WO2012114391A1 - 燃料電池システム及びその運転方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池システム及びその運転方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012114391A1 WO2012114391A1 PCT/JP2011/004015 JP2011004015W WO2012114391A1 WO 2012114391 A1 WO2012114391 A1 WO 2012114391A1 JP 2011004015 W JP2011004015 W JP 2011004015W WO 2012114391 A1 WO2012114391 A1 WO 2012114391A1
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- fuel cell
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- special mode
- time
- cell system
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
- H01M8/0494—Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04955—Shut-off or shut-down of fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/10—Fuel cells in stationary systems, e.g. emergency power source in plant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/40—Fuel cell technologies in production processes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system including a fuel cell that generates power using fuel gas and oxidant gas and a controller.
- the present invention relates to control of trial operation, operation during maintenance, and the like in a fuel cell system that operates based on the allowable operation time per unit time or the allowable operation frequency obtained from the total durable operation time or the total durable operation number.
- the system is operated based on an established operation plan in order to reliably drive the fuel cell during the service life expected by the user.
- an established operation plan in order to reliably drive the fuel cell during the service life expected by the user.
- the total operation time of the fuel cell for example, about 40,000 hours
- an allowable operation time per predetermined period is planned in advance, and operation is performed based on this operation plan (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a conventional fuel cell system described in Patent Document 1.
- the control device 50 creates an operation plan for the fuel cell 15 by setting an allowable operation time for the fuel cell 15 based on the past operation results stored in the data holding means. Then, the operation of the fuel cell 15 according to this operation plan is started. Thereafter, when a predetermined unit period elapses, the actual operation time is compared with the allowable operation time, and if the actual operation time is less than the allowable operation time, a difference value between the two is obtained. Then, the operation plan that has already been created is updated to a new operation plan that includes the next allowable operation time plus the difference value.
- the present invention solves the above-described conventional problems, and can perform a test operation after the construction of the fuel cell system or after the completion of the maintenance, regardless of the operation time of the power generation operation that is a user's usage mode.
- a fuel cell system includes a fuel cell that generates power using a fuel gas and an oxidant gas, a controller that controls at least activation and deactivation of the fuel cell, and at least activation and deactivation controlled by the controller.
- An auxiliary machine wherein the controller determines an operation time per unit period of the fuel cell as a total durable operation time of at least one of the fuel cell and the auxiliary machine.
- a first operating condition that is less than or equal to a unit permissible operating time determined on the basis of the number of operations, and the number of operations per unit period of the fuel cell is based on the total number of durable operations of at least one of the fuel cell and the auxiliary device
- a normal mode in which the fuel cell is operated so as to satisfy at least one of the second operating conditions set to be equal to or less than the unit allowable operating number The a special mode for operating the fuel cell without being constrained by at least one of the conditions of the first operating condition and the second operating condition, thereby operating the fuel cell is switched between.
- normal operation in addition to the steady operation in which the fuel cell generates power, the operation during start-up operation for setting the fuel cell in the stopped state to the power generation state, and the fuel cell in the power generation state for stopping Including operation during stop operation.
- special operation an operation that is distinguished from the “normal operation” such as a test operation performed by an operator during construction or maintenance.
- the use of the fuel cell over the service life is ensured by operating in the normal mode according to the first operation condition and / or the second operation condition.
- the operation can be continued as much as necessary by operating in a special mode that is not subject to the restrictions of the above conditions, so that an appropriate trial operation can be performed.
- the condition is not restricted while the special mode is continued after the trial operation, the user can drive the fuel cell system and perform a normal operation such as a power generation operation.
- the controller can execute the operation in the special mode by switching to the normal mode during the same unit period as the operation in the normal mode for the fuel cell.
- the operation may be performed by switching from the special mode to the normal mode in the next unit period.
- the special operation can be performed regardless of the normal operation time until then. Even after the special operation is finished, the special mode is continued until the next day (the next unit period), so that the normal operation by the user is possible. Furthermore, since the next mode automatically switches from the special mode to the normal mode, the next day, the operation time is limited based on the first condition or the second condition, and an appropriate operation plan that takes into consideration the service life of the fuel cell. Can be executed.
- the power supply further includes a main power switch that switches supply and interruption of power from a commercial power source to at least the fuel cell and the auxiliary machine, and the controller switches the main power switch from off to on.
- the fuel cell may be configured to permit operation in the special mode until the end of the unit period to which the time point when the main power switch is turned on belongs. .
- an operator operation unit operated by an operator when starting the operation in the special mode is further provided, and the controller is operated when the operation in the special mode is started by operating the operator operation unit.
- the fuel cell may be configured to be allowed to operate in the special mode until the end of the unit period to which the operation point of the operator operation unit belongs.
- the controller further includes a user operation unit having a plurality of switches including a switch operated by a user to specify an operation condition of the fuel cell, and the controller includes a predetermined switch included in the user operation unit for a predetermined time.
- a user operation unit having a plurality of switches including a switch operated by a user to specify an operation condition of the fuel cell
- the controller includes a predetermined switch included in the user operation unit for a predetermined time.
- the fuel cell system when performing special operation, can be switched to the special mode by long pressing a predetermined switch or simultaneously pressing a plurality of predetermined switches. it can.
