WO2015159612A1 - 希土類永久磁石 - Google Patents
希土類永久磁石 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a rare earth permanent magnet, and more particularly to a permanent magnet utilizing high magnetic anisotropy containing Ce in part and all of a rare earth element.
- Rare earth magnets mainly composed of intermetallic compounds of rare earth elements and transition metal elements such as Fe and Co have high crystal magnetic anisotropy, so that they can be used as high-performance permanent magnets in consumer, industrial and transportation equipment. Widely used in In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for miniaturization of various electric devices, and in order to meet the demand, a high-performance permanent magnet having higher magnetic properties is required.
- Nd—Fe—B permanent magnets in which the rare earth element R is Nd are widely used because of a good balance of saturation magnetization Is, Curie temperature Tc, and anisotropic magnetic field Ha.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a magnetic material having a high Fe concentration in the main phase and a high saturation magnetic flux density in a permanent magnet having an RT compound having a TbCu 7- type crystal structure as a main phase.
- Patent Document 3 proposes a magnetic material having the highest Fe concentration in the main phase among permanent magnets, the main phase being an RT compound having a ThMn 12 type crystal structure.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a high saturation magnetic flux density of 1.62 T in an Nd (Fe 0.93 Co 0.02 Mo 0.05 ) 12 N y thin film having a crystal structure of main phase particles of ThMn 12 type, 693 kA / A high coercive force of m has been reported.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a Ce—TB system permanent magnet in which the rare earth element R of the RTB system permanent magnet is Ce, and uses the Ce 2 Fe 14 B phase as a parent phase to absorb hydrogen. Therefore, it is said that a permanent magnet having a practical coercive force can be obtained by promoting volume expansion.
- the Ce—T—B—H system permanent magnet disclosed in Patent Document 4 has insufficient magnetic properties compared to the Nd—Fe—B system permanent magnet. Further, since hydrogen is contained in the main phase, it can be easily imagined that the reaction with oxygen is promoted and the corrosion resistance is lowered.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a rare earth permanent magnet using Ce, which has a large magnetic anisotropy and high corrosion resistance, and is abundant in resources. And
- the rare earth permanent magnet of the present invention has an abundance ratio when the number of trivalent Ce atoms in the main phase particles is C3 and the number of tetravalent Ce atoms is C4.
- C3 / (C3 + C4) is 0.1 ⁇ C3 / (C3 + C4) ⁇ 0.5.
- the rare earth permanent magnet of the present invention is an R—T—X compound in which main phase particles have an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type crystal structure (space group P4 2 / mnm), and R is Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, a rare earth element composed of one or more elements, T represents one or more transition metal elements essential for Fe or Fe and Co , X is preferably B or an element obtained by substituting B and a part thereof with Be, C, or Si.
- the rare earth permanent magnet of the present invention is an RT compound in which the main phase particles have a TbCu 7 type crystal structure (space group P6 / mmm), and R is Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, in which Ce is essential.
- Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu are preferably one or more rare earth elements, and T is preferably one or more transition metal elements essentially comprising Fe or Fe and Co.
- An RT compound having the TbCu 7- type crystal structure space group P6 / mmm), wherein the main phase particles further include an intrusion element X (X is an element composed of one or more of N, H, Be, and C). It is preferable to contain.
- the main phase particles preferably have a part of R substituted with Zr.
- the rare earth permanent magnet of the present invention is an RT compound in which the main phase particles have a ThMn 12 type crystal structure (space group I4 / mmm), and R is Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, in which Ce is essential. Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and a rare earth element composed of one or more of Lu, T is one or more transition metal elements essential for Fe or Fe and Co, or a part thereof An element substituted with M (one or more of Ti, V, Cr, Mo, W, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Al, Si, Cu, Zn, Ga, and Ge) is preferable.
- M one or more of Ti, V, Cr, Mo, W, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Al, Si, Cu, Zn, Ga, and Ge
- An RT compound having the ThMn 12 type crystal structure space group I4 / mmm), wherein the main phase particles further include an intrusion element X (X is an element composed of one or more of N, H, Be, and C). It is preferable to contain.
- the abundance ratio of the trivalent Ce atoms and the tetravalent Ce atoms in the main phase particles is preferably calculated from an electron energy loss spectrum.
- the trivalent Ce state is obtained by adjusting the interatomic distance between the nearest element and Ce by the combination of elements, and has a high coercive force utilizing the high magnetic anisotropy of trivalent Ce.
- a permanent magnet can be realized.
- Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the main phase particles in the first embodiment of the present invention a spectrum and EELS spectrum of the standard sample CeO 2 and CePO 4 of (EELS Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy) .
- the state in which one electron enters the 4f orbit of the Ce element is a trivalent Ce state because it has an electronic structure similar to that of the trivalent Ce in the ion crystal, while the 4f orbit of the Ce element
- the state without electrons is defined as a tetravalent Ce state because it has an electronic structure similar to tetravalent Ce in an ionic crystal.
- the inventors stabilize the electrons in the 4f orbit of Ce by adjusting the interatomic distance between Ce in the crystal and surrounding elements, and exhibit high magnetic anisotropy due to the trivalent Ce state. It has been found that a permanent magnet having the above can be obtained.
- a rare earth permanent magnet having high magnetic anisotropy can be realized by adjusting the interatomic distance between Ce and peripheral elements and stabilizing electrons in the Ce4f orbit.
- the present inventors can obtain a permanent magnet exhibiting a high coercive force without significantly impairing corrosion resistance by realizing trivalent Ce in the range of 0.1 ⁇ C3 / (C3 + C4) ⁇ 0.5. I found. When C3 / (C3 + C4) is less than 0.1, no improvement in coercive force was observed even at room temperature. The inventors think that this is because the amount of Ce in the trivalent state is not sufficient and the effect of high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of Ce in the trivalent state cannot be sufficiently obtained. When C3 / (C3 + C4) was larger than 0.5, the corrosion resistance was significantly lowered. The inventors consider that this is because trivalent Ce is unstable compared to tetravalent Ce and is easily oxidized.
- the main phase of the rare earth permanent magnet in this embodiment includes Ce—Fe, Ce—Fe—N, Ce—Fe—B, Ce—Co, Ce—Co—N, and Ce—Co—B. Although what is contained is mentioned, it is not restrict
- Crystal structure (space group I4 / mmm), CaCu 5 type crystal structure (space group P6 / mmm), Zn 17 Th 2 type crystal structure (space group R-3m), Nd 5 Fe 17 type crystal structure (space group P6 3
- the present invention is not limited to these, and a rare earth permanent magnet may be formed by using two or more kinds in combination.
- an RTX compound in which the main phase particles have an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type crystal structure (space group P4 2 / mnm), which is one of the embodiments, will be specifically described.
- an RTX compound having an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type crystal structure (space group P4 2 / mnm) is hereinafter referred to as an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type RTX compound.
- R of the Nd 2 Fe 14 B type RTX compound is 1 of Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, which require Ce.
