WO2015075999A1 - ポリオキシメチレン樹脂組成物の製造方法 - Google Patents
ポリオキシメチレン樹脂組成物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015075999A1 WO2015075999A1 PCT/JP2014/073802 JP2014073802W WO2015075999A1 WO 2015075999 A1 WO2015075999 A1 WO 2015075999A1 JP 2014073802 W JP2014073802 W JP 2014073802W WO 2015075999 A1 WO2015075999 A1 WO 2015075999A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- copolymer
- resin composition
- polyoxymethylene
- polyoxymethylene resin
- Prior art date
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- -1 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 51
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- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229920005648 ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229920006242 ethylene acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 150000001341 alkaline earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
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- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229920012196 Polyoxymethylene Copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 16
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Chemical compound FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BYEAHWXPCBROCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(O)C(F)(F)F BYEAHWXPCBROCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AUAGGMPIKOZAJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,6-trioxocane Chemical compound C1COCOCCO1 AUAGGMPIKOZAJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron trifluoride etherate Chemical compound FB(F)F.CCOCC KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- QQOWHRYOXYEMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazin-4-amine Chemical class N=C1C=CN=NN1 QQOWHRYOXYEMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylaluminium Chemical compound CC[Al](CC)CC VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQIVNUPLBOUZMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxepane Chemical compound C1CCOOOC1 QQIVNUPLBOUZMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002221 trityl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C([*])(C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1[H])[H])[H])[H])[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229960002703 undecylenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HQYCOEXWFMFWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-K vanadium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[V+3] HQYCOEXWFMFWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/203—Solid polymers with solid and/or liquid additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/005—Processes for mixing polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
- C08K5/098—Metal salts of carboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/0846—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons containing atoms other than carbon or hydrogen
- C08L23/0869—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons containing atoms other than carbon or hydrogen with unsaturated acids, e.g. [meth]acrylic acid; with unsaturated esters, e.g. [meth]acrylic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L59/00—Compositions of polyacetals; Compositions of derivatives of polyacetals
- C08L59/04—Copolyoxymethylenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2359/00—Characterised by the use of polyacetals containing polyoxymethylene sequences only
- C08J2359/02—Copolyoxymethylenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2433/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2433/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
- C08J2433/06—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08J2433/08—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2433/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2433/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
- C08J2433/06—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08J2433/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/13—Phenols; Phenolates
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a polyoxymethylene resin composition.
- Polyoxymethylene (also referred to as polyacetal, also abbreviated as POM) resin is a typical resin that has an excellent balance of mechanical properties, chemical resistance, slidability, and the like, and is easy to process.
- POM polyoxymethylene
- copolymer as a polyoxymethylene polymer, and the copolymer is produced by polymerization in the presence of a catalyst using formaldehyde or a cyclic multimer thereof as a main monomer and cyclic ether and / or cyclic formal as a comonomer.
- the resulting crude polyoxymethylene copolymer is thermally unstable because some of its molecular ends are unstable terminal groups, and formaldehyde is generated by thermal decomposition during molding. Can be. Further, the generated formaldehyde is oxidized during molding to form formic acid, which may cause problems such as decomposition of the polyoxymethylene copolymer and foaming of the resin molded product. Furthermore, formic acid can be a factor that corrodes metal parts in contact with the resin molded product.
- hydrolyzing a crude polyoxymethylene copolymer more specifically, by heating the crude polyoxymethylene copolymer to a temperature above its melting point and treating it in a molten state, Decomposing and removing unstable terminal groups, or heating a crude polyoxymethylene copolymer at a temperature of 80 ° C. or higher while maintaining a heterogeneous system in an insoluble liquid medium, It is known to decompose and remove groups (see Patent Document 1).
- ammonia triethylamine, aliphatic amines such as tri-n-butylamine or triethanolamine
- quaternary ammonium salts such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, inorganic weak acid salts or It is also known that an unstable salt is decomposed in the presence of an organic acid salt or the like (see Patent Document 2). It has also been proposed to decompose unstable terminal portions in the presence of quaternary phosphonium salts, PN bond-containing compounds, heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts, betaines, betaine derivatives, amine oxides or hydrazinium salts (patents) Reference 2-5).
- the present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by using specific additives, and have completed the present invention. Specifically, the present invention provides the following.
