WO2012141001A1 - 非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス - Google Patents
非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012141001A1 WO2012141001A1 PCT/JP2012/057778 JP2012057778W WO2012141001A1 WO 2012141001 A1 WO2012141001 A1 WO 2012141001A1 JP 2012057778 W JP2012057778 W JP 2012057778W WO 2012141001 A1 WO2012141001 A1 WO 2012141001A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- methyl
- ethyl
- group
- propynyl
- aqueous electrolyte
- Prior art date
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 53
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000003262 carboxylic acid ester group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 claims 2
- -1 oxide Substances 0.000 description 82
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 64
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 61
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 22
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229940070710 valerate Drugs 0.000 description 20
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 17
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 125000001494 2-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 11
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 10
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 9
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- VZFUCHSFHOYXIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cycloheptanecarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCCCCC1 VZFUCHSFHOYXIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Natural products CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229940011051 isopropyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZQWPRMPSCMSAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical group COC(=O)C1CCCCC1 ZQWPRMPSCMSAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004206 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C(F)(F)F 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NKBWMBRPILTCRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-methylheptanoic acid Natural products CCCCCC(C)C(O)=O NKBWMBRPILTCRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N caproic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCCCC(=O)OCC SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000004216 fluoromethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(F)* 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XLUXAKJPHJEFKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylcyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CCC1(C(O)=O)CCC1 XLUXAKJPHJEFKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MGEBVSZZNFOIRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC(I)=NC=2N1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O MGEBVSZZNFOIRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NZNMSOFKMUBTKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCCC1 NZNMSOFKMUBTKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXAGIRHBJJLWHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OCC YXAGIRHBJJLWHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013733 LiCo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BYOQQWDBQZGRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2-ethylpentanoate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(CC)CCC BYOQQWDBQZGRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002180 crystalline carbon material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- DWTUXMIVGUYEQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-ethylpentanoate Chemical compound CCCC(CC)C(=O)OCC DWTUXMIVGUYEQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HBJZBPQYTLKQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCCCC1C HBJZBPQYTLKQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GGJCZSUQNJRNNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylheptanoate Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)C(=O)OCC GGJCZSUQNJRNNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WLXMFQBQKBJYCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 4-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCC(C)CC1 WLXMFQBQKBJYCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JJOYCHKVKWDMEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCCCC1 JJOYCHKVKWDMEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UWSJCCUODNDXOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCCC1 UWSJCCUODNDXOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- KICUISADAVMYCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OC KICUISADAVMYCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IVNZXKXOTJLKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-ethylpentanoate Chemical compound CCCC(CC)C(=O)OC IVNZXKXOTJLKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKLPIZJSDADMHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1CCCCC1C OKLPIZJSDADMHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FUZYFWJHBYRPIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-methylheptanoate Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)C(=O)OC FUZYFWJHBYRPIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CBTGNLZUIZHUHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1CCC1 CBTGNLZUIZHUHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IIHIJFJSXPDTNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl cyclopentanecarboxylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1CCCC1 IIHIJFJSXPDTNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- FFBWRKNQOBEUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Chemical compound C#CCOC(=O)C1CCC1 FFBWRKNQOBEUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NGQYXEZAUNNUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 2-ethylbutanoate Chemical compound CCC(CC)C(=O)OCC(F)(F)F NGQYXEZAUNNUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKJXMNOADPLOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 2-ethylheptanoate Chemical compound CCCCCC(CC)C(=O)OCC(F)(F)F KAKJXMNOADPLOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VUAXHMVRKOTJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,2-dimethylbutanoate Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)C([O-])=O VUAXHMVRKOTJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000004777 2-fluoroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(F)C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- LZDWRJRTXSUEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[2-[tert-butyl(diphenyl)silyl]oxyethyl]-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyran-4-ol Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Si](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C(C)(C)C)OCCC1COC=CC1O LZDWRJRTXSUEKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OTKQNSSMCDLVQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl 2-methylbutanoate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)CC OTKQNSSMCDLVQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MJGSLNIPTRPYJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl 2-ethylbutanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(CC)CC MJGSLNIPTRPYJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HZPKNSYIDSNZKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl 2-methylpentanoate Chemical compound CCCC(C)C(=O)OCC HZPKNSYIDSNZKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910014395 LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OCWLYWIFNDCWRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl (S)-2-Methylbutanoate Chemical compound CCC(C)C(=O)OC OCWLYWIFNDCWRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZTULNMNIVVMLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl 2-methylpentanoate Chemical compound CCCC(C)C(=O)OC ZTULNMNIVVMLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- YARHPYLJZOUSGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2-ethylbutanoate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(CC)CC YARHPYLJZOUSGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USPADFUBVAGYOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(CC)CCCC USPADFUBVAGYOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- PFURGBBHAOXLIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,2-diol Chemical compound OC1CCCCC1O PFURGBBHAOXLIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N divinyl sulfone Chemical class C=CS(=O)(=O)C=C AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HCRBXQFHJMCTLF-ZCFIWIBFSA-N ethyl (2r)-2-methylbutanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)[C@H](C)CC HCRBXQFHJMCTLF-ZCFIWIBFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RJVVJFUOVLJSET-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2,3,3-trimethylbutanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)C(C)(C)C RJVVJFUOVLJSET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQQJUPMYOFCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-ethyl-3-methylbutanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(CC)C(C)C LQQJUPMYOFCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZDAVQPOSWCQTLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-ethylheptanoate Chemical compound CCCCCC(CC)C(=O)OCC ZDAVQPOSWCQTLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LZLCNYLUGBHBQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-propylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CCC)C(=O)OCC LZLCNYLUGBHBQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SLTJGRRWLSVRML-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCC(CF)CC1 SLTJGRRWLSVRML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WZAKKJFHOHVTHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCC(C(F)(F)F)CC1 WZAKKJFHOHVTHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ADVNPUHITOJNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl cycloheptanecarboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCCCCC1 ADVNPUHITOJNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CGSWRFQBISKHLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl cyclooctanecarboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CCCCCCC1 CGSWRFQBISKHLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LDDOSDVZPSGLFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1CC1 LDDOSDVZPSGLFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- WRCQWPHZIRKOEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl 4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound FCC1CCC(C(=O)OCC#C)CC1 WRCQWPHZIRKOEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYUNDVDZKVPPHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl 4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound FC1CCC(C(=O)OCC#C)CC1 GYUNDVDZKVPPHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNIJINKQFPQKIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl cycloheptanecarboxylate Chemical compound C#CCOC(=O)C1CCCCCC1 GNIJINKQFPQKIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KICAEMLWIZWPRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl cyclooctanecarboxylate Chemical compound C#CCOC(=O)C1CCCCCCC1 KICAEMLWIZWPRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OWAHJGWVERXJMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)OCC#C OWAHJGWVERXJMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMKUYPGVVVLYSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)(C)C QMKUYPGVVVLYSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLECCLNRPURWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-ethylpentanoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(CC)CCC VLECCLNRPURWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSXYJTAMLYSXIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 3-ethylheptanoate Chemical compound C(CC)OC(=O)CC(CCCC)CC OSXYJTAMLYSXIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M valproate Chemical compound CCCC(C([O-])=O)CCC NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012991 xanthate Substances 0.000 description 1
- DYWSVUBJGFTOQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N xi-2-Ethylheptanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(CC)C(O)=O DYWSVUBJGFTOQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/60—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solvent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/64—Liquid electrolytes characterised by additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
- H01M2200/20—Pressure-sensitive devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range and an electricity storage device using the same.
- power storage devices particularly lithium secondary batteries
- small electronic devices such as mobile phones and notebook computers, electric vehicles, and power storage. Since these electronic devices and automobiles may be used in a wide temperature range such as a high temperature in midsummer or a low temperature of extremely cold, it is required to improve electrochemical characteristics in a wide range of temperatures. In particular, in order to prevent global warming, there is an urgent need to reduce CO 2 emissions.
- environmentally friendly vehicles equipped with power storage devices consisting of power storage devices such as lithium secondary batteries and capacitors
- HEV hybrid electric vehicles
- PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- BEV battery electric vehicles
- lithium secondary battery is used as a concept including so-called lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the lithium secondary battery is mainly composed of a positive electrode and a negative electrode containing a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium, a non-aqueous electrolyte composed of a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent, and the non-aqueous solvent includes ethylene carbonate (EC), Carbonates such as propylene carbonate (PC) are used.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- metal lithium metal compounds that can occlude and release lithium (metal simple substance, oxide, alloy with lithium, etc.) and carbon materials are known, and in particular, lithium can be occluded and released.
- Lithium secondary batteries using carbon materials such as coke, artificial graphite and natural graphite have been widely put into practical use.
- a lithium secondary battery using a highly crystallized carbon material such as natural graphite or artificial graphite as a negative electrode material is a decomposition product generated by reductive decomposition of a solvent in a non-aqueous electrolyte on the negative electrode surface during charging. It has been found that the gas causes a decrease in cycle characteristics because it inhibits the desired electrochemical reaction of the battery. Moreover, when the decomposition product of the nonaqueous solvent accumulates, it becomes impossible to smoothly occlude and release lithium into the negative electrode, and the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are liable to deteriorate.