- Ce is a rare earth element composed of more than seeds.
- Ce can be expected to have high magnetic anisotropy due to the presence of electrons in the 4f orbit, that is, the manifestation of the trivalent state. That is, high magnetic anisotropy can be expected by increasing the amount of Ce, and the coercivity of the permanent magnet can be increased.
- it is desirable that the ratio of Ce in the total rare earth elements is large, and it is desirable that the ratio of Ce is at least half or more with respect to the total amount of rare earth elements.
- T in the Nd 2 Fe 14 B type RTX compound is one or more transition metal elements that essentially contain Fe or Fe and Co.
- the Curie temperature can be improved, and a decrease in coercive force with respect to a temperature rise can be suppressed to a low level.
- the corrosion resistance of the rare earth permanent magnet can be improved by increasing the amount of Co.
- the amount of Co is excessive, the magnetic anisotropy of the main phase particles changes from the plane to the in-plane, so that the amount of Co that does not exceed the amount of Fe is desirable.
- X in the Nd 2 Fe 14 B type RTX compound is an element obtained by substituting B or B and a part thereof with Be, C or Si.
- X is B
- the interatomic distance between Ce and the nearest element takes an optimum value and the development of a trivalent Ce state can be expected. Therefore, it is desirable that the ratio of B in X is larger.
- an RT compound in which the main phase particle has a TbCu 7 type crystal structure (space group P6 / mmm), which is one of the embodiments, will be specifically described.
- an RT compound having a TbCu 7 type crystal structure (space group P6 / mmm) is hereinafter referred to as a TbCu 7 type RT compound.
- R in the TbCu type 7 RT compound is a rare earth composed of one or more of Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, which require Ce. Elemental. Ce can be expected to have high magnetic anisotropy due to the presence of electrons in the 4f orbit, that is, the manifestation of the trivalent state. That is, high magnetic anisotropy can be expected by increasing the amount of Ce, and the coercivity of the permanent magnet can be increased. In addition, it is desirable that the ratio of Ce in the total rare earth elements is large, and it is desirable that the ratio of Ce is at least half or more with respect to the total amount of rare earth elements.
- the amount of R in the TbCu 7 type RT compound is preferably 6.3 at% or more and 37.5 at% or less.
- the amount of R is less than 6.3 at%, the main phase is not sufficiently generated, ⁇ -Fe having soft magnetism is precipitated, and the coercive force is remarkably lowered.
- R exceeds 37.5 at%, the volume ratio of the main phase decreases, and the saturation magnetic flux density decreases.
- T in the TbCu 7 type RT compound is one or more transition metal elements that essentially require Fe or Fe and Co.
- the Co amount is preferably greater than 0 at% and less than 50 at% with respect to the total T amount.
- the saturation magnetic flux density can be improved by adding an appropriate amount of Co. Further, the corrosion resistance of the rare earth permanent magnet can be improved by increasing the amount of Co.
- the TbCu 7 type RT compound may contain an intruding element X, where X is an element composed of one or more of N, H, Be, and C.
- the amount of X is preferably 0 at% or more and 10 at% or less.
- the coercive force can be improved by the penetration of X into the crystal lattice. This is presumably because the magnetocrystalline anisotropy is improved by the intruding elements.
- a part of R of the TbCu 7 type RT compound may be substituted with Zr.
- Zr substitution is preferably greater than 0 at% and less than 50 at% relative to the total amount of R. By setting it as this range, a saturation magnetic flux density can be improved. This is presumably because the substitution of Zr promotes the localization of Fe 3d electrons.
- an RT compound in which the main phase particles have a ThMn 12 type crystal structure (space group I4 / mmm), which is one of the embodiments, will be specifically described.
- an RT compound having a ThMn 12 type crystal structure (space group I4 / mmm) is hereinafter referred to as a ThMn 12 type RT compound.
- R of the ThMn type 12 RT compound is a rare earth composed of one or more of Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, which require Ce Elemental.
- Ce can be expected to have high magnetic anisotropy due to the presence of electrons in the 4f orbit, that is, the manifestation of the trivalent state. That is, high magnetic anisotropy can be expected by increasing the amount of Ce, and the coercivity of the permanent magnet can be increased.
- the amount of R in the ThMn 12 type RT compound is preferably 4.2 at% or more and 25.0 at% or less.
- the amount of R is less than 4.2 at%, the main phase is not sufficiently generated, ⁇ -Fe having soft magnetism is precipitated, and the coercive force is remarkably lowered.
- R exceeds 25.0 at%, the volume ratio of the main phase decreases and the saturation magnetic flux density decreases. By setting it as this range, a saturation magnetic flux density can be improved.
- T in the ThMn 12 type RT compound is one or more transition metal elements essential for Fe or Fe and Co, or a part thereof is M (Ti, V, Cr, Mo, W, Zr, Hf, Nb , Ta, Al, Si, Cu, Zn, Ga, and Ge).
- the Co amount is preferably greater than 0 at% and less than 50 at% with respect to the total T amount.
- the saturation magnetic flux density can be improved by adding an appropriate amount of Co. Further, the corrosion resistance of the rare earth permanent magnet can be improved by increasing the amount of Co.
- the M amount is preferably 0.4 at% or more and 25 at% or less with respect to the total T amount. When M is less than 0.4 at% with respect to the total amount of T, soft magnetic R 2 Fe 17 or ⁇ -Fe precipitates and the volume ratio of the main phase decreases, and when it exceeds 25 at%, the saturation magnetic flux density significantly decreases. .
- the ThMn 12 type RT compound may contain an intrusion element X, where X is an element composed of one or more of N, H, Be, and C.
- the amount of X is preferably 0 at% or more and 14 at% or less.
- the coercive force can be improved by the penetration of X into the crystal lattice. This is presumably because the magnetocrystalline anisotropy is improved by the intruding elements.
- All rare earth permanent magnets according to this embodiment allow the inclusion of other elements.
- elements such as Bi, Sn, and Ag can be appropriately contained.
- the rare earth element may contain impurities derived from the raw material.
- a raw material alloy capable of obtaining a rare earth permanent magnet having a desired composition is prepared.
- the raw material alloy can be produced by a strip casting method or other known melting methods in a vacuum or an inert gas, preferably in an Ar atmosphere.
- a molten metal obtained by melting a raw metal in a non-oxidizing atmosphere such as an Ar gas atmosphere is ejected onto the surface of a rotating roll.
- the melt rapidly cooled by the roll is rapidly solidified in the form of a thin plate or flakes (scales).
- This rapidly solidified alloy has a homogeneous structure with a crystal grain size of 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the raw material alloy can be obtained not only by the strip casting method but also by a melting method such as high frequency induction melting. In order to prevent segregation after dissolution, for example, it can be solidified by pouring into a water-cooled copper plate. An alloy obtained by the reduction diffusion method can also be used as a raw material alloy.
