WO2012101970A1 - リチウム二次電池およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
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- WO2012101970A1 WO2012101970A1 PCT/JP2012/000181 JP2012000181W WO2012101970A1 WO 2012101970 A1 WO2012101970 A1 WO 2012101970A1 JP 2012000181 W JP2012000181 W JP 2012000181W WO 2012101970 A1 WO2012101970 A1 WO 2012101970A1
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0421—Methods of deposition of the material involving vapour deposition
- H01M4/0423—Physical vapour deposition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/045—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M2010/4292—Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Lithium secondary batteries have high capacity and high energy density, and are easy to reduce in size and weight.
- mobile phones personal digital assistants (PDAs), notebook personal computers, video cameras, It is widely used as a power source for portable small electronic devices such as portable game machines.
- PDAs personal digital assistants
- portable small electronic devices such as portable game machines.
- the operating environment of the battery becomes relatively high (30 to 60 ° C.) due to heat generated by the components when the device is driven. For this reason, performance (capacity and life) in a harsher environment than before is required.
- lithium transition metal composite oxide As the positive electrode active material, for example, a lithium transition metal composite oxide is used.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide include lithium-containing composite oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) having a layered structure, lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), and lithium manganese spinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ) having a spinel structure. Things are known.
- lithium nickel oxides such as LiNiO 2 have a high reversible capacity (180 to 200 mAh / g) in the voltage range used for LiCoO 2 , and can absorb and release a larger amount of lithium. For this reason, when LiNiO 2 is used, further increase in capacity of the lithium secondary battery can be realized while suppressing side reactions such as decomposition of the electrolytic solution. Moreover, since the stability of the crystal structure of LiNiO 2 is low, there is also a problem that the charge / discharge cycle life is short. Furthermore, nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide generally has an irreversible capacity that cannot be substantially used at room temperature. For this reason, when a battery is formed using a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, there is a problem that the initial capacity of the battery is lost.
- nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxides have irreversible capacity.
- the cause of the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode is mainly the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) during initial charge, reduction of oxide, and trapping in the crystal structure of lithium occluded by charge. Can be mentioned. Many are irreversible reactions.
- SEI solid electrolyte interface
- the main cause of the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode is said to be an increase in polarization due to the slow diffusion of lithium into the crystal structure at the end of discharge.
- This irreversible capacity is not a complete irreversible reaction but changes with temperature and current density. That is, the reversible capacity can be increased to some extent by decreasing the reaction resistance by increasing the temperature or decreasing the current density.
- the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode and the negative electrode (material, electrode) is reduced.
- the irreversible capacity is eliminated before the battery is constructed by pretreatment of preliminarily occluding and releasing Li from the negative electrode.
- the irreversible capacities of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are balanced and canceled at the initial charge / discharge.
- Patent Document 1 in order to stabilize the crystal structure of lithium nickel oxide, a part of Ni of LiNiO 2 is replaced with cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), or the like. It has been proposed to use a positive electrode active material substituted with an element.
- Patent Document 2 LiNi 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 is used as a positive electrode active material, and after battery assembly, charging and discharging are first performed at room temperature, and then heated and charged at 45 to 60 ° C. at least three times. A technique for reducing the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode by repeating discharge is disclosed.
- Patent Document 3 discloses that lithium is occluded in advance in a carbon material by attaching a lithium foil to a carbon material of a negative electrode (transfer method).
- Patent Document 4 in a battery using a carbon-based negative electrode and a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide-based positive electrode, the irreversible capacity of the carbon-based negative electrode is optimized (39 mAh / g or more and 61 mAh / g or less) to obtain nickel. Disclosed is a technique for offsetting the capacity loss caused by the irreversible capacity of the lithium-containing composite oxide and minimizing the decrease in battery capacity.
- the lithium secondary battery is usually installed inside an electric device or the like and can be used at a temperature higher than room temperature (for example, 45 ° C.).
- room temperature for example, 45 ° C.
- high capacity is achieved while ensuring cycle characteristics when using a lithium secondary battery using lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material in a high temperature environment. It is difficult to do.
- Patent Document 1 When the positive electrode active material proposed in Patent Document 1 is used, the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode active material is reduced, and charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be improved.
- Patent Document 2 since the battery capacity at 20 ° C. after performing warming charge / discharge is greater than that before performing warming charge / discharge, polarization at the end of discharge of the positive electrode active material by warming charge / discharge is performed. It is described that can be reduced.
- the charge / discharge test is performed by returning the battery after performing the warming charge / discharge at a temperature of 45 to 60 ° C. to the room temperature, the capacity is the same as before the warming charge / discharge. Returned to capacity.
- the polarization at the end of discharge of the positive electrode active material is reversible with respect to temperature, and the capacity cannot be irreversibly increased by heating and discharging.
- the reversible capacity is 99 to 124 mAh / g
- the active material filling density is 2.43 g / cm 3
- the energy density of the positive electrode is low.
- Patent Document 3 proposes that a predetermined amount of lithium be occluded in advance in the negative electrode in order to offset the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode and the negative electrode at room temperature (20 ° C.).
- the lithium foil is directly attached to a part of the surface of the carbon material, since lithium is occluded only in the vicinity of the portion of the carbon material surface facing the lithium foil, the entire surface of the carbon material is uniformly distributed. There is a problem that it is difficult to occlude lithium.
- lithium is occluded in the vicinity of the surface of the carbon material, and does not easily enter the inside of the carbon material. For this reason, it is difficult to occlude a larger amount of lithium in the carbon material in advance.
- the battery capacity is substantially the same, and the increase in the capacity of the positive electrode due to the environmental temperature cannot be used.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 considers the change in the charge / discharge behavior of the positive electrode with the environmental temperature of the lithium secondary battery. Although it is possible to increase the reversible capacity of the positive electrode in a high temperature environment, the present inventors have investigated that the lithium secondary batteries disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 4 sufficiently increase the capacity of the positive electrode. Can not enjoy.