- the unit allowable operation time from the start of the special mode to the elapse of the special mode allowable time set shorter than the unit period.
- the operation of the fuel cell exceeding the unit permissible number of operations is permitted from the start of the special mode until the predetermined number of special mode permissible times is exhausted. It may be configured to.
- the operation is not limited by the unit permissible operation time or the unit permissible number of times of operation. be able to. Therefore, until this time, the special operation by the operator can be executed, and the normal operation by the user can be continuously executed after the special operation is completed.
- the controller is configured to accumulate an excess unit time during which the fuel cell is operated over the unit permissible operation time during one unit period by the operation in the special mode for an elapsed unit period. , And an excess cumulative number of times that the unit excess number of times that the fuel cell has been operated exceeding the unit allowable number of operations in one unit period is accumulated for the unit period that has passed, and the excess cumulative time is predetermined.
- the special mode is forcibly switched to the normal mode in at least one of the case where the excess upper limit cumulative time is reached and the excess cumulative number reaches a predetermined excess upper limit cumulative number. It may be configured.
- the constant threshold (excess upper limit cumulative time or excess upper limit cumulative number) is maintained.
- the mode is forcibly switched from the special mode to the normal mode. Thereby, long-term continuous operation can be suppressed and the use of the fuel cell over the service life can be guaranteed.
- the apparatus further includes a user operation unit having a plurality of switches including a switch operated by a user for designating an operation condition of the fuel cell, the user operation unit including the controller, wherein the controller has a predetermined excess accumulated time.
- the controller has a predetermined excess accumulated time.
- the unit allowable operation time may be set to be shorter as the heat demand is lower in one year.
- the unit allowable operation time is set shorter in the summer than in the winter. Therefore, while the fuel cell system can be operated for a long time according to the user's demand in winter, the service life can be guaranteed by suppressing the use time of the fuel cell system in summer.
- An operating method of a fuel cell system is an operating method of a fuel cell system including a fuel cell that generates power using fuel gas and an oxidant gas, and an auxiliary machine, wherein the fuel cell system per unit period of the fuel cell A first operating condition in which an operating time is equal to or less than a unit allowable operating time determined based on a total serviceable operating time of at least one of the fuel cell and the auxiliary device, and the number of times of operation per unit period of the fuel cell. So as to satisfy at least one of the second operating conditions that is less than or equal to the unit allowable number of operations determined based on the total number of durable operations of at least one of the fuel cell and the auxiliary device.
- the step of operating the fuel cell in a normal mode without being restricted by at least one of the first operating condition and the second operating condition.
- the fuel cell system of the present invention is operated under the normal mode that is limited to the unit allowable operation time or the unit allowable operation frequency determined based on the total allowable operation time or the total allowable operation frequency.
- the normal operation of is executed.
- special operation different from normal operation, it is allowed to operate in a special mode that is not restricted by the unit allowable operation time or the unit allowable operation frequency.
- the service life of the fuel cell system can be guaranteed by restricting the operation time or the number of operations.
- a special operation such as an appropriate test operation can be performed without being restricted by the operation time or the number of operations.
- the normal operation can be performed until a predetermined timing, and therefore it is possible to prevent the subsequent normal operation from being performed by a trial operation or the like. That is, even immediately after a special operation such as a test operation, it is possible to ensure execution of a normal operation by the user.
- FIG. 1 It is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of the fuel cell system which concerns on Embodiment 1 of this invention. It is a functional block diagram which shows the structure of the controller with which the fuel cell system of FIG. 1 is provided. 3 is a graph for explaining an example of an operation plan of the fuel cell system of FIG. 1. It is a flowchart which shows the operation mode switching operation
- the power generation system 2 includes a fuel cell 60, a fuel gas supply means 61, an oxidant gas supply means 62, an inverter 63, a heat exchanger 66, and the like. More specifically, a fuel gas supply means 61 is connected to the fuel cell 60 via a fuel gas supply pipe, and the fuel gas supply means 61 is connected to a raw material supply source such as a city gas infrastructure. A raw material supplier 61a and a reformer 61b are provided. The fuel gas supplied from the raw material supplier 61 a is reformed into a reformed gas that is a hydrogen-containing gas by the reformer 61 b, and this reformed gas is supplied to the fuel cell 60.
- the cooling water in the exhaust heat recovery pipe 67 heated by the heat accompanying the power generation in the fuel cell 60 is recovered to the upper layer of the hot water storage tank 69 through the pipe 71 if it is equal to or greater than the threshold, and is less than the threshold. If so, it is collected in the lower layer of the hot water storage tank 69 through the pipe 72. Since the cooling water in the hot water storage tank 69 is directed to the upper layer as the temperature is relatively high, as described above, the recovery position is divided up and down according to the temperature of the cooling water, so The low temperature water can be held in the lower layer.
- the heat exchanger 66 can be supplied with relatively low-temperature cooling water below the hot water storage tank 69 through the exhaust heat recovery pipe 67.
- a cooling water discharge port is provided at the upper part of the hot water storage tank 69, and the upstream end of the pipe 73 is connected to the discharge port, and the downstream end of the pipe 73 is connected to an input port of the mixing valve 75.