- a raw material alloy As a raw material alloy, it is based on the application of a so-called single alloy method in which a permanent magnet is made from one type of alloy, but the main phase alloy (low R alloy) that is the main phase particles and R from the low R alloy.
- a so-called mixing method using an alloy (a high R alloy) that contains a large amount and contributes effectively to the formation of grain boundaries can also be applied.
- the raw material alloy is subjected to a grinding process.
- the low R alloy and the high R alloy are pulverized separately or together.
- the pulverization process includes a coarse pulverization process and a fine pulverization process.
- the raw material alloy is coarsely pulverized until the particle size becomes about several hundred ⁇ m.
- the coarse pulverization is desirably performed in an inert gas atmosphere using a stamp mill, a jaw crusher, a brown mill or the like. Prior to coarse pulverization, it is effective to perform pulverization by allowing hydrogen to be stored in the raw material alloy and then releasing it.
- the hydrogen releasing treatment is performed for the purpose of reducing hydrogen as an impurity as a sintered magnet.
- the heating and holding temperature for storing hydrogen is 200 ° C. or higher, preferably 350 ° C. or higher.
- the holding time varies depending on the relationship with the holding temperature, the thickness of the raw material alloy, etc., but is at least 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 hour or longer.
- the hydrogen release treatment is performed in a vacuum or Ar gas flow.
- the hydrogen storage process and the hydrogen release process are not essential processes. This hydrogen pulverization can be regarded as coarse pulverization, and mechanical coarse pulverization can be omitted.
- a jet mill is mainly used for fine pulverization, and a coarsely pulverized powder having a particle size of about several hundreds of ⁇ m has an average particle size of 2.5 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m, preferably 3 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m.
- the jet mill releases a high-pressure inert gas from a narrow nozzle to generate a high-speed gas flow, accelerates the coarsely pulverized powder with this high-speed gas flow, collides with the coarsely pulverized powder, and collides with the target or the container wall. It is a method of generating a collision and crushing.
- Wet grinding may be used for fine grinding.
- a ball mill, a wet attritor, or the like is used for the wet pulverization, and the coarsely pulverized powder having a particle size of about several hundred ⁇ m has an average particle size of 1.5 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 2 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m.
- the pulverization proceeds without the magnet powder being exposed to oxygen, so that a fine powder having a low oxygen concentration can be obtained.
- Fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives and hydrocarbons for the purpose of improving lubrication and orientation during molding such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, stearamide, oleamide, stearic acid or oleic acid
- ethylene bisisostearic amide, hydrocarbon paraffin, naphthalene and the like can be added in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to 0.3 wt% during pulverization.
- the finely pulverized powder is subjected to molding in a magnetic field.
- Molding pressure in a magnetic field molding may be in the range of 0.3ton / cm 2 ⁇ 3ton / cm 2 (30MPa ⁇ 300MPa).
- the molding pressure may be constant from the beginning to the end of molding, may be gradually increased or gradually decreased, or may vary irregularly. The lower the molding pressure is, the better the orientation is. However, if the molding pressure is too low, the strength of the molded body is insufficient and handling problems occur. Therefore, the molding pressure is selected from the above range in consideration of this point.
- the final relative density of the molded body obtained by molding in a magnetic field is usually 40% to 60%.
- the applied magnetic field may be about 960 kA / m to 1600 kA / m.
- the applied magnetic field is not limited to a static magnetic field, and may be a pulsed magnetic field.
- a static magnetic field and a pulsed magnetic field can also be used in combination.
- the formed body is subjected to a sintering process.
- Sintering is performed in a vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere.
- the sintering holding temperature and sintering holding time need to be adjusted according to various conditions such as crystal structure, composition, pulverization method, difference in average particle size and particle size distribution, etc., but are approximately 700 ° C. to 1200 ° C. for 20 hours or more.
- the temperature is lowered after an appropriate holding time.
- pressurization at a pressure of 2.0 GPa to 5.0 GPa in a direction perpendicular to the easy axis is effective for increasing the difference in shrinkage between the orientation direction and the perpendicular direction.
- the trivalent Ce state is structurally most stable, and the high magnetic anisotropy of Ce, which is a feature of the present invention, is obtained.
- the inventors consider that it is expressed.
- the obtained sintered body After sintering, the obtained sintered body can be subjected to an aging treatment.
- the sintered body obtained by the method for producing a sintered magnet is pulverized.
- the method described in [0048], [0049], and [0050] can be applied to the pulverization step.
- the sintered body powder is heat-treated in nitrogen gas or hydrogen gas at 0.001 atm to 10 atm at a temperature of 200 ° C. to 1000 ° C. for 0.1 hour to 100 hours.
- the atmosphere for the heat treatment may be a mixture of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas, or a nitrogen compound gas such as ammonia.
- Resins include thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins and phenolic resins, styrene, olefin, urethane, polyester and polyamide elastomers, ionomers, ethylene propylene copolymer (EPM), ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer
- thermoplastic resins such as coalescence.
- the resin used for compression molding is preferably a thermosetting resin, and more preferably an epoxy resin or a phenol resin.
- the resin used for injection molding is preferably a thermoplastic resin.
- the content ratio of the main sintered body powder and the resin in the bonded magnet includes, for example, 0.5 wt% or more and 20 wt% or less of the resin with respect to 100 wt% of the main sintered body powder. If the resin content is less than 0.5 wt% with respect to 100 wt% of the sintered body powder, shape retention tends to be impaired, and if the resin content exceeds 20 wt%, sufficiently excellent magnetic properties are obtained. It tends to be difficult to obtain.
- the bonded magnet compound After preparing the above-described bonded magnet compound, the bonded magnet compound can be obtained by injection molding the bonded magnet compound and including the sintered body powder and the resin.
- the bonded magnet compound When producing a bonded magnet by injection molding, the bonded magnet compound is heated to the melting temperature of the binder (thermoplastic resin) as necessary to obtain a fluid state, and then the bonded magnet compound has a predetermined shape. Injection into the mold and molding. Then, it cools and the molded article (bond magnet) which has a predetermined shape is taken out from a metal mold
- the manufacturing method of the bonded magnet is not limited to the above-described injection molding method.
- a bonded magnet containing the sintered body powder and the resin may be obtained by compression molding a bonded magnet compound. Good.
- the bonded magnet compound is filled into a mold having a predetermined shape, and pressure is applied to form the predetermined shape from the mold. Take out the molded product (bonded magnet).
- a compression molding machine such as a mechanical press or a hydraulic press is used.
- a bonded magnet is obtained by making it harden
- the shape of the bonded magnet obtained by molding is not particularly limited, and depending on the shape of the mold to be used, for example, the plate shape, the columnar shape, the cross-sectional shape may be changed according to the shape of the bonded magnet, such as a ring shape. Can do. Further, the obtained bonded magnet may be plated or painted on the surface in order to prevent deterioration of the oxide layer, the resin layer, and the like.