- the present invention stabilizes the unstable terminal group with respect to a crude oxymethylene copolymer in which the polymerization catalyst is deactivated after completion of the copolymerization but the unstable terminal group is not stabilized.
- a polyoxymethylene resin is obtained by melt-kneading a hindered phenolic antioxidant, an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or a salt thereof, and an alkaline earth metal compound without any treatment.
- a method for producing a composition is obtained by melt-kneading a hindered phenolic antioxidant, an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or a salt thereof, and an alkaline earth metal compound without any treatment.
- this invention is a manufacturing method as described in (1) whose said alkaline-earth metal compound is a salt or oxide of an aliphatic carboxylic acid metal.
- the alkaline earth metal compound is calcium stearate, and the calcium stearate is 0.003% by weight or more and 0.020% by weight or less with respect to the crude oxymethylene copolymer.
- this invention is a manufacturing method in any one of (1) to (3) whose said polyoxymethylene resin composition is an object for extrusion molding formation.
- a polyoxymethylene resin composition in which the amount of formaldehyde generated during molding is sufficiently suppressed can be provided without performing the stabilization treatment.
- the present invention deactivates the polymerization catalyst after completion of the copolymerization, but the hindered phenol-based oxidation is carried out on the crude oxymethylene copolymer in which the unstable end group is not stabilized without performing the above stabilization treatment.
- An inhibitor, an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or a salt thereof, and an alkaline earth metal compound are melt-kneaded to produce a polyoxymethylene resin composition.
- the copolymer as a raw material is a crude copolymer in which the polymerization catalyst is deactivated after completion of the copolymerization, but the unstable end groups are not stabilized.
- the crude oxymethylene copolymer is a resin having an oxymethylene group (—OCH 2 —) as a main structural unit and other comonomer units in addition to the oxymethylene units.
- a crude oxymethylene copolymer is produced by copolymerizing formaldehyde or a cyclic oligomer of formaldehyde as a main monomer and a compound selected from cyclic ether or cyclic formal as a comonomer.
- Trioxane a cyclic trimer of formaldehyde
- Trioxane is generally obtained by reacting an aqueous formaldehyde solution in the presence of an acidic catalyst, and is used after being purified by a method such as distillation.
- the comonomer cyclic ether and cyclic formal include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, trioxepane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, propylene glycol formal, diethylene glycol formal, triethylene glycol.
- 1,4-butanediol formal, 1,6-hexanediol formal and the like can be mentioned.
- a compound capable of forming a branched structure or a crosslinked structure can be used as a comonomer (or termonomer).
- Examples of such a compound include methyl glycidyl ether, ethyl glycidyl ether, butyl glycidyl ether, and 2-ethyl-hexyl.
- Alkyl or aryl glycidyl ethers such as glycidyl ether and phenyl glycidyl ether, alkylene glycols such as ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, and butanediol diglycidyl ether, and diglycidyl ethers of polyalkylene glycols.
- the comonomer is preferably ethylene oxide, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-butanediol formal, or diethylene glycol formal from the viewpoint that the thermal stability of the crude polyoxymethylene copolymer is suitable.
- these comonomers can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of comonomer greatly affects the thermal stability of the crude polyoxymethylene copolymer.
- the weight ratio of the main monomer to the comonomer is preferably 99.9: 0.1 to 80.0: 20.0, and preferably 99.5: 0.5 to 90.0: 10.0. More preferred.
- the content of impurities such as water, methanol and formic acid is as small as possible.
- the impurities are for forming unstable terminals in the polymerization system.
- the total amount of impurities is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 mol% or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol% or less, based on all monomers in the reaction system.
- the crude oxymethylene copolymer can be generally obtained by adding an appropriate amount of a molecular weight modifier and performing cationic polymerization using a cationic polymerization catalyst.
- Molecular weight regulators, cationic polymerization catalysts, polymerization methods, polymerization apparatuses and the like used are known from many literatures, and basically any of them can be used.
- a low molecular weight linear acetal having both alkoxy groups at both ends, such as methylal does not form an unstable end, and therefore may contain an arbitrary amount for the purpose of adjusting the molecular weight of the crude polyoxymethylene copolymer. it can.
- the catalyst used in the polymerization reaction is lead tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, aluminum trichloride, zinc chloride, vanadium trichloride, antimony trichloride, phosphorus pentafluoride, antimony pentafluoride, boron trifluoride.