- a pipe for guiding tap water is connected to the lower part of the hot water storage tank 69, and the downstream end of the pipe 74 branched from the pipe is connected to another input port of the mixing valve 75.
- a pipe 76 is extended from the output port of the mixing valve 75, the downstream end of the pipe 76 is connected to the heating means 77, and the pipe 79 extended from the heating means 77 is a hot water supply curan (faucet). It is configured to reach.
- hot water having an arbitrary temperature can be taken out from the hot water supply curan. it can.
- hot water at a desired temperature can be discharged by heating with the heating means 77.
- a plurality of temperature sensors 69a to 69f are arranged in the vertical direction.
- the mixing temperature detection means 76a is provided on the piping 76 located in the downstream of the mixing valve 75, and heat demand (namely, use per unit time with a heat load) is provided on the piping 79 connected to the hot water supply curan.
- a heat load detecting means 80 for detecting the amount of heat is provided, and further, on the commercial power system 82, a power load detecting means 84 for measuring the power at the power receiving point corresponding to the power load 83 is provided.
- the signals detected by these detection means 76a, 80, 84 and the signals detected by the temperature sensors 69a to 69f are sent to the controller 81.
- Such a controller 81 and the main power switch 81a are generally not assumed to be operated by a user who uses the fuel cell system 1A, and a maintenance worker such as a manufacturer or an installer of the system 1A It is assumed to operate.
- the user operation device 78 is generally referred to as a remote controller, and is assumed to be operated by a general user, and is provided on, for example, a wall surface in a house.
- the user operation device 78 includes an operation unit 78a including a plurality of switches, a display unit (output unit) 78b including a liquid crystal display, and a notification unit (output unit) 78c including a speaker. Are connected so that they can communicate with each other.
- the operation unit 78a can perform various settings such as start and stop of power generation by the fuel cell 60, hot water supply temperature, reservation of time for hot water bathing, and the like, when operated by the user. For example, when the start of power generation is instructed by operating the operation unit 78a, the controller 81 that has received the instruction activates the power generation system 2 to start power generation. In addition, when the hot water supply temperature is set by operating the operation unit 78a and hot water is discharged from the hot water supply curan, the controller 81 sets the detected hot water temperature at the mixed temperature detecting means 76a and the set hot water supply temperature. Based on the difference, the mixing valve 75 and the heating means 77 are appropriately controlled.
- the mixing valve 75 is controlled so that the ratio of tap water from the pipe 74 is increased, and the detected value of the hot water temperature is higher than the set hot water temperature.
- the mixing valve 75 is controlled so that the proportion of tap water from the pipe 74 is small. Furthermore, even if the ratio of tap water from the pipe 74 is zero, if the detected value of the hot water temperature is still lower than the set hot water supply temperature, the heating means 77 is driven to raise the hot water to the set temperature.
- the display unit 78b can display various information such as the amount of power generated by the fuel cell 60, error information, and the amount of remaining hot water using characters, symbols, illustrations, and the like. Furthermore, the accumulated operation time of the day, the accumulated operation time for the most recent one week, one month, and one year, or the accumulated operation time after the system 1A has been installed can be appropriately switched and displayed.
- the notification unit 78c can output a voice, an alarm sound, and the like, for example, can output to the user that a bath has been completed by voice or the like.
- various types of information can be reported to the user, such as a voice report of the state of the fuel cell system 1A.
- the output by the notification unit 78c and the display by the display unit 78b are executed according to the operation of the operation unit 78a by the user or based on an instruction from the controller 81.
- FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing the configuration of the controller 81 described above.
- the controller 81 includes, as its functions, an operation plan formulation unit 85, a load state detection unit 86, an operation information input / output unit 87, a load history storage unit 88, and an operation control unit 89.
- the operation plan formulation means 85 is for formulating an operation plan for the fuel cell system 1A.
- the operation plan formulation means 85 is a service life set as a specification of the fuel cell 60 or other auxiliary equipment (for example, the reformer 61b). Based on the total operation time or the total number of useful operations, for example, a time during which operation can be performed per day for each season is set (see FIG. 3).
- the load state detection unit 86 acquires detection values from the thermal load detection unit 80 and the power load detection unit 84 and outputs the detection values to the operation plan formulation unit 85.
- the operation plan formulation means 85 updates the already-developed operation plan by appropriately correcting it based on the acquired detection value regarding the load.
- the operation information input / output means 87 accepts input of various operation information input by the user to the user operation device 78, or should be displayed or notified by the display unit 78b or the notification unit 78c of the user operation device 78.
- the information is output to the user operation device 78.
- the load history storage unit 88 stores information indicating the relationship between the power demand amount and the heat demand amount acquired via the load state detection unit 86 and the time when each demand occurred. This information is appropriately referred to by the operation plan formulation means 85. That is, the operation plan formulation unit 85 updates the operation plan by predicting a future change in power demand and heat demand over time based on information indicating the relationship between past demand and time stored in the load history storage unit 88. To do.
- the operation control unit 89 controls the operation of the power generation system 2 including the fuel gas supply unit 61, the oxidant gas supply unit 62, and the inverter 63 based on the operation plan formulated by the operation plan formulation unit 85 and the exhaust heat recovery system. 3 operations are controlled.