- a molded body obtained by molding by applying a magnetic field may be oriented in a certain direction. Thereby, since a bonded magnet orientates in a specific direction, an anisotropic bonded magnet with stronger magnetism is obtained.
- the composition in the main phase particles can be determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS: Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy). After confirming that the main generated phase is attributed to the target crystal structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD: X-Ray Diffractometry), the sintered magnet or bonded magnet is focused ion It is processed into a thin piece with a thickness of 100 nm using a beam (FIB: Focused Ion Beam) device, and the vicinity of the center of the main phase particles is analyzed using an EDS device provided in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The composition of the main phase particles can be quantified by using the thin film correction function. If there is an element that is difficult to detect with an EDS apparatus, it can be supplemented by using an infrared absorption method or mass spectrometry.
- EDS Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
- the abundance ratio C3 / (C3 + C4) when the number of Ce atoms in the main phase particle is CT, the number of trivalent Ce atoms is C3, and the number of tetravalent Ce atoms is C4 is the electron energy loss spectroscopy (S3).
- S3 electron energy loss spectroscopy
- FIG. 1 shows an EELS spectrum in which the composition of the main phase particles is Ce 2 Fe 14 B and an EELS spectrum of standard samples CeO 2 and CePO 4 .
- the standard samples CeO 2 and CePO 4 are ionic crystals, and the valence of each Ce is tetravalent and trivalent.
- the EELS spectrum shown in FIG. 1 shows the ratio of the M4 and M5 peaks of the standard samples CeO 2 and CePO 4 to M4 (4 +) / M5 (4+), M4 (3 +) / M5 (3+), and M4 of the main phase particle spectrum.
- the ratio of the M5 peak is defined as M4 / M5, and C3 / (C3 + C4) can be calculated by comparison using [Formula 1] and [Formula 2].
- M4 / M5 C4 / (C3 + C4) ⁇ M4 (4 +) / M5 (4 +) + C3 / (C3 + C4) ⁇ M4 (3 +) / M5 (3+)
- -X1-X2 alloy was prepared. This alloy was heat-treated while stirring in a hydrogen stream, and then coarse powder was added.
- oleic acid amide was added as a lubricant, and fine powder (average particle size 3 ⁇ m) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere using a jet mill. I made it.
- the obtained fine powder is filled into a mold (opening size: 20 mm ⁇ 18 mm), and uniaxial pressure molding is performed at a pressure of 2.0 ton / cm 2 while applying a magnetic field of 1600 kA / m in a direction perpendicular to the pressing direction. did.
- the obtained molded body was heated to the optimum sintering temperature and held at a sintering temperature of 700 ° C. to 1200 ° C.
- Table 1 shows the manufacturing conditions of each example and comparative example, and the magnetic properties of the sintered magnet measured with a BH tracer.
- the obtained sintered magnet is cut perpendicularly to the direction of magnetic field application during molding, which is an easy magnetization axis, and the main generated phase is attributed to the Nd 2 Fe 14 B type crystal structure (space group P4 2 / mnm) by XRD. It was confirmed.
- analysis was performed near the center of the main phase particles with an EDS apparatus provided in the STEM, and the composition of the main phase particles was quantified using a thin film correction function. .
- the EDS apparatus has low sensitivity to light elements, it is difficult to quantify B.
- the composition ratio of the main phase particles The composition was determined. Subsequently, it adjusted to the position which can observe a main phase particle
- an expected value of the coercive force HcJ when Ce was in a tetravalent state was calculated.
- a sintered magnet was produced under the following conditions.
- the composition of the main phase particles is Ce 2 Fe 14 B, Nd 2 Fe 14 B, Y 2 Fe 14 B, Gd 2 Fe 14 B, Dy 2 Fe 14 B, and no other sintering pressure is applied.
- the conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- C3 / (C3 + C4) was less than 0.1, that is, the tetravalent state was mainly used.
- HcJ (1 ⁇ z) ⁇ HcJ (Ce) + z ⁇ HcJ (R1)
- Example 14 comparative example 8
- the sintering time was changed to 700 ° C. and 1000 ° C. only for the sintering temperature at 30 h.
- the sintering temperature was 700 ° C.
- both C3 / (C3 + C4) and coercive force HcJ were remarkably reduced as compared with the case of 1000 ° C. (Example 14). From this, it has been found that the shrinkage changes with sufficient sintering temperature and sintering time, the trivalent Ce state is stabilized in the main phase particles, and the coercive force increases.
- Example 16 to 22 Comparative Examples 11 to 16
- a predetermined amount of Ce metal and Fe metal were weighed so that the composition of the main phase particles was CeFe 7, and a thin plate-like Ce—Fe alloy was prepared by strip casting. This alloy was heat-treated while stirring in a hydrogen stream, and then coarse powder was added. Then, oleic acid amide was added as a lubricant, and fine powder (average particle size 3 ⁇ m) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere using a jet mill. I made it.
- the obtained fine powder is filled into a mold (opening size: 20 mm ⁇ 18 mm), and uniaxial pressure molding is performed at a pressure of 2.0 ton / cm 2 while applying a magnetic field of 1600 kA / m in a direction perpendicular to the pressing direction. did.
- the obtained molded body was heated to the optimum sintering temperature and held at a sintering temperature of 600 ° C. to 900 ° C. for 15 hours to 30 hours under a pressure of 1.0 GPa to 10.0 GPa in a direction perpendicular to the easy axis. Thereafter, it was cooled to room temperature and then subjected to aging treatment at 600 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a sintered magnet.
- Table 2 shows the production conditions of each example and comparative example.
- the magnetic properties of the obtained sintered magnet were measured by applying a magnetic field of ⁇ 5600 kA / m in the easy axis direction using a BH tracer.
- the magnetic flux density was confirmed to be within a range of ⁇ 5% when +4800 kA / m was applied and when +5600 kA / mT was applied, and the value when +5600 kA / m was applied was defined as the saturation magnetic flux density.
- Table 2 shows the saturation magnetic flux density and the coercive force HcJ thus measured.
- Example 20 Comparative Example 13
- the sintering time was changed to 600 ° C. and 800 ° C. only for the sintering temperature at 30 h.
- the sintering temperature was 600 ° C. (Comparative Example 13)
- both C3 / (C3 + C4) and coercive force HcJ were remarkably reduced as compared with the case of 800 ° C. (Example 20). From this, it has been found that the shrinkage changes with sufficient sintering temperature and sintering time, the trivalent Ce state is stabilized in the main phase particles, and the coercive force increases.
- this sintered body was heat-treated with stirring in a hydrogen stream, it was made into a coarse powder, oleic acid amide was added as a lubricant, and a fine powder (averaged in a non-oxidizing atmosphere using a jet mill) The particle size was 3 ⁇ m). If necessary, this fine powder was heat-treated in nitrogen gas or hydrogen gas at 1 atm at a temperature of 400 ° C. for 10 hours. Thereafter, fine powder and paraffin were packed in a case, and a magnetic field was applied at 1600 kA / m in a state where the paraffin was melted to orient the fine powder to form a bonded magnet.
