WO2014091904A1 - 重金属除去方法及び重金属除去装置 - Google Patents
重金属除去方法及び重金属除去装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014091904A1 WO2014091904A1 PCT/JP2013/081472 JP2013081472W WO2014091904A1 WO 2014091904 A1 WO2014091904 A1 WO 2014091904A1 JP 2013081472 W JP2013081472 W JP 2013081472W WO 2014091904 A1 WO2014091904 A1 WO 2014091904A1
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- heavy metal
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- neutralization
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/74—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with air
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/04—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by wet processes
- C22B23/0407—Leaching processes
- C22B23/0415—Leaching processes with acids or salt solutions except ammonium salts solutions
- C22B23/043—Sulfurated acids or salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/04—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by wet processes
- C22B23/0453—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/04—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by wet processes
- C22B23/0453—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B23/0461—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by chemical methods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
- C02F2101/203—Iron or iron compound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
- C02F2101/206—Manganese or manganese compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/16—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from metallurgical processes, i.e. from the production, refining or treatment of metals, e.g. galvanic wastes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Definitions
- This invention relates to the heavy metal removal method and heavy metal removal apparatus in the final neutralization process of a nickel oxide ore plant.
- This application claims priority on the basis of Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-270722 filed on Dec. 11, 2012 in Japan. By reference to this application, the present application Incorporated.
- Nickel oxide ore contains many kinds of heavy metals, and is dissolved under high temperature and high pressure conditions using sulfuric acid. After that, chemical treatment is performed to remove impurities to recover necessary metals such as nickel.
- Methods for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater include coagulation sedimentation, ion exchange, adsorption on activated carbon and other adsorbents, electrical adsorption, magnetic adsorption, etc.
- the aggregation and precipitation method used is used in many factories.
- the pH is increased by adding a neutralizing agent to solidify the heavy metal as a hydroxide, and then the solid and the liquid are separated by an operation such as filtration, and the liquid is discharged outside the factory. Is treated at the disposal site.
- a neutralizing agent an inexpensive calcium-based neutralizing agent such as limestone or slaked lime is often used.
- heavy metals can be removed from the solution by forming a hydroxide by raising the pH, but heavy metals such as iron and manganese are oxidized to form a more stable hydroxide. It is known to do.
- aeration is a very useful method in terms of equipment cost and operation cost.
- a high pressure acid leaching method (HPAL) for obtaining a nickel / cobalt mixed sulfide includes a pretreatment process (1), a leaching process (2), a solid process as shown in FIG. A liquid separation process (3), a neutralization process (4), a dezincification process (5), a sulfurization process (6), and a detoxification process (7) are included (for example, refer patent document 1).
- nickel oxide ore is crushed and classified into a slurry.
- the leaching step (2) sulfuric acid is added to the slurry obtained in the pretreatment step (1), and the mixture is stirred at 220 to 280 ° C., and high-temperature pressure acid leaching is performed to obtain a leaching slurry.
- the leaching slurry obtained in the leaching step (2) is subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a leachate containing nickel and cobalt (hereinafter referred to as “crude nickel sulfate aqueous solution”) and the leaching residue. obtain.
- the crude nickel sulfate aqueous solution obtained in the solid-liquid separation step (3) is neutralized.
- step (5) hydrogen sulfide gas is added to the crude nickel sulfate aqueous solution neutralized in the neutralization step (4) to precipitate and remove zinc as zinc sulfide.
- the sulfidation step (6) hydrogen sulfide gas is added to the dezincification final solution obtained in the dezincification step (5) to obtain a nickel / cobalt composite sulfide and a nickel poor solution.
- the detoxification step (7) the leaching residue generated in the solid-liquid separation step (3) and the nickel poor solution generated in the sulfidation step (6) are detoxified.
- HPAL high-temperature pressure leaching method
- leaching slurry after leaching nickel from nickel laterite ore, and waste liquid (baren liquor) obtained by collecting Ni and Co are discarded to the dam, Since the pH is low as it is, it is detoxified in the detoxification step (7).
