WO2014051020A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014051020A1 WO2014051020A1 PCT/JP2013/076193 JP2013076193W WO2014051020A1 WO 2014051020 A1 WO2014051020 A1 WO 2014051020A1 JP 2013076193 W JP2013076193 W JP 2013076193W WO 2014051020 A1 WO2014051020 A1 WO 2014051020A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- secondary battery
- ion secondary
- lithium ion
- electrode
- Prior art date
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910009716 Lia(M)b Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
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- 229910011279 LiCoPO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/582—Halogenides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a layered compound such as LiCoO 2 or LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 or a spinel compound such as LiMn 2 O 4 has been used as a positive electrode material (positive electrode active material) of a lithium ion secondary battery. It was. In recent years, compounds having an olivine type structure typified by LiFePO 4 have attracted attention. It is known that a positive electrode material having an olivine structure has high thermal stability at high temperatures and high safety. However, the lithium ion secondary battery using LiFePO 4 has a drawback that its charge / discharge voltage is as low as about 3.5 V and the energy density is low.
- a phosphate-based positive electrode material capable of realizing a high charge-discharge voltage such as LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO 4 it has been proposed.
- the present situation is that a sufficient capacity is not obtained even in lithium ion secondary batteries using these positive electrode materials.
- phosphate cathode material capable of realizing 4V grade discharge voltage LiVOPO 4 (Patent Document 1) and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 , etc.
- Li a (M) b (PO 4) c X A vanadium phosphate having a structure of d (Patent Document 2) is known.
- vanadium phosphate has a problem that the high-rate discharge characteristics are inferior compared with other positive electrode materials such as LiFePO 4 .
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the prior art, and an object thereof is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery capable of improving the high rate discharge characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution, and the positive electrode uses a compound represented by the following formula (1) as a positive electrode active material,
- the electrode density is 1.8 to 2.9 g / cm 3 .
- Li a (M) b (PO 4 ) c X d (1) (M is VO or V, X is F, 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.3, 0.9 ⁇ b ⁇ 2.2, 0.9 ⁇ c ⁇ 3.3, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 1. .1.)
- a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained by the above means.
- the electrolyte solution preferably contains a lithium salt, and the salt concentration of the lithium salt is preferably 1.1 to 1.7 mol / L.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention preferably has a BET specific surface area of 5 to 20 m 2 / g as a positive electrode.
- the pore volume of the positive electrode is preferably 0.01 to 0.1 cm 3 / g.
- the amount of the electrode active material supported on the positive electrode is preferably 5 to 20 mg / cm 2 .
- the positive electrode is preferably LiVOPO 4 or L 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
- the electrode 10 is Li a (M) b (PO 4 ) c X d (M is VO or V, X is F, 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.3, 0.9 ⁇ b as a positive electrode active material. ⁇ 2.2, 0.9 ⁇ c ⁇ 3.3, and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 1.1), and the electrode density is 1.8 to 2.9 g / cm 3 .
- An electrode coating film is a layer containing an active material, a conductive additive, a binder, and the like applied on a current collector.
- the reason why the lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode 10 is excellent in high rate discharge characteristics is presumed as follows.
- the electrode density is 1.8 to 2.9 g / cm 3
- the contact with the positive electrode active material and the conductive additive is improved, the electron conductivity is excellent, the resistance is reduced, and the high rate discharge capacity is improved. It is thought that.
- a roll press, a hot roll press, a flat plate press or the like is used. The density can be adjusted by adjusting the temperature, pressure and gap between rolls.
- the BET specific surface area of the positive electrode 10 is preferably 5 to 20 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area of the positive electrode is 5 to 20 m 2 / g, it is considered that the affinity for the electrolyte solution is high and sufficient ion conductivity is ensured.
- the BET specific surface area can be obtained by the adsorption isotherm of BET by performing adsorption / desorption of nitrogen while changing the pressure as a commonly used method.
- the BET specific surface area of an electrode can be measured by cutting a part of the electrode and inserting the electrode into a sample tube.
- the pore volume of the positive electrode 10 is preferably 0.01 to 0.1 cm 3 / g. Thereby, more excellent high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained. The following phenomena can be considered as the reason.