- the obtained bonded magnet was evaluated for BH tracer, XRD, EDS, EELS, and PCT under the same conditions as the above-mentioned TbCu 7 type RT compound sintered magnet.
- the invasion element X was contained in the main phase particle
- the expected value of the coercive force HcJ corresponding to the main phase particle compositions of Examples 26 to 31 and Comparative Examples 17 and 18 was calculated.
- [Formula 4] was used assuming that the main phase particle composition and the coercive force HcJ correspond linearly.
- the main phase particle composition is (Ce 1-p R2 p ) Fe 7 N 0.6
- the coercive force HcJ of CeFe 7 N 0.6 is HcJ (Ce)
- the coercive force HcJ of R2Fe 7 N 0.6 is It is defined as HcJ (R2).
- This calculation result is shown in Table 3 as HcJ (composition expected value) when Ce in the tetravalent state is mainly used.
- Example 16 and 23 For CeFe 7, to produce a sintered magnet and a bond magnet.
- C3 / (C3 + C4) was high and the coercive force HcJ was high in both cases of the bonded magnet (Example 23). From this, it was found that both the sintered magnet and the bonded magnet can obtain a high coercive force due to trivalent Ce.
- CeFe 7 was prepared by nitriding before hydrogenation and by hydrogenation.
- both C3 / (C3 + C4) were high and the coercive force HcJ was also high. From this, it was found that a high coercive force due to trivalent Ce can be obtained even after introduction of the intruding element X. Further, it was found that the coercive force was improved by introducing the intruding element X, compared to the case where there was no intruding element (Example 23).
- Examples 33 to 39, Comparative Examples 19 to 24 A predetermined amount of Ce metal, Fe metal, and Ti metal were weighed so that the composition of the main phase particles was CeFe 11 Ti, and a thin plate-like Ce—Fe—Ti alloy was prepared by strip casting. This alloy was heat-treated while stirring in a hydrogen stream, and then coarse powder was added. Then, oleic acid amide was added as a lubricant, and fine powder (average particle size 3 ⁇ m) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere using a jet mill. I made it.
- the obtained fine powder is filled into a mold (opening size: 20 mm ⁇ 18 mm), and uniaxial pressure molding is performed at a pressure of 2.0 ton / cm 2 while applying a magnetic field of 1600 kA / m in a direction perpendicular to the pressing direction. did.
- the obtained molded body was heated to the optimum sintering temperature and held at a sintering temperature of 700 ° C. to 1000 ° C. for 15 hours to 30 hours under a pressure of 1.0 GPa to 10.0 GPa in a direction perpendicular to the easy axis. Thereafter, it was cooled to room temperature and then subjected to aging treatment at 600 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a sintered magnet.
- Table 4 shows the production conditions of each example and comparative example.
- the magnetic properties of the obtained sintered magnet were measured by applying a magnetic field of ⁇ 5600 kA / m in the easy axis direction using a BH tracer.
- the magnetic flux density was confirmed to be within a range of ⁇ 5% when +4800 kA / m was applied and when +5600 kA / mT was applied, and the value when +5600 kA / m was applied was defined as the saturation magnetic flux density.
- Table 4 shows the saturation magnetic flux density and the coercive force HcJ thus measured.
- Examples 33, 36, and 37, Comparative Example 20 For CeFe 11 Ti, only the sintering time was changed from 15 h to 30 h. When the sintering time was 20 h or more (Examples 33, 36, and 37), C3 / (C3 + C4) and coercive force HcJ both showed high values, but the behavior was saturated even when the sintering time was prolonged. Met. On the other hand, when the sintering time was 15 h (Comparative Example 20), both C3 / (C3 + C4) and coercive force HcJ were lower than when the sintering time was 20 h or longer. As a result, it was found that the difference in the shrinkage ratio was remarkable due to a sufficient sintering time, the stabilization of the trivalent Ce state was promoted, and the main phase particles were increased in coercive force.
- Example 37 Comparative Example 21
- the sintering time was changed to 700 ° C. and 900 ° C. only for the sintering time at 30 h.
- the sintering temperature was 700 ° C.
- both C3 / (C3 + C4) and coercive force HcJ were remarkably reduced compared to 900 ° C. (Example 37). From this, it has been found that the shrinkage changes with sufficient sintering temperature and sintering time, the trivalent Ce state is stabilized in the main phase particles, and the coercive force increases.
- a predetermined amount of metal was weighed, and a thin plate-like Ce—R3-Fe—Ti alloy was produced by strip casting.
- a sintered body was obtained from this alloy in the same manner as in [0104].
- the manufacturing conditions of the sintered compact corresponding to each Example and a comparative example are as showing in Table 5.
- this sintered body was heat-treated with stirring in a hydrogen stream, it was made into a coarse powder, oleic acid amide was added as a lubricant, and a fine powder (averaged in a non-oxidizing atmosphere using a jet mill) The particle size was 3 ⁇ m). If necessary, this fine powder was heat-treated in nitrogen gas or hydrogen gas at 1 atm at a temperature of 400 ° C. for 10 hours. Thereafter, fine powder and paraffin were packed in a case, and a magnetic field was applied at 1600 kA / m in a state where the paraffin was melted to orient the fine powder to form a bonded magnet.
- the obtained bonded magnet was evaluated for BH tracer, XRD, EDS, EELS, and PCT under the same conditions as the above-mentioned ThMn 12 type RT compound sintered magnet.
- the invasion element X was contained in the main phase particle
- an expected value of the coercive force HcJ when Ce was in a tetravalent state was calculated.
- a bonded magnet was produced under the following conditions.
- the composition of the main phase particles is CeFe 11 TiN 1.5 , YFe 11 TiN 1.5 , GdFe 11 TiN 1.5 , NdFe 11 TiN 1.5 , DyFe 11 TiN 1.5, and a sintering pressure is applied.
- the other production conditions were the same as in Example 41.
- the expected value of the coercive force HcJ corresponding to the main phase particle compositions of Examples 43 to 48 and Comparative Examples 25 and 26 was calculated.
- [Formula 5] was used assuming that the main phase particle composition and the coercive force HcJ correspond linearly.
- the main phase particle composition is (Ce 1-m R3 m ) Fe 11 TiN 1.5
- the coercive force of CeFe 11 TiN 1.5 is HcJ (Ce)
- the coercive force of R3Fe 11 TiN 1.5 is HcJ ( R3).
- HcJ composition expected value
- Example 33 Sintered magnets and bonded magnets were prepared for CeFe 11 Ti. In the case of the sintered magnet (Example 33), C3 / (C3 + C4) was high and the coercive force HcJ was also high in the case of the bonded magnet (Example 40). From this, it was found that both the sintered magnet and the bonded magnet can obtain a high coercive force due to trivalent Ce.