- Boron trifluoride coordination compounds such as boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, boron trifluoride dibutyl etherate, boron trifluoride dioxanate, boron trifluoride acetate anhydrate, boron trifluoride triethylamine complex, Inorganic and organic acids such as perchloric acid, acetyl perchlorate, t-butyl perchlorate, hydroxyacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, triphenyl Methyl hexafluoroantimony DOO, allyl diazonium hexafluorophosphate, complex salt compounds such as allyl diazonium tetrafluoroborate, diethyl zinc, triethyl aluminum, alkal
- the amount of the catalyst is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol% to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 mol% with respect to the total monomers, A range of 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol% or more and 7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol% or less is more preferable. Setting the amount of catalyst in such a limited range is effective in preventing the formation of unstable end portions. When the amount of the catalyst is too large, it is difficult to properly control the polymerization temperature, the decomposition reaction during the polymerization becomes dominant, and as a result, a large number of unstable terminal portions are excessively generated. On the other hand, if the amount of the catalyst is too small, it is not preferable because the polymerization reaction rate may decrease and the polymerization yield may decrease.
- the polymerization method any conventionally known method can be used. However, a continuous bulk polymerization method using a liquid monomer to obtain a solid powdery bulk polymer as the polymerization proceeds is industrially preferable.
- the polymerization temperature is preferably maintained at 60 ° C. or higher and 105 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 65 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower.
- the method for deactivating the catalyst after polymerization is not particularly limited, and any conventionally known method can be used.
- a method such as adding a polymer after polymerization to an aqueous solution containing a basic compound is possible.
- the basic compound ammonia, amines such as triethylamine, tributylamine, triethanolamine, tributanolamine, oxides, hydroxides or salts of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, or other known compounds And a catalyst deactivator.
- the basic compound is preferably added as an aqueous solution having a concentration of 0.001% to 0.5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.02% to 0.3% by weight. Moreover, it is preferable that the temperature of aqueous solution is 10 to 80 degreeC, Most preferably, it is 15 to 60 degreeC. Further, after the polymerization is completed, it is preferable that the catalyst is deactivated by promptly adding it to these aqueous solutions.
- the molecular weight of the crude oxymethylene copolymer is not particularly limited, but those having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or more and 400,000 or less are preferred.
- liquidity of resin is 0.1 / 10min or more and 100g / 10min or less is preferable, More preferably, it is 0.5 / 10min or more and 80g / 10min or less.
- the melt index is a value measured at 190 ° C. and a load of 2.16 kg according to ASTM-D1238.
- the crude oxymethylene copolymer deactivates the polymerization catalyst after completion of the copolymerization but does not stabilize unstable terminal groups. And a crude oxymethylene copolymer and various additives are melt-kneaded without performing the stabilization process which stabilizes an unstable terminal group.
- the stable end group of the crude oxymethylene copolymer includes an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group (—OCH 3 ), a hydroxyethyl group (—CH 2 CH 2 OH), a hydroxybutyl group (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2).
- alkoxy group such as a methoxy group (—OCH 3 ), a hydroxyethyl group (—CH 2 CH 2 OH), a hydroxybutyl group (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2).
- the unstable end groups of the crude oxymethylene copolymer are hemiacetal end groups (also referred to as hydroxymethoxy end groups and hemiformal end groups, represented by —OCH 2 OH) and formyl end groups (in —CHO). It is expressed.)
- the proportion of unstable end groups contained in the oxymethylene copolymer can be reduced, and a stabilized oxymethylene copolymer can be obtained.
- a stabilization treatment the polyoxymethylene copolymer is heated to a temperature equal to or higher than its melting point and treated in a molten state to decompose and remove only unstable parts, or to maintain a heterogeneous system in an insoluble liquid medium. It is known that only unstable terminal portions are decomposed and removed by heat treatment at a temperature of °C or higher.
- the crude polyoxymethylene copolymer is heat-treated in the presence of an unstable terminal group decomposition treatment agent.
- unstable end-group decomposition treatment agents ammonia, triethylamine, tri-n-butylamine, aliphatic amines such as triethanolamine, quaternary ammonium salts such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide Quaternary phosphonium salts, PN bond-containing compounds, heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts, betaines, betaine derivatives, amine oxides or hydrazinium salts, etc., in addition to products, inorganic weak acid salts or organic acid salts (Patent Documents) 2-5).