- the detoxification step (7) as shown in FIG. 4, in the final stage in which four stages of stirring tanks are connected in series to the poor liquid that is the process liquid discharged from the sulfurization process (6).
- neutralization treatment with limestone (limestone) and slaked lime as neutralizers is performed, detoxified and discarded.
- slurry heavy metal ions contained in the process liquid (slurry) are oxidized, so that gas is discharged into the treatment tank to oxidize heavy metal ions.
- the slurry to be added has a pH of about 2, and the slurry is neutralized with CaCO 3 in the initial stage where the pH is low and Ca (OH) 2 in the latter half, and finally reaches about pH 9. increase.
- gas evacuation in order to precipitate Mg, Mn and other trace metals (Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Cr), gas evacuation (aeration) is performed to increase the valence. As a result, the metal content is reduced from 0.0 n to 0.00. Decrease from about ng / l to about 0.001 g / l (other than Mg).
- the required amount of neutralizing agent varies depending on the flow rate and acidity of the process liquid to be treated, and the concentration of heavy metal contained, but in any process, cost reduction can be achieved. From the viewpoint, it is desired to reduce the amount of neutralizing agent used.
- JP 2011-225908 A Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 08-071585 JP-A-10-258222
- the present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and the object of the present invention is to remove a heavy metal that can be used in a reduced amount of the neutralizing agent and to remove the heavy metal used in the method. To provide an apparatus.
- annular aeration tube having a large number of air outlets is provided at the bottom of a vertical cylindrical reaction vessel, and while the aqueous solution containing heavy metal ions is stirred in the reaction vessel, many annular aeration tubes are provided. Aeration is performed using a simple aeration apparatus that blows an oxidizing gas from the air outlet of the gas, neutralizing the aqueous solution containing heavy metal ions with a neutralizing agent, and solidifying the heavy metal as a hydroxide. To remove.
- the present invention is a method for removing heavy metals, comprising a vertical cylindrical reaction vessel, a stirring blade provided in the reaction vessel, and a number of outlets provided at the bottom of the reaction vessel. While stirring an aqueous solution containing at least one kind of divalent iron ion and divalent manganese ion as a heavy metal element by rotating the stirring blade in a neutralization tank having an annular aeration tube. , Aeration gas is introduced from a large number of outlets of the aeration pipe and aerated, and a neutralizing agent is added to the aqueous solution to neutralize it to remove the heavy metals as hydroxides.
- the present invention is also a heavy metal removal apparatus, comprising a vertical cylindrical reaction vessel, a stirring blade provided in the reaction vessel, and a number of outlets provided at the bottom of the reaction vessel.
- a neutralization tank equipped with an annular aeration tube, and stirring the aqueous solution containing at least one kind of divalent iron ion or divalent manganese ion as a heavy metal element in the neutralization tank While agitating by rotating blades, aeration gas is introduced from a number of outlets of the aeration pipe and aerated, and a neutralizing agent is added to the aqueous solution to neutralize the heavy metal. It is characterized by being removed as an oxide.
- the neutralization treatment in the final neutralization step in the nickel oxide ore hydrometallurgical plant, can be performed in the neutralization tank to solidify and remove heavy metals as hydroxides.
- the oxidizing gas may be air.
- the diameter of the annular aeration tube may be 60 to 85% of the diameter of the reaction vessel.
- the air outlet is circular and can have a size of 18 to 22 mm ⁇ .
- the air outlets can be installed at equal intervals at a position in an angle range of 45 ° on both sides from directly below the annular aeration pipe.
- an annular aeration tube having a large number of air outlets is provided at the bottom of a vertical cylindrical reaction vessel, and an aqueous solution containing heavy metal ions is stirred in the reaction vessel and oxidized from the aeration tube.
- Aeration is performed by using an aeration apparatus that blows gas for use, and neutralization of the aqueous solution is performed, thereby reducing the amount of neutralizing agent used for neutralizing heavy metals contained in the aqueous solution and efficiently removing it. be able to.
- FIG. 1 is an external perspective view showing a configuration of a heavy metal removing apparatus to which the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 2 is a process diagram of a nickel oxide ore hydrometallurgical plant in which a heavy metal removing device is used.