Abstract
Description
焼結磁石の製造方法の一例について説明する。まず、所望の組成を有する希土類永久磁石が得られるような原料合金を準備する。原料合金は、真空又は不活性ガス、望ましくはAr雰囲気中でストリップキャスト法、その他公知の溶解法により作製することができる。ストリップキャスト法は、原料金属をArガス雰囲気などの非酸化雰囲気中で溶解して得た溶湯を回転するロールの表面に噴出させる。ロールで急冷された溶湯は、薄板または薄片(鱗片)状に急冷凝固される。この急冷凝固された合金は、結晶粒径が1μm~50μmの均質な組織を有している。原料合金は、ストリップキャスト法に限らず、高周波誘導溶解等の溶解法によって得ることができる。なお、溶解後の偏析を防止するため、例えば水冷銅板に傾注して凝固させることができる。また、還元拡散法によって得られた合金を原料合金として用いることもできる。
M4/M5=C4/(C3+C4)×M4(4+)/M5(4+)+C3/(C3+C4)×M4(3+)/M5(3+)
C3+C4=CT
主相粒子の組成が(Ce1-zR1z)2Fe14(X11-wX2w)(R1=Y、Gd、Nd、Dy、0≦z≦0.75、X1、X2=B、Be、C、Si、0≦w≦0.1)となるように、Ceメタル、R1メタル、FeメタルおよびX1、X2を所定量秤量し、ストリップキャスト法にて薄板状のCe-R1-Fe-X1-X2合金を作製した。この合金を水素気流中にて攪拌しながら熱処理することにより粗粉末にした後に、潤滑剤としてオレイン酸アミドを添加し、ジェットミルを用いて非酸化雰囲気中にて微粉末(平均粒径3μm)にした。得られた微粉末を金型(開口寸法:20mm×18mm)に充填し、加圧方向と直角方向に磁場を1600kA/m印加しながら2.0ton/cm2の圧力にて1軸加圧成形した。得られた成形体を最適焼結温度まで昇温し、容易軸と垂直な方向に3.0GPa~10.0GPaの加圧下で700℃~1200℃の焼結温度で15時間~30時間保持した後に室温まで冷却させ、次いで、800℃-1時間、600℃-1時間の時効処理を行い、焼結磁石を得た。各実施例、比較例の製造条件、BHトレーサーにて測定した焼結磁石の磁気特性を表1に示す。
HcJ(組成予想値)=(1-z)×HcJ(Ce)+z×HcJ(R1)
(Ce1-zR1z)2Fe14(X11-wX2w)(z=0、X1=B、X2=Be、C、Si、0.0≦w≦0.1)において、Xに占めるBの割合が大きければ、Xの全量がBの場合と同等の保磁力HcJが得られ、C3/(C3+C4)も大きな値を示した。一方、Xの全量をB以外の元素(Be、Ce、Si)とした場合には保磁力HcJは著しく小さく、C3/(C3+C4)も小さな値となった。このことから、Xに占めるBの一部がB以外の元素(Be、C、Si)であっても、3価のCeに起因する高い保磁力が得られることが分かった。
(Ce1-zR1z)2Fe14(X11-wX2w)(R1=Y、Gd、0≦z<0.75、X1=B、w=0)において、R1の置換量zが少ないほど、つまりCe量が多いほどC3/(C3+C4)が高く、Ce、R1の組成比から予想される保磁力HcJの値より大きな値となっている。ただし、z=0.75(比較例4、5)の場合はC3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJの値がともに著しく低下した。このことからCe価数状態の変化が主相内の磁気異方性に寄与し、Ce、R1の組成比から予想される以上の保磁力の増加を担っていることが分かった。
(Ce1-zR1z)2Fe14(X11-wX2w)(R1=Y、Gd、Nd、Dy、z=0.5、X1=B、w=0)において、何れのR1元素についても3価のCe状態が確認され、Ce、R1の組成比から予想される保磁力HcJ値より大きな値となっている。このことからCeが含まれればR1の元素によらず高い磁気異方性を有した永久磁石が得られることが分かった。
Ce2Fe14Bに対し、焼結温度のみを780℃~1200℃まで変化させた。焼結温度が800℃~1200℃の場合(実施例1、11、12)、C3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値をもつが、焼結温度が780℃の場合(比較例6)、C3/(C3+C4)が低く、保磁力HcJも低下した。焼結温度により縮率が変化し、3価のCe状態が安定化されることで主相粒子において高保磁力が発現することが分かった。
Ce2Fe14Bに対し、焼結時間のみを15h~30hまで変化させた。焼結時間が20h以上の場合(実施例1、13、14)、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともにも高い値をもち、焼結時間長時間化につれてC3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともにも増加した。一方、焼結時間が15hの場合(比較例7)、焼結時間20h以上の場合と比較し、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに低い値となった。これにより十分な焼結時間により縮率の違いが顕著となり、3価のCe状態の安定化が促進され、主相粒子が高保磁力化することが分かった。
Ce2Fe14Bに対し、焼結時間を30hで焼結温度のみ700℃、1000℃を変化させた。焼結温度700℃の場合(比較例8)は1000℃の場合(実施例14)と比較し、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに著しく低下した。このことから十分な焼結温度、焼結時間によって縮率の変化が起こり、主相粒子で3価のCe状態が安定化され保磁力の増加が起こることが分かった。
Ce2Fe14Bに対し、焼結圧力のみを3.0GPa~10.0GPaまで変化させた。焼結圧力が3.0GPa~5.0GPaの場合(実施例1、15)、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに高い値を有し、焼結圧力の増大に伴いC3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに増大傾向を示した。一方、焼結圧力が6.0GPa以上の場合(比較例9、10)、C3/(C3+C4)は0.5より増加したが、保磁力HcJは大きく変化せず、PCT試験により測定された重量変化率は著しく大きかった。これにより、C3/(C3+C4)が0.5より増加した場合、酸化されやすい3価状態のCeの存在量が増加し、著しく耐食性が低下することが分かった。また、焼結圧力を加えない場合や、等方的に3.0GPaを加えた場合も検討したが、ともにC3/(C3+C4)は0.1未満となり、高い保磁力は得られなかった。
主相粒子の組成がCeFe7となるようにCeメタル、Feメタルを所定量秤量し、ストリップキャスト法にて薄板状のCe-Fe合金を作製した。この合金を水素気流中にて攪拌しながら熱処理することにより粗粉末にした後に、潤滑剤としてオレイン酸アミドを添加し、ジェットミルを用いて非酸化雰囲気中にて微粉末(平均粒径3μm)にした。得られた微粉末を金型(開口寸法:20mm×18mm)に充填し、加圧方向と直角方向に磁場を1600kA/m印加しながら2.0ton/cm2の圧力にて1軸加圧成形した。得られた成形体を最適焼結温度まで昇温し、容易軸と垂直な方向に1.0GPa~10.0GPaの加圧下で600℃~900℃の焼結温度で15時間~30時間保持した後に室温まで冷却させ、次いで、600℃-1時間の時効処理を行い、焼結磁石を得た。各実施例、比較例の製造条件を表2に示す。
CeFe7に対し、焼結温度のみを650℃~900℃まで変化させた。焼結温度が700℃~900℃の場合(実施例16~18)、C3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値をもつが、焼結温度が650℃の場合(比較例11)、C3/(C3+C4)が低く、保磁力HcJも低下した。焼結温度により縮率が変化し、3価のCe状態が安定化されることで主相粒子において高保磁力が発現することが分かった。
