Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/18—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the acids or hydroxy compounds containing carbocyclic rings
  • C08G63/181—Acids containing aromatic rings
  • C08G63/183—Terephthalic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/18—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the acids or hydroxy compounds containing carbocyclic rings
  • C08G63/181—Acids containing aromatic rings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
  • C08G63/668—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/672—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
  • Y10T428/1397—Single layer [continuous layer]

Definitions

• Biomass offers a promising alternative to fossil fuels as a renewable resource, as it can be produced in a carbon-neutral way. To avoid competition for land resources dedicated to food and animal feed production, it is particularly desirable to utilize inedible biomass in the production of polymeric materials. Wood-based biomass offers an abundant resource comprising cellulose (35-50%), hemicellulose (25-30%) and lignin (25-30%). Cellulose and hemicellulose can be depolymerized into monosaccharides, including glucose, fructose and xylose.
• Furfural (F) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are second-generation chemicals obtained from pentoses and hexoses, respectively.
• F is an abundant chemical commodity which can be manufactured through a relatively simple technology and is used in a wide variety of agricultural and forestry byproducts that are inexpensive and ubiquitous.
• the natural structures involved in its synthesis are C 5 sugars and polysaccharides, which are present in biomass residues.
• the present world production of furfural is about 300,000 tons per year.
• HMF can be obtained from hexoses, and also from F by substituting the C5.
• HMF can also be oxidized or reduced to obtain 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and 2,5-bis(hydroxymemyi)furan (BUMF).
• FDCA can be esterified by methanol to yield corresponding methyl ester derivative (FDE).
• Isosorbide is also a diol available commercially and originating from vegetal biomass.
• Lignin is the second most abundant polymer from renewable resources.
• lignin fragments may be used as a source of monomers to synthesize of polymers, by mtroducmg them (lignin as a macro monomer) into formaidehyde-based wood resins or polyurethane formulation.
• lignin is produced in colossal amounts in papermaking processes and consumed in situ as a source of energy (energy recover ⁇ '), a small proportion may be isolated and used as a monomer source, without affecting its primary use as a fuel.
• Certain papermaking technologies, such as the oraganosolv processes and biomass refinery approaches such as steam explosion provide lignin fragments with more regular structures. Therefore, lignin macro monomers represent today a particularly promising source of novel materials based on renewable resources. Vanillic acid may be derived from lignin.
• vanillic acid may be used as an A-B-type monomer to prepare novel polyesters originating from vegetal biomass.
• a copolvester is formed from monomers of (i) 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, or a lower alky! ester thereof, (ii) at least one aliphatic or cyeloaliphatic C 3 -C 10 diol, and (iii) terephthalic acid.
• a polyester is formed from monomers of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, or a lower alkyl ester thereof, and isosorbide.
• a polyester is poly(2,5-furandimethylene adipate).
• a polyester is polyvanillic ester.
• a polyester is polyethylene isosorbide furandicarboxylate.
• a polyester or copolyester is prepared by direct polycondensation. In other embodiments, the polyester or copolyester is prepared by transesterification. Polyesters described herein may have physical and thermal properties similar to or even better than those of poly(ethylene terephtha!ate), making them useful in a wide variety of applications. In some aspects, polyesters are formed into articles using suitable techniques, such as sheet or film extrusion, co-extrusion, extrusion coating, injection molding, thermoforming, blow molding, spinning, electrospirming, laminating, emulsion coating or the like. In one aspect, the article is a food package. In another aspect, the article is a beverage container.
• polyesters described herein may be used either alone or in a blend or mixture containing one or more other polymeric components.
• a method of preparing a 2,5-furandicarboxyiic acid based copolyester comprises combining 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof, at least one aliphatic or cycloaliphatic C 2 -Cj 0 dioi, terephthaiic acid, and a catalyst to form a reaction mixture, and stirring the reaction mixture under a stream of nitrogen.
• the reaction mixture is gradually heated to a first temperature of about 200-230°C and the first temperature is maintained for about 8 to about 12 hours.
• the reaction mixture is then gradually heated to a second temperature of about 240-260°C and the second temperature is maintained for about 12 to about 18 hours. Water is removed from the reaction mixture, and the resulting copolyester is collected. This protocol was found to yield faster reaction times, providing a more efficient and cost effective route to synthesizing the copolyesters.