- the present invention has been made in consideration of the above circumstances, and its purpose is to suppress a decrease in charge / discharge cycle characteristics in a lithium secondary battery using a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, The purpose is to increase the battery capacity.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and a gap between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a lithium secondary battery including a separator disposed and an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, wherein the positive electrode active material includes a lithium nickel composite oxide having substantially irreversible capacity, and the negative electrode active material includes In which lithium is occluded in advance by a vacuum deposition method or an electrochemical method, and in the fully discharged state of the lithium secondary battery when the environmental temperature is 25 ° C., the amount of lithium that can be released in the negative electrode is It is larger than the irreversible capacity of the lithium secondary battery.
- the method for producing a lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes (A) a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and a positive electrode containing a lithium nickel composite oxide having substantially irreversible capacity; A step of preparing a negative electrode having a releasable negative electrode active material, (B) a step of preliminarily occluding lithium in the negative electrode active material, and (C) a vacuum deposition method or an electrochemical method.
- a method for producing a lithium secondary battery comprising: a step of forming an electrode group by arranging the negative electrode after preliminarily occluding lithium and the positive electrode through a separator, wherein the environmental temperature is 25 ° C. In the fully discharged state of the lithium secondary battery, the amount of lithium that can be released in the negative electrode is larger than the irreversible capacity of the lithium secondary battery. The amount of lithium is set to pre-occluded to B).
- another lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a lithium secondary battery including a separator disposed between and an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, wherein the positive electrode active material includes a lithium transition metal composite oxide having irreversible capacity, and the negative electrode active material Lithium is occluded in the substance, and in the fully discharged state of the lithium secondary battery when the environmental temperature is 25 ° C., the amount of lithium that can be released in the negative electrode is higher than the environmental temperature.
- the lithium pre-occlusion amount of the negative electrode active material is Greater than the irreversible capacity, the difference between the negative electrode active spare storage capacity and irreversible capacity of the negative electrode of the lithium material, the is a difference between the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode and releasable amount of lithium in the negative electrode equal.
- the polarization is improved at the end of discharge of the positive electrode in a high temperature environment.
- the increase in reversible capacity can be used to increase the capacity of lithium secondary batteries. Therefore, the battery capacity can be increased without deteriorating the charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- 5 is a graph illustrating charge / discharge behavior in a conventional lithium secondary battery using a graphite-based negative electrode active material. It is a graph which shows an example of the charging / discharging behavior in the lithium secondary battery when lithium is previously occluded in the negative electrode. It is a graph which shows an example of the charging / discharging behavior in the lithium secondary battery of the embodiment according to the present invention.
- 6 is a graph illustrating charge / discharge behavior in a conventional lithium secondary battery using a silicon-based negative electrode active material. It is a graph which shows an example of the charging / discharging behavior in the lithium secondary battery when lithium is previously occluded in the negative electrode.
- the inventor of the present invention in particular, in a conventional lithium secondary battery using a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material (for example, the batteries described in Patent Documents 1 to 4) under a high temperature environment. It has been found that it is difficult to achieve high capacity while ensuring cycle characteristics.
- an object of the present invention is to use a lithium secondary battery at a temperature higher than room temperature in a lithium secondary battery using a lithium transition metal composite oxide, particularly a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.
- the battery capacity is increased while suppressing a decrease in charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the present inventor has conducted earnest research in order to achieve both high capacity and high cycle characteristics in a high temperature environment in a lithium secondary battery using a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.
- lithium was previously applied to the negative electrode so that the amount of reversible (releasable) lithium contained in the negative electrode was larger than the irreversible capacity of the lithium secondary battery. It has been found that the capacity can be increased in a high temperature environment without deteriorating cycle characteristics by occlusion.
- the “amount of releasable lithium contained in the negative electrode” is a capacity excluding the amount not released (irreversible capacity of the negative electrode) out of the amount of lithium occluded in the negative electrode in a completely discharged state at 25 ° C.
- step by step taking as an example the case of using a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing a typical charge / discharge potential behavior (25 ° C.) of a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide.
- the graph shown in FIG. 1 shows changes in potential when Li x Ni 0.815 Co 0.15 Al 0.035 O 2 is used as the nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide and the x value is changed in the range of 0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.0. It is the result of having measured.
- the present inventor has raised the environmental temperature (for example, 45 ° C.) or extremely decreased the current density (for example, 0.06 mA / cm 2 ). It has been clarified that the usable capacity increases at a high discharge end potential. That is, in the graph shown in FIG. 1, the x value when the polarization suddenly increased during discharge was around 0.9, and the x value when the potential change suddenly increased was around 0.8. However, when the environmental temperature, current density, or the like changes, the x value at these points can change.
- the environmental temperature, current density, or the like changes, the x value at these points can change.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing a discharge potential curve of a positive electrode using a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.
- a discharge potential curve was obtained using LiNi 0.815 Co 0.15 Al 0.035 O 2 with a current density of 3.0 mA / cm 2 , a charge end potential of 4.25 V, and a discharge end potential of 2.0 V.
- the ambient temperature was 25 ° C and 45 ° C.
- the discharge potential hardly changes with temperature in the region where the x value is 0.8 or less.
- the potential change suddenly increases at an environmental temperature of 25 ° C, but the potential change is small at an environmental temperature of 45 ° C.
- the x value exceeds 0.9 at an environmental temperature of 25 ° C., for example, the polarization increases.
- the environmental temperature is 45 ° C.
- the polarization is kept small even if the x value exceeds 0.9, and the x value is Polarization increases after exceeding 0.95.
- the capacity increases by about 6% compared to the case of the environmental temperature of 25 ° C.
- the potential profile at the end of discharge is the same, but the discharge capacity increases.
- the obtained precursor and lithium carbonate were mixed so that the molar ratio of lithium, cobalt, nickel and aluminum (Li: Co: Ni: Al) was 1: 0.815: 0.15: 0.035 did.
- the mixture was calcined in an oxygen atmosphere at a temperature of 500 ° C. for 7 hours and pulverized.
- the pulverized fired product was fired again at a temperature of 800 ° C. for 15 hours.
- the fired product was pulverized and classified to obtain a positive electrode active material having a composition represented by LiNi 0.815 Co 0.15 Al 0.035 O 2 .