- lithium secondary batteries using lithium metal, alloys thereof, simple metals such as tin or silicon, and oxides as negative electrode materials have high initial capacities, but fine powders progress during the cycle.
- reductive decomposition of a non-aqueous solvent occurs at an accelerated rate, and battery performance such as battery capacity and cycle characteristics is greatly reduced.
- these anode materials are pulverized or a decomposition product of a nonaqueous solvent accumulates, lithium cannot be smoothly inserted into and released from the anode, and the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are likely to be deteriorated.
- a lithium secondary battery using, for example, LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiFePO 4, or the like as the positive electrode includes a positive electrode material, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a non-aqueous solvent in a non-aqueous electrolyte in a charged state. It has been found that degradation products and gases generated by partial oxidative decomposition locally at the interface of the battery inhibit the desired electrochemical reaction of the battery, resulting in degradation of electrochemical characteristics over a wide temperature range. Yes.
- the battery performance has been deteriorated due to the movement of lithium ions or the expansion of the battery due to the decomposition product or gas when the non-aqueous electrolyte is decomposed on the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- electronic devices equipped with lithium secondary batteries are becoming more and more multifunctional and power consumption is increasing.
- the capacity of lithium secondary batteries has been increasing, and the volume occupied by non-aqueous electrolyte in the battery has become smaller, such as increasing the electrode density and reducing the useless space volume in the battery. . Therefore, the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are likely to be deteriorated by a slight decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- Patent Document 1 includes ethylene carbonate, a chain carbonate, and a carboxylic acid ester compound having a total carbon number of 6 or more, a cyclic carbonate compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, and a cyclic carbonate compound having a fluorine atom
- a lithium secondary battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate and difluorophosphate it is disclosed that deterioration of battery characteristics after high-temperature storage can be suppressed Has been.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range and an electricity storage device using the same.
- the present inventors have examined in detail the performance of the above-described prior art non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the above-mentioned patent document cannot be said to be sufficiently satisfactory for the problem of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range such as low temperature cycle characteristics and high temperature cycle characteristics. It was a fact. Therefore, the present inventors have conducted extensive research to solve the above problems, and in a non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, the carbon at the ⁇ -position of the carbonyl group is contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the present inventors have found that when 0.01 to 40% by volume of a specific ester having two alkyl groups is contained, the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range, particularly the electrochemical characteristics of a lithium battery can be improved. did.
- the present invention provides the following (1) to (5).
- An ester having two alkyl groups at the ⁇ -position carbon of the carbonyl group represented by the following general formula (I) in a non-aqueous solvent in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent In an amount of 0.01 to 40% by volume.
- R 1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom
- R 2 and R 3 are each an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, and R 2 and R 3 are connected to each other to form a ring
- R 3 is an alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- the non-aqueous solvent further includes a chain carbonate, and the content of the tertiary carboxylic acid ester is larger than the content of the chain carbonate.
- an electricity storage device including a non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous solvent
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is the non-aqueous electrolyte described in any one of (1) to (4)
- nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range, particularly electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range, and a power storage device such as a lithium battery using the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte and an electricity storage device using the same.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is a non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a specific ester having two alkyl groups at the ⁇ -position carbon of the carbonyl group.
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution characterized by containing 0.01 to 40% by volume.
- the ester having two alkyl groups at the ⁇ -position carbon of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I) contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is at least one of the two alkyl groups bonded to the ⁇ -position carbon. Since one has two or more carbon atoms, the methine structure of the ⁇ -position carbon (—CHR 2 R 3 ) is electrochemically stabilized by the electron donating effect of the two alkyl groups bonded to the ⁇ -position carbon.
- the stability is further improved.
- the ring structure is formed even if the total number of carbon atoms of the two alkyl groups bonded to the ⁇ -position carbon is less than 4.
- the methine structure (—CHR 2 R 3 ) of the ⁇ -position carbon is electrochemically stabilized by the strain of.
- an ester having two alkyl groups at the ⁇ -position carbon of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I) has high electrochemical stability, and is slightly decomposed on the negative electrode during the first charge, resulting in low resistance. Form a coating. For this reason, it has been found that, in a wide temperature range from a low temperature to a high temperature, an increase in resistance accompanying the charge / discharge cycle is suppressed, and the electrochemical characteristics are remarkably improved.
- the content of the ester having two alkyl groups at the ⁇ -position carbon of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I) contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution The amount is preferably 0.01 to 40% by volume in the liquid. If the content is 40% by volume or less, the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte does not become too high, and there is little risk of deterioration of electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range. The improvement effect of electrochemical characteristics in the range is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by volume or more, more preferably 0.1% by volume or more, and still more preferably 1% by volume or more in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the upper limit is preferably 40% by volume or less, and more preferably 30% by volume or less.
- R 1 is a carbon number of 1 to 1, wherein at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom
- R 1 examples include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, n -Straight chain alkyl groups such as pentyl group and n-hexyl group, branched alkyl groups such as iso-propyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, tert-amyl group, fluoromethyl group, trifluoro
- Alkenyl groups such as lopenyl group, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 1-pentenyl group, 1-hexenyl group, ethynyl group, 2-propynyl group, 2 Alkynyl groups such as -butynyl group, 3-butynyl group, 4-pentynyl group, 5-hexynyl group, 1-methyl-2-propynyl group, 1-methyl-2-butynyl group, 1,1 dimethyl-2-propynyl group Among them, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, fluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, 2-propenyl group, A 2-propynyl group is preferable, and a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a 2-prop
- R 2 and R 3 represented by the general formula (I) represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, and R 2 and R 3 are They may be linked to form a ring.
- the ring structure is preferably a 3- to 9-membered ring, particularly preferably a 4- to 8-membered ring.
- R 3 represents an alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, and the total of R 2 and R 3
- the number of carbon atoms is preferably in the range of 4 to 8, more preferably in the range of 5 to 7. Further, more preferably the R 2 and R 3 are both is an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms, both are R 2 and R 3 is alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms, and R 2 and R 3 together Particularly preferred are the same groups. The above case is preferable because electrochemical characteristics in a wider temperature range are improved.
- R 2 and R 3 include linear alkyl groups such as methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group and n-butyl group, iso-propyl group, sec-butyl group and tert-butyl group.
- Some hydrogen atoms such as branched alkyl groups, fluoromethyl groups, trifluoromethyl groups, 2-fluoroethyl groups, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl groups, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl groups
- Preferred examples include alkyl substituted with a fluorine atom, among which an ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, fluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group, 2,2,2 -Trifluoroethyl group and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl group are preferable, and ethyl group, n-propyl group and n-butyl group are more preferable.
- the ester having two alkyl groups on the carbon at the ⁇ -position of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I) is one in which R 2 and R 3 form a ring.
- R 2 and R 3 form a ring.
- Specific examples of —CHR 2 R 3 include cyclopropyl group, cyclobutyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, 2-methylcyclohexyl group, 4-methylcyclohexyl group, 4-fluorocyclohexyl group, 3-trifluoromethyl.
- a cyclohexyl group, a 4-trifluoromethylcyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclononyl group, and the like are preferable.
- a cyclopropyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cyclobutyl group, and a cyclopentyl group are preferable, and a cyclopropyl group and a cyclohexyl group are Further preferred.
- nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention the combination of the following nonaqueous solvent, electrolyte salt, and other additives produces an effect of synergistically improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range.
- Nonaqueous solvent examples include cyclic carbonates, chain esters, lactones, ethers, amides, phosphate esters, sulfones, nitriles, isocyanates, S ⁇ O bond-containing compounds, and the like. It is preferable that both cyclic carbonate and chain ester are included.
- chain ester is used as a concept including chain carbonate and chain carboxylic acid ester.
- Cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FEC), trans or Examples thereof include cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (hereinafter collectively referred to as “DFEC”), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), and the like.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- FEC 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
- DFEC cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
- VC vinylene carbonate
- VEC vinyl ethylene carbonate
- the use of at least one of a carbon-carbon double bond or a cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom is preferable because the low-temperature load characteristics after high-temperature charge storage are further improved, and a cyclic carbonate containing a carbon-carbon double bond is preferred. And a cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom are more preferable.
- VC and VEC are more preferable, and as the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom, FEC and DFEC are more preferable.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having a carbon-carbon double bond is preferably 0.07% by volume or more, more preferably 0.2% by volume or more, and still more preferably 0.7% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent. More than 7% by volume, and the upper limit is preferably 7% by volume or less, more preferably 4% by volume or less, and still more preferably 2.5% by volume or less. This is preferable because the stability of the coating during cycling can be increased.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom is preferably 0.07% by volume or more, more preferably 4% by volume or more, still more preferably 7% by volume or more with respect to the total volume of the non-aqueous solvent,
- the content is preferably 35% by volume or less, more preferably 25% by volume or less, and still more preferably 15% by volume or less, the stability of the coating during high temperature cycling can be further increased without impairing the Li ion permeability at low temperatures. It is preferable because it is possible.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having a carbon-carbon double bond relative to the content of the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom Is preferably 0.2% by volume or more, more preferably 3% by volume or more, further preferably 7% by volume or more, and the upper limit is preferably 40% by volume or less, more preferably 30% by volume or less, still more preferably 15%.