• PBF also has a dramatically lower melting temperature (T m ) than that of PEF, A lower T m advantageously enables the material to be processed at lower temperatures. Together these properties of PBF make it highly desirable in food and beverage packaging applications, especially hot- filling of beverages and the like.
• T m melting temperature
• the copolyesters obtained are essentially amorphous polymers. Use of isosorbide as a comonomer is expected to improve mechanical properties of the straight polyester.
• FIG. 1 shows the FTIR for 2,5-furandicarboxyiic acid (FDCA).
• FIG. 2 shows the NMR for FDCA in the solvent DMSO.
• FIG. 3 shows the DSC for FDCA.
• FIG. 4 shows the FTIR for FDE.
• FIG. 5 shows the NMR for 2,5-dirnethyl furandicarboxylate (FDE) in the solvent
• FIG. 6 shows the NMR for FDE in another solvent, CF 3 COOD.
• FIG. 7 shows the DSC for FDE.
• FIG. 8 shows the FTIR for isosorbide (IS).
• FIGS. 9 and 10 show the DSC for IS.
• FIG. 11 shows the NMR for 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) in the solvent DMSO.
• FIGS. 12 and 13 show the DSC for BHMF.
• FIG. 14 shows the FTIR for vanillic acid (VA).
• FIG. 15 shows the NMR for VA in the solvent CD3COCD3.
• FIG. 16 shows the DSC for VA.
• FIG. 17 shows the FTIR for polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) synthesized by polytransestenfiation
• FIG. 18 shows the NMR for PEF synthesized by polytransesterifiation in the solvent CF 3 COGD.
• FIGS. 19 and 20 show the DSC for PEF synthesized by polytransesterifiation.
• FIG. 21 shows the FTIR for poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF) synthesized by polytransesteri.fi ation.
• PPF poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
• FIG. 22 shows the NMR. for PBF synthesized by polytransesterifiation.
• FIGS. 23 and 24 show the DSC for PBF synthesized by polytransesterifiation.
• FIG. 25 shows the FTIR for poiy(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) obtained by direct po iycondensation .
• FIG. 27 shows the DSC for PEF obtained by direct polycondensation.
• FIG. 28 shows the FTIR for poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF) obtained by direct polycondensation
• FIGS. 29 and 30 show the NMR for PBF, obtained by direct polycondensation, in the solvent CF 3 CGOD.
• FIGS. 31 and 32 show the DSC for PBF obtained by direct polycondensation.
• FIG. 33 shows the FTIR for a polyester synthesized from isosorbide (PIF).
• FIG. 34 shows the NMR for PIF in the solvent CF3COOD.
• FIGS. 35 and 36 show the DSC for PIF.
• FIG. 37 shows the FTIR for poiy(2,5-furandimethyiene adipate) (PFA).
• FIGS. 38 and 39 show the DSC for PFA.
• FIG. 40 shows the FTIR for polyvanillic ester (PVE) collected directly after synthesis.
• FIG. 41 shows the FTIR for PVE after purification
• FIG. 42 shows the NMR for PVE collected directly after synthesis in the solvent DMSO.
• FIG. 43 shows the NMR for PVE after purification in the solvent DMSO.
• FIGS. 44 and 45 show the DSC for PVE.
• FIG. 46 shows the FTIR for polyethylene isosorbide furandicarboxyiate (PEIF).
• FIGS. 47 and 48 show the DSC for PEIF; FIG. 48 shows a melting point at 184°C for the copoiyester with 10% isosorbide.
• FIG. 49 shows the FTIR for the copolyester PBTF.
• FIG. 50 shows the NMR for PBTF.
• FIG. 51 shows the DSC for PBTF.
• FIG. 52 shows the x-ray diffraction (XRD) for PEF.
• FIG. 53 shows the XRD for PBF.
• FIG. 54 shows the XRD for PEIF.
• FIG. 55 shows the XRD for PBTF.
• FIGS. 57 and 58 show the NMR and DSC, respectively, for PBF synthesized using direct poiycondensation
• polyesters may be prepared from biomass, either directly or by synthesizing monomers which are obtained from biomass.
• the term "polyester” as used herein is inclusive of polymers prepared from multiple monomers that are sometimes referred to as copoiyesters. Terms such as “polymer” and “polyester” are used herein in a broad sense to refer to materials characterized by repeating moieties and are inclusive of molecules that may be characterized as oligomers. Unless otherwise clear from context, percentages referred to herein are expressed as percent by weight based on the total composition weight.