- FIG. 3 is a graph for explaining an example of an operation plan of the fuel cell system 1A.
- the horizontal axis represents each month from January to December, and the vertical axis represents the unit allowable operation time.
- the “unit allowable operation time” will be described.
- the components of the fuel cell system 1A are different from so-called “consumables” that have a short service life and are expected to be replaced during regular maintenance or for a relatively short period of use. And those that are predicated on long-term use (at least as perceived by users).
- the latter also includes a fuel cell 60 and a reformer 61b, which can withstand continuous use for at least about 10 years, for example, guarantee a service life of about 10 years, in order to match the user's perception. Is desired.
- the fuel cell 60 there is a limit of, for example, 40,000 hours as the total durable operation time
- the reformer 61b there is a limit of, for example, 4,000 times as the total durable operation time. Therefore, if the usage mode is such that the fuel cell system 1A is operated for a long time every day, the total service life is reached without waiting for 10 years, and the life of the fuel cell 60 is exhausted and the desired performance cannot be exhibited. There is a possibility.
- the fuel cell system 1A is used in such a manner that it repeatedly generates and stops a number of times a day, it reaches the total number of usable operations without waiting for 10 years, and the life of the reformer 61b is exhausted. There is a possibility that the desired performance cannot be exhibited.
- an “operation plan” is set in which an operation time or the number of operations allowed per unit period (eg, one day) is set.
- the operation time or the number of operations allowed per unit period is referred to as “unit allowable operation time” or “unit allowable operation number”.
- unit allowable operation time or “unit allowable operation number”.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and it is optional as needed, such as 2 days, 3 days, 1 week, 10 days, 1 month, etc. The period can be adopted.
- the unit allowable operation time is set longer in winter when the heat demand is large, and is set to a value in the range of about 17 to 20 [hour / day] depending on the month.
- the unit allowable operation time is shortened and set to a value in the range of about 10 to 13 [hour / day]. In other periods, it is about 13 to 17 [hour / day]. Is set to a value in the range.
- the set value of the unit permissible operation time described above is an example, and the set value of the unit permissible operation time at each time is appropriately set according to, for example, the climatic environment of the area where the fuel cell system 1A is installed and the use mode of the user Can be changed and set.
- an operation condition in which the operation time per unit period as described above is equal to or less than the unit allowable operation time is referred to as a “first operation condition”.
- the unit allowable number of operations is set to 1 [times / day], for example, regardless of heat demand or power demand, and an operation plan is formulated.
- an operation plan is formulated.
- the user uses the fuel cell system 1A, based on this operation plan, only the operation within the unit allowable number of operations set on that day is permitted, and the operation exceeding this is not permitted.
- This prevents the total number of operations of the reformer 61b from reaching the total number of usable operations (eg, 4,000 times) before the end of its useful life (eg, 10 years) and guarantees a useful life of 10 years. is doing.
- the total number of service lifespan of the reformer 61b is 4,000 times, even if it is operated once a day, about 350 times are generated in 10 years, but the remainder is used as a margin.
- the set value of the number of unit-permitted operations described above is also an example, and can be changed and set as appropriate according to the climate environment in the area where the fuel cell system 1A is installed and the usage mode of the user.
- an operation condition in which the number of operations per unit period as described above is equal to or less than the unit allowable number of operations is referred to as a “second operation condition”.
- the fuel cell system 1 ⁇ / b> A satisfies at least one of the first operating condition and the second operating condition during an operation that is used by a general user (hereinafter, “normal operation”).
- normal operation By controlling the fuel cell 60 as described above, the service life of the fuel cell 60 and the reformer 61b is guaranteed.
- a special mode of operation hereinafter referred to as “special operation”
- special operation is expected to continue for 2 to 3 hours. For example, when special operation is performed after 10 hours of normal operation in July in summer, sufficient operation is allowed within the unit allowable operation time. Time cannot be secured (see FIG. 3).
- the special operation is performed for 3 hours after the normal operation of 8 hours, the unit allowable operation time is reached only by that, and the user cannot perform the normal operation on that day.
- an operation mode in which the fuel cell 60 is controlled so as to satisfy at least one of the first operation condition and the second operation condition.
- an operation mode hereinafter referred to as “special mode” for controlling the fuel cell 60 so as not to be restricted by at least one of these operation conditions is provided.
- special mode for controlling the fuel cell 60 so as not to be restricted by at least one of these operation conditions is provided.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an operation mode switching operation in the fuel cell system 1A.
- the fuel cell system 1A performs mode switching by satisfying a predetermined condition while executing one of the normal mode and the special mode (step S1) (step S1).
- S2: YES) the other operation mode is executed (step S3). If the mode is not switched, the current operation mode is maintained (step S2: NO).
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing another example of the operation mode switching operation in the fuel cell system 1A. More specifically, this flowchart shows the operation when the operation mode is switched during one unit period by applying the switching process shown in FIG.