CeFe7に対し、焼結時間のみを15h~30hまで変化させた。焼結時間が20h以上の場合(実施例16、19、20)、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともにも高い値を示したが、焼結時間を長時間化しても飽和するような振舞いであった。一方、焼結時間が15hの場合(比較例12)、焼結時間20h以上の場合と比較し、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに低い値となった。これにより十分な焼結時間により縮率の違いが顕著となり、3価のCe状態の安定化が促進され、主相粒子が高保磁力化することが分かった。
CeFe7に対し、焼結時間を30hで焼結温度のみ600℃、800℃に変化させた。焼結温度600℃の場合(比較例13)は800℃の場合(実施例20)と比較し、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに著しく低下した。このことから十分な焼結温度、焼結時間によって縮率の変化が起こり、主相粒子で3価のCe状態が安定化され保磁力の増加が起こることが分かった。
CeFe7に対し、焼結圧力のみを1.0GPa~10.0GPaまで変化させた。焼結圧力が2.0GPa~5.0GPaの場合(実施例16、21、22)、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに高い値を有し、焼結圧力の増大に伴いC3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに増大傾向を示した。一方、焼結圧力が6.0GPa以上の場合(比較例14、15)、C3/(C3+C4)は0.5より増加したが、保磁力HcJは大きく変化せず、PCT試験により測定された重量変化率は著しく大きかった。これにより、C3/(C3+C4)が0.5より増加した場合、酸化されやすい3価状態のCeの存在量が増加し、著しく耐食性が低下することが分かった。また、焼結圧力を加えない場合や、等方的に3.0GPaを加えた場合も検討したが、ともにC3/(C3+C4)は0.1未満となり、高い保磁力は得られなかった。
主相粒子の組成が(Ce1-pR2p)Fe7(R2=Y、Gd、Nd、Dy、またはその一部をZrで置換、0≦p≦0.75)となるようにCeメタル、R2メタル、Feメタルを所定量秤量し、ストリップキャスト法にて薄板状のCe-R2-Fe合金を作製した。この合金から[0085]と同様の方法で焼結体を得た。ただし、各実施例、比較例に対応する焼結体の製造条件は、表3に記載のとおりである。さらに、この焼結体を水素気流中にて攪拌しながら熱処理することにより粗粉末にした後に、潤滑剤としてオレイン酸アミドを添加し、ジェットミルを用いて非酸化雰囲気中にて微粉末(平均粒径3μm)にした。必要に応じて、この微粉末を1気圧の窒素ガスもしくは水素ガス中、400℃の温度下で10時間熱処理した。その後、微粉末とパラフィンとをケースに詰め、パラフィンを融解させた状態で磁場を1600kA/m印加して微粉末を配向させてボンド磁石を成形した。
CeFe7に対し、焼結磁石とボンド磁石を作製した。焼結磁石の場合(実施例16)の場合、ボンド磁石の場合(実施例23)ともにC3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値を示した。このことから、焼結磁石、ボンド磁石ともに3価のCeに起因する高い保磁力が得られることが分かった。
CeFe7に対し、ボンド化前に窒化処理したものと水素化処理したものを作製した。窒化したボンド磁石の場合(実施例24)、水素化処理したボンド磁石の場合(実施例25)、ともにC3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値を示した。このことから、侵入元素X導入後も3価のCeに起因する高い保磁力が得られることが分かった。さらに侵入元素がない場合(実施例23)と比較し、侵入元素Xを導入することによって保磁力が向上することが分かった。
(Ce1-pR2p)Fe7X3q(R2=Y、Gd、0≦p<0.75、X3=N、q=0.6)において、R2の置換量pが少ないほど、つまりCe量が多いほどC3/(C3+C4)が高く、希土類元素組成比から予想される保磁力HcJの値より大きな値となった。ただし、p=0.75(比較例17、18)の場合はC3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJの値がともに著しく低下した。このことからCe価数状態の変化が主相内の磁気異方性に寄与し、HcJ(組成予想値)以上の保磁力の増加を担っていることが分かった。
(Ce1-pR2p)Fe7X3q(R2=Y、Gd、Nd、Dy、p=0.5、X3=N、q=0.6)において、何れのR2元素についても3価のCe状態が確認され、HcJ(組成予想値)より大きな値となった。このことからR2の元素によらず3価のCeに起因する高い磁気異方性を有した永久磁石が得られることが分かった。
((Ce1-pR2p)0.9Zr0.1)Fe7X3q(R2=Nd、p=0.5、X3=N、q=0.6)において、ともにC3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値を示した。このことから、Zrの置換の有無に関わらず3価のCeに起因する高い保磁力が得られることが分かった。さらにZr置換によって飽和磁束密度が向上することが分かった。
主相粒子の組成がCeFe11TiとなるようにCeメタル、Feメタル、Tiメタルを所定量秤量し、ストリップキャスト法にて薄板状のCe-Fe-Ti合金を作製した。この合金を水素気流中にて攪拌しながら熱処理することにより粗粉末にした後に、潤滑剤としてオレイン酸アミドを添加し、ジェットミルを用いて非酸化雰囲気中にて微粉末(平均粒径3μm)にした。得られた微粉末を金型(開口寸法:20mm×18mm)に充填し、加圧方向と直角方向に磁場を1600kA/m印加しながら2.0ton/cm2の圧力にて1軸加圧成形した。得られた成形体を最適焼結温度まで昇温し、容易軸と垂直な方向に1.0GPa~10.0GPaの加圧下で700℃~1000℃の焼結温度で15時間~30時間保持した後に室温まで冷却させ、次いで、600℃-1時間の時効処理を行い、焼結磁石を得た。各実施例、比較例の製造条件を表4に示す。
CeFe11Tiに対し、焼結温度のみを750℃~1000℃まで変化させた。焼結温度が800℃~1000℃の場合(実施例33~35)、C3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値をもつが、焼結温度が750℃の場合(比較例19)、C3/(C3+C4)が低く、保磁力HcJも低下した。焼結温度により縮率が変化し、3価のCe状態が安定化されることで主相粒子において高保磁力が発現することが分かった。
CeFe11Tiに対し、焼結時間のみを15h~30hまで変化させた。焼結時間が20h以上の場合(実施例33、36、37)、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともにも高い値を示したが、焼結時間を長時間化しても飽和するような振舞いであった。一方、焼結時間が15hの場合(比較例20)、焼結時間20h以上の場合と比較し、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに低い値となった。これにより十分な焼結時間により縮率の違いが顕著となり、3価のCe状態の安定化が促進され、主相粒子が高保磁力化することが分かった。
CeFe11Tiに対し、焼結時間を30hで焼結温度のみ700℃、900℃に変化させた。焼結温度700℃の場合(比較例21)は900℃の場合(実施例37)と比較し、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに著しく低下した。このことから十分な焼結温度、焼結時間によって縮率の変化が起こり、主相粒子で3価のCe状態が安定化され保磁力の増加が起こることが分かった。