- the present invention is characterized in that a polyoxymethylene resin composition is obtained by adding a specific additive to a crude oxymethylene copolymer without performing these stabilization treatments. Below, the specific additive is demonstrated.
- Examples of the hindered phenol antioxidant used in the present invention include a monocyclic hindered phenol compound, a polycyclic hindered phenol compound linked by a hydrocarbon group or a group containing a sulfur atom, an ester group or an amide group.
- the hindered phenol compound etc. which have are mentioned.
- these compounds include 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, 2,2′-methylenebis (4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 4,4′-methylenebis (2,6 -Di-t-butylphenol), 1,1,3-tris (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl) butane, 4,4'-butylidenebis (3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol) 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene, 4,4′-thiobis (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) ), N-octadecyl-3- (4′-hydroxy-3 ′, 5′-di-t-butylphenyl) propionate, n-octadecyl-2- (4′-hydroxy-3 ′, 5′-di-t) -Butyl Enyl) propionate, 1,
- the addition amount of the hindered phenolic antioxidant is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less, and 0.05% by weight or more with respect to the crude oxymethylene copolymer. More preferably, it is 2% by weight or less. If the amount of the hindered phenol-based antioxidant is less than 0.01% by weight, workability and material properties during long-term use may be deteriorated, which is not preferable. If the amount of the hindered phenol-based antioxidant exceeds 3% by weight, it may ooze out from the molded product, and this is not preferable from the viewpoint of cost.
- antioxidant in addition to a hindered phenol-based antioxidant, a hindered amine-based antioxidant, a phosphorus-based secondary antioxidant, and a sulfur-based secondary antioxidant are also known.
- the present invention does not prevent the addition of these antioxidants, and a hindered amine antioxidant may be added in addition to the hindered phenol antioxidant.
- an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or a salt thereof is added to the above crude oxymethylene copolymer. Even if an additive is added to the crude oxymethylene copolymer without adding a stabilization treatment by adding an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or a salt thereof, the resin composition The amount of formaldehyde generated when molding a product can be suitably suppressed.
- the ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or the ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or their salts can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the addition amount of the ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or the ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or each salt is not particularly limited, but is 0.01% by weight or more and 2% by weight or less with respect to the crude oxymethylene copolymer. It is preferably 0.015% by weight or more and 1% by weight or less. If the added amount of the ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or the ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin or each salt is less than 0.01% by weight, a sufficient effect cannot be obtained, which is not preferable. When the addition amount of the ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or a salt thereof exceeds 2% by weight, peeling from the molded product may occur, which is not preferable.
- alkaline earth metal compounds examples include salts of alkaline earth metals (calcium, magnesium, etc.) and organic carboxylic acids; metal oxides such as CaO and MgO; metal carbonates such as CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 ; alkaline earth metals Examples thereof include metal inorganic acid salts such as salts of (calcium, magnesium, etc.) and boric acid or phosphoric acid.
- carboxylic acid constituting the carboxylic acid metal salt a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 1 to 36 carbon atoms can be used. Further, these aliphatic carboxylic acids may have a hydroxyl group.
- saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid examples include acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, serotic acid, montan Saturated C1-36 monocarboxylic acids such as acid, melicic acid, and celloplastic acid, and saturated C6-36 dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, and adipic acid, tricarballylic acid, butanetricarboxylic acid, etc.
- Examples thereof include polyvalent carboxylic acids such as 36 tricarboxylic acid, or oxyacids thereof (for example, lactic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, hydroxylauric acid, hydroxypalmitic acid, hydroxystearic acid, malic acid, citric acid, etc.).
- polyvalent carboxylic acids such as 36 tricarboxylic acid, or oxyacids thereof (for example, lactic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, hydroxylauric acid, hydroxypalmitic acid, hydroxystearic acid, malic acid, citric acid, etc.).
- unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid examples include unsaturated C3-36 carboxylic acids such as undecylenic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, celetic acid, erucic acid, brassic acid, sorbic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and the like And oxyacids (for example, propiolic acid, stearic acid, etc.)
- calcium stearate is preferably used as the aliphatic carboxylic acid.
- the alkaline earth metal compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more, and the ratio is preferably 0.001 wt% or more and 2 wt% or less with respect to the crude oxymethylene copolymer, more preferably.
- the range is 0.003% to 0.020% by weight.