- FIG. 3 is a process diagram of a nickel oxide ore plant by a high pressure acid leaching method.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the configuration of the final neutralization treatment facility in the detoxification process of the nickel oxide ore plant.
- the heavy metal removal method according to the present embodiment is implemented by a heavy metal removal apparatus 100 having a configuration as shown in FIG.
- This heavy metal removing apparatus 100 is an annular shape having a vertical cylindrical reaction vessel 110, a stirring blade 120 provided in the reaction vessel 110, and a large number of air outlets 131 provided at the bottom of the reaction vessel 110. It is a neutralization tank provided with the aeration pipe
- At least one of divalent iron ions and divalent manganese ions is used as a heavy metal element in the vertical cylindrical reaction vessel 110 using the heavy metal removal device 100.
- an oxidizing gas is introduced from a number of outlets 131 of the aeration tube 130 and aerated, and a neutralizing agent is added to the aqueous solution.
- a neutralization treatment is performed to solidify and remove heavy metals as hydroxides.
- the heavy metal is solidified and removed as a hydroxide by the final neutralization treatment, thereby removing the leach residue generated in the solid-liquid separation process.
- the nickel poor solution generated in the sulfurization process is made harmless and discarded.
- the neutralization process using the heavy metal removing device 100 is performed in the final neutralization process step to solidify the heavy metal as a hydroxide. Remove.
- the poor liquid that is the process liquid discharged in the sulfidation process is charged into the vertical cylindrical reaction vessel 110 of the heavy metal removal apparatus 100, and the neutralization process is performed. .
- the poor liquid which is a process liquid discharged from a nickel oxide ore hydrometallurgical plant, mainly contains pure metals such as iron and manganese. These heavy metals can be separated from the process liquid as a hydroxide precipitate (neutralized precipitation) by performing a neutralization treatment for adjusting the pH of the poor solution.
- the pH required to bring the heavy metal concentration in the solution to 1 mg / l or less is, as shown in Table 1, with a divalent iron ion of pH 9.0, trivalent.
- the pH is 2.7
- divalent manganese ions the pH is 10.0
- trivalent manganese ions the pH is 3.6.
- the heavy metal ions in the solution can be precipitated at a lower pH when they are trivalent than when they are divalent. Since the process liquid charged in the final neutralization process is originally an acidic solution, the amount of neutralizing agent used can be reduced when adjusting to a low pH.
- reaction vessel In the final neutralization step in the nickel oxide ore hydrometallurgical plant, a reaction vessel with a stirring blade has been used.
- This reaction tank is usually a vertical cylindrical shape, and it is common to prevent stirring unevenness.
- an oxidizing gas is further blown into the reaction tank to aerate the poor solution.
- an annular aeration pipe 130 having a large number of air outlets 131 at the bottom in the vertical cylindrical reaction vessel 110. is used.
- the process liquid containing heavy metal ions in the reaction vessel 110 is stirred by the rotation of the stirring blade 120 and aeration is performed by blowing an oxidizing gas from the outlet 131 of the aeration pipe 130 to include heavy metal ions.
- the solution should be neutralized.
- the heavy metal in the process liquid is solidified as a hydroxide and separated into a solid and a liquid with a specific gravity. The solid obtained by the specific gravity separation is discarded at the disposal site, while the liquid is returned to the solid-liquid separation step and reused as washing water or discarded.
- the heavy metal removal apparatus 100 used in the heavy metal removal method according to the present embodiment as described above includes a vertical cylindrical reaction vessel 110, a stirring blade 120 provided in the reaction vessel 110, and a reaction vessel 110. It consists of a neutralization tank provided with the annular aeration pipe
- the aeration gas is introduced from the outlet 131 of the aeration tube 130 and aeration is performed to neutralize the aqueous solution containing heavy metal ions with a neutralizing agent. Apply neutralization treatment.
- the bubbles flowing into the reaction vessel 110 are broken into small pieces.
- the total area of the bubbles can be increased.