CeFe11Tiに対し、焼結圧力のみを1.0GPa~10.0GPaまで変化させた。焼結圧力が2.0GPa~5.0GPaの場合(実施例33、38、39)、C3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに高い値を有し、焼結圧力の増大に伴いC3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJともに増大傾向を示した。一方、焼結圧力が6.0GPa以上の場合(比較例22、23)、C3/(C3+C4)は0.5より増加したが、保磁力HcJは大きく変化せず、PCT試験により測定された重量変化率は著しく大きかった。これにより、C3/(C3+C4)が0.5より増加した場合、酸化されやすい3価状態のCeの存在量が増加し、著しく耐食性が低下することが分かった。また、焼結圧力を加えない場合や、等方的に3.0GPaを加えた場合も検討したが、ともにC3/(C3+C4)は0.1未満となり、高い保磁力は得られなかった。
主相粒子の組成が(Ce1-mR3m)Fe11Ti(R3=Y、Gd、Nd、Dy、0≦m≦0.75)となるようにCeメタル、R3メタル、Feメタル、Tiメタルを所定量秤量し、ストリップキャスト法にて薄板状のCe-R3-Fe-Ti合金を作製した。この合金から[0104]と同様の方法で焼結体を得た。ただし、各実施例、比較例に対応する焼結体の製造条件は、表5に記載のとおりである。さらに、この焼結体を水素気流中にて攪拌しながら熱処理することにより粗粉末にした後に、潤滑剤としてオレイン酸アミドを添加し、ジェットミルを用いて非酸化雰囲気中にて微粉末(平均粒径3μm)にした。必要に応じて、この微粉末を1気圧の窒素ガスもしくは水素ガス中、400℃の温度下で10時間熱処理した。その後、微粉末とパラフィンとをケースに詰め、パラフィンを融解させた状態で磁場を1600kA/m印加して微粉末を配向させてボンド磁石を成形した。
CeFe11Tiに対し、焼結磁石とボンド磁石を作製した。焼結磁石の場合(実施例33)の場合、ボンド磁石の場合(実施例40)ともにC3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値を示した。このことから、焼結磁石、ボンド磁石ともに3価のCeに起因する高い保磁力が得られることが分かった。
CeFe11Tiに対し、ボンド化前に窒化処理したものと水素化処理したものを作製した。窒化したボンド磁石の場合(実施例41)、水素化処理したボンド磁石の場合(実施例42)、ともにC3/(C3+C4)が高く保磁力HcJも高い値を示した。このことから、侵入元素X導入後も3価のCeに起因する高い保磁力が得られることが分かった。さらに侵入元素がない場合(実施例40)と比較し、侵入元素Xを導入することによって保磁力が向上することが分かった。
(Ce1-mR3m)Fe11TiX4n(R3=Y、Gd、0≦m<0.75、X4=N、n=1.5)において、R3の置換量mが少ないほど、つまりCe量が多いほどC3/(C3+C4)が高く、希土類元素組成比から予想される保磁力HcJの値より大きな値となった。ただし、m=0.75(比較例25、26)の場合はC3/(C3+C4)、保磁力HcJの値がともに著しく低下した。このことからCe価数状態の変化が主相内の磁気異方性に寄与し、HcJ(組成予想値)以上の保磁力の増加を担っていることが分かった。
(Ce1-mR3m)Fe11TiX4n(R3=Y、Gd、Nd、Dy、m=0.5、X4=N、n=1.5)において、何れのR3元素についても3価のCe状態が確認され、HcJ(組成予想値)より大きな値となった。このことからR3の元素によらず3価のCeに起因する高い磁気異方性を有した永久磁石が得られることが分かった。
Claims (8)
- 主相粒子中の3価のCe原子数をC3、4価のCe原子数をC4としたときの存在比率C3/(C3+C4)が、0.1≦C3/(C3+C4)≦0.5であることを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
- 請求項1に記載の希土類永久磁石であって、主相粒子がNd2Fe14B型結晶構造(空間群P42/mnm)を有するR-T-X化合物であり、RはCeを必須とするY、La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、YbおよびLuの1種以上からなる希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeおよびCoを必須とする1種以上の遷移金属元素、XはBまたはBとその一部をBe、CもしくはSiで置換した元素であることを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
- 請求項1に記載の希土類永久磁石であって、主相粒子がTbCu7型結晶構造(空間群P6/mmm)を有するR-T化合物であり、RはCeを必須とするY、La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、YbおよびLuの1種以上からなる希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeおよびCoを必須とする1種以上の遷移金属元素であることを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
- 請求項3に記載の希土類永久磁石であって、前記主相粒子が、さらに侵入元素X(XはN、H、Be、Cの1種以上からなる元素)を含むことを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
- 請求項3又は請求項4に記載の希土類永久磁石であって、前記主相粒子が、Rの一部をZrで置換したことを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
- 請求項1に記載の希土類永久磁石であって、主相粒子がThMn12型結晶構造(空間群I4/mmm)を有するR-T化合物であり、RはCeを必須とするY、La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、YbおよびLuの1種以上からなる希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeおよびCoを必須とする1種以上の遷移金属元素、またはその一部をM(Ti、V、Cr、Mo、W、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Al、Si、Cu、Zn、Ga、Geの1種以上)で置換した元素であることを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
- 請求項6に記載の希土類永久磁石であって、前記主相粒子が、さらに侵入元素X(XはN、H、Be、Cの1種以上からなる元素)を含むことを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
- 請求項1から請求項7に記載の希土類永久磁石であって、主相粒子中の3価のCe原子数および4価のCe原子数の存在比率は電子エネルギー損失スペクトルによって算出されることを特徴とする希土類永久磁石。
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JP2021108373A (ja) * | 2016-08-24 | 2021-07-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 磁石材料、永久磁石、回転電機、及び車両 |
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CN113782290A (zh) * | 2021-09-07 | 2021-12-10 | 钢铁研究总院 | 一种高Ce含量双主相高磁能积磁体及其制备方法 |
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JP6409867B2 (ja) | 2018-10-24 |
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US10529474B2 (en) | 2020-01-07 |
CN106233399B (zh) | 2018-08-03 |
US20170047151A1 (en) | 2017-02-16 |
CN106233399A (zh) | 2016-12-14 |
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