- the aluminum foil on which the positive electrode active material layer was formed was rolled to form a working electrode.
- the thickness of the working electrode that is, the total thickness of the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer was 65 ⁇ m, and the working electrode capacity per unit area was 3.0 mAh / cm 2 .
- this working electrode capacity uses lithium metal as a counter electrode, charging current value: 0.1 mA / cm 2 , end voltage: 4.25 V, discharge current value: 0.1 mA / cm 2 , end voltage: 3.0 V It is a capacity
- the electrolytic copper foil on which the active material layer was formed was rolled to obtain a counter electrode having a thickness of 80 ⁇ m.
- the capacity of the counter electrode was made larger than that of the working electrode in order to evaluate the performance of the working electrode.
- the negative electrode capacity per unit area was 4.1 mAh / cm 2 .
- the negative electrode capacity is obtained by using lithium metal as a counter electrode under the conditions of a charging current value: 0.1 mA / cm 2 , a final voltage: 0 V, a discharge current value: 0.1 mA / cm 2 , and a final voltage: 1.5 V. This is the capacity when constant current charge / discharge is performed.
- lithium corresponding to 0.5 mAh / cm 2 is electrochemically previously applied to the negative electrode so that the discharge end voltage of the evaluation cell is not affected by the change in discharge potential of the negative electrode. Occupied. Thereby, at the end of discharge, the time when the potential of the negative electrode rises can be sufficiently delayed from the time when the potential of the positive electrode greatly decreases. Therefore, the potential of the negative electrode can be made substantially flat in the evaluation test.
- the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode active material was 0.35 mAh / cm 2 . That is, the reversible capacity included at the time of discharge is 0.15 mAh / cm 2 .
- a stacked cell including an electrode group configured by stacking a positive electrode, a separator, and a negative electrode is used as an evaluation cell.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the evaluation cell used in this example.
- the evaluation cell includes a positive electrode 11, a negative electrode 12, a separator 13, a positive electrode lead 14, a negative electrode lead 15, a gasket 16 and an outer case 17.
- the positive electrode 11 includes a positive electrode current collector 11a and a positive electrode active material layer 11b
- the negative electrode 12 includes a negative electrode current collector 12a and a negative electrode active material layer 12b.
- the separator 13 is disposed between the positive electrode active material layer 11b and the negative electrode active material layer 12b.
- the positive electrode lead 14 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 11a
- the negative electrode lead 15 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 12a.
- An electrode group composed of the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, and the separator 13 is enclosed in an outer case 17 together with an electrolyte.
- the working electrode prepared in (1-2) above was cut into a size of 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm to obtain the positive electrode 11.
- the counter electrode obtained in the above (1-3) was cut into 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm, and the negative electrode 12 was obtained.
- the positive electrode lead 14 and the negative electrode lead 15 were welded to the portions of the current collectors 11a and 12a of the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12 where the active material layers 11b and 12b were not formed, respectively.
- the positive electrode 11, the separator 13, and the negative electrode 12 were laminated so that the positive electrode active material layer 11 b and the negative electrode active material layer 12 b faced through the separator (polyethylene microporous film) 13, thereby producing an electrode group. .
- This electrode group was inserted into an outer case 17 made of an aluminum laminate together with 0.5 g of electrolyte.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- lithium metal was prepared as a reference electrode.
- a reference electrode (not shown) was disposed in the vicinity of the positive electrode 11 in the outer case 17.
- the positive electrode lead 14, the negative electrode lead 15, and the reference electrode lead (not shown) were led out of the outer case 17 from the opening of the outer case 17. Thereafter, the opening of the outer case 17 was welded while vacuuming the inside of the outer case 17. In this way, an evaluation cell was obtained.
- the lithium content of the positive electrode active material at the end of charge and at the end of discharge (discharge end), that is, the x value in the composition Li x Ni 0.815 Co 0.15 Al 0.035 O 2 of the positive electrode active material was examined.
- Table 1 shows the x value at the end of discharge. In any of tests (a) to (d), the x value at the end of charging was 0.232.
- Constant current charging 0.7 CmA, final voltage 4.2 V
- Constant voltage charging End current 0.05 CmA, rest time 20 minutes
- test (a) at the test temperature of 25 ° C., the current density was 0.2 C, and the positive electrode potential at which the x value was 0.96 was defined as the discharge end potential.
- test (b) at a test temperature of 25 ° C., the current density is set to a very low value so that the positive electrode potential does not become 2 V or less (a region where the potential drops rapidly), and the x value becomes 0.96. Discharge was performed.
- the discharge end potential was 2.65 V, the same as the discharge end potential in the test (b). Furthermore, in the test (d), for comparison, standard charge / discharge was performed at 25 ° C. with a current density of 0.2 C and a discharge end potential of 2.65 V.
- FIG. 3 the discharge curves of the positive electrode active materials in tests (a) to (c) are shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis represents capacity (mAh)
- the vertical axis represents discharge voltage (V).
- test (c) and (d) the discharge conditions other than the test temperature are the same. From the results of capacity deterioration rate and utilization capacity of these tests, it was found that both utilization capacity and reversibility can be improved when the test temperature is higher than room temperature.
- the capacity used was 202 mAh / g, but the capacity deterioration rate was highest in test (a), and decreased in the order of test (b) and test (c). . From this, it was confirmed that when the discharge end potential of the positive electrode is low (test (a)), the reversibility is lower than when the discharge end potential is high (test (b)). Furthermore, even when the discharge end potential of the positive electrode was the same, it was found that if the test temperature was higher than room temperature (test (c)), the reversibility could be improved.
- test (c) when the test temperature is high (test (c)), it is possible to achieve both high capacity and high reversibility. This is because when the test temperature is higher than room temperature (45 ° C in this case), the charge transfer resistance (reaction resistance) can be reduced not only at the end of discharge but also at the entire charge and discharge, so that reversible deterioration can be suppressed. It is done.
- FIG. 4B is a schematic graph showing the charge transfer resistance of the positive electrode at the initial stage and after 500 cycles.