- the pore volume of the positive electrode 10 is impregnated with an electrolyte solution to ensure ionic conductivity. In this case, it is considered that excellent high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained by securing necessary and sufficient pores.
- the pore volume can be determined by nitrogen adsorption / desorption.
- the pore volume obtained by this method is considered to be the pore volume possessed by pores of about 1000 mm or less.
- the positive electrode 10 more preferably has an electrode active material loading of 5 to 20 mg / cm 2 . Thereby, more excellent high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- a raw material mixture is prepared.
- Raw material mixture contains a Li a (M) b (PO 4) c X d, a conductive assistant and a binder as a positive electrode active material.
- the BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably in the range of 1.0 to 20.0. Those in this range have a high discharge capacity and excellent high rate discharge characteristics.
- the mixing ratio of the positive electrode active material is preferably 80 to 98% by weight. By being in this range, a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- Examples of the conductive aid for the positive electrode 10 include carbons such as carbon blacks, graphites, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF).
- Examples of carbon blacks include acetylene black, oil furnace, and ketjen black. Among them, ketjen black is preferably used because of its excellent conductivity. When mixing ketjen black and the positive electrode active material, a small amount of water and argon may be added and bead milled. Since ketjen black has a large specific surface area and is bulky, it may be an obstacle to increasing the electrode density. By performing the bead mill treatment as described above, the adhesion between the ketjen black and the positive electrode active material can be increased, and the electrode density can be increased.
- the specific surface area of the electrode can be adjusted by the type and mixing ratio of these conductive aids.
- the mixing ratio of the conductive assistant is preferably 1 to 10% by weight. By being in this range, a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- VDF-HFP-based fluororubber vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene-based fluororubber
- aromatic polyamide aromatic polyamide, cellulose, styrene / butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene / propylene rubber, and the like may be used.
- thermoplastic elastomeric polymers such as styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymers, hydrogenated products thereof, styrene / ethylene / butadiene / styrene copolymers, styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymers, and hydrogenated products thereof. May be used. Further, syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, propylene / ⁇ -olefin (2 to 12 carbon atoms) copolymer, and the like may be used.
- the specific gravity of the polymer used as the binder is preferably greater than 1.2 g / cm 3 .
- a weight average molecular weight is 700,000 or more from the point which makes an electrode density high and raises an adhesive force.
- the mixing ratio of the binder is preferably 1 to 10% by weight. By being in this range, a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- the slurry is prepared by adding the positive electrode active material and the binder described above and a conductive aid in an amount as necessary to the solvent.
- a conductive aid for example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide and the like can be used.
- a kneading process called kneading can be added by adjusting the amount of the solvent to be mixed.
- the pore volume can be adjusted by adjusting the solid content concentration and kneading time during kneading. This is thought to be due to the difference in how the active material, the conductive additive and the binder are combined depending on the solid content concentration and the kneading time.
- the slurry whose viscosity is adjusted after kneading can be applied onto the positive electrode current collector 12 by a method appropriately selected from methods such as a doctor blade, a slot die, a nozzle, and a gravure roll.
- a method appropriately selected from methods such as a doctor blade, a slot die, a nozzle, and a gravure roll.
- the amount of positive electrode supported can be adjusted so that the supported amount of the positive electrode active material is 5 to 20 mg / cm 2 .
- Dry after application The drying method is not particularly limited, but the pore volume of the electrode can be adjusted by the drying speed.
- the electrode after coating and drying is rolled by a roll press. By heating the roll and softening the binder, a higher electrode density can be obtained.
- the roll temperature is preferably in the range of 100 ° C to 200 ° C.
- the specific surface area of the electrode can be adjusted by adjusting the surface roughness of the roll surface according to the pressure of the roll press, the gap between the rolls, and the temperature of the roll.
- the positive electrode 10 thus obtained is used as the positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, high high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- lithium salt examples include LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 , CF 2 SO 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , A salt such as LiN (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ), LiN (CF 3 CF 2 CO) 2 , or LiBOB can be used.
- these salts may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the salt concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolyte solution is preferably 1.1 to 1.7 mol / L.