- the volume% or less is particularly preferable because the stability of the coating film during the high temperature cycle can be further increased without impairing the Li ion permeability at low temperatures.
- the non-aqueous solvent contains ethylene carbonate and / or propylene carbonate
- the resistance of the film formed on the electrode is reduced, and the content of ethylene carbonate and / or propylene carbonate is preferably equal to the total volume of the non-aqueous solvent.
- it is preferably at least 3% by volume, more preferably at least 5% by volume, even more preferably at least 7% by volume, and the upper limit is preferably at most 45% by volume, more preferably at most 35% by volume, still more preferably at 25%. % By volume or less.
- solvents may be used singly, and when two or more kinds are used in combination, the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are further improved, and three or more kinds are particularly preferred.
- Preferred combinations of these cyclic carbonates include EC and PC, EC and VC, PC and VC, VC and FEC, EC and FEC, PC and FEC, FEC and DFEC, EC and DFEC, PC and DFEC, VC and DFEC , VEC and DFEC, EC and PC and VC, EC and PC and FEC, EC and VC and FEC, EC and VC and VEC, PC and VC and FEC, EC and VC and DFEC, PC and VC and DFEC, EC and PC And VC and FEC, EC, PC, VC and DFEC are preferred.
- an ester represented by the following general formula (II) is preferably contained.
- R 4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom
- R 5 to R 7 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, n is 0 or 1 (However, the ester represented by the general formula (I) is excluded.)
- ester represented by the general formula (II) include asymmetry such as methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), methyl isopropyl carbonate (MIPC), methyl butyl carbonate, and ethyl propyl carbonate.
- Symmetrical chain carbonates such as chain carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl pivalate, ethyl pivalate
- Preferred examples include chain carboxylic acid esters such as propyl pivalate.
- a pivalate ester which is a tertiary carboxylic acid ester is preferable from the viewpoint of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range, and methyl pivalate is particularly preferable.
- the content of the ester represented by the general formula (II) is not particularly limited, but it is preferably used in the range of 1 to 80% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent. If the content is 1% by volume or more, the effect of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range is enhanced, and if it is 80% by volume or less, the electrical conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is lowered and the temperature is increased over a wide temperature range.
- the above-mentioned range is preferable since there is little possibility that the electrochemical characteristics of the resin will deteriorate.
- it is 30 volume% or more, The upper limit becomes like this.
- it is 70 volume% or less.
- the volume ratio of the pivalic acid ester in the ester represented by the general formula (II) is preferably 51% by volume or more, and more preferably 55% by volume or more.
- the chain carbonate is particularly preferably dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate. The above case is preferable because electrochemical characteristics in a wider temperature range are improved.
- the ratio between the cyclic carbonate and the chain ester is preferably 10:90 to 45:55, and 15:85 to 40:55 in terms of the cyclic carbonate: chain ester (volume ratio) from the viewpoint of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range. 60 is more preferable, and 20:80 to 35:65 is particularly preferable.
- non-aqueous solvents include dimethyl oxalate, ethyl methyl oxalate, diethyl oxalate, and the like.
- lactones include ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and ⁇ -angelica lactone.
- cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane, and 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, and 1, Examples include chain ethers such as 2-dibutoxyethane.
- Examples of the amide include dimethylformamide
- examples of the phosphate ester include trimethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, and trioctyl phosphate
- examples of the sulfone include sulfolane
- examples of the nitrile include acetonitrile
- examples of the isocyanate include tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, and octamethylene diisocyanate.
- examples of the isocyanate include pionitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, and pimelonitrile.
- the above non-aqueous solvents are usually used as a mixture in order to achieve appropriate physical properties.
- the combination includes, for example, a combination of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate, a combination of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carboxylic acid ester, a combination of a cyclic carbonate, a chain carbonate and a lactone, and a combination of a cyclic carbonate, a chain carbonate and an ether.
- a combination, a combination of a cyclic carbonate, a chain carbonate, and a chain carboxylate, and the like are preferable.
- Electrolyte salt Preferred examples of the electrolyte salt used in the present invention include the following lithium salts and onium salts.
- lithium salt examples include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , Li 2 PO 3 F, LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiPF 4 (CF 3 ) 2 , LiPF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 , LiPF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 , LiPF 3 (iso-C 3 F 7 ) 3 , LiPF 5 (iso-C 3 F 7 ) -containing lithium salt containing a fluorinated alkyl group, (CF 2 ) 2 (SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (CF 2 ) 3 (SO 2 ) 2 Lithium salts having a cyclic fluorinated alkylene chain such as NLi, and oxalates such as lithium bis [oxalate-O, O ′]
- LiPF 6 at least one selected from LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , Li 2 PO 3 F, LiBF 4 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 and LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 is preferable, and LiPF 6 , at least one selected from LiPO 2 F 2 , LiBF 4 and LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 is more preferable.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is usually preferably 0.3 M or more, more preferably 0.7 M or more, and further preferably 1.1 M or more with respect to the non-aqueous solvent.
- the upper limit is preferably 2.5M or less, more preferably 2.0M or less, and still more preferably 1.6M or less.
- suitable combinations of these lithium salts include LiPF 6, further LiPO 2 F 2, LiBF 4 and LiN (SO 2 CF 3) at least one lithium salt selected from 2 nonaqueous solution
- the proportion of the lithium salt other than LiPF 6 in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 0.001M or more, and the effect of improving electrochemical properties at high temperatures is easily exhibited, and is 0.005M or less. It is preferable because there is little concern that the effect of improving electrochemical characteristics at high temperatures will be reduced.
- it is 0.01M or more, Especially preferably, it is 0.03M or more, Most preferably, it is 0.04M or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 0.4M or less, particularly preferably 0.2M or less.
- onium salt As an onium salt, the various salts which combined the onium cation and anion shown below are mentioned suitably.
- Specific examples of onium cations include tetramethylammonium cation, ethyltrimethylammonium cation, diethyldimethylammonium cation, triethylmethylammonium cation, tetraethylammonium cation, N, N-dimethylpyrrolidinium cation, N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrole.
- N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium cation Dinium cation, N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium cation, spiro- (N, N ′)-bipyrrolidinium cation, N, N′-dimethylimidazolinium cation, N-ethyl-N′-methylimidazoli
- Preferable examples include nium cation, N, N′-diethylimidazolinium cation, N, N′-dimethylimidazolium cation, N-ethyl-N′-methylimidazolium cation, and N, N′-diethylimidazolium cation.
- anion examples include PF 6 anion, BF 4 anion, ClO 4 anion, AsF 6 anion, CF 3 SO 3 anion, N (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 anion, N (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 anion. , Etc. are mentioned suitably.
- electrolyte salts can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention is, for example, mixed with the non-aqueous solvent, and is mixed with the electrolyte salt and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution at the ⁇ -position of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I). It can be obtained by adding an ester having two alkyl groups on carbon. At this time, it is preferable that the compound added to the non-aqueous solvent and the non-aqueous electrolyte to be used is one that is purified in advance and has as few impurities as possible within a range that does not significantly reduce the productivity.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can be used in the following first to fourth electric storage devices, and as the non-aqueous electrolyte, not only a liquid but also a gelled one can be used. Furthermore, the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can be used for a solid polymer electrolyte. Among them, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is used for the first power storage device (that is, for a lithium battery) or the fourth power storage device (that is, for a lithium ion capacitor) that uses a lithium salt as an electrolyte salt. It is preferable to use it for lithium batteries, and it is most suitable to use for lithium secondary batteries.
- the lithium battery of the present invention is a generic term for a lithium primary battery and a lithium secondary battery.
- the term lithium secondary battery is used as a concept including a so-called lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium battery of the present invention comprises the nonaqueous electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous solvent.
- Components other than the non-aqueous electrolyte, such as a positive electrode and a negative electrode can be used without particular limitation.
- a composite metal oxide with lithium containing one or more selected from cobalt, manganese, and nickel is used as the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- lithium composite metal oxides include LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 (0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3. Examples thereof include Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4 , and LiCo 0.98 Mg 0.02 O 2 .
- LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4, LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 may be used in combination as LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNiO 2.
- a part of the lithium composite metal oxide is replaced with another element.
- a part of cobalt, manganese, nickel is replaced with at least one element such as Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, Cu, Bi, Mo, La, etc.
- a part of O may be substituted with S or F, or a compound containing these other elements may be coated.
- lithium composite metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , and LiNiO 2 that can be used at a charged potential of the positive electrode in a fully charged state of 4.3 V or more on the basis of Li are preferable, and LiCo 1-x M x O 2 (where M is at least one element selected from Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, Cu, 0.001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05) , LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4 , Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 (M is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe) More preferred is a lithium composite metal oxide that can be used at 4.4 V or higher on the basis of Li, such as a solid solution.