- By uniformly stirring the aqueous solution containing heavy metal ions in the reaction vessel 110 many bubbles can be brought into contact with the aqueous solution, and a high aeration effect can be obtained. That is, since the oxidizing gas supplied into the reaction vessel 110 is dispersed on the bottom surface of the neutralization tank immediately after being supplied, the entire aqueous solution containing heavy metal ions can be efficiently oxidized.
- heavy metal ions in an aqueous solution can be efficiently oxidized from divalent to trivalent. And since it can be oxidized to trivalent heavy metal ions in this way, a precipitate of hydroxide can be formed at a low pH, effectively reducing the amount of neutralizing agent used for neutralization treatment. Can be made.
- the oxidizing gas is not particularly limited as long as it is a gas that maintains bubbles in the liquid, that is, a gas that does not easily dissolve in the liquid, but it is preferable in terms of cost to use air.
- the aeration tube 130 in the heavy metal removing apparatus 100 is preferably formed in an annular shape having a size of 60 to 85% of the diameter of the reaction vessel 110.
- the aeration tube 130 When the aeration effect was observed by changing the diameter of the aeration tube 130 with respect to the diameter of the reaction vessel 110, the aeration tube 130 was formed in an annular shape having a size of 60 to 85% of the diameter of the reaction vessel 110, thereby The degree of dispersion was improved and a high aeration effect could be obtained.
- the shape of the numerous air outlets 131 formed in the aeration pipe 130 is preferably circular and has a size of 18 to 22 mm ⁇ .
- the strength reduction of the aeration pipe 130 can be minimized as compared with the case where the air outlet having the same opening area is formed in another shape. Further, the diameter of 18 mm to 22 mm is preferable because the effect of oxidizing heavy metal ions can be enhanced.
- the air outlet 131 is set at one place directly under the aeration pipe 130 and one place at an angle of 45% on both sides thereof, a total of three sets, and this set is equally spaced from the annular aeration pipe 130. It is preferable to arrange them side by side.
- Example 1 in the final neutralization process in the nickel oxide ore hydrometallurgical plant, the heavy metal ions in the solution using the heavy metal removal apparatus 100 described above are used for the poor liquid that is the process liquid discharged from the sulfidation process.
- the detoxification process which removes was performed.
- an aeration tube 130 is installed at a position where the distance from the center of the cylindrical reaction vessel 110 is 72% of the diameter of the reaction vessel 110, and a diameter is provided at the bottom of the aeration tube 130. 189 20 mm air outlets 131 were provided. At this time, the results of the air hold-up amount were compared between the case where aeration was performed using the aeration tube 130 and the case where aeration was performed from a conventional simple blowing tube (three blowing tubes). Table 2 shows the comparison results.
- Example 2 Next, in the final neutralization process in the nickel oxide ore hydrometallurgical plant, the same heavy metal removal apparatus 100 as used in Example 1 was used to reduce the poor liquid that was the process liquid discharged from the sulfurization process.
- the neutralization process which adds a summing agent was performed, and it compared with the usage-amount of slaked lime required in the neutralization process in the conventional last neutralization process. Table 3 shows the comparison results.
- the Mn concentration at the outlet of the reaction tank can be made less than 1 mg / l, and the amount of slaked lime used is Compared to the conventional case, it can be reduced by 0.3 t / hr.