- aminotriazine compounds such as melamine, urea compounds, carboxylic acid hydrazide compounds, polyurethane resins, polyacrylamide resins and polyamide resins are known as formaldehyde scavengers.
- the present invention does not prevent the addition of these formaldehyde scavengers.
- a known additive can be further used for the crude polyoxymethylene copolymer of the present invention.
- olefin polymers polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers of ethylene and ⁇ -olefin, modified products thereof with acid anhydrides, etc.
- waxes polyethylene wax, etc.
- Silicone oil silicone resin, fluorine resin (polytetrafluoroethylene, etc.), fatty acid ester, and the like.
- lubricants anti-glare (light) stabilizers, impact resistance improvers, gloss control agents, fillers, colorants, nucleating agents, antistatic agents, surfactants, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, fragrances , Foaming agents, compatibilizers, physical property improvers (boric acid or its derivatives, etc.), fragrances, etc. can be blended, and various properties according to each additive without impairing the object of the present invention Can be improved.
- the manufacturing method of a polyoxymethylene resin composition is not specifically limited, It can prepare by the various methods conventionally known as a preparation method of a resin composition. For example, (1) a method in which all components constituting the composition are mixed, and this is supplied to an extruder and melt-kneaded to obtain a pellet-like composition; (2) a part of the components constituting the composition The remaining components are fed from the main feed port of the extruder through the side feed port and melt-kneaded to obtain a pellet-like composition. (3) Once the pellets having different compositions are prepared by extrusion or the like, the pellets are mixed And a method of adjusting to a predetermined composition.
- an extruder having one or more devolatilization vent ports, and further, water or a low boiling point at any location from the main feed port to the devolatilization vent port.
- Alcohol is supplied in the range of 0.1 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the crude oxymethylene copolymer, and formaldehyde generated in the extrusion process is devolatilized with water and low-boiling alcohols. It is preferable to volatilize and remove from the vent port. Thereby, the amount of formaldehyde generated from the polyoxymethylene resin composition and its molded product can be reduced.
- the polyoxymethylene resin composition of the present invention is preferably in the form of pellets because it is easy to process when forming a resin molded product.
- the extrusion molding can form a resin molded product having a complicated cross-sectional shape, and since the stress applied to the resin composition is only compression stress and shear stress, it is suitably molded even if the resin composition is a fragile material.
- the surface of the molded product after extrusion can be made very smooth and a finishing treatment is unnecessary.
- the resin composition stays inside the molding machine, there is a drawback that deterioration of the compounding components and side reaction with formaldehyde occur, which may cause defective appearance such as yellowing of the resin molded product. Have.
- the polyoxymethylene resin composition of the present invention When the polyoxymethylene resin composition of the present invention is used, it is possible to prevent deterioration of the compounding components and side reaction with formaldehyde even when extrusion molding is performed. Therefore, it is preferable that the polyoxymethylene resin composition of the present invention is particularly used for forming an extruded product.
- the polymerization reaction was performed as follows using a continuous mixing reactor having a rotating shaft.
- Hot water at 80 ° C. was passed through the jacket, and the two rotating shafts were rotated at a speed of 100 rpm, and 0.05 wt% triethylene glycol-bis [3- (3-t-butyl-5-methyl) was used as an antioxidant.
- trioxane containing 3.3% by weight of 1,3-dioxolane as comonomer and 700 ppm (by weight) of methylal as chain transfer agent are continuously fed to the reactor and in parallel.
- a solution of boron trifluoride and dibutyl etherate dissolved in cyclohexane (concentration of 1% by weight) is 10 ppm (weight) as boron trifluoride with respect to all monomers (total amount of trioxane and 1,3-dioxolane).
- Copolymerization was carried out with continuous addition at a standard) concentration.
- the crude polyoxymethylene copolymer discharged from the discharge port of the reactor was added to an aqueous solution containing 0.1% by weight of triethylamine to deactivate the catalyst. This mixture was centrifuged and further dried to obtain a crude oxymethylene copolymer.
- the crude oxymethylene copolymer had a hemiacetal terminal group amount of 2.2 mmol / kg, a formyl terminal group amount of 1.7 mmol / kg, and an unstable terminal amount (amount of terminal unstable parts) of 1.18% by weight. there were.