- the fuel cell system 1A is in the normal mode at the beginning of the unit period (here, one day) (step S10). Then, the operation time and the number of operations on the same day of the fuel cell 60 are monitored, and whether the operation time is less than the unit allowable operation time (step S11) or whether the operation number is less than the unit allowable operation number (step S12). to decide.
- step S11: NO when it is determined that the operation time exceeds the unit allowable operation time (step S11: NO), or when it is determined that the number of operations exceeds the unit allowable operation number (step S12: NO), the fuel cell.
- the operation of 60 is not permitted and is stopped (step 13), and this state is maintained until the next day (that is, until the next unit period starts) (step S14: NO). If it is determined that the next day has come (step S14: YES), the monitored operation time and the number of operations are initialized (to zero) (step S20), and this flow ends. In the next unit period (next day) after that, the operation from step S10 is executed again.
- step S15 it is determined whether or not the mode is switched. The determination of whether or not the mode is switched will be described later (see FIG. 6). If it is determined that there is no mode switching (step S15: NO), the processing from step S10 is executed again. If it is determined that there is a mode switching (step S15: YES), the current normal mode is selected. Is switched to the special mode (step S16).
- step S17 After shifting to this special mode, it is possible to execute an operation (special operation and normal operation) that is not restricted by the first operation condition and / or the second operation condition (step S17). (Ie, until the next unit period starts) (step S18: NO). If it is determined that the next day has come (step S18: YES), the special mode is terminated (step S19), and the monitored operation time and operation count are initialized (zero) (step S20). ) End this flow. In the next unit period (next day) after that, the operation from step S10, that is, the control in the normal mode is executed.
- the normal mode is switched to the special mode during the same day (same unit period), so that the special operation can be performed regardless of the normal operation time and the number of operations until then. Even after the special operation is finished, the special mode is continued until the next day (the next unit period), so that the normal operation by the user is possible. Furthermore, even if the special mode is maintained until the end of the day, the special mode is automatically switched to the normal mode on the next day. Therefore, on the next day, the operation time can be limited based on the first condition or the second condition, and an appropriate operation plan can be executed in consideration of the service life of the fuel cell.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing processing for determining whether or not to switch the operation mode from the normal mode to the special mode. Although three examples are shown in FIG. 6, these do not have to be adopted exclusively. That is, the fuel cell system 1A according to the present embodiment may employ only the processing shown in any one of these three examples, or may employ two or three examples in duplicate. Good.
- step S30-B it is determined whether or not a predetermined switch among the plurality of switches provided in the operation unit 78a of the user operation device 78 has been pressed.
- step S31-B it is determined that there is no switching of the operation mode
- step S32-B it is determined that the operation mode is switched
- switch S32-B the normal mode is switched to the special mode.
- “Long press” refers to an operation mode in which the pressure is continuously pressed for a predetermined time. In the case of this example 2, the signal input to the controller 81 at the time of the “long press” operation is “mode switching is possible”. It plays a role of a command signal indicating ".”
- the operator can switch the fuel cell system 1A to the special mode by long pressing a predetermined switch of the user operation device 78.
- step S30-B instead of an operation of pressing and holding a predetermined switch, whether or not a mode is switched is determined based on the presence or absence of an operation of simultaneously pressing a plurality of predetermined switches. May be. Further, Example 3 in FIG. 6 will be described later.
- the display unit 78b and / or the notification unit 78c of the user operation device 78 may output that the mode switching has been performed.
- a message 90 consisting of a character string such as “in maintenance” is switched to the special mode on the display unit 78b of the user operation device 78. It may be displayed at the same time.
- the voice guidance 91 such as “being maintained” may be issued from the notification unit 78c simultaneously with switching to the special mode. These may be executed together. Further, such display or audio output may be continuously performed for a certain period from the time of switching the mode, or may be continuously performed during the special mode.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the fuel cell system according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- the fuel cell system 1B shown in FIG. 8 has a configuration in which a maintenance operation unit (operator operation unit) 101 is added to the fuel cell system 1A shown in FIG.
- the maintenance operation unit 101 is operated only when a special operation is performed by an operator or the like, and is connected to the controller 81 via a communication line.
- Such a fuel cell system 1B can perform the same operation as described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5 in the first embodiment, and has been described with reference to Examples 1 and 2 in FIG. It is also possible to make a mode switching determination similar to. Furthermore, in the case of this fuel cell system 1B, the mode switching determination shown in Example 3 of FIG. 6 can be performed.
- the controller 81 determines whether or not the maintenance operation unit 101 has been operated (step S30-C). As a result, when the maintenance operation unit 101 is not operated, it is determined that the operation mode has not been switched (step S31-C), and the normal mode is maintained. On the other hand, when the maintenance operation unit 101 is operated, it is determined that the operation mode is switched (switch S32-C), and the normal mode is switched to the special mode. That is, in the case of Example 3, the signal input to the controller 81 by the operation of the maintenance operation unit 101 serves as a command signal indicating “mode switching is present”.
- the operating time of the fuel cell 60 is equal to or shorter than the unit allowable operating time (step S11), and the operating frequency is equal to or lower than the unit allowable operating frequency (step S12).
- the mode switching determination is performed to shift to the special mode.
- the mode is shifted to the special mode only when the command signal indicating “mode switching” as described in FIG. It is good.