- a salt concentration in the above range it is considered that the lithium salt is uniformly distributed in the pores of the positive electrode 10 and is excellent in high rate characteristics.
- the salt concentration of the lithium salt is lower than 1.1 mol / L, the overvoltage necessary for the migration of lithium ions becomes large, and in the case of a constant current, the polarization becomes larger and the high-rate discharge characteristics are inferior. it is conceivable that.
- the lithium salt concentration is higher than 1.7 mol / L, it is considered that the viscosity of the electrolyte solution increases and the lithium salt does not sufficiently penetrate into the pores of the positive electrode 10.
- organic solvent for example, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and the like are preferable. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more at any ratio.
- Li a (M) b (PO 4 ) c X d (M is VO or V, X is F, 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.3, 0.9 ⁇ b ⁇ 2.2, 0.9 ⁇ c ⁇ 3.3, and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 1.1) can be expressed by structural formulas such as LiVOPO 4 , Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiVPO4F, etc. it can. LiVOPO 4 and / or Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of excellent high rate discharge characteristics.
- vanadium phosphate (LiVOPO 4 or Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ) can be synthesized by solid phase synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, carbothermal reduction method, or the like.
- vanadium phosphate produced by a hydrothermal synthesis method tends to have a small particle size and excellent rate characteristics, and vanadium phosphate produced by a hydrothermal synthesis method is preferable as a positive electrode active material.
- a lithium ion secondary battery 100 As shown in FIG. 1, a lithium ion secondary battery 100 according to the present embodiment is disposed adjacent to each other between a plate-like negative electrode 20 and a plate-like positive electrode 10 facing each other, and the negative electrode 20 and the positive electrode 10.
- a negative electrode lead 62 whose other end protrudes outside the case, and a positive electrode lead 60 whose one end is electrically connected to the positive electrode 10 and whose other end protrudes outside the case are provided. .
- the negative electrode 20 has a negative electrode current collector 22 and a negative electrode active material layer 24 laminated on the negative electrode current collector 22.
- the positive electrode 10 includes a positive electrode current collector 12 and a positive electrode active material layer 14 stacked on the positive electrode current collector 12.
- the separator 18 is located between the negative electrode active material layer 24 and the positive electrode active material layer 14.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode active material layer 24 include carbon materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, graphitizable carbon, and low-temperature calcined carbon, and compounds such as lithium such as Al, Sn, and Si. Metals or alloys that can be used, amorphous compounds mainly composed of oxides such as SiO x (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), SnO x (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), TiO 2 .
- the negative electrode active material may be bound by a binder.
- the negative electrode active material layer 24 is formed by a step of applying a paint containing a negative electrode active material or the like on the negative electrode current collector 22.
- the electrolyte solution may be a gel electrolyte obtained by adding a gelling agent in addition to liquid.
- a solid electrolyte (a solid polymer electrolyte or an electrolyte made of an ion conductive inorganic material) may be contained.
- the separator 18 may also be formed of an electrically insulating porous structure, for example, a single layer of a film made of polyethylene, polypropylene or polyolefin, a stretched film of a laminate or a mixture of the above resins, or cellulose. And a fiber nonwoven fabric made of at least one constituent material selected from the group consisting of polyester and polypropylene.
- the case 50 seals the laminate 30 and the electrolyte solution therein.
- the case 50 is not particularly limited as long as it can suppress leakage of the electrolyte solution to the outside and entry of moisture or the like into the lithium ion secondary battery 100 from the outside.
- a metal laminate film in which a metal foil 52 is coated with a polymer film 54 from both sides can be used.
- the case is also referred to as an exterior body, when the exterior body is used and a metal laminate film is used, a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in high rate discharge characteristics can be obtained. The reason is not clear, but the electrode expands or contracts when lithium ions are inserted into the electrode.
- the metal laminate film follows the expansion and contraction of the electrode and does not inhibit the movement of lithium ions, it is presumed that the metal laminate film is excellent in high rate discharge characteristics.
- an aluminum foil can be used as the metal foil 52
- a film such as polypropylene can be used as the synthetic resin film 54.
- the material of the outer polymer film 54 is preferably a polymer having a high melting point such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyamide
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the material of the inner polymer film 54 is preferably polyethylene or polypropylene.