- the amount of hemiacetal end group and formyl end group are evaluated by the following methods. Dissolve the crude oxymethylene copolymer in hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol, add N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide and pyridine for reaction, air dry, and then vacuum dry at 40 ° C. To remove residual solvent and unreacted material. The obtained reaction product is dissolved in deuterated hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol at a concentration of 5% by weight as a solvent, the solution is filled in an NMR sample tube, and an NMR spectrum is measured at room temperature (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-11143). No. publication).
- NMR device AVANCE400 FT-NMR, manufactured by Bruker Measurement conditions: Pulse flip angle 30 °, integration repetition time 10 sec, integration count 128 times
- the amount of unstable terminal (the amount of unstable part at the terminal) is evaluated by the following method.
- About 1 g of the crude oxymethylene copolymer was precisely weighed and placed in a pressure-resistant sealed container together with 100 ml of a 60 volume% methanol aqueous solution containing 15 mg of calcium hydroxide and 0.5 volume% ammonium hydroxide, and heat-treated at 170 ° C. for 60 minutes. Then, it is cooled and opened to take out the inner solution.
- the amount of formaldehyde generated by the decomposition of the unstable terminal portion and dissolved in the solution is quantified according to JIS K0102, item 29.1 acetylacetone absorptiometry, and the ratio to the crude oxymethylene copolymer is calculated as weight%.
- this mixture was supplied to the above-described twin screw extruder with a devolatilization port, and volatiles were vented at a vent vacuum of 20 mmHg (2.7 kPa), a cylinder temperature of 200 ° C., and an average residence time of 300 seconds. While being removed from the devolatilization port, the mixture was melt-kneaded to obtain a pelletized stabilized oxymethylene copolymer.
- the stabilized oxymethylene copolymer has a hemiacetal end group amount of 1.2 mmol / kg, a formyl end group amount of 1.3 mmol / kg, and an unstable end amount (amount of terminal unstable portion) of 0.56% by weight. Met.
- Ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin Ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin (Product name: Nucrel N1525, manufactured by Mitsui & DuPont Polychemicals) 5. Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer resin (Product name: Primacol 3460, manufactured by Dow Chemical Company) 6). 6. Zinc salt of ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin 7. alkaline earth metal compound calcium stearate magnesium oxide Sliding property improving agent Low molecular weight polyethylene (Product name: Sunwax 161-P, manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries)
- L, a, and b are the color values measured by the color difference meter, respectively, and the subscript 1 of L, a, and b is the hue after being kept in an oven at 140 ° C. for 20 days.
- the suffix 0 means the hue just before entering the oven.
- the test piece prepared by the above [Long-term hue stability ( ⁇ E)] was held in an oven at 140 ° C. for 20 days to evaluate the tensile strength. Evaluation conforms to ISO527. With respect to the tensile strength before long-term holding, the case where the tensile holding ratio after long-term holding was 100% or more was “ ⁇ ”, and the case where the tensile holding ratio was less than 100% was “x”. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Examples 1 to 6 and Reference Example 1 are compared, as a material for forming a resin molded product, a hindered phenol-based antioxidant and an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resin or ethylene are used against a crude oxymethylene copolymer.
- the stabilization treatment for stabilizing unstable terminal groups is not performed. It can be said that the amount of formaldehyde generated can be suppressed to about the same level as in the case of using a polyoxymethylene resin composition obtained from a stabilized oxymethylene copolymer that has undergone stabilization treatment. From this, it can be said that according to the present invention, a polyoxymethylene resin composition in which the amount of formaldehyde generated during molding is sufficiently suppressed can be provided without performing the stabilization treatment.
- the polyoxymethylene resin composition of the present invention is also suitable for forming an extruded product (Examples). 1-6).