- the mode can be shifted to the special mode during the same unit period, Special operation such as trial operation can be executed as required.
- Special operation such as trial operation can be executed as required.
- the possibility of the remaining unit allowable operation time and the number of unit allowable operation times being less likely to have decreased due to the use of the user so far. Can be performed reliably and is highly convenient.
- an upper limit time during which the special mode can be continued during one unit period may be set, and the special mode may be terminated when the upper limit time elapses after shifting to the special mode.
- an upper limit is set for the number of times that the fuel cell 60 can be operated during a series of special modes (that is, the number of transitions from the stopped state to the power generation state), and the upper limit is set after the transition to the special mode.
- the special mode may be terminated when the number of times is exhausted.
- the upper limit time is set as a period shorter than the unit period, and this is referred to as “special mode allowable time”.
- the upper limit number is set as a number equal to or less than the unit allowable operation number, and this is referred to as “special mode allowable number”.
- special mode allowable number an operation for terminating the special mode based on such a determination criterion will be described.
- FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system when the special mode is terminated.
- the fuel cell system 1A will be described as an example, but the present invention can of course be applied to the fuel cell system 1B.
- step S40 when the fuel cell system 1A enters the special mode (step S40), it is determined at a predetermined cycle whether or not the special mode allowable time has passed (step S41). That is, the controller 81 measures the elapsed time simultaneously with the transition to the special mode, and compares this with the predetermined special mode allowable time.
- step S41: YES If it is determined that the elapsed time has reached the special mode allowable time (step S41: YES), the special mode is terminated (step S45). On the other hand, if it is determined that the elapsed time has not reached the special mode allowable time (step S41: NO), subsequently, a command signal for switching the fuel cell 60 from the stop state to the power generation state is input to the controller 81. It is determined whether or not it has been done (step S42). Such a command signal is input to the controller 81 when, for example, a user or an operator inputs a start of power generation using the operation unit 78a of the user operation device 78.
- step S43 determines whether or not the number of operations of the fuel cell 60 has reached the allowable number of special modes. That is, if the operation of the fuel cell 60 is started in accordance with the command signal, it is determined whether or not the cumulative number of operations since the shift to the special mode has reached the special mode allowable number. As a result, when it is determined that the allowable number of special modes has not been reached (step S43: NO), the current special mode is maintained (step S44). Moreover, also when it determines with there being no input of the power generation start command signal in step S42 (step S42: NO), the present special mode is maintained (step S44). On the other hand, when it is determined in step S43 that the special mode allowable number has been reached (step S43: YES), the special mode is terminated (step S45).
- the fuel cell 60 is operated for a long time by maintaining the special mode all the time. Can be prevented.
- the time from the switching to the special mode to the end of the unit period is a short time, there is a possibility that power generation and stoppage may be repeated many times during that time, but such an increase in the number of operations is prevented. be able to.
- operation for a fixed time (special mode allowable time) or a fixed number of times (special mode allowable number) is guaranteed from the time of switching to the special mode. Normal operation can be performed without any problems.
- the display unit 78b or the notification unit 78c of the user operation device 78 It is preferable to output that fact. This allows the user to easily understand that the operating time or frequency of operation of the fuel cell is limited based on the service life, so that the user understands when operating the fuel cell system based on the operation plan. Can be obtained.
- the special mode may be terminated when the operation time exceeding the unit allowable operation time is calculated for each unit period and added, and when the total value reaches a predetermined threshold value.
- the time spent exceeding the unit permissible operating time during one unit period (unit excess time) is accumulated for the unit period that has elapsed after the installation of the system, and the time (excess cumulative time) is acquired. To do. Then, when this excess cumulative time reaches a predetermined upper limit value (excess upper limit cumulative time), the special mode may be terminated and switched to the normal mode.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing another operation of the fuel cell system when the special mode is terminated.
- the fuel cell system 1A is described as an example, but the present invention can of course be applied to the fuel cell system 1B.
- the controller 81 operates in the unit period to which the unit mode belongs at the time when the special mode is entered. (Excess time) is measured and combined with the unit excess time measured in the past unit period to acquire the excess accumulated time (step S51). Then, it is determined whether or not the excess accumulated time has reached an excess upper limit accumulated time that is a threshold value stored in advance in the internal memory of the controller 81 (step S52). As a result, when it is determined that the excess upper limit cumulative time has been reached (step S52: YES), the special mode is terminated (step S57).
- step S52 when it is determined that the excess upper limit cumulative time has not been reached (step S52: NO), it is determined whether or not a command signal for switching the fuel cell 60 from the stop state to the power generation state is input to the controller 81. (Step S53). If the controller 81 determines that this command signal has been input (step S53: YES), the current operation may exceed the unit allowable number of operations during the unit period to which the special mode is entered. For example, this is counted as the number of unit excesses and is added to the number of unit excesses counted in the past unit period to obtain the excess cumulative number of times (step S54).
- step S55 it is determined whether or not the excess cumulative number has reached the upper limit cumulative number which is a threshold value stored in advance in the internal memory of the controller 81 (step S55).