- the leads 60 and 62 are made of a conductive material such as aluminum.
- Example 1 [Production of evaluation cell]
- V 2 O 5 , LiOH and H 3 PO 4 were in a molar ratio of about 1: 2: 2, heated in a sealed container at 160 ° C. for 8 hours, and the resulting paste was fired in air at 600 ° C. for 4 hours.
- the particles thus obtained were found to be ⁇ -type LiVOPO 4 .
- LiVOPO 4 Ketjen black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) Arkema HSV900
- LiVOPO 4 , Ketjen black and water were put into a polyethylene container, argon was sealed, and they were mixed at 300 rpm in a bead mill.
- PVdF was then added.
- a slurry was prepared by adding N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. Kneading was performed for 0.5 hour, and then NMP was added to adjust the viscosity to 3000 cPs. It apply
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- artificial graphite FSN manufactured by BTR
- NMP N methylpyrrolidone
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a slurry paint was prepared.
- the negative electrode was produced by apply
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode were laminated with a separator made of a polyethylene microporous film interposed therebetween to obtain a laminate (element body). This laminate was placed in an aluminum laminate pack.
- ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 7, and LiPF 6 was dissolved as a supporting salt to a concentration of 1.0 mol / L.
- the electrolyte solution was poured into an aluminum laminate pack containing the laminate, and then vacuum-sealed to produce an evaluation cell of Example 1.
- Examples 2-5, 11, 12, 15, 21-26 and Comparative Examples 1-2 are the same as Example 1 except that the electrode density and electrode BET specific surface area were changed by adjusting the pressing conditions, and the pore volume was changed by adjusting the drying conditions of the electrodes. 11, 12, 15, 21 to 26 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2 were prepared.
- Example 9 Except for changing the loading amount of the positive electrode active material by changing the coating conditions, changing the electrode density and electrode BET specific surface area by adjusting the pressing conditions, and changing the pore volume by adjusting the drying conditions of the electrodes. In the same manner as in Example 1, evaluation cells of Examples 9, 10, and 17 to 20 were produced.
- Example 6 to 8, 27, 28 Evaluation cells of Examples 6 to 8, 27, and 28 were produced in the same manner as in Example 4 or Example 9 except that the lithium salt concentration was changed.
- Example 13 An evaluation cell of Example 13 was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 was used as the positive electrode active material and the electrode BET specific surface area and pore volume were changed.
- Example 14 An evaluation cell of Example 14 was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that LiVPO 4 F was used as the positive electrode active material and the electrode BET specific surface area and pore volume were changed.
- a slurry-like paint was prepared by mixing so that the ratio of The negative electrode was produced by apply
- An evaluation cell of Example 29 was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the negative electrode produced by the above method was used.
- the negative electrode was produced by apply
- An evaluation cell of Example 31 was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the negative electrode produced by the above method was used.
- Examples 32 to 35 are the same as Example 13 except that the electrode density and the electrode BET specific surface area were changed by adjusting the pressing conditions, and the pore volume was changed by adjusting the drying conditions of the electrodes. A cell for evaluation was prepared.
- the rate characteristics (unit:%) of Example 1 were determined.
- the rate characteristic is the ratio of the discharge capacity at 1C when the discharge capacity at 0.1C is 100%.
- the results are shown in Table 1. Larger rate characteristics are preferable.