- M is at least one element selected from Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, Cu, 0.001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05
- the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are likely to be deteriorated due to a reaction with the electrolyte during charging, but in the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, these A decrease in electrochemical characteristics can be suppressed.
- the resistance of the battery tends to increase with the elution of Mn ions from the positive electrode, so that the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range tend to be lowered.
- Lithium secondary batteries are preferred because they can suppress a decrease in these electrochemical characteristics.
- lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate can also be used as the positive electrode active material.
- a lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate containing at least one selected from iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese is preferable. Specific examples thereof include LiFePO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 and the like. Some of these lithium-containing olivine-type phosphates may be substituted with other elements, and some of iron, cobalt, nickel, and manganese are replaced with Co, Mn, Ni, Mg, Al, B, Ti, V, and Nb.
- Cu, Zn, Mo, Ca, Sr, W and Zr can be substituted with one or more elements selected from these, or can be coated with a compound or carbon material containing these other elements.
- LiFePO 4 or LiMnPO 4 is preferable.
- mold phosphate can also be mixed with the said positive electrode active material, for example, and can be used.
- the positive electrode for lithium primary battery CuO, Cu 2 O, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 CrO 4, CuS, CuSO 4, TiO 2, TiS 2, SiO 2, SnO, V 2 O 5, V 6 O 12 , VO x , Nb 2 O 5 , Bi 2 O 3 , Bi 2 Pb 2 O 5 , Sb 2 O 3 , CrO 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , WO 3 , SeO 2 , MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , FeO, Fe 3 O 4 , Ni 2 O 3 , NiO, CoO 3 , CoO and other oxides of one or more metal elements or chalcogen compounds, sulfur such as SO 2 and SOCl 2 Examples thereof include compounds, and fluorocarbons (fluorinated graphite) represented by the general formula (CF x ) n . Among these, MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , graphite fluoride and the like are preferable.
- the pH of the supernatant obtained when 10 g of the positive electrode active material is dispersed in 100 ml of distilled water is 10.0 to 12.5, the effect of improving the electrochemical characteristics in a wider temperature range can be easily obtained.
- the case of 10.5 to 12.0 is more preferable.
- impurities such as LiOH in the positive electrode active material tend to increase. Therefore, the effect of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wider temperature range can be easily obtained, which is preferable.
- the case where the atomic concentration of Ni in the substance is 5 to 25 atomic% is more preferable, and the case where it is 8 to 21 atomic% is particularly preferable.
- the conductive agent for the positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not cause a chemical change with respect to the electrolytic solution.
- Examples thereof include graphite such as natural graphite (flaky graphite and the like) and artificial graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black. Further, graphite and carbon black may be appropriately mixed and used.
- the addition amount of the conductive agent to the positive electrode mixture is preferably 1 to 10% by mass, and particularly preferably 2 to 5% by mass.
- the positive electrode active material is made of a conductive agent such as acetylene black or carbon black, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a copolymer of styrene and butadiene (SBR), acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- a conductive agent such as acetylene black or carbon black
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- acrylonitrile and butadiene acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- binder such as copolymer (NBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, etc.
- high boiling point solvent such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- this positive electrode mixture was applied to a current collector aluminum foil, a stainless steel lath plate, etc., dried and pressure-molded, and then subjected to vacuum at a temperature of about 50 ° C. to 250 ° C. for about 2 hours. It can be manufactured by heat treatment.
- the density of the part except the collector of the positive electrode is usually at 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, for further increasing the capacity of the battery, it is preferably 2 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably, 3 g / cm 3 It is above, More preferably, it is 3.6 g / cm 3 or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 4 g / cm 3 or less.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery include lithium metal, lithium alloy, and a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium (easily graphitized carbon and a (002) plane spacing of 0.37 nm or more).
- Non-graphitizable carbon, graphite with (002) plane spacing of 0.34 nm or less, etc.] tin (single), tin compound, silicon (single), silicon compound, lithium titanate such as Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 A compound etc. can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- a highly crystalline carbon material such as artificial graphite or natural graphite in terms of the ability to occlude and release lithium ions
- the plane spacing (d 002 ) of the lattice plane ( 002 ) is 0.
- a carbon material having a graphite type crystal structure of 340 nm (nanometer) or less, particularly 0.335 to 0.337 nm.
- a mechanical action such as compression force, friction force, shear force, etc.
- the density of the portion excluding the current collector of the negative electrode can be obtained from X-ray diffraction measurement of the negative electrode sheet when pressed to a density of 1.5 g / cm 3 or more.
- the ratio I (110) / I (004) of the peak intensity I (110) of the (110) plane of the graphite crystal and the peak intensity I (004) of the (004) plane is 0.01 or more, the temperature becomes even wider.
- the highly crystalline carbon material is coated with a carbon material having lower crystallinity than the core material because electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are further improved.
- the crystallinity of the coating carbon material can be confirmed by TEM.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention tends to react with the non-aqueous electrolyte during charging and lower the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range due to an increase in interface resistance. Then, the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are good.
- Examples of the metal compound capable of inserting and extracting lithium as the negative electrode active material include Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, Al, Ga, In, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. , Zn, Ag, Mg, Sr, Ba, and other compounds containing at least one metal element.
- These metal compounds may be used in any form such as a simple substance, an alloy, an oxide, a nitride, a sulfide, a boride, and an alloy with lithium, but any of a simple substance, an alloy, an oxide, and an alloy with lithium. Is preferable because the capacity can be increased.
- those containing at least one element selected from Si, Ge and Sn are preferable, and those containing at least one element selected from Si and Sn are particularly preferable because the capacity of the battery can be increased.
- the negative electrode is kneaded using the same conductive agent, binder, and high-boiling solvent as in the preparation of the positive electrode, and then the negative electrode mixture is applied to the copper foil of the current collector. After being dried and pressure-molded, it can be produced by heat treatment under vacuum at a temperature of about 50 ° C. to 250 ° C. for about 2 hours.
- the density of the portion excluding the current collector of the negative electrode is usually 1.1 g / cm 3 or more, and is preferably 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, particularly preferably 1.7 g in order to further increase the capacity of the battery. / Cm 3 or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 2 g / cm 3 or less.
- examples of the negative electrode active material for a lithium primary battery include lithium metal and lithium alloy.
- the structure of the lithium battery is not particularly limited, and a coin-type battery, a cylindrical battery, a square battery, a laminated battery, or the like having a single-layer or multi-layer separator can be applied. Although it does not restrict
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has excellent electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range even when the end-of-charge voltage is 4.2 V or more, particularly 4.3 V or more, and the characteristics are also good at 4.4 V or more. is there.
- the end-of-discharge voltage is usually 2.8 V or more, and further 2.5 V or more, but the lithium secondary battery in the present invention can be 2.0 V or more.
- the current value is not particularly limited, but is usually used in the range of 0.1 to 30C.
- the lithium battery in the present invention can be charged / discharged at ⁇ 40 to 100 ° C., preferably ⁇ 10 to 80 ° C.
- a method of providing a safety valve on the battery lid or cutting a member such as a battery can or a gasket can be employed.
- a current interruption mechanism that senses the internal pressure of the battery and interrupts the current can be provided on the battery lid.
- the 2nd electrical storage device of this invention is an electrical storage device which stores energy using the electrical double layer capacity
- An example of the present invention is an electric double layer capacitor.
- the most typical electrode active material used for this electricity storage device is activated carbon. Double layer capacity increases roughly in proportion to surface area.
- the 3rd electrical storage device of this invention is an electrical storage device which stores energy using the dope / dedope reaction of an electrode.
- the electrode active material used in this power storage device include metal oxides such as ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, and copper oxide, and ⁇ -conjugated polymers such as polyacene and polythiophene derivatives. Capacitors using these electrode active materials can store energy associated with electrode doping / dedoping reactions.
- the 4th electrical storage device of this invention is an electrical storage device which stores energy using the intercalation of the lithium ion to carbon materials, such as a graphite which is a negative electrode. It is called a lithium ion capacitor (LIC).
- LIC lithium ion capacitor
- Examples of the positive electrode include those using an electric double layer between an activated carbon electrode and an electrolytic solution, and those using a ⁇ -conjugated polymer electrode doping / dedoping reaction.
- the electrolyte contains at least a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 .
- a negative electrode mixture paste was prepared by adding to the dissolved solution and mixing. This negative electrode mixture paste was applied to one side of a copper foil (current collector), dried and pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet that was punched into a predetermined size.
- the density of the portion excluding the current collector of the negative electrode was 1.5 g / cm 3 .
- the ratio of the peak intensity I (110) of the (110) plane of the graphite crystal to the peak intensity I (004) of the (004) plane [I (110) / I (004)] was 0.1.