• Furfural (F) and hydroxymethyifurfural (HMF) may be obtained from pentoses and hexoses, respectively.
• 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) can be esterified by methanol to yield the corresponding methyl ester derivative (FDE).
• HMF also can be oxidized or reduced to obtain 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and 2,5- bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF):
• Vignin is the second most abundant polymer from renewable resources. Vanillic acid (VA) may be used as an A-B-type monomer to prepare novel polyesters originating from vegetal biomass.
• polyesters are prepared by reacting a dicarboxylic acid containing furan and/or other aromatic functionality, and at least one diol.
• Suitable diols include aliphatic or cycloaliphatic C3-C10 diols, non-limiting examples of which include 1 ,4- butanediol, and isosorbide (IS), a commercially available diol which also can be found in various vegetal biomasses.
• the polyesters may contain up to about 25 mol% of other monomers such as ethylene glycol (EG or MEG), and/or other aliphatic dicarboxylic acid groups having from about 4 to about 12 carbon atoms as well as aromatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acid groups having from about 8 to about 14 carbon atoms.
• EG or MEG ethylene glycol
• Non-limiting examples of these monomers include isophthalic acid (IPA), phthalic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, cyclohexane diacetic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4-diphenylene-dicarboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof.
• the polymer also may contain up to about 25 mol% of other aliphatic C 2 -CJ O or cycloaliphatic C 6 -C 21 diol components.
• Non-limiting examples include neopentyl glycol, pentane- 1,5 -diol, cyclohexane- 1 ,6-diol, cyclohexane- 1 ,4-dimethanol, 3-methyl pentane-2,4-diol, 2-methyl pentane-2,4-diol, propane- 1,3-diol, 2-ethyl propane- 1,2- diol, 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane- 1,3-diol, 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane- 1 ,6-diol, 2,2-dimethyl propane- 1 ,3-diol, 2-ethyl hexane- 1 ,3-diol, hexane-2,5-diol,
• Polyesters may be synthesized according to well-known polytransesterification or direct polycondensation techniques. Catalysts conventionally used in polycondensation reactions include oxides or salts of silicon, aluminium, zirconium, titanium, cobalt, and combinations thereof. In some examples, antimony trioxide (Sb?.0 3 ) is used as a polycondensation catalyst.
• FTIR-AT spectra were taken with a Perkin Elmer spectrometer (Paragon 1000) scanning infrared radiations with an acquisition interval of 125 nm.
• the ⁇ NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AC 300 spectrometer operating at 300.13 MHz for 1H spectra in CF 3 COOD, DMSO D 6 , CD 3 COCD 3 using 30° pulses, 2000/3000 Hz spectral width, 2.048s acquisition time, 50s relaxation delay and 16 scans were accumulated.
• Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were carried out with a DSC Q100 differentia] calorimeter (TA Instruments) fitted with a manual liquid nitrogen cooling system.
• the samples were placed in hermetically closed DSC capsules.
• the heating and cooling rates were 10 °C min "1 and 5°C mm "1 in N? atmosphere.
• Sample weights were between 5 and 15 mg. Structures were confirmed using conventional Size Exclusion Chromatography Multi-Angle Laser Light Scatter (SEC- MALLS), Thermogravimetnc Analysis (TGA), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.
• This example describes a process for the synthesis of the monomer 2,5-dimethyl furan dicarboxylate (FDE) by esterification.
• This example describes preparing polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) by direct poiycondensation.
• This example illustrates preparing polyfbutylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF) by polytransesterification.
• This example describes preparing poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF) by direct po iycondensatio ,
• This example illustrates preparing a polyester from isosorbide (PIF).
• This example illustrates preparing poly(2,5-furandimethylene adipate) (PFA).
• PEIF polyethylene isosorbide furandicarboxylate
• Vacuum was applied to remove the water released in the reaction medium by pumping the reactor under vacuum.
• the released water was collected in a trap cooled with liquid N? for 4-5 minutes. This was heated again for 5 hr. Then, the temperature was reduced to ambient temperature and the polymer was collected.
• Vacuum was applied to remove the water released in the reaction medium by pumping the reactor under vacuum.