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、共重合終了後に重合触媒を失活させているが、不安定末端基を安定化していない粗オキシメチレン共重合体に対し、上記安定化処理を行うことなく、ヒンダードフェノール系酸化防止剤と、エチレンメタクリル酸共重合樹脂若しくはエチレンアクリル酸共重合樹脂又はそれらの塩と、アルカリ土類金属化合物とを溶融混錬し、ポリオキシメチレン樹脂組成物を製造する。
本発明において、粗オキシメチレン共重合体は、共重合終了後に重合触媒を失活させているが、不安定末端基を安定化していない。そして、不安定末端基を安定化する安定化処理を行うことなく、粗オキシメチレン共重合体と、各種の添加剤とを溶融混錬する。
本発明は、上記粗オキシメチレン共重合体に対し、ヒンダードフェノール系酸化防止剤を加えている。
本発明は、上記粗オキシメチレン共重合体に対し、エチレンメタクリル酸共重合樹脂若しくはエチレンアクリル酸共重合樹脂又それらの塩を加えている。エチレンメタクリル酸共重合樹脂若しくはエチレンアクリル酸共重合樹脂又はそれらの塩を加えることで、安定化処理を行うことなく、粗オキシメチレン共重合体に添加剤を加えた場合であっても、樹脂組成物を成形する際に生じるホルムアルデヒドの量を好適に抑えることができる。
アルカリ土類金属化合物としては、アルカリ土類金属(カルシウム、マグネシウム等)と有機カルボン酸との塩;CaO、MgO等の金属酸化物;CaCO3、MgCO3等の金属炭酸塩;アルカリ土類金属(カルシウム、マグネシウム等)とホウ酸やリン酸との塩等の金属無機酸塩等を例示できる。
本発明の粗ポリオキシメチレン共重合体に対し、さらに、公知の添加剤を使用することができる。
ポリオキシメチレン樹脂組成物の製造方法は特に限定されず、樹脂組成物の調製法として従来から知られた各種の方法により調製することができる。例えば、(1)組成物を構成する全成分を混合し、これを押出機に供給して溶融混練し、ペレット状の組成物を得る方法、(2)組成物を構成する成分の一部を押出機の主フィード口から、残余成分をサイドフィード口から供給して溶融混練し、ペレット状の組成物を得る方法、(3)押出し等により一旦組成の異なるペレットを調製し、そのペレットを混合して所定の組成に調整する方法等が挙げられる。
従来から、樹脂組成物を用いて樹脂成形品を形成する手法として、射出成形、押出成形、圧縮成形、ブロー成形、真空成形、発泡成形、回転成形等が知られている。本発明に係る樹脂組成物を用いて成形品を形成する際、これら慣用の成形方法のいずれの方法によっても好適に成形品を形成できる。
はない。
二つの円が一部重なった断面形状を有するとともに、外側に熱(冷)媒を通すジャケットを備えたバレルと、このバレル内部の長手方向において、それぞれ撹拌及び推進用パドルを備えた2本の回転軸とを有する連続式混合反応機を用いて、以下のように重合反応を行った。
粗オキシメチレン共重合体をヘキサフルオロイソプロピルアルコール中に溶解し、N,O-ビス(トリメチルシリル)トリフルオロアセトアミドとピリジンを添加して反応させた後、風乾し、続いて40℃で減圧乾燥させることにより残留した溶媒及び未反応物を除去する。得られた反応物を重水素化へキサフルオロイソプロピルアルコールを溶媒として濃度5重量%に溶解して、溶液をNMR用サンプル管に充填し、室温で、NMRスペクトルを測定する(特開2001-11143号公報参照)。
ヘミアセタール末端基量(mmol/kg)及びホルミル末端基量(mmol/kg)は、各々対応するNMR吸収ピークに基づき算出する。
NMR装置:Bruker社製、AVANCE400型FT-NMR
測定条件:パルスフリップアングル30゜、積算繰り返し時間10sec、積算回数128回
粗オキシメチレン共重合体約1gを精秤し、水酸化カルシウム15mgと0.5体積%の水酸化アンモニウムを含む60体積%メタノール水溶液100mlとともに耐圧密閉容器に入れ、170℃で60分間加熱処理した後、冷却、開封して内溶液を取り出す。不安定な末端部分の分解によって生じ、溶液中に溶解したホルムアルデヒド量をJIS K0102、29.1項 アセチルアセトン吸光光度法にしたがって定量し、粗オキシメチレン共重合体に対する割合を重量%として算出する。
上記粗ポリオキシメチレン共重合体100重量部に対して、0.01重量部のトリエチレングリコール-ビス[3-(3-t-ブチル-5-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート]と2重量部のトリエチルアミン水溶液(0.72重量%濃度:トリエチルアミンは、粗ポリオキシメチレン共重合体1kg当たり3級アミン窒素に換算して1.4mmol)を添加して均一に混合する。
次いで、この混合物を前記の脱揮口付き2軸押出機に供給し、20mmHg(2.7kPa)のベント真空度、200℃のシリンダー温度、300秒の平均滞留時間で、揮発物を(ベント)脱揮口より除去しながら溶融混練し、ペレット状の安定化オキシメチレン共重合体を得た。
1.粗POM共重合体
上記<粗オキシメチレン共重合体の調製>によって得た粗オキシメチレン共重合体
2.安定化POM共重合体
上記<安定化オキシメチレン共重合体の調製>によって得た安定化オキシメチレン共重合体
3.ヒンダードフェノール系酸化防止剤