- step S55: YES it is determined that the excess upper limit cumulative number has been reached
- step S57 it is determined that the excess upper limit cumulative number has not been reached (step S55: NO) or when it is determined that no operation start command signal is input (step S53: NO)
- the current special mode is maintained (step S53: NO). Step S56).
- the controller 81 described in each embodiment cooperates with hardware resources such as a CPU (or microcomputer), a RAM, a ROM, a storage / recording device, an electrical / information device including an I / O, a computer, a server, and the like. You may implement in the form of the program to work. In the case of a program, the program can be easily distributed / updated or installed by recording it on a recording medium such as a magnetic medium or an optical medium or by distributing it using a communication line such as the Internet.
- a recording medium such as a magnetic medium or an optical medium
- the fuel cell system of the present invention can be applied not only to home use but also to business use in offices and factories.
- Fuel cell system 2 Power generation system 3 Waste heat recovery system 60
- Fuel cell 61 Fuel gas supply means 61b Reformer 62 Oxidant gas supply means 66 Heat exchanger 69 Hot water storage tank 78
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1に係る燃料電池システムの構成を示す模式図である。この図1に示すように、本実施の形態に係る燃料電池システム1Aは、燃料電池60を有して主として発電を行うための発電システム2、及び、該発電システム2の発電の際に生じた熱を回収する排熱回収システム3を備えている。
図3は、燃料電池システム1Aの運転計画の一例を説明するためのグラフである。このグラフでは、横軸は1~12月の各月を表し、縦軸は単位許容運転時間を表している。ここで、「単位許容運転時間」について説明する。燃料電池システム1Aの構成物には、定期的なメンテナンス時や比較的短期間の使用により交換することが想定されている耐用年数の短い所謂「消耗品」と、このような消耗品とは違って長期使用が前提とされているもの(少なくともユーザーからはそのように認識されているもの)とが存在する。後者には燃料電池60や改質器61bも含まれ、これらはユーザーの認識と一致させるために、例えば少なくとも10年程度の継続使用に耐えること、即ち、10年程度の耐用年数を保証することが望まれる。
図4は、燃料電池システム1Aでの運転モードの切り換え動作を示すフローチャートである。この図4に示すように、燃料電池システム1Aは、通常モード及び特殊モードのうち何れか一方を実行(ステップS1)している間に、所定の条件を満たすことによりモードの切り換えを行い(ステップS2:YES)、他方の運転モードを実行する(ステップS3)。そして、モードの切り換えがない場合は、現状の運転モードを維持する(ステップS2:NO)。
次に、上記ステップS15に示したモード切り換え判定の具体例について説明する。図6は、通常モードから特殊モードへ運転モードを切り換えるか否かを判定する処理を示すフローチャートである。図6では3つの例を示しているが、これらは排他的に採用されなければならないものではない。即ち、本実施の形態に係る燃料電池システム1Aは、これらの3つの例うち何れか1の例に示す処理だけを採用してもよいし、2又は3の例を重複して採用してもよい。
図8は、本発明の実施の形態2に係る燃料電池システムの構成を示す模式図である。この図8に示す燃料電池システム1Bは、図1に示した燃料電池システム1Aに対し、メンテナンス操作部(オペレータ操作部)101が付加された構成となっている。このメンテナンス操作部101は、オペレータ等によって特殊運転が行われる場合にのみ操作されるものであり、制御器81との間で通信線を介して接続されている。
ところで、上述した説明では、特殊モードへ移行した後は当該移行時の属する単位期間の終了時点まで(即ち、次の単位期間が開始されるまで)、その運転モードが維持される態様を示した。しかしながら、このような態様に限られず、特殊モードへの移行時の属する単位期間が終了する前であっても、所定の条件に基づいて特殊モードを終了させてもよい。
上述した実施の形態3では、単位期間毎に、特殊モードの継続時間の上限値と特殊モードでの運転回数の上限値とを設定した場合を説明したが、特殊モードを終了するか否かの判定基準はこれに限られない。例えば、単位許容運転時間を超えて運転した時間を単位期間毎に算出して合算し、その合算値が所定の閾値に達した場合には、特殊モードを終了させることとしてもよい。換言すれば、1つの単位期間中に単位許容運転時間を超えて運転した時間(単位超過時間)を、システムの施工後に経過した単位期間分だけ全て累積してその時間(超過累積時間)を取得する。そして、この超過累積時間が所定の上限値(超過上限累積時間)に達した場合に、特殊モードを終了して通常モードへ切り換えるようにしてもよい。
2 発電システム
3 排熱回収システム
60 燃料電池