- FIG. 4C shows the Arrhenius plots (graphs 91, 92, 93) regarding the redox reaction of the positive electrode at the initial stage of the cycle and the positive electrode after 500 cycles of charge / discharge at 25 ° C. and 45 ° C. Show.
- the horizontal axis represents the reciprocal of the absolute temperature K
- the vertical axis represents the exchange current density io (logarithmic notation) of the oxidation-reduction reaction of the positive electrode.
- the value of the exchange current density io increases as the absolute temperature increases.
- the slope of each graph represents the activation energy.
- the activation energies in the oxidation-reduction reaction of the positive electrode in the initial cycle and the positive electrode after 500 cycles of charge / discharge at 25 ° C. and 45 ° C. were 48.9 kJ / mol, 64.1 kJ / mol and 64. 3 kJ / mol.
- the activation energy of the positive electrode after 500 cycles is substantially the same regardless of the test temperature.
- the graph 92 (test temperature: 25 ° C.) is located above the graph 93 (test temperature: 45 ° C.), and it can be seen that the test temperature 25 ° C. is easier to react (that is, the cycle deterioration is smaller).
- the exchange current density io at point ⁇ in the graph 93 (test temperature: 45 ° C.) is higher than the exchange current density io at point ⁇ in the graph 92 (test temperature: 25 ° C.). This indicates that the apparent cycle deterioration is smaller when the test temperature is 45 ° C. than 25 ° C.
- the present inventor improves capacity and cycle characteristics by designing for use at a high temperature (for example, 45 ° C.), not on the assumption of use at room temperature. I got the knowledge that I can do it.
- the x value is larger than 0.92 in the region where the positive electrode voltage is low (2 V or less). For this reason, if discharge is performed until the x value becomes larger than 0.92 for the purpose of increasing the capacity, the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material are deteriorated.
- the working voltage range of the positive electrode is set to be greater than 2V, and a normal battery cannot be discharged until the positive electrode voltage is 2V or less. Only when the battery is used in a high temperature environment, the x value becomes larger than 0.92 in the operating voltage range of the positive electrode. Therefore, the capacity can be increased without degrading the cycle characteristics. As can be seen from the above, it is very important to optimize the positive electrode potential, the negative electrode potential, and the battery voltage at the end of discharge so that the performance is maximized at a high temperature (for example, 45 ° C.).
- FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating charge / discharge behavior at 25 ° C. in a conventional lithium secondary battery using a graphite-based material as a negative electrode active material and a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.
- the vertical axis represents potential based on lithium metal, and the horizontal axis represents relative capacity.
- the positive electrode potential is Vc and the negative electrode potential is Va.
- the positive electrode potential Vc gradually decreases from the start of discharge and then rapidly decreases at the end of discharge.
- the negative electrode potential Va rises very slowly from the start of discharge.
- the potential change gradually increases at the end of discharge, and the negative electrode potential Va rises rapidly.
- the positive electrode potential Vc rapidly decreases before the potential change of the negative electrode potential Va increases.
- the difference (cell voltage) between the positive electrode potential Vc and the negative electrode potential Va becomes equal to or lower than a predetermined voltage, and the discharge ends.
- the positive electrode potential at the end of discharge is referred to as “positive electrode discharge end potential Vce (dis) ”, and the negative electrode potential is referred to as “negative electrode discharge end potential Vae (dis) ”.
- the predetermined voltage is referred to as “cell discharge end voltage Vcelle (dis) ”.
- the discharge end voltage Vcelle (dis) of the cell is set to 2.5 V, for example.
- the irreversible capacity Qc of the positive electrode becomes the irreversible capacity of the battery.
- the irreversible capacity Qc of the positive electrode and the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode are devised so as to substantially cancel at 25 ° C.
- the profile of the positive electrode potential Vc changes so that the capacity increases. That is, as shown by the curve Vc ′ in FIG. 5, the point where the positive electrode potential Vc rapidly decreases shifts to the left side.
- the negative electrode potential Va rises abruptly before the positive electrode potential Vc rapidly decreases, and the discharge ends at that point (negative electrode potential regulation). For this reason, the amount by which the capacity of the battery actually increases is very small (about 1%) compared to the amount that can increase the capacity of the positive electrode by using the battery at 45 ° C.
- the charging start position of the positive electrode potential Vc can be shifted to the right in the graph shown in FIG.
- “preliminarily occluding lithium” in the negative electrode refers to the negative electrode (negative electrode active material) before the electrode group is formed by making the negative electrode and the positive electrode face each other with a separator in the manufacturing process of the lithium secondary battery. This means storing lithium.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing an example of charge / discharge behavior of a lithium secondary battery at 25 ° C. when the same amount of lithium as the irreversible capacity Qa is previously stored in the negative electrode.
- the relative capacity at the charging start point is smaller than the relative capacity at the point where the negative electrode potential Va rises.
- the relative capacity at the charging start point substantially matches the relative capacity at the point where the negative electrode potential Va rises. Therefore, in the complete discharge state at 25 ° C., the releasable (reversible) amount of lithium Qb in the negative electrode becomes equal to the irreversible capacity of the battery, that is, the irreversible capacity Qc of the positive electrode.
- the “fully discharged state at 25 ° C.” refers to a state in which the battery is discharged at a current of 0.2 C until the battery voltage becomes 2.5V.
- the charging start point of the negative electrode is shifted to the right side (in the direction of increasing the capacity). Therefore, the portion on the right side of the charging start point in the profile of the negative electrode potential Va shown in FIG. 6 is a charge / discharge curve in an actual lithium battery.
- the present inventor can prevent the influence on the positive electrode potential Vc due to the rise of the negative electrode potential Va and more reliably maintain the positive electrode potential regulation by occluding the lithium more than the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode in the negative electrode. I found.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing another example of charge / discharge behavior at 25 ° C. of a lithium secondary battery using a negative electrode in which lithium is previously occluded.
- the negative electrode was previously occluded with an amount of lithium (Qa + qa) larger than the irreversible capacity Qa.
- the excess lithium amount qa occluded in the negative electrode becomes the reversible capacity of the negative electrode.