• the released water was collected in a trap cooled with liquid N 2 for 4-5 minutes. This was heated again for 1 hr. Then, the temperature was reduced to ambient temperature and the polymer was collected.
• the reaction yield was around 40%.
• FIG. 1 shows the FTIR for 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The main peaks and their assignements are:
• Furan ring (Bending of C-H and furan ring) -960,840,762 cm “ '
• FIG. 2 shows the NMR for FDCA in the solvent DMSO.
• the signal at the chemical shift (8) of 7.26 ppm corresponds to the protons H3 and H4 of the fttran ring, whereas that appearing at 3.46 ppm is assigned to the OH of the acid and that observed at 2.50 ppm is due to DMSO.
• FIG. 3 shows the DSC for FDCA.
• the DSC protocol is as follows:
• FIG. 4 shows the FTXR for FDE. The main peaks and their assignements are:
• FIG. 5 shows the NMR for FDE in the solvent CD 3 COCD 3 .
• the signal at 8 7.33 ppm corresponds to the H3 and H4 protons of furanic ring whereas that appearing at 8 3.86 ppm could be assigned to the CH 3 of the formed ester group.
• FIG. 6 shows the NMR for FDE in another solvent, CF 3 COOD.
• CF 3 COOD the solvent
• FIG. 7 shows the DSC for FDE.
• the DSC protocol used is given below.
• FIG. 8 shows the FTIR. for isosorbide (IS) ( Br).
• the IR spectra displayed the presence of the peaks at 3374 (OH elongation), 2943, 2873 cm “5 , corresponding to methyl elongation (asymmetric and symmetric) and those at 1 120, 1091 , 1076, 1046 cm “ 1 , attributed to the vibration of C-O-C.
• FIGS. 9 and 10 show the DSC for IS.
• the DSC protocol used is given below.
• FIG. 11 shows the NMR for BHMF in the solvent DMSO.
• FIGS. 12 and 13 show the DSC for BHMF.
• FIG. 12 shows the full thermodiagram of BHMF; and
• FIG. 13 shows the second heating step.
• the protocol is as follows.
• the degradation of the monomer starts at a temperature of around 230°C.
• the 2 nd and 3 rd steps i.e., the cooling and heating steps, there is a small peak observed at ⁇ 100°C. This can be due to the crystallization (cooling step) and evaporation (heating step) of water. No other peaks (T m , T c ) were detected.
• FIG. 15 shows the NMR for VA in the solvent CD 3 CQCD 3 .
• FIG. 16 shows the DSC for VA.
• the DSC protocol is:
• FIG. 17 shows the FTIR for PEF.
• the FTIR spectrum shows peaks (cm "1 ) at 1715 and 1264 corresponding to the ester carbonyi and C-0 moieties and the characteristic bands of disubstitttted furanic rings (3120, 1575, 1013, 953, 836 and 764). It is observed that the band characteristic of OH (3400) disappeared. So it can be confirmed that no acid monomer is left.
• FIG. 18 shows the NMR for PEF in the solvent CF 3 COOD.
• the solvent PViSO the resonance peaks corresponding to furanic H3 and H4 at ⁇ 7.4 ppm and that of ester C3 ⁇ 4 at ⁇ 4.6 ppm are observed with an approximate ratio of integration 1 :2. It seems that there is an excess of furanic protons.
• the solvent CF 3 COOD it was found that the chemical shift (8) value of H3 and H4 protons of furanic ring is shifted to - 8,75 ppm instead of ⁇ 7.33 ppm, and also the integration value was not in agreement with the expected structure.
• FIGS. 19 and 20 show the DSC for PEF. The DSC protocol used is given below.
• FIG. 21 shows the FTIR for PBF.
• the spectrum shows peaks at 31 13, 1573, 1030, 964, 829, 767 cm “1 , corresponding to 2,5-disubtituted furanic rings.
• This spectrum shows that there is no diacid left. In fact, the diacid is fully converted to the polymer.
• the 2959 cm " ' peak is due to the asymmetric stretching of the methylene groups, while the symmetric stretching of the methylene groups causes the weaker 2889 cm "1 peak.
• FIGS. 23 and 24 show the DSC for PBF.
• the DSC protocol used is given below.
• FIG. 25 shows the FTIR for PEF.
