。 - 上記負極は、ケイ素(Si)およびスズ(Sn)のうちの少なくとも一方を含む請求項7に記載の電池。
- 上記負極は、酸化ケイ素を含む請求項7に記載の電池。
- 一対の上記正極および上記負極当たりの完全充電状態における開回路電圧が、4.4V以上6.00V以下の範囲内である請求項7に記載の電池。
- 正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
上記正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および上記第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である電池パック。 - 正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
上記正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および上記第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]であり、
上記電池から電力の供給を受ける電子機器。 - 電池と、
上記電池から電力の供給を受けて車両の駆動力に変換する変換装置と、
上記電池に関する情報に基づいて車両制御に関する情報処理を行う制御装置と
を備え、
上記電池は、正極と、負極と、電解質とを含み、
上記正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]である電動車両。 - 正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
上記正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および上記第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]であり、
上記電池に接続される電子機器に電力を供給する蓄電装置。 - 他の機器とネットワークを介して信号を送受信する電力情報制御装置を備え、
上記電力情報制御装置が受信した情報に基づき、上記電池の充放電制御を行う請求項14に記載の蓄電装置。 - 正極と、負極と、電解質とを含む電池を備え、
上記正極は、第1の活物質と第2の活物質とを含み、
上記第1の活物質および上記第2の活物質は、遷移金属として少なくともマンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)およびコバルト(Co)を含むリチウム複合酸化物を含み、
上記第1の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第1の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V1が10[%]≦V1≦30[%]であり、かつ、上記第1の活物質の平均粒径D1が6[μm]≦D1≦20[μm]であり、
上記第2の活物質は粒子状を有し、上記第2の活物質の粒子内の平均空隙率V2が0[%]≦V2≦10[%]であり、かつ、上記第2の活物質の平均粒径D2が1[μm]≦D2≦6[μm]であり、
上記電池から電力の供給を受け、または、発電装置もしくは電力網から上記電池に電力が供給される電力システム。
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JP2018055802A (ja) * | 2016-09-26 | 2018-04-05 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 蓄電素子 |
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JP7421039B2 (ja) | 2016-12-22 | 2024-01-24 | ポスコホールディングス インコーポレーティッド | 正極活物質、その製造方法、およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
JP2021177491A (ja) * | 2016-12-22 | 2021-11-11 | ポスコPosco | 正極活物質、その製造方法、およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
CN110178253B (zh) * | 2016-12-22 | 2022-05-10 | 株式会社Posco | 正极活性物质及其制备方法以及包括该物质的锂二次电池 |
US11462725B2 (en) | 2016-12-22 | 2022-10-04 | Posco | Cathode active material for lithium secondary battery |
JP2019102260A (ja) * | 2017-12-01 | 2019-06-24 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7069668B2 (ja) | 2017-12-01 | 2022-05-18 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
JPWO2019117282A1 (ja) * | 2017-12-15 | 2021-01-07 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法、非水電解質二次電池用正極、及び非水電解質二次電池 |
JP7296044B2 (ja) | 2017-12-15 | 2023-06-22 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法、非水電解質二次電池用正極、及び非水電解質二次電池 |
WO2019163483A1 (ja) * | 2018-02-22 | 2019-08-29 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
US11888147B2 (en) | 2018-02-22 | 2024-01-30 | Panasonic Holdings Corporation | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries |
JP7264792B2 (ja) | 2019-11-12 | 2023-04-25 | Jx金属株式会社 | 全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極、全固体リチウムイオン電池及び全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
JP2021077565A (ja) * | 2019-11-12 | 2021-05-20 | Jx金属株式会社 | 全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極、全固体リチウムイオン電池及び全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
WO2021095394A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-12 | 2021-05-20 | Jx金属株式会社 | 全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極、全固体リチウムイオン電池及び全固体リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
JP2021120937A (ja) * | 2020-01-30 | 2021-08-19 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質、正極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7439541B2 (ja) | 2020-01-30 | 2024-02-28 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質、正極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7422121B2 (ja) | 2021-12-27 | 2024-01-25 | プライムアースEvエナジー株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR102125111B1 (ko) | 2020-06-19 |
US20170149049A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 |
US10784498B2 (en) | 2020-09-22 |
JPWO2015198521A1 (ja) | 2017-04-27 |
KR20170022990A (ko) | 2017-03-02 |
CN106663790A (zh) | 2017-05-10 |
CN106663790B (zh) | 2020-01-03 |
JP6414214B2 (ja) | 2018-10-31 |
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