- the irreversible capacity (Qc) of lithium in the positive electrode is present in the negative electrode in a discharged state. Accordingly, in the complete discharge state at 25 ° C., the releasable lithium amount Qb in the negative electrode is larger than the irreversible capacity of the battery, that is, the irreversible capacity Qc of the positive electrode.
- an amount of lithium Qb equal to the sum of the excess lithium amount qa and the positive electrode irreversible capacity Qc (that is, the irreversible capacity of the battery) is present as movable lithium in the negative electrode.
- the excess lithium amount qa may be larger than 0 (qa> 0), but when a graphite-based material is used as the negative electrode active material, it is preferably at least 0.1 times the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode (qa ⁇ Qa ⁇ 0.1). More preferably, it is 0.5 times or more (qa ⁇ Qa ⁇ 0.5). Therefore, the amount of lithium previously occluded in the negative electrode is preferably 1.1 times or more, more preferably 1.5 times or more the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode. Thereby, the influence on the positive electrode potential Vc due to the rise of the negative electrode potential Va can be more effectively reduced.
- the excess lithium amount qa is preferably 2.0 times or less of the irreversible capacity. Therefore, the amount of lithium previously occluded in the negative electrode is preferably 3.0 times or less the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode.
- FIG. 8 shows a charge / discharge behavior at 25 ° C. of a lithium secondary battery using a negative electrode having a structure in which film-like SiO 0.25 is deposited on a substrate and a positive electrode containing a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.
- the lithium amount Qb that can be released in the negative electrode in a completely discharged state at 25 ° C. is smaller than the irreversible capacity of the battery, that is, the irreversible capacity Qc of the positive electrode.
- the discharge potential of the positive electrode changes, for example, as indicated by the dotted line Vc ′, and as a result, the negative electrode potential may be regulated. For this reason, a part of the increase in capacity of the positive electrode due to use at a high temperature is not reflected in the increase in battery capacity.
- the loss due to the increase in the capacity of the positive electrode can be reduced as in the configuration shown in FIG. realizable.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the charge / discharge behavior at 25 ° C. when more lithium (Qa + qa) than the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode is preliminarily occluded in the negative electrode.
- lithium (Qa + qa 1.1 ⁇ Qa) 1.1 times the irreversible capacity Qa is previously occluded in the negative electrode.
- the releasable lithium amount Qb in the negative electrode is larger than the irreversible capacity of the battery, that is, the irreversible capacity Qc of the positive electrode.
- the end point of discharge is regulated by the positive electrode potential.
- the slope of the negative electrode potential at the end of discharge is smaller than the slope of the negative electrode potential shown in FIG.
- the discharge potential of the positive electrode changes as indicated by the dotted line Vc ′, but the positive electrode discharge potential Vc ′ rapidly decreases before the negative electrode potential rises. It becomes. Therefore, it is possible to reflect all the increase in the capacity of the positive electrode due to use at a high temperature in the increase in the battery capacity.
- the excess lithium amount qa may be larger than 0 (qa> 0), but when a material containing silicon is used as the negative electrode active material, it is preferably at least 0.1 times the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode (qa ⁇ Qa x 0.1). More preferably, it is 0.3 times or more (qa ⁇ Qa ⁇ 0.3). Therefore, the amount of lithium previously occluded in the negative electrode is preferably 1.1 times or more, more preferably 1.3 times or more the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode. Thereby, the influence on the positive electrode potential Vc due to the rise of the negative electrode potential Va can be more effectively reduced.
- the amount of lithium previously stored in the negative electrode is too large, there is a possibility that sufficient battery capacity cannot be secured.
- the amount of lithium stored in advance is preferably not more than twice the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode.
- the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode tends to decrease as the environmental temperature of the battery increases.
- the reason is considered as follows.
- One factor of the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode is that lithium occluded in the negative electrode is trapped in the crystal structure. This is because the irreversible capacity due to the lithium trap decreases when the environmental temperature of the battery rises and the lithium diffusion rate increases.
- the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode decreases and the charge / discharge polarization decreases, so that the rising of the negative electrode potential at the end of discharge can be further suppressed. That is, as shown in FIG. 11, the rising point of the negative electrode potential when the environmental temperature is 45 ° C. may be shifted to the lower capacity side (left side of FIG. 11) than the rising point of the negative electrode potential when 25 ° C. it can. Therefore, even if the environmental temperature rises, the positive electrode potential regulation can be more reliably maintained.
- the difference between the excess lithium amount qa occluded in the negative electrode, ie, the lithium pre-occlusion amount (Qa + qa) of the negative electrode active material and the irreversible capacity Qa of the negative electrode Is equal to the difference between the releasable lithium amount Qb in the negative electrode and the irreversible capacity Qc of the positive electrode.
- FIG. 17 An example of the charge / discharge potential behavior of the cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide is shown in FIG. As can be seen from FIG. 17, in the cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide, when the temperature reaches 45 ° C., the polarization of discharge is reduced and the capacity is increased. Therefore, in a conventional battery using a cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide (lithium cobaltate: LCO) as a positive electrode active material and graphite as a negative electrode active material (a battery in which lithium is not previously stored in the negative electrode), the negative electrode at 25 ° C. Since the irreversible capacity is larger than the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode, the battery is restricted in negative electrode capacity.
- LCO lithium cobaltate
- the positive electrode potential is regulated even when the battery is used at a high temperature. Accordingly, even in a battery using a cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide, a high capacity can be realized in a high temperature environment.
- a part or the whole of the surface of the positive electrode active material is used for other metal oxides, hydroxides, metal salts for the purpose of reducing the oxidative decomposition reaction of the electrolyte solution on the positive electrode active material under a high voltage, for example. Etc. may be covered.
- LCO whose surface is coated with a metal oxide or the like is used as the positive electrode active material, the same effect as described above can be obtained by controlling the lithium preocclusion amount with respect to the negative electrode.
- lithium metal is attached to the negative electrode, and a local battery is formed via an electrolytic solution to be charged, or lithium is charged from the counter electrode, whereby lithium is occluded in the negative electrode.