- Discharge capacity retention ratio after 50 cycles at 0 ° C. (%) (discharge capacity at 50th cycle at 0 ° C./discharge capacity at first cycle at 0 ° C.) ⁇ 100
- Example 11 Comparative Example 3
- a negative electrode sheet was prepared using silicon (single element) (negative electrode active material). Silicon (simple substance): 80% by mass, acetylene black (conductive agent); 15% by mass were mixed, and polyvinylidene fluoride (binder); 5% by mass was previously dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- mixing was performed to prepare a negative electrode mixture paste. Except that this negative electrode mixture paste was applied on a copper foil (current collector), dried and pressurized, punched out to a predetermined size, and a negative electrode sheet was prepared, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 Similarly, a coin battery was prepared and battery evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 12 Comparative Example 4
- a positive electrode sheet was prepared using LiFePO 4 (positive electrode active material) coated with amorphous carbon.
- the positive electrode mixture paste was prepared by adding to and mixing with the solution previously dissolved in the mixture. This positive electrode mixture paste was applied onto an aluminum foil (current collector), dried, pressurized and punched to a predetermined size to produce a positive electrode sheet, and the end-of-charge voltage during battery evaluation was 3.
- a coin battery was manufactured and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 except that the voltage was 6 V and the discharge end voltage was 2.0 V. The results are shown in Table 4.
- any of the lithium secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 10 above includes an ester having two alkyl groups at the ⁇ -position carbon of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I) in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- Comparative Example 1 in the case where there is not, wider than the lithium secondary battery of Comparative Example 2 which contains an ester different from the ester having two alkyl groups in the carbon at the ⁇ -position of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I)
- the electrochemical properties in the temperature range are significantly improved.
- the effect of the present invention is that, in a non-aqueous electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, an alkyl group is added to the ⁇ -position carbon of the carbonyl group represented by the general formula (I) of the present invention. It has been found that this is a characteristic effect when it contains 0.01 to 40% by volume of two esters. Moreover, it turns out that the electrochemical characteristic in a wider temperature range is improved more when it combines with the ester represented by the said general formula (II) when it combines with a specific cyclic carbonate.
- Example 11 when silicon (single) is used for the negative electrode, or from the comparison between Example 12 and Comparative Example 4, when lithium-containing olivine-type iron phosphate salt is used for the positive electrode. Has the same effect. Therefore, it is clear that the effect of the present invention is not an effect dependent on a specific positive electrode or negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention has an effect of improving the discharge characteristics in a wide temperature range of the lithium primary battery.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is used, an electricity storage device having excellent electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range can be obtained.
- an electricity storage device having excellent electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range can be obtained.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte for an electricity storage device mounted on a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, a battery electric vehicle, etc. to obtain an electricity storage device that is less likely to deteriorate in electrochemical characteristics over a wide temperature range. Can do.
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Abstract
Description
特に地球温暖化防止のため、CO2排出量を削減することが急務となっており、リチウム二次電池やキャパシタなどの蓄電デバイスからなる蓄電装置を搭載した環境対応車の中でも、ハイブリッド電気自動車(HEV)、プラグインハイブリッド電気自動車(PHEV)、バッテリー電気自動車(BEV)の早期普及が求められている。しかしながら自動車は移動距離が長いため、熱帯の非常に暑い地域から極寒の地域まで幅広い温度範囲の地域で使用される可能性がある。従って、これらの車載用の蓄電デバイスは、高温から低温まで幅広い温度範囲で使用しても電気化学特性が劣化しないことが要求されている。
尚、本明細書において、リチウム二次電池という用語は、いわゆるリチウムイオン二次電池も含む概念として用いる。
また、負極としては、金属リチウム、リチウムを吸蔵及び放出可能な金属化合物(金属単体、酸化物、リチウムとの合金等)や炭素材料が知られており、特にリチウムを吸蔵及び放出することが可能なコークス、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛等の炭素材料を用いたリチウム二次電池が広く実用化されている。
更に、リチウム金属やその合金、スズ又はケイ素等の金属単体や酸化物を負極材料として用いたリチウム二次電池は、初期の容量は高いもののサイクル中に微粉化が進むため、炭素材料の負極に比べて非水溶媒の還元分解が加速的に起こり、電池容量やサイクル特性のような電池性能が大きく低下することが知られている。また、これらの負極材料の微粉化や非水溶媒の分解物が蓄積すると、負極へのリチウムの吸蔵及び放出がスムーズにできなくなり、広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が低下しやすくなる。
一方、正極として、例えばLiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiFePO4等を用いたリチウム二次電池は、非水電解液中の非水溶媒が充電状態で正極材料と非水電解液との界面において、局部的に一部酸化分解することにより発生した分解物やガスが電池の望ましい電気化学的反応を阻害するため、やはり広い温度範囲での電気化学特性の低下を生じることが分かっている。
特許文献1には、エチレンカーボネートと鎖状カーボネートおよび総炭素数が6以上であるカルボン酸エステル化合物を含有し、更に、炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネート化合物、フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネート化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩およびジフルオロリン酸塩からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を含有する非水電解液を用いたリチウム二次電池において、高温保存後の電池特性劣化を抑制できることが開示されている。
そこで、本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するために鋭意研究を重ね、非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水電解液中にカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有する特定のエステルを0.01~40体積%含有させた場合に、広い温度範囲での電気化学特性、特にリチウム電池の電気化学特性を改善できることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
(1)非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水溶媒中に下記一般式(I)で表されるカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有するエステルを0.01~40体積%含有することを特徴とする非水電解液。
本発明の非水電解液は、非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水電解液中にカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有する特定のエステルを0.01~40体積%含有することを特徴とする非水電解液である。
本発明の非水電解液が含有する一般式(I)で表されるカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有するエステルは、α位の炭素に結合した二つのアルキル基の少なくとも一つが炭素数2以上であるため、α位の炭素に結合した二つのアルキル基による電子供与効果によってα位の炭素のメチン構造(-CHR2R3)が、電気化学的に安定化している。特に、α位の炭素に結合した二つのアルキル基の総炭素数が4以上の場合、一段と安定性が向上する。また、α位の炭素に結合した二つのアルキル基が互いに連結し環を形成する場合には、α位の炭素に結合した二つのアルキル基の総炭素数が4未満であっても、環構造の歪みによってα位の炭素のメチン構造(-CHR2R3)が電気化学的に安定化される。従って、前記一般式(I)で表されるカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有するエステルは電気化学的な安定性が高く、初回充電時に負極上で僅かに分解し、低抵抗の被膜を形成する。そのため低温から高温までの広い温度範囲において、充放電サイクルに伴う抵抗の増大が抑制され、電気化学特性が著しく改善されることが分かった。
R2とR3とで環を形成する場合、環の構造は3~9員環であると好ましく、4~8員環が特に好ましい。
R2とR3とで環を形成しない場合、R3は、少なくとも1つの水素原子がハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよい炭素数2~6のアルキル基を示し、R2とR3の総炭素数は4~8の範囲であると好ましく、5~7の範囲がより好ましい。また、R2とR3がいずれも炭素数2以上のアルキル基であると更に好ましく、R2とR3がいずれも炭素数2以上のアルキル基であり、かつR2とR3とが互いに同じ基であることが特に好ましい。
上記の場合に一段と広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が向上するので好ましい。