• the obtained IR spectrum of the polymer ( PEF) by direct polycondensation with the FDCA (2,5-furandicarboxylic acid) is in agreement with the previous PEF polymer obtained with di ester monomer.
• the spectrum shows peaks at 31 19, 1574, 1013, 955, 831 , and 779 cm “1 , corresponding to 2,5-disubtituted furanic rings.
• the C-0 ester corresponding peak and the C-0 stretching bands are found at 1714 and 1264 cm "1 . It therefore can be confirmed that there the acid was fully converted to the polymer, since there was no more acid detected.
• FIG. 26 shows the NMR for PEF in the solvent CF3COOD.
• the wider peaks give indication about the formation of high molecular weight of the polymer, as compared to the previous ones.
• the peaks corresponding to furanic H3 and H4 at ⁇ ⁇ 7.6 ppm and that of the ester CH 2 at - ⁇ 5 ppm are observed with a ratio of integration of 1 :2.
• FIG. 27 shows the DSC for PEF.
• the DSC protocol is the following:
• FIG. 28 shows the FTIR for PBF. It agrees with the previous result obtained (i.e., the PBF synthesized from polytransesterifiation).
• the spectrum shows peaks at 3115, 1574, 1018, 965, 821, and 769 cm “1 , corresponding to 2,5-disubtituted furanic rings.
• the 2959 cm “1 peak is due to the asymmetric stretching of the methylene groups, while the symmetric stretching of the methylene groups causes the appearance of a weaker peak at 2892 cm " 1 peak.
• FIGS. 29 and 30 show the NMR for PBF in the solvent CF3COOD. From the NMR spectra of PBF, the synthesis of PBF is confirmed from the corresponding peaks at ⁇ - 7.67 ppm for the H3 and H4 protons of the furanic ring; ⁇ - 4.85 ppm for the a CH 2 ; and 5 - 2.5 ppm for the ⁇ CH 2 protons. Here, the integral values are in good ratio as compared to PBF synthesized by polytransesterification.
• FIGS. 31 and 32 show the DSC for PBF.
• FIG. 31 shows the ful l thermodiagram of PBF; and
• FIG. 32 shows the second heating step.
• the DSC protocol used is given below.
• FIG. 33 shows the FTIR for PIF.
• the IR spectra give a peak at -3400 cm "1 , which corresponds to the OH elongation. This spectrum shows also that may be some byproducts have been formed during the synthesis at higher temperature or some residual water is still present in the medium.
• FIG. 34 shows the NMR for PIF in the solvent CF3COOD.
• FIGS. 35 and 36 show the DSC for PIF.
• FIG. 35 shows the full thermodiagram of PI F; and
• FIG. 36 shows the second heating step.
• the DSC protocol used is given below.
• FIG. 37 shows the FTIR for PFA.
• the spectrum shows peaks at 920, 733 cm “1 , correspondmg to 2,5-disubtituted furanic rings.
• the 2946 cm “ ' peak is due to the asymmetric stretching of the methylene groups, whil e the symmetric stretching of the methylene functions causes the appearance of a weaker signal at 2648 cm “3 .
• the peak at 1 190 cm " ' is attributed to the asymmetric vibration of COC ether.
• FIGS. 38 and 39 show the DSC for PFA.
• the protocol was as follows. (1) Heating step from 45 to 250 °C with a rate of 5 °C/min
• FIG. 40 shows the FTIR for PVE collected directly after synthesis.
• FIG. 41 shows the FTIR for P VE after purification. Comparing the two spectra, that of the polymer that directly recovered after the synthesis gives a better resolution compared to the "precipitated" second one.
• the first spectrum shows a broad peak at 3280 cm “1 , corresponding to the OH elongation, two small peaks at 2929 and 2832 cm “1 which is attributed to CH asymmetrical and symmetrical stretching, respectively.
• the peak 1 1 1.0 cm "1 is related to the C-O-C asymmetric vibration. But, in both spectra, the peaks are not well defined, especially in the second one.
• FIG. 42 shows the NMR for PVE collected directly after synthesis in the solvent DMSO.
• FIG. 43 shows the NMR. for PVE after purification in the solvent. DMSO.
• PVE after purification shows peaks corresponds only to the sretes. Thus no corresponding peaks of PVE were observed from the NMR spectra, probably because of the very low solubility of the tested polymer.
• FIGS. 44 and 45 show the DSC for PVE.