- the lithium metal attached to the negative electrode it is preferable to use an extremely thin lithium metal (thickness: 10 ⁇ m or less) in order to uniformly store lithium in the negative electrode.
- thickness thickness: 10 ⁇ m or less
- lithium metal is directly brought into contact with the negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material is occluded only by diffusion in the solid phase.
- a method for bringing lithium metal into direct contact deposition on a negative electrode active material by a vapor phase method such as vacuum deposition, or a material obtained by depositing lithium metal on another substrate and a negative electrode active material are brought into close contact with each other as necessary.
- a method of applying heat transfer method.
- an electrochemical method or a vapor phase method such as a vacuum evaporation method is used as a lithium pre-occlusion method.
- the present inventor has found that when a silicon-based material is used as the negative electrode active material, if the lithium is occluded by a vapor phase method, the polarization at the end of discharge can be made smaller than when the electrochemical method is used. .
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating charge / discharge curves of a negative electrode preliminarily occluded with lithium by a vacuum deposition method and a negative electrode preliminarily occluded with lithium by an electrochemical method.
- the charge / discharge curve of the negative electrode preliminarily occluded with lithium by an electrochemical method is substantially the same as the charge / discharge curve of a negative electrode not preliminarily occluded with lithium.
- the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode is reduced when lithium is preoccluded using the vacuum deposition method. This is because a part of lithium trapped in the crystal structure of the negative electrode becomes movable, and the irreversible capacity is reduced accordingly. Thereby, positive electrode potential regulation can be held more effectively.
- lithium be preliminarily occluded in a portion (non-opposing portion) that does not face the positive electrode in the layer made of the negative electrode active material (negative electrode active material layer).
- the area of the negative electrode active material layer (negative electrode mixture area) in the negative electrode is larger than the area of the positive electrode active material layer (positive electrode mixture area) in the positive electrode. . Accordingly, a part of the negative electrode active material layer becomes an unopposed portion.
- the average discharge potential of the whole negative electrode can be made lower than the potential of the portion of the negative electrode facing the positive electrode (opposing portion). It becomes possible to maintain regulations.
- the excessive lithium quantity qa is set so that the sum of the excess lithium quantity qa and the charge capacity of the positive electrode does not exceed the discharge capacity of the negative electrode. Is preferred. If the sum of the excess lithium qa and the charge capacity of the positive electrode exceeds the discharge capacity of the negative electrode, lithium may be deposited on the negative electrode.
- the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode tends to increase when the packing density of the positive electrode is increased or the primary particle size of the positive electrode active material is increased.
- the increase rate of the irreversible capacity of the positive electrode greatly depends on the environmental temperature. For example, when the environmental temperature is 45 ° C., the irreversible capacity hardly increased even when the particle physical properties of the positive electrode active material were changed as described above, and a discharge capacity almost the same as the conventional one was obtained. Therefore, in a battery using such a positive electrode active material, the amount of increase in capacity when used at a high temperature is more significant than the capacity when used at room temperature. Therefore, it is preferable to have a configuration that maximizes the capacity when used at high temperatures. Thereby, when using at high temperature, a high capacity
- Nickel-based positive electrode active material is composed of secondary particles that are aggregates of primary particles.
- the nickel-based positive electrode active material is produced, for example, as follows.
- a precursor of a positive electrode active material is prepared by a coprecipitation method. Specifically, the pH of an aqueous solution in which a plurality of raw material salts are dissolved is adjusted to precipitate a complex metal hydroxide (precursor) that is homogeneous at the atomic level. Next, the precursor is dried and mixed with the lithium salt. Then, a positive electrode active material is obtained by baking the mixture of a precursor and lithium salt by a predetermined atmosphere and temperature. Increasing the firing temperature increases the primary particle size of the positive electrode active material. A preferable firing temperature is 780 to 820 ° C., whereby a positive electrode active material having a primary particle diameter of about 0.2 to 1.5 ⁇ m is produced.
- the packing density of the positive electrode active material is high.
- a preferred packing density is 3.0 to 4.0 g / cm 3 , more preferably 3.5 to 3.9 g / cm 3 . If it is less than 3.0 g / cm 3 , the degree of secondary particle collapse is small, but sufficient volume capacity density cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if it is larger than 4.0 g / cm 3 , the degree of secondary particle collapse becomes remarkable, and a sufficient porosity cannot be provided inside the positive electrode active material layer, resulting in a decrease in output characteristics.
- the primary particles constituting the secondary particles may collapse due to the pressure.
- it is preferable that the primary particles constituting the secondary particles are as large as possible and that there are few grain boundaries present in the secondary particles. Crystallinity can be increased to increase the strength of the secondary particles.
- the primary particle diameter (average particle diameter) is preferably 0.5 to 1.5 ⁇ m.
- Nickel-based oxides are sensitive to the atmosphere, and their surface may be altered when exposed to the atmosphere. When nickel-based oxides come into contact with the air during the manufacturing process, some of the Li ions in the oxide crystal structure are replaced with protons. The exchanged Li ions react with hydroxide ions and carbon dioxide to produce lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate.
- the positive electrode active material of this embodiment is preferably a composite metal oxide of nickel and lithium.
- the nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide a part of Ni is based on LiNiO 2 , Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb and B
- the nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide Li a Ni 1- (b + c) Co b M c O 2 ( however, 1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.05,0.1 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.35, It is preferable to use 0.005 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.30 and M is at least one selected from Al, Sr, and Ca.
- the LiNiO 2 -based positive electrode active material it is particularly preferable to dissolve Co and Al in order to suppress the end-of-discharge polarization that is the cause of the irreversible capacity (ie, Li a Ni 1- (b + c) Co b Al c O 2).
- the end-of-discharge polarization ie, Li a Ni 1- (b + c) Co b Al c O 2.
- the active material based on LiNiO 2 generally has a problem that the crystal structure change due to charge / discharge is relatively large and excellent reversibility cannot be obtained.
- a high capacity can be obtained. While maintaining the above, reversibility can be improved. The reason will be described below.