シクロプロパンカルボン酸メチル、シクロプロパンカルボン酸エチル、シクロプロパンカルボン酸ビニル、シクロプロパンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、シクロプロパンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロブタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロブタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロブタンカルボン酸ビニル、シクロブタンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、シクロブタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸ビニル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸プロピル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸ブチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸ビニル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸ビニル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸ビニル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸ビニル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸ビニル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸ビニル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸ビニル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸ビニル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸ビニル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロノナンカルボン酸メチル、シクロノナンカルボン酸エチル、シクロノナンカルボン酸ビニル、シクロノナンカルボン酸2-プロペニル、シクロノナンカルボン酸2-プロピニルが好適に挙げられる。
中でも、シクロプロパンカルボン酸メチル、シクロプロパンカルボン酸エチル、シクロプロパンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロブタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロブタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロブタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸プロピル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸ブチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸ヘキシル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-フルオロシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-フルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、3-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-トリフルオロメチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロオクタンカルボン酸2-プロピニルが好ましく、
シクロブタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロブタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロブタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロペンタンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸プロピル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸ブチル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸ヘキシル、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、2-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸メチル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル、4-メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸2-プロピニル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸メチル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸エチル、シクロヘプタンカルボン酸2-プロピニルが特に好ましい。
2-メチル酪酸メチル、2-メチル酪酸エチル、2-メチル酪酸プロピル、2-メチル酪酸ブチル、2-メチル酪酸ビニル、2-メチル酪酸2-プロペニル、2-メチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2-エチル酪酸メチル、2-エチル酪酸エチル、2-エチル酪酸プロピル、2-エチル酪酸ブチル、2-エチル酪酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-エチル酪酸ビニル、2-エチル酪酸2-プロペニル、2-エチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2-エチル-3-フルオロ酪酸メチル、2-エチル-4-フルオロ酪酸メチル、2-エチル-4,4,4-トリフルオロ酪酸メチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸メチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸エチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸ビニル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸2-プロペニル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸メチル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸エチル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸ビニル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸2-プロペニル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2-メチル吉草酸メチル、2-メチル吉草酸エチル、2-メチル吉草酸ビニル、2-メチル吉草酸2-プロペニル、2-メチル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-メチル-3-フルオロ吉草酸メチル、2-メチル-4-フルオロ吉草酸メチル、2-メチル-5-フルオロ吉草酸メチル、2-エチル吉草酸メチル、2-エチル吉草酸エチル、2-エチル吉草酸プロピル、2-エチル吉草酸ブチル、2-エチル吉草酸ビニル、2-エチル吉草酸2-プロペニル、2-エチル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-プロピル吉草酸メチル、2-プロピル吉草酸エチル、2-プロピル吉草酸ビニル、2-プロピル吉草酸2-プロペニル、2-プロピル吉草酸2-プロピニル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸メチル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸エチル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸ビニル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸2-プロペニル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸2-プロピニル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸メチル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸エチル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸ビニル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸2-プロペニル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルヘキサン酸メチル、2-メチルヘキサン酸エチル、2-メチルヘキサン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-メチルヘキサン酸ビニル、2-メチルヘキサン酸2-プロペニル、2-メチルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸メチル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸エチル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸ビニル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸2-プロペニル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチルヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸エチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸プロピル、2-エチルヘキサン酸ブチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸ビニル、2-エチルヘキサン酸2-プロペニル、2-エチルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチル-3-フルオロヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチル-4-フルオロヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチル-5-フルオロヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチル-6-フルオロへキサン酸メチル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸メチル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸エチル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸ビニル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸2-プロペニル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸メチル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸エチル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸ビニル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸2-プロペニル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルヘプタン酸メチル、2-メチルヘプタン酸エチル、2-メチルヘプタン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-メチルヘプタン酸ビニル、2-メチルヘプタン酸2-プロペニル、2-メチルヘプタン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチルヘプタン酸メチル、2-エチルヘプタン酸エチル、3-エチルヘプタン酸プロピル、2-エチルヘプタン酸ブチル、2-エチルヘプタン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-エチルヘプタン酸ビニル、2-エチルヘプタン酸2-プロペニル、2-エチルヘプタン酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルオクタン酸メチル、2-メチルオクタン酸エチル、2-メチルオクタン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-メチルオクタン酸ビニル、2-メチルオクタン酸2-プロペニル、2-メチルオクタン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチルオクタン酸メチル、2-エチルオクタン酸エチル、2-エチルオクタン酸プロピル、2-エチルオクタン酸ブチル、2-エチルオクタン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-エチルオクタン酸ビニル、2-エチルオクタン酸2-プロペニル、2-エチルオクタン酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルドデカン酸メチル、2-メチルドデカン酸エチル、2-メチルドデカン酸ビニル、2-メチルドデカン酸2-プロペニル、2-メチルドデカン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチルドデカン酸メチル、2-エチルドデカン酸エチル、2-エチルドデカン酸ビニル、2-エチルドデカン酸2-プロペニル、2-エチルドデカン酸2-プロピニル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸メチル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸エチル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸ビニル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸2-プロペニル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸2-プロピニル、ジ-tert-ブチル酢酸メチル、ジ-tert-ブチル酢酸エチル、ジ-tert-ブチル酢酸ビニル、ジ-tert-ブチル酢酸2-プロペニル、ジ-tert-ブチル酢酸2-プロピニルが好適に挙げられる。