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Abstract
Description
Lia(M)b(PO4)cXd ・・・(1)
(MはVOまたはVであり、XはFであり、0.9≦a≦3.3、0.9≦b≦2.2、0.9≦c≦3.3、0≦d≦1.1である。)
以下、本実施形態に係る電極(図1の正極10を参照)について、詳細に説明する。
電極10は正極活物質としてLia(M)b(PO4)cXd(MはVOまたはVであり、XはFであり、0.9≦a≦3.3、0.9≦b≦2.2、0.9≦c≦3.3、0≦d≦1.1である)を用い、電極密度が1.8~2.9g/cm3である。
具体的には電極密度[g/cm3]=(電極塗膜の単位面積当り重量)[mg/cm2]/(電極塗膜の厚み)[μm]×10の式で求められる。電極塗膜とは集電体の上に塗られた活物質、導電助剤、バインダー等を含む層のことである。
[スラリー作製工程]
(原料混合物)
スラリー作製工程において、まず、原料混合物を準備する。原料混合物は、正極活物質としてLia(M)b(PO4)cXd、導電助剤および結着剤とを含む。正極活物質のBET比表面積は1.0~20.0の範囲であることが好ましい。この範囲にあるものは放電容量が高く、高レート放電特性に優れる。正極活物質の混合比率は80~98重量%であることが好ましい。この範囲にあることによって高レート放電特性が優れたリチウムイオン二次電池が得られる。
混錬した後に粘度調整したスラリーはドクターブレード、スロットダイ、ノズル、グラビアロールなどの方法より適宜選択される方法によって、正極集電体12上に塗布することができる。塗布の量やライン速度の調整により正極活物質として5~20mg/cm2の担持量になるように正極担時量を調整することができる。塗布の後に乾燥をおこなう。乾燥の方法は特に限定されないが、乾燥の速度により電極の細孔体積を調整することができる。
塗布、乾燥後の電極はロールプレスにより圧延をおこなう。ロールを加熱し結着剤を柔らかくすることにより、より高い電極密度を得ることができる。ロールの温度は100℃~200℃の範囲が好ましい。ロールプレスの圧力、ロール間の隙間および、ロールの温度によりまた、ロール表面の表面粗さを調整することによって電極の比表面積を調整することができる。
以下では、本発明の一実施形態に係る電解質溶液の製造方法について説明する。
電解質溶液(電解質水溶液または有機溶媒を使用する電解質溶液)としては、リチウム塩を溶媒に溶解したものが使用される。リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3、CF2SO3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(CF3CF2SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiN(CF3CF2CO)2、LiBOB等の塩が使用できる。なお、これらの塩は1種を単独で使用してもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
図1に示すように、本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池100は、互いに対向する板状の負極20及び板状の正極10と、負極20と正極10との間に隣接して配置される板状のセパレータ18と、を備える発電要素30と、リチウムイオンを含む電解質溶液と、これらを密閉した状態で収容するケース50と、負極20に一方の端部が電気的に接続されると共に他方の端部がケースの外部に突出される負極リード62と、正極10に一方の端部が電気的に接続されると共に他方の端部がケースの外部に突出される正極リード60とを備える。
[評価用セルの作製]
V2O5とLiOHとH3PO4をモル比およそ1:2:2とし、密閉容器中において160℃で8時間加熱し、得られたペーストを空気中600℃4時間焼成した。このようにして得られた粒子はβ型LiVOPO4であることがわかった。 LiVOPO4とケッチェンブラックとポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)(アルケマ社製HSV900)を重量比80:10:10で混合した。この際にLiVOPO4とケッチェンブラックと水をポリエチレン容器に入れ、アルゴンを封入し、ビーズミルにて300rpmで混合した。その後にPVdFを加えた。溶媒であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を加えてスラリーを調製した。固練りを0.5時間行い、その後NMPを追加して粘度を3000cPsに調整した。ドクターブレード法により集電体であるアルミニウム箔上に塗布し、90℃で10分間乾燥を行った。その後90℃に加熱したロールプレスにより線圧1.5t cm-1で圧延をおこない、正極を作製した。
正極と、負極とを、それらの間にポリエチレン微多孔膜からなるセパレータを挟んで積層し、積層体(素体)を得た。この積層体を、アルミラミネートパックに入れた。
電解質溶液はエチレンカーボネート(EC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)を体積比3:7で混合し、支持塩としてLiPF6を1.0mol/Lになるよう溶解した。
積層体を入れたアルミラミネートパックに、上記電解質溶液を注入した後、真空シールし、実施例1の評価用セルを作製した。
プレス条件を調整することにより電極密度、電極BET比表面積を変更し、電極の乾燥条件を調整することにより細孔体積を変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例2~5、11、12、15、21~26および比較例1~2の評価用セルを作製した。