ペンタエリスリトールテトラキス[3-(3,5-ジ-t-ブチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート](製品名:Irganox1010,BASFジャパン社製)
4.エチレンメタクリル酸共重合樹脂
エチレンメタクリル酸共重合樹脂(製品名:ニュクレルN1525,三井・デュポンポリケミカル社製)
5.エチレンアクリル酸共重合樹脂(製品名:プリマコール 3460、ダウケミカルカンパニー製)
6.エチレンメタクリル酸共重合体樹脂の亜鉛塩
7.アルカリ土類金属化合物
ステアリン酸カルシウム
酸化マグネシウム
8.摺動性改良剤
低分子量ポリエチレン(製品名:サンワックス161-P,三洋化成工業社製)
(押出条件)
シリンダー温度:170~200℃
押出し量:18kg/hr(定量フィーダ使用)
回転数:120rpm
[溶融体からのホルムアルデヒド発生量]
5gのペレットを正確に秤量し、金属製容器中に200℃で5分間保持した後、容器内の雰囲気を蒸留水中に吸収させる。この水溶液のホルムアルデヒド量をJISK0102,29.(ホルムアルデヒドの項)に従って定量し、ペレットから発生するホルムアルデヒドガス量(ppm)を算出した。ホルムアルデヒドガス量が70ppm未満である場合を“○”とし、70ppm以上である場合を“×”とした。結果を表2に示す。
上記の組成物ペレットを用い、30mm単軸固化押出成形機を用いて、押出速度5mm/minで、φ140の丸棒を固化押出した。そして、得られた丸棒より、ISO 527-1 1B型に準じた試験片を切り出した。
ΔE=〔(L1-L0)2+(a1-a0)2+(b1-b0)2〕1/2
式中、L、a、bはそれぞれ色差計で計測される色の値であり、L、a、bの下付文字1は140℃のオーブンで20日間保持後の色相であることを、下付文字0はオーブンに入れる直前での色相を意味する。
Claims (4)
- 共重合終了後に重合触媒を失活させているが、不安定末端基を安定化していない粗オキシメチレン共重合体に対し、前記不安定末端基を安定化する安定化処理を行うことなく、ヒンダードフェノール系酸化防止剤と、エチレンメタクリル酸共重合樹脂若しくはエチレンアクリル酸共重合樹脂又はそれらの塩と、アルカリ土類金属化合物とを溶融混錬し、ポリオキシメチレン樹脂組成物を製造する方法。
- 前記アルカリ土類金属化合物が脂肪族カルボン酸金属の塩又は酸化物である、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 前記アルカリ土類金属化合物がステアリン酸カルシウムであり、かつ、前記粗オキシメチレン共重合体に対し、前記ステアリン酸カルシウムを0.003重量%以上0.020重量%以下の範囲で使用する、請求項1又は2に記載の製造方法。
- 前記ポリオキシメチレン樹脂組成物は押出成形品形成用である、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
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- 2014-09-09 KR KR1020167009555A patent/KR102210354B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2014-09-09 CN CN201480051781.5A patent/CN105555864B/zh active Active
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WO2018116597A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-21 | 2018-06-28 | ポリプラスチックス株式会社 | ポリアセタール樹脂組成物およびその製造方法 |
Also Published As
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MY176538A (en) | 2020-08-14 |
EP3072927A1 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
US10738166B2 (en) | 2020-08-11 |
KR102210354B1 (ko) | 2021-02-01 |
BR112016011298A2 (ja) | 2017-08-08 |
EP3072927A4 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
US20160237221A1 (en) | 2016-08-18 |
CN105555864B (zh) | 2018-03-13 |
JP2015101599A (ja) | 2015-06-04 |
BR112016011298B1 (pt) | 2022-05-17 |
KR20160089345A (ko) | 2016-07-27 |
CN105555864A (zh) | 2016-05-04 |
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