- the a value is 1.0 or more, the amount of lithium salt used as a raw material is sufficient, the presence of electrochemically inactive impurities such as nickel oxide and cobalt oxide is suppressed, and it is difficult to induce a decrease in capacity.
- the a value is 1.05 or less, the lithium salt used as a raw material does not exist excessively, so that the lithium compound is suppressed from remaining as an impurity, and similarly, it is difficult to induce a decrease in capacity.
- a value is a composition at the time of non-charging.
- the lithium secondary battery of this embodiment contains a lithium nickel composite oxide having substantially irreversible capacity as a positive electrode active material.
- the particle physical properties and preferred composition of the positive electrode active material are as described above.
- the material of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, for example, the above-described carbon-based material such as graphite, silicon-based material such as SiOx, or the like can be used. Further, lithium is occluded in advance in the negative electrode active material.
- the amount of lithium stored in advance is set so that the amount of lithium that can be released in the negative electrode is larger than the irreversible capacity of the lithium secondary battery in the fully discharged state of the lithium secondary battery when the environmental temperature is 25 ° C. Has been.
- the lithium secondary battery of this embodiment exhibits charge / discharge behavior as illustrated in FIG. 7 when a carbon-based material is used as the negative electrode active material and as illustrated in FIG. 10 when a silicon-based material is used.
- the end of discharge can be regulated not only at room temperature but also at high temperature (for example, 40 to 50 ° C.) by the positive electrode potential (positive electrode potential regulation). For this reason, the increase in reversible capacity due to the improved polarization at the end of discharge of the positive electrode in a high temperature environment can be used for increasing the capacity of the lithium secondary battery. Therefore, the battery capacity can be increased without deteriorating the charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- capacitance in the lithium secondary battery of this embodiment can be measured with the following method.
- the “releasable lithium amount in the negative electrode” Qb can be obtained by disassembling the discharged battery and measuring the negative electrode capacity of the battery.
- the “irreversible capacity of the negative electrode” Qa is obtained by measuring the amount of lithium in the negative electrode after measuring the amount of lithium that can be released.
- the “irreversible capacity of the positive electrode” Qc can be calculated by measuring the amount of lithium in the positive electrode active material before discharge and the amount of lithium in the positive electrode active material after discharge, and obtaining the difference between them.
- the amount of lithium previously occluded in the negative electrode can be calculated by the following equation using each capacity obtained by the above method.
- Preliminary storage amount of lithium amount of lithium releasable in negative electrode Qb ⁇ irreversible capacity Qc of positive electrode + irreversible capacity Qa of negative electrode
- the increase in the capacity of the positive electrode is obtained by measuring the change in the capacity of the positive electrode by changing the temperature.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the lithium secondary battery of the present embodiment.
- the lithium secondary battery includes a battery case 1, an electrode group 4 accommodated in the battery case 1, and insulating rings 8 respectively disposed above and below the electrode group 4.
- the battery case 1 has an opening upward, and the opening is sealed by a sealing plate 2.
- the electrode group 4 has a configuration in which the positive electrode 5 and the negative electrode 6 are wound in a spiral shape with a separator 7 interposed therebetween. From the positive electrode 5, for example, a positive electrode lead 5 a made of aluminum is drawn, and from the negative electrode 6, for example, a negative electrode lead 6 a made of copper is drawn. The positive electrode lead 5 a is connected to the sealing plate 2 of the battery case 1. The negative electrode lead 6 a is connected to the bottom of the battery case 1. Although not shown, an electrolyte is injected into the battery case 1 together with the electrode group 4.
- Such a lithium secondary battery is manufactured as follows. First, the negative electrode 6 and the positive electrode 5 are formed, and the negative electrode 6 and the positive electrode 5 are wound together with the separator 63 to form the electrode group 4. Next, insulating plates 8 are mounted on the upper and lower sides of the electrode group 4, respectively. Further, the positive electrode lead 5 a drawn from the positive electrode 4 is welded to the sealing plate 66, and the negative electrode lead 6 a drawn from the negative electrode 6 is welded to the bottom of the battery case 1 and inserted into the battery case 1. Thereafter, a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown) that conducts lithium ions is injected into the battery case 1, and the opening of the battery case 1 is sealed with the sealing plate 2 through the insulating packing 3.
- the positive electrode 5 in the present embodiment includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer (positive electrode mixture layer) formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector may be, for example, a metal foil such as aluminum, or a metal foil that has been subjected to lath processing or etching.
- a material for the positive electrode current collector those commonly used in this field can be used.
- metal materials such as stainless steel, titanium, and aluminum can be used.
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more.
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode active material layer is formed on one side or both sides of the positive electrode current collector, for example, by the following method.
- a paste-like positive electrode mixture is prepared by kneading and dispersing a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive agent, and, if necessary, a thickener in a solvent.
- a positive electrode mixture is applied to the surface of the positive electrode current collector and then dried to obtain a positive electrode active material layer.
- a method for rolling the current collector on which the active material layer is formed is not particularly limited. For example, rolling may be performed a plurality of times at a linear pressure of 1000 to 3000 kg / cm with a roll press until the active material layer has a predetermined thickness.
- the thickness of the positive electrode 5 (the total thickness of the positive electrode active material layer and the current collector) is, for example, 100 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode 5 preferably has flexibility.
- the positive electrode active material layer in this embodiment includes a nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide capable of occluding and releasing lithium as the positive electrode active material.
- the preferred composition of the nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide is the same as that described above.
- the binder used for the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that is stable with respect to the solvent and electrolyte used.
- a fluorine-based binder acrylic rubber, modified acrylic rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), isopropylene rubber, butadiene rubber, acrylic polymer, vinyl polymer, etc. alone, or a mixture of two or more kinds It can be used as a copolymer.
- fluorine-based binder examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride (VDF (registered trademark)) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) (P (VDF-HFP)), and polytetrafluoro
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- HFP hexafluoropropylene
- PVDF-HFP hexafluoropropylene
- An ethylene resin dispersion or the like is preferably used.
- the amount is preferably 1 to 4 g with respect to 100 g of the active material.