中でも2-エチル酪酸メチル、2-エチル酪酸エチル、2-メチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2-エチル酪酸プロピル、2-エチル酪酸ブチル、2-エチル酪酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-エチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2-エチル-3-フルオロ酪酸メチル、2-エチル-4-フルオロ酪酸メチル、2-エチル-4,4,4-トリフルオロ酪酸メチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸メチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸エチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸メチル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸エチル、2,3,3-トリメチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2-メチル吉草酸メチル、2-メチル吉草酸エチル、2-メチル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-メチル-3-フルオロ吉草酸メチル、2-メチル-4-フルオロ吉草酸メチル、2-メチル-5-フルオロ吉草酸メチル、2-エチル吉草酸メチル、2-エチル吉草酸エチル、2-エチル吉草酸プロピル、2-エチル吉草酸ブチル、2-エチル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-プロピル吉草酸メチル、2-プロピル吉草酸エチル、2-プロピル吉草酸2-プロピニル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸メチル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸エチル、3-メチル-2-プロピル吉草酸2-プロピニル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸メチル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸エチル、4-メチル-2-iso-プロピル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルヘキサン酸メチル、2-メチルヘキサン酸エチル、2-メチルヘキサン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-メチルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸メチル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸エチル、2,6-ジメチルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチルヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸エチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸プロピル、2-エチルヘキサン酸ブチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチル-3-フルオロヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチル-4-フルオロヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチル-5-フルオロヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチル-6-フルオロへキサン酸メチル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸メチル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸エチル、2-プロピルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸メチル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸エチル、2-iso-プロピルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、2-メチルヘプタン酸メチル、2-メチルヘプタン酸エチル、2-メチルヘプタン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-メチルヘプタン酸2-プロピニル、2-エチルヘプタン酸メチル、2-エチルヘプタン酸エチル、2-エチルヘプタン酸2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、2-エチルヘプタン酸2-プロピニル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸メチル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸エチル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸2-プロピニルが好ましく、
2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸メチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸エチル、2-エチル-3-メチル酪酸2-プロピニル、2-エチル吉草酸メチル、2-エチル吉草酸エチル、2-エチル吉草酸プロピル、2-エチル吉草酸ブチル、2-エチル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-プロピル吉草酸メチル、2-プロピル吉草酸エチル、2-プロピル吉草酸2-プロピニル、2-エチルヘキサン酸メチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸エチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸プロピル、2-エチルヘキサン酸ブチル、2-エチルヘキサン酸2-プロピニル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸メチル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸エチル、ジ-iso-プロピル酢酸2-プロピニルが特に好ましい。
本発明の非水電解液に使用される非水溶媒としては、環状カーボネート、鎖状エステル、ラクトン、エーテル、アミド、リン酸エステル、スルホン、ニトリル、イソシアネート、S=O結合含有化合物等が挙げられ、環状カーボネートと鎖状エステルの両方が含まれることが好ましい。
なお、鎖状エステルなる用語は、鎖状カーボネートおよび鎖状カルボン酸エステルを含む概念として用いる。
環状カーボネートとしては、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、1,2-ブチレンカーボネート、2,3-ブチレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン(FEC)、トランス又はシス-4,5-ジフルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン(以下、両者を総称して「DFEC」という)、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)、ビニルエチレンカーボネート(VEC)等が挙げられる。
これらの中でも、炭素-炭素二重結合又はフッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートのうち少なくとも1種を使用すると高温充電保存後の低温負荷特性が一段と向上するので好ましく、炭素-炭素二重結合を含む環状カーボネートとフッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートを両方含むことがより好ましい。炭素-炭素二重結合を有する環状カーボネートとしては、VC、VECが更に好ましく、フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートとしては、FEC、DFECが更に好ましい。
炭素-炭素二重結合を有する環状カーボネートの含有量は、非水溶媒の総体積に対して、好ましくは0.07体積%以上、より好ましくは0.2体積%以上、更に好ましくは0.7体積%以上、また、上限としては、好ましくは7体積%以下、より好ましくは4体積%以下、更に好ましくは2.5体積%以下含むと、低温でのLiイオン透過性を損なうことなく一段と高温サイクル時の被膜の安定性を増すことができるので好ましい。
フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートの含有量は、非水溶媒の総体積に対して好ましくは0.07体積%以上、より好ましくは4体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上、また、上限としては、好ましくは35体積%以下、より好ましくは25体積%以下、更に好ましくは15体積%以下含むと、低温でのLiイオン透過性を損なうことなく一段と高温サイクル時の被膜の安定性を増すことができるので好ましい。
非水溶媒が炭素-炭素二重結合を有する環状カーボネートとフッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートの両方を含む場合、フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートの含有量に対する炭素-炭素二重結合を有する環状カーボネートの含有量は、好ましくは0.2体積%以上、より好ましくは3体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上、上限としては、好ましくは40体積%以下、より好ましくは30体積%以下、更に好ましくは15体積%以下であると、低温でのLiイオン透過性を損なうことなく更に一段と高温サイクル時の被膜の安定性を増すことができるので特に好ましい。
また、非水溶媒がエチレンカーボネート及び/又はプロピレンカーボネートを含むと電極上に形成される被膜の抵抗が小さくなるので好ましく、エチレンカーボネート及び/又はプロピレンカーボネートの含有量は、非水溶媒の総体積に対し、好ましくは3体積%以上、より好ましくは5体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上、また、上限としては、好ましくは45体積%以下、より好ましくは35体積%以下、更に好ましくは25体積%以下である。
前記一般式(II)で表されるエステルの含有量は、特に制限されないが、非水溶媒の総体積に対して、1~80体積%の範囲で用いるのが好ましい。該含有量が1体積%以上であれば広い温度範囲での電気化学特性の改善効果が高まるので好ましく、80体積%以下であれば非水電解液の電気伝導度が低下して広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が低下するおそれが少ないので上記範囲であることが好ましい。好ましくは30体積%以上であり、その上限は、好ましくは70体積%以下である。
また、ピバリン酸エステルを用いる場合には、鎖状カーボネートと併せて用いると好ましく、ピバリン酸エステルの含有量が鎖状カーボネートより多いと更に好ましい。
前記一般式(II)で表されるエステル中にピバリン酸エステルが占める体積の割合は、51体積%以上が好ましく、55体積%以上がより好ましい。上限としては、95体積%以下がより好ましく、85体積%以下であると更に好ましい。
また、鎖状カーボネートとしては、ジメチルカーボネートまたはジエチルカーボネートが含まれると特に好ましい。
上記の場合に一段と広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が向上するので好ましい。
アミドとしては、ジメチルホルムアミド等が挙げられ、リン酸エステルとしては、リン酸トリメチル、リン酸トリブチル、及びリン酸トリオクチル等が挙げられ、スルホンとしては、スルホラン等が挙げられ、ニトリルとしてはアセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、スクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、及びピメロニトリル等が挙げられ、イソシアネートとしては、テトラメチレンジイソシアネート、ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート、オクタメチレンジイソシアネートなどが挙げられる。S=O結合含有化合物としては、1,3-プロパンスルトン、1,3-ブタンスルトン、1,4-ブタンスルトン等のスルトン化合物、エチレンサルファイト、ヘキサヒドロベンゾ[1,3,2]ジオキサチオラン-2-オキシド(1,2-シクロヘキサンジオールサイクリックサルファイトともいう)、5-ビニル-ヘキサヒドロ1,3,2-ベンゾジオキサチオール-2-オキシド等の環状サルファイト化合物、メタンスルホン酸2-プロピニル、メチレンメタンジスルホネート等のスルホン酸エステル化合物、ジビニルスルホン、1,2-ビス(ビニルスルホニル)エタン、ビス(2-ビニルスルホニルエチル)エーテル等のビニルスルホン化合物等から選ばれるS=O結合含有化合物、無水酢酸、無水プロピオン酸等の鎖状のカルボン酸無水物、無水コハク酸、無水マレイン酸、無水グルタル酸、無水イタコン酸、3-スルホ-プロピオン酸無水物等の環状酸無水物、メトキシペンタフルオロシクロトリホスファゼン、エトキシペンタフルオロシクロトリホスファゼン、フェノキシペンタフルオロシクロトリホスファゼン、エトキシヘプタフルオロシクロテトラホスファゼンなどの環状ホスファゼン化合物、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、フルオロシクロヘキシルベンゼン化合物(1-フルオロ-2-シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-3-シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-4-シクロヘキシルベンゼン)、tert-ブチルベンゼン、tert-アミルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-4-tert-ブチルベンゼン等の分枝アルキル基を有する芳香族化合物や、ビフェニル、ターフェニル(o-、m-、p-体)、ジフェニルエーテル、フルオロベンゼン、ジフルオロベンゼン(o-、m-、p-体)、アニソール、2,4-ジフルオロアニソール、ターフェニルの部分水素化物(1,2-ジシクロヘキシルベンゼン、2-フェニルビシクロヘキシル、1,2-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、o-シクロヘキシルビフェニル)等の芳香族化合物が好適に挙げられる。
本発明に使用される電解質塩としては、下記のリチウム塩、オニウム塩が好適に挙げられる。
リチウム塩としては、LiPF6、LiPO2F2、Li2PO3F、LiBF4、LiClO4等の無機リチウム塩、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(iso-C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso-C3F7)等の鎖状のフッ化アルキル基を含有するリチウム塩や、(CF2)2(SO2)2NLi、(CF2)3(SO2)2NLi等の環状のフッ化アルキレン鎖を有するリチウム塩、ビス[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウムやジフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム等のオキサレート錯体をアニオンとするリチウム塩が好適に挙げられ、これらの一種または二種以上を混合して使用することができる。これらの中でも、LiPF6、LiPO2F2、Li2PO3F、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2およびLiN(SO2C2F5)2から選ばれる少なくとも1種が好ましく、LiPF6、LiPO2F2、LiBF4およびLiN(SO2CF3)2から選ばれる少なくとも1種が更に好ましい。リチウム塩の濃度は、前記の非水溶媒に対して、通常0.3M以上が好ましく、0.7M以上がより好ましく、1.1M以上が更に好ましい。またその上限は、2.5M以下が好ましく、2.0M以下がより好ましく、1.6M以下が更に好ましい。
また、これらのリチウム塩の好適な組み合わせとしては、LiPF6を含み、更にLiPO2F2、LiBF4およびLiN(SO2CF3)2から選ばれる少なくとも1種のリチウム塩が非水電解液中に含まれている場合が好ましく、LiPF6以外のリチウム塩が非水溶媒中に占める割合は、0.001M以上であると、高温での電気化学特性の向上効果発揮されやすく、0.005M以下であると高温での電気化学特性の向上効果が低下する懸念が少ないので好ましい。好ましくは0.01M以上、特に好ましくは0.03M以上、最も好ましくは0.04M以上である。その上限は、好ましくは0.4M以下、特に好ましくは0.2M以下である。
また、オニウム塩としては、下記に示すオニウムカチオンとアニオンを組み合わせた各種塩が好適に挙げられる。
オニウムカチオンの具体例としては、テトラメチルアンモニウムカチオン、エチルトリメチルアンモニウムカチオン、ジエチルジメチルアンモニウムカチオン、トリエチルメチルアンモニウムカチオン、テトラエチルアンモニウムカチオン、N,N-ジメチルピロリジニウムカチオン、N-エチル-N-メチルピロリジニウムカチオン、N,N-ジエチルピロリジニウムカチオン、スピロ-(N,N')-ビピロリジニウムカチオン、N,N'-ジメチルイミダゾリニウムカチオン、N-エチル-N'-メチルイミダゾリニウムカチオン、N,N'-ジエチルイミダゾリニウムカチオン、N,N'-ジメチルイミダゾリウムカチオン、N-エチル-N'-メチルイミダゾリウムカチオン、N,N'-ジエチルイミダゾリウムカチオン等が好適に挙げられる。
アニオンの具体例としては、PF6アニオン、BF4アニオン、ClO4アニオン、AsF6アニオン、CF3SO3アニオン、N(CF3SO2)2アニオン、N(C2F5SO2)2アニオン、等が好適に挙げられる。
これらの電解質塩は、1種単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
本発明の非水電解液は、例えば、前記の非水溶媒を混合し、これに前記の電解質塩及び該非水電解液に対して前記一般式(I)で表されるカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有するエステルを添加することにより得ることができる。