• FIG. 44 shows the full thermodiagram of PVE; and
• FIG. 45 shows the second heating step. The following protocol was used.
• FIG. 46 shows the FTIR for PEIF.
• the FTIR. spectra obtained shows peaks at 3400, 3115, 2936, 1710, 1575, 1261 , 1 128, 957, 820, and 759 cm
• the peaks at 31 15, 1575, 1010, 957, 820, 759 cm "1 correspond to 2,5-disubtiruted furanic rings.
• the C O ester is attributed band and the C-0 stretching bands are found at 1710 and 1261 cm “1 .
• the 2936 cm "1 peak is due to the asymmetric stretching of the methylene groups, while the symmetric stretching of the methylene functions causes the weaker 2868 cm "1 peak.
• FIGS. 47 show the DSC for PEIF. The following protocol was used:
• the DSC thermogram obtained for the copolyesters is shown in FIG. 47.
• the thermogram shows that as isosorbide is increased, there is an increase in Tg, followed by a decrease. Also observed was a melting point at 184°C for the copolyester with 10% isosorbide, as shown in FIG. 48.
• FIG. 49 shows the FTIR for PBTF
• FIG. 50 shows the NMR for PBTF.
• FIG. 51 shows the DSC for PBTF.
• the DSC thermogram shows no peaks corresponding to the thermal properties of the polymer.
• Table 1 shows decomposition temperature and onset temperature for the polymers:
• FIGS. 52-55 show the results of x-ray diffraction (XRD) for the polymers.
• the degree of crystallmity of each polymer was calculated using the equation:
• FIG. 52 shows the results of x-ray diffraction (XRD) for PEF.
• the degree of crystallmity obtained was 40-50%.
• FIG. 53 shows the results of XRD for PBF. The degree of crystallmity obtained was 30-40%.
• FIG. 54 shows the results of XRD for PEIF.
• the degree of crystallinity obtained was 20-25%.
• FIG . 55 shows the results of XRD for PBTF.
• the degree of crystallmity obtained was 17-20%.
• the copolyesters are essentially amorphous polymers.
• the value obtained for PEF and PBF are close to the values of PET and PBT.
• Densities of the polymers were measured using a glass pycnometer. The method used is as described below:
• the effect of catalyst in the polymerization is also studied by using imidazole as the catalyst instead of antimony trioxide.
• the polymer synthesized is PBF using the direct polycondensation method.
• FIG. 56 shows the FTIR of the resulting polymer. The IR spectrum obtained agrees with that of the PBF synthesized using antimony trioxide as the catalyst.
• FIG. 57 shows the NMR for the polymer (Solvent: CF 3 COOD). From the NMR spectra, the synthesis of PBF is confirmed from the corresponding peak at: ⁇ - 7.47 ppm for the H3 and H4 protons of the furanic ring; ⁇ - 4.51 ppm for the a CI3 ⁇ 4 and 5 - 2.15 ppm for the ⁇ CH 2 protons. Here the integral values are in good ratio as compared to PBF.
• FIG. 58 shows the DSC for the polymer. Observed from the DSC thermogram were a Tg at 101°C, Tm at 150°C and Tc of 1 13°C. As compared with the PBF using antimony as the catalyst, there was ⁇ 10°C less in Tc and Tm. Thus it is possible to obtain a polymer with different Tm values by the use of a different catalyst.

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• 2012
  • 2012-12-27 IN IN1416MUN2014 patent/IN2014MN01416A/en unknown
  • 2012-12-27 RU RU2014132068A patent/RU2606515C2/ru active
  • 2012-12-27 JP JP2014551279A patent/JP2015507684A/ja active Pending
  • 2012-12-27 BR BR112014016453A patent/BR112014016453A8/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2012-12-27 CA CA2859547A patent/CA2859547A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2012-12-27 AU AU2012363608A patent/AU2012363608B2/en active Active
  • 2012-12-27 WO PCT/US2012/071766 patent/WO2013103574A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2012-12-27 CN CN201280066195.9A patent/CN104379631A/zh active Pending
  • 2012-12-27 MX MX2014008097A patent/MX2014008097A/es unknown
  • 2012-12-27 US US13/728,286 patent/US20130171397A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2012-12-27 EP EP12810023.7A patent/EP2800771A1/en not_active Withdrawn

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