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Abstract
Description
本実施例では、ニッケル酸化鉱石の湿式製錬プラントにおける最終中和工程において、硫化工程から排出された工程液である貧液に対して、上述した重金属除去装置100を用いて溶液中の重金属イオンを除去する無害化処理を行った。
次に、ニッケル酸化鉱石の湿式製錬プラントにおける最終中和工程において、実施例1で用いたものと同じ重金属除去装置100により、硫化工程から排出された工程液である貧液に対して、中和剤を添加する中和処理を行い、従来の最終中和工程における中和処理において必要となる消石灰の使用量と比較した。表3に、比較結果を示す。
Claims (9)
- 縦型円筒形状の反応容器と、該反応容器内に設けられた撹拌羽根と、該反応容器内の底部に設けられた多数の吹出口を有する円環状のエアレーション管とを備える中和槽内で、
重金属元素として、2価の鉄イオン、2価のマンガンイオンのうち、少なくとも1種類のイオンを含む水溶液を上記撹拌羽根の回転により撹拌しながら、上記エアレーション管の多数の吹出口から酸化用の気体を導入してエアレーションし、該水溶液に対して中和剤を添加して中和処理を施して該重金属を水酸化物として除去することを特徴とする重金属除去方法。 - ニッケル酸化鉱石の湿式製錬プラントにおける最終中和工程において、上記中和槽により中和処理を施し、上記重金属を水酸化物として除去することを特徴とする請求項1記載の重金属除去方法。
- 上記酸化用の気体は空気であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の重金属の除去方法。
- 縦型円筒形状の反応容器と、
上記反応容器内に設けられた撹拌羽根と、
上記反応容器内の底部に設けられた多数の吹出口を有する円環状のエアレーション管とを備える中和槽からなり、
上記中和槽内で、重金属元素として、2価の鉄イオン、2価のマンガンイオンのうち、少なくとも1種類のイオンを含む水溶液を上記撹拌羽根の回転により撹拌しながら、上記エアレーション管の多数の吹出口から酸化用の気体を導入してエアレーションし、該水溶液に対して中和剤を添加して中和処理を施し、該重金属を水酸化物として除去することを特徴とする重金属除去装置。 - ニッケル酸化鉱石の湿式製錬プラントにおける最終中和工程における中和処理に用いられることを特徴とする請求項4記載の重金属除去装置。
- 上記円環状のエアレーション管の直径は、上記反応容器の直径の60~85%のサイズであることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の重金属除去装置。
- 上記吹出口は、円形であって、18~22mmφのサイズであることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の重金属除去装置。
- 上記吹出口は、上記円環状のエアレーション管の真下から両隣に45°の角度範囲の位置で、且つ等間隔に設置されることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の重金属除去装置。
- 上記酸化用の気体は空気であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の重金属除去装置。
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CA2894639A CA2894639C (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2013-11-22 | Heavy-metal removal method and heavy-metal removal device |
AU2013358259A AU2013358259A1 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2013-11-22 | Heavy-metal removal method and heavy-metal removal device |
CN201380064945.3A CN104968610A (zh) | 2012-12-11 | 2013-11-22 | 重金属去除方法及重金属去除装置 |
EP13862448.1A EP2933234B1 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2013-11-22 | Heavy-metal removal method |
US14/651,354 US20150315046A1 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2013-11-22 | Heavy-metal removal method and heavy-metal removal device |
PH12015501315A PH12015501315B1 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2015-06-09 | Heavy-metal removal method and heavy-metal removal device |
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JP2012270722A JP5720665B2 (ja) | 2012-12-11 | 2012-12-11 | 重金属除去方法及び重金属除去装置 |
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JP5942830B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-11 | 2016-06-29 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 撹拌反応装置 |
JP5700029B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-11 | 2015-04-15 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 硫化水素を含む貧液の処理方法及び処理装置 |
JP6544059B2 (ja) * | 2015-06-08 | 2019-07-17 | 栗田エンジニアリング株式会社 | 排水の処理方法 |
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CN115677110B (zh) * | 2022-11-02 | 2024-05-10 | 广东工业大学 | 一种磁性淀粉水凝胶复合重金属吸附设备 |
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- 2013-11-22 CN CN201380064945.3A patent/CN104968610A/zh active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2933234A4 (en) | 2016-05-11 |
CN104968610A (zh) | 2015-10-07 |
JP2014113566A (ja) | 2014-06-26 |
AU2013358259A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
US20150315046A1 (en) | 2015-11-05 |
CA2894639C (en) | 2019-12-31 |
PH12015501315A1 (en) | 2015-08-24 |
CA2894639A1 (en) | 2014-06-19 |
EP2933234B1 (en) | 2017-01-04 |
JP5720665B2 (ja) | 2015-05-20 |
PH12015501315B1 (en) | 2015-08-24 |
EP2933234A1 (en) | 2015-10-21 |
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