塗布条件の変更により正極活物質担持量を変更し、プレス条件を調整することにより電極密度、電極BET比表面積を変更し、電極の乾燥条件を調整することにより細孔体積を変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例9、10、17~20の評価用セルを作製した。
リチウム塩濃度を変更したこと以外は実施例4または実施例9と同様の方法で、実施例6~8、27、28の評価用セルを作製した。
正極活物質としてLi3V2(PO4)3を用い、電極BET比表面積、細孔体積を変更したこと以外は実施例4と同様の方法で、実施例13の評価用セルを作製した。
正極活物質としてLiVPO4Fを用い、電極BET比表面積、細孔体積を変更したこと以外は実施例4と同様の方法で、実施例14の評価用セルを作製した。
負極として人造黒鉛(BTR社製FSN)とシリコン粉末(アルドリッチ製)とポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)のNメチルピロリドン(NMP)5wt%溶液を人造黒鉛:シリコン粉末:ポリフッ化ビニリデン=84:9:7の割合になるように混合し、スラリー状の塗料を作製した。塗料を集電体である銅箔に塗布し、乾燥、圧延することによって負極を作製した。上記方法により作製した負極を用いたこと以外は実施例4と同様の方法で、実施例29の評価用セルを作製した。
負極として人造黒鉛(BTR社製FSN)とシリコン粉末(アルドリッチ製)とポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)のNメチルピロリドン(NMP)5wt%溶液を人造黒鉛:シリコン粉末:ポリフッ化ビニリデン=75:18:7の割合になるように混合し、スラリー状の塗料を作製した。塗料を集電体である銅箔に塗布し、乾燥、圧延することによって負極を作製した。上記方法により作製した負極を用いたこと以外は実施例4と同様の方法で、実施例30の評価用セルを作製した。
負極として酸化シリコン粉末SiOとポリアミドイミド(PAI)のNメチルピロリドン(NMP)20wt%溶液をSiO:PAI=85:15の割合になるように混合し、スラリー状の塗料を作製した。塗料を集電体である銅箔に塗布し、乾燥、圧延することによって負極を作製した。上記方法により作製した負極を用いたこと以外は実施例4と同様の方法で、実施例31の評価用セルを作製した。
プレス条件を調整することにより電極密度、電極BET比表面積を変更し、電極の乾燥条件を調整することにより細孔体積を変更したこと以外は実施例13と同様の方法で、実施例32~35の評価用セルを作製した。
実施例1のレート特性(単位:%)をそれぞれ求めた。なお、レート特性とは、0.1Cでの放電容量を100%とした場合の1Cでの放電容量の比率である。結果を表1に示す。レート特性は大きいほど好ましい。
Claims (7)
- 正極、負極および電解質溶液を有し、
前記正極は下記式(1)で表される化合物を正極活物質として用い、前記正極の電極密度が1.8~2.9g/cm3であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
Lia(M)b(PO4)cXd ・・・(1)
(MはVOまたはVであり、XはFであり、0.9≦a≦3.3、0.9≦b≦2.2、0.9≦c≦3.3、0≦d≦1.1である。) - 前記電解質溶液はリチウム塩を含有し、前記リチウム塩の塩濃度が1.1~1.7mol/Lであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記正極の電極としてのBET比表面積が5~20m2/gであることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記正極の細孔体積が0.01~0.1cm3/gであることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記正極の正極活物質担持量が5~20mg/cm2であることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記化合物はLiVOPO4またはLi3V2(PO4)3であることを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 外装体としてアルミラミネートフィルムを用いたことを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
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JP2016062654A (ja) * | 2014-09-12 | 2016-04-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用電極の製造方法 |
WO2018088557A1 (ja) * | 2016-11-14 | 2018-05-17 | 株式会社 東芝 | 非水電解質電池及び電池パック |
JP2019061826A (ja) * | 2017-09-26 | 2019-04-18 | Tdk株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
CN112054167A (zh) * | 2019-06-06 | 2020-12-08 | 台湾立凯电能科技股份有限公司 | 二次电池用正极材料的制造方法 |
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Also Published As
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CN104704655A (zh) | 2015-06-10 |
JPWO2014051020A1 (ja) | 2016-08-22 |
US20150255795A1 (en) | 2015-09-10 |
JP6020580B2 (ja) | 2016-11-02 |
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