61 燃料ガス供給手段
61b 改質器
62 酸化剤ガス供給手段
66 熱交換器
69 貯湯タンク
78 ユーザー操作器
78a 操作部
78b 表示部(出力部)
78c 報知部(出力部)
81 制御器
81a 主電源スイッチ
101 メンテナンス操作部(オペレータ操作部)
Claims (11)
- 燃料ガス及び酸化剤ガスを用いて発電を行う燃料電池と、
少なくとも該燃料電池の起動及び停止を制御する制御器と、
該制御器によって少なくとも起動及び停止が制御される補機と、
を備える燃料電池システムであって、
前記制御器は、
前記燃料電池の単位期間あたりの運転時間を、前記燃料電池及び前記補機のうち少なくとも一方の機器の耐用総運転時間に基づいて定められる単位許容運転時間以下とする第1運転条件と、前記燃料電池の単位期間あたりの運転回数を、前記燃料電池及び前記補機のうち少なくとも一方の機器の耐用総運転回数に基づいて定められる単位許容運転回数以下とする第2運転条件と、のうち、少なくとも一方の運転条件を満たすように前記燃料電池を運転させる通常モードと、
前記第1運転条件及び前記第2運転条件のうち少なくとも一方の条件による制約を受けずに前記燃料電池を運転させる特殊モードと、
の間で切り換えて前記燃料電池を運転させる、燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記燃料電池に対して前記通常モードでの運転を実行しているのと同じ単位期間中に、該通常モードに切り換えて前記特殊モードでの運転を実行可能であり、且つ、前記特殊モードでの運転を実行している単位期間が終了すると、次の単位期間では前記特殊モードから前記通常モードに切り換えて運転するよう構成されている、請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 少なくとも前記燃料電池及び前記補機への商用電源からの電力の供給及び遮断を切り換える主電源スイッチを更に備え、
前記制御器は、前記主電源スイッチがオフからオンに切り換わって前記商用電源からの電力供給が開始された場合に、前記主電源スイッチがオンになった時点が属する単位期間の終了まで、前記燃料電池における前記特殊モードでの運転を許可する、請求項1又は2に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記特殊モードでの運転を開始する場合にオペレータに操作されるオペレータ操作部を更に備え、
前記制御器は、前記オペレータ操作部が操作されて前記特殊モードでの運転が開始された場合に、前記オペレータ操作部の操作時点が属する単位期間の終了まで、前記燃料電池における前記特殊モードでの運転を許可する、請求項1乃至3の何れかに記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記燃料電池の運転条件を指定するためにユーザーが操作するスイッチを含む複数のスイッチを有するユーザー操作部を更に備え、
前記制御器は、前記ユーザー操作部が有する所定のスイッチが所定時間だけ長押し操作された場合、又は、前記ユーザー操作部が有する所定の複数のスイッチが同時押し操作された場合に、当該操作時点の属する単位期間の終了まで、前記燃料電池における前記特殊モードでの運転を許可する、請求項1乃至4の何れかに記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記特殊モードでの運転を実行する場合、
該特殊モードを開始してから、前記単位期間より短く設定された特殊モード許容時間を経過するまでは、前記単位許容運転時間を超えた前記燃料電池の運転を許可し、又は、
前記特殊モードを開始してから、所定の特殊モード許容回数を消化するまでは、前記単位許容運転回数を超えた前記燃料電池の運転を許可する、請求項1乃至5の何れかに記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、
前記特殊モードでの運転により1の単位期間中に前記単位許容運転時間を超えて前記燃料電池を運転した単位超過時間を、経過した単位期間分だけ累積した超過累積時間、及び、1の単位期間中に前記単位許容運転回数を超えて前記燃料電池を運転した単位超過回数を、経過した単位期間分だけ累積した超過累積回数、を記憶し、
前記超過累積時間が所定の超過上限累積時間に達した場合、及び、前記超過累積回数が所定の超過上限累積回数に達した場合、のうち少なくとも一方の場合に、前記特殊モードを前記通常モードに強制的に切り換える、請求項1乃至6の何れかに記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記燃料電池の運転条件を指定するためにユーザーが操作するスイッチを含む複数のスイッチを有するユーザー操作部を更に備え、
該ユーザー操作部は、
前記制御器が、前記超過累積時間が所定の超過上限累積時間に達した場合、及び、前記超過累積回数が所定の超過上限累積回数に達した場合、のうち少なくとも一方の場合であって、前記特殊モードを前記通常モードに強制的に切り換える際に、
前記制御器からの指示に基づいて、前記特殊モードから前記通常モードへの切り換えを、音声出力又は表示出力する出力部を有する、請求項7に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記単位許容運転時間は、1年間のうち熱需要が低い時期ほど短くなるように設定されている、請求項1乃至8の何れかに記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記補機は、前記燃料電池に供給する燃料ガスを生成するための水素生成器を含む、請求項1乃至9の何れかに記載の燃料電池システム。
- 燃料ガス及び酸化剤ガスを用いて発電する燃料電池及び補機を備える燃料電池システムの運転方法であって、
前記燃料電池の単位期間あたりの運転時間を、前記燃料電池及び前記補機のうち少なくとも一方の機器の耐用総運転時間に基づいて定められる単位許容運転時間以下とする第1運転条件と、前記燃料電池の単位期間あたりの運転回数を、前記燃料電池及び前記補機のうち少なくとも一方の機器の耐用総運転回数に基づいて定められる単位許容運転回数以下とする第2運転条件と、のうち、少なくとも一方の運転条件を満たすように、前記燃料電池を通常モードで運転させるステップ、
前記第1運転条件及び前記第2運転条件のうち少なくとも一方の条件による制約を受けずに前記燃料電池を特殊モードで運転させるステップ、及び
前記通常モードと前記特殊モードとの間で運転を切り換えるステップ、
を備える燃料電池システムの運転方法。
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