この際、用いる非水溶媒及び非水電解液に加える化合物は、生産性を著しく低下させない範囲内で、予め精製して、不純物が極力少ないものを用いることが好ましい。
本発明のリチウム電池は、リチウム一次電池及びリチウム二次電池を総称する。また、本明細書において、リチウム二次電池という用語は、いわゆるリチウムイオン二次電池も含む概念として用いる。本発明のリチウム電池は、正極、負極及び非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている前記非水電解液からなる。非水電解液以外の正極、負極等の構成部材は特に制限なく使用できる。
例えば、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質としては、コバルト、マンガン、およびニッケルから選択される1種以上を含有するリチウムとの複合金属酸化物が使用される。これらの正極活物質は、1種単独または2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
このようなリチウム複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiCo1-xNixO2(0.01<x<1)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4、LiCo0.98Mg0.02O2等が挙げられる。また、LiCoO2とLiMn2O4、LiCoO2とLiNiO2、LiMn2O4とLiNiO2のように併用してもよい。
これらの中では、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2のような満充電状態における正極の充電電位がLi基準で4.3V以上で使用可能なリチウム複合金属酸化物が好ましく、LiCo1-xMxO2(但し、MはSn、Mg、Fe、Ti、Al、Zr、Cr、V、Ga、Zn、Cuから選ばれる少なくとも1種類以上の元素、0.001≦x≦0.05)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4、Li2MnO3とLiMO2(Mは、Co、Ni、Mn、Feなどの遷移金属)との固溶体のようなLi基準で4.4V以上で使用可能なリチウム複合金属酸化物がより好ましい。高充電電圧で動作するリチウム複合金属酸化物を使用すると、充電時における電解液との反応により特に広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が低下しやすいが、本発明に係るリチウム二次電池ではこれらの電気化学特性の低下を抑制することができる。
特にMnを含む正極の場合に正極からのMnイオンの溶出に伴い電池の抵抗が増加しやすい傾向にあるため、広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が低下しやすい傾向にあるが、本発明に係るリチウム二次電池ではこれらの電気化学特性の低下を抑制することができるので好ましい。
これらのリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩の一部は他元素で置換してもよく、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガンの一部をCo、Mn、Ni、Mg、Al、B、Ti、V、Nb、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ca、Sr、W及びZr等から選ばれる1種以上の元素で置換したり、またはこれらの他元素を含有する化合物や炭素材料で被覆することもできる。これらの中では、LiFePO4またはLiMnPO4が好ましい。
また、リチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩は、例えば前記の正極活物質と混合して用いることもできる。
また、正極中に元素としてNiが含まれる場合、正極活物質中のLiOHなどの不純物が増える傾向があるため、一段と広い温度範囲での電気化学特性の改善効果が得られやすいので好ましく、正極活物質中のNiの原子濃度が5~25atomic%である場合が更に好ましく、8~21atomic%である場合が特に好ましい。
正極の集電体を除く部分の密度は、通常は1.5g/cm3以上であり、電池の容量をさらに高めるため、好ましくは2g/cm3以上であり、より好ましくは、3g/cm3以上であり、更に好ましくは、3.6g/cm3以上である。なお、上限としては、4g/cm3以下が好ましい。
これらの中では、リチウムイオンの吸蔵及び放出能力において、人造黒鉛や天然黒鉛等の高結晶性の炭素材料を使用することが更に好ましく、格子面(002)の面間隔(d002)が0.340nm(ナノメータ)以下、特に0.335~0.337nmである黒鉛型結晶構造を有する炭素材料を使用することが特に好ましい。
複数の扁平状の黒鉛質微粒子が互いに非平行に集合或いは結合した塊状構造を有する人造黒鉛粒子や、例えば鱗片状天然黒鉛粒子に圧縮力、摩擦力、剪断力等の機械的作用を繰り返し与え、球形化処理を施した黒鉛粒子を用いることにより、負極の集電体を除く部分の密度を1.5g/cm3以上の密度に加圧成形したときの負極シートのX線回折測定から得られる黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I(110)と(004)面のピーク強度I(004)の比I(110)/I(004)が0.01以上となると一段と広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が向上するので好ましく、0.05以上となることがより好ましく、0.1以上となることが更に好ましい。また、過度に処理し過ぎて結晶性が低下し電池の放電容量が低下する場合があるので、上限は0.5以下が好ましく、0.3以下がより好ましい。
また、高結晶性の炭素材料(コア材)はコア材よりも低結晶性の炭素材料によって被膜されていると、広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が一段と良好となるので好ましい。被覆の炭素材料の結晶性は、TEMにより確認することが出来る。
高結晶性の炭素材料を使用すると、充電時において非水電解液と反応し、界面抵抗の増加によって広い温度範囲での電気化学特性を低下させる傾向があるが、本発明に係るリチウム二次電池では広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が良好となる。
負極の集電体を除く部分の密度は、通常は1.1g/cm3以上であり、電池の容量をさらに高めるため、好ましくは1.5g/cm3以上であり、特に好ましくは1.7g/cm3以上である。なお、上限としては、2g/cm3以下が好ましい。
電池用セパレータとしては、特に制限はされないが、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンの単層または積層の微多孔性フィルム、織布、不織布等を使用できる。
本発明の第2の蓄電デバイスは、電解液と電極界面の電気二重層容量を利用してエネルギーを貯蔵する蓄電デバイスである。本発明の一例は、電気二重層キャパシタである。この蓄電デバイスに用いられる最も典型的な電極活物質は、活性炭である。二重層容量は概ね表面積に比例して増加する。
本発明の第3の蓄電デバイスは、電極のドープ/脱ドープ反応を利用してエネルギーを貯蔵する蓄電デバイスである。この蓄電デバイスに用いられる電極活物質として、酸化ルテニウム、酸化イリジウム、酸化タングステン、酸化モリブデン、酸化銅等の金属酸化物や、ポリアセン、ポリチオフェン誘導体等のπ共役高分子が挙げられる。これらの電極活物質を用いたキャパシタは、電極のドープ/脱ドープ反応にともなうエネルギー貯蔵が可能である。
本発明の第4の蓄電デバイスは、負極であるグラファイト等の炭素材料へのリチウムイオンのインターカレーションを利用してエネルギーを貯蔵する蓄電デバイスである。リチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)と呼ばれる。正極は、例えば活性炭電極と電解液との間の電気二重層を利用したものや、π共役高分子電極のドープ/脱ドープ反応を利用したもの等が挙げられる。電解液には少なくともLiPF6などのリチウム塩が含まれる。
〔リチウムイオン二次電池の作製〕
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2(正極活物質、正極活物質10gを蒸留水100mlに分散させた時の上澄み液のpHは10.8);94質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤);3質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤);3質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに打ち抜き、正極シートを作製した。正極の集電体を除く部分の密度は3.6g/cm3であった。また、非晶質炭素で被覆された人造黒鉛(負極活物質、d002=0.335nm)95質量%を、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに打ち抜き負極シートを作製した。負極の集電体を除く部分の密度は1.5g/cm3であった。また、この電極シートを用いてX線回折測定した結果、黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I(110)と(004)面のピーク強度I(004)の比〔I(110)/I(004)〕は0.1であった。そして、正極シート、微多孔性ポリエチレンフィルム製セパレータ、負極シートの順に積層し、表1及び表2に記載の組成の非水電解液を加えて、2032型コイン電池を作製した。
上記の方法で作製した電池を用いて、25℃の恒温槽中、1Cの定電流で4.2V(充電終止電圧)まで充電した後、4.2Vの定電圧で2.5時間充電し、次に1Cの定電流で、放電電圧3.0V(放電終止電圧)まで放電した。次に0℃の恒温槽中、1Cの定電流で4.2Vまで充電した後、4.2Vの定電圧で2.5時間充電し、次に1Cの定電流で、放電電圧3.0Vまで放電した。これを50サイクルに達するまで繰り返した。そして、以下の式により0℃における50サイクル後の放電容量維持率(%)を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
0℃50サイクル後の放電容量維持率(%)=(0℃における50サイクル目の放電容量/0℃における1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
上記の方法で作製した電池を用いて、60℃の恒温槽中、1Cの定電流で4.2V(充電終止電圧)まで充電した後、4.2Vの定電圧で2.5時間充電し、次に1Cの定電流で、放電電圧3.0V(放電終止電圧)まで放電した。これを100サイクルに達するまで繰り返した。そして、以下の式により60℃における100サイクル後の放電容量維持率(%)を求めた。結果を表1および表2に示す。
60℃100サイクル後の放電容量維持率(%)=(60℃における100サイクル目の放電容量/60℃における1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
電池の作製条件及び電池特性を表1および表2に示す。
実施例2、比較例1で用いた負極活物質に変えて、ケイ素(単体)(負極活物質)を用いて、負極シートを作製した。ケイ素(単体);80質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤);15質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤);5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに打ち抜き、負極シートを作製したことの他は、実施例2、比較例1と同様にコイン電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表3に示す。
実施例2、比較例1で用いた正極活物質に変えて、非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO4(正極活物質)を用いて、正極シートを作製した。非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO4;90質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤);5質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤);5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに打ち抜き、正極シートを作製したこと、電池評価の際の充電終止電圧を3.6V、放電終止電圧を2.0Vとしたことの他は、実施例2、比較例1と同様にコイン電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表4に示す。
また、実施例11と比較例3の対比から、負極にケイ素(単体)を用いた場合や、実施例12と比較例4の対比から、正極にリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸鉄塩を用いた場合にも同様な効果がみられる。従って、本発明の効果は、特定の正極や負極に依存した効果でないことは明らかである。
Claims (5)
- 非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水溶媒中に、下記一般式(I)で表されるカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有するエステルを0.01~40体積%含有することを特徴とする非水電解液。
- 前記一般式(I)で表されるカルボニル基のα位の炭素にアルキル基を二つ有するエステルを構成するR2およびR3が互いに連結して環を形成する場合には、前記環の構造が3~9員環構造であり、R2およびR3が環を形成しない場合には、R2とR3の合計の炭素数が4~8であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記非水溶媒中に、第3級カルボン酸エステルをさらに含有することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記非水溶媒中に、鎖状カーボネートをさらに含有し、
前記第3級カルボン酸エステルの含有量が、前記鎖状カーボネートの含有量よりも多いことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の非水電解液。 - 正極、負極及び非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液を備えた蓄電デバイスにおいて、該非水電解液が請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の非水電解液であることを特徴とする蓄電デバイス。
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CN2012800179453A CN103477492A (zh) | 2011-04-11 | 2012-03-26 | 非水电解液及使用该非水电解液的蓄电设备 |
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EP3176864A4 (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2018-08-15 | UBE Industries, Ltd. | Non-aqueous electrolyte and power storage device using same |
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FR3033088B3 (fr) * | 2015-02-24 | 2017-09-01 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Electrolyte a base d'un solvant ester d'alkyle specifique et son procede de preparation |
WO2016160703A1 (en) | 2015-03-27 | 2016-10-06 | Harrup Mason K | All-inorganic solvents for electrolytes |
CN106207261B (zh) * | 2015-05-25 | 2021-01-15 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 电解液及电池 |
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