- carboxymethyl cellulose methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein, and the like are preferably used.
- acetylene black, artificial graphite, natural graphite, carbon fiber, or the like can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
- the mixing ratio with respect to the active material is preferably 0.5 to 3.0 g with respect to 100 g of the active material. Further, it is preferable to mix carbon black such as acetylene black and graphite material such as artificial graphite.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the binder.
- an organic binder for example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N, N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethylsulfuramide, tetramethylurea, acetone
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- An organic solvent such as methyl ethyl ketone can be used.
- These organic solvents may be used alone, or a mixed solvent obtained by mixing two or more of these may be used.
- an aqueous binder it is preferable to use water or warm water as a solvent.
- NMP nickel-based oxides that are sensitive to moisture
- NMP nickel-based oxides that are sensitive to moisture
- the method for producing the positive electrode paste is not particularly limited. For example, using a planetary mixer, a homomixer, a pin mixer, a kneader, a homogenizer, etc., the positive electrode or negative electrode active material, the binder, and a conductive agent or conductive auxiliary agent added as necessary are kneaded and dispersed in a solvent. be able to.
- the above manufacturing methods may be used alone or in combination. Further, when kneading and dispersing in a solvent, various dispersants, surfactants, stabilizers and the like can be added as necessary.
- the method of applying the mixture and drying is not particularly limited.
- the paste mixture kneaded and dispersed in a solvent can be easily applied to the current collector surface using, for example, a slit die coater, reverse roll coater, lip coater, blade coater, knife coater, gravure coater, dip coater ( Can be applied).
- the applied mixture may be dried by a method close to natural drying. Considering productivity, it is preferable to dry at a temperature of 70 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- the negative electrode 6 in this embodiment includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode active material graphite-based materials such as artificial graphite and natural graphite, and alloy-based materials such as silicon and tin can be used.
- the graphite material it is preferable to use a graphite material having a reversible capacity of 350 mAh / g or more and an irreversible capacity of 30 mAh / g or less.
- a graphite-based material When such a graphite-based material is used, a larger reversible capacity can be obtained at a charge / discharge potential close to the Li metal potential.
- the shape of the graphite material may be processed into a spherical shape, a scale shape or a lump shape. In order to increase the packing density, graphites having different particle sizes may be mixed.
- a silicon containing compound, a tin containing compound, etc. are mentioned.
- the silicon-containing compound include silicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon-containing alloy, silicon compound and its solid solution.
- the silicon oxide include silicon oxide represented by the composition formula: SiO ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ 2).
- silicon carbide include silicon carbide represented by the composition formula: SiC ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ 1).
- the silicon nitride include silicon nitride represented by the composition formula: SiN ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ 4/3).
- the silicon-containing alloy examples include an alloy containing silicon and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Sb, Bi, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, In, Sn, and Ti. . Further, a part of silicon is selected from the group consisting of B, Mg, Ni, Ti, Mo, Co, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Nb, Ta, V, W, Zn, C, N, and Sn. It may be substituted with one or more elements. Among these, it is particularly preferable to use SiO ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ 2) which is excellent in reversibility of charge / discharge.
- tin-containing compound examples include tin, tin oxide, tin nitride, tin-containing alloy, tin compound and its solid solution, and the like.
- tin-containing compounds include tin, tin oxides such as SnO ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ 2), SnO 2 , Ni—Sn alloys, Mg—Sn alloys, Fe—Sn alloys, Cu—Sn alloys, and Ti—Sn.
- Tin-containing alloys such as alloys, tin compounds such as SnSiO 3 , Ni 2 Sn 4 and Mg 2 Sn can be preferably used.
- tin and tin oxides such as SnO ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ 2) and SnO 2 are particularly preferable.
- the negative electrode current collector for example, a rolled foil or an electrolytic foil made of copper or a copper alloy can be used.
- the shape of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, and may be a perforated foil, an expanded material, a lath material, or the like in addition to the foil.
- the thicker the negative electrode current collector the higher the tensile strength, which is preferable.
- the negative electrode current collector is too thick, the void volume inside the battery case decreases, and as a result, the energy density may decrease.
- protrusions, particles, and the like may be provided on the surface of the foil.
- the negative electrode active material layer is formed on one side or both sides of the negative electrode current collector, for example, by the following method.
- a paste-like negative electrode mixture is prepared by kneading and dispersing a negative electrode active material, a binder, and, if necessary, a thickener and a conductive additive in a solvent.
- a negative electrode mixture is applied to the surface of the negative electrode current collector, and then dried to obtain a negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode current collector on which the negative electrode active material layer is formed is rolled. In this way, the negative electrode 6 is obtained.
- the negative electrode 6 preferably has flexibility.
- the method for producing the paste mixture of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is not particularly limited. For example, using a planetary mixer, a homomixer, a pin mixer, a kneader, a homogenizer, etc., the positive electrode or negative electrode active material, the binder, and a conductive agent or conductive auxiliary agent added as necessary are kneaded and dispersed in a solvent. be able to.
- the above manufacturing methods may be used alone or in combination. Further, when kneading and dispersing in a solvent, various dispersants, surfactants, stabilizers and the like can be added as necessary.
- the method of applying the mixture and drying is not particularly limited.
- the paste mixture kneaded and dispersed in a solvent can be easily applied to the current collector surface using, for example, a slit die coater, reverse roll coater, lip coater, blade coater, knife coater, gravure coater, dip coater ( Can be applied).
- the applied mixture may be dried by a method close to natural drying. Considering productivity, it is preferable to dry at a temperature of 70 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- a method for rolling the current collector on which the active material layer is formed is not particularly limited. For example, rolling may be performed a plurality of times at a linear pressure of 1000 to 3000 kg / cm with a roll press until the active material layer has a predetermined thickness. Or you may perform rolling of multiple times from which a linear pressure differs.
- an alloy-based active material it may be deposited directly on the negative electrode current collector by a vapor phase method such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, or CVD.
- a microporous film or non-woven fabric of polyolefin resin such as polyethylene resin or polypropylene resin can be used.
- the microporous membrane or the nonwoven fabric may be a single layer or may have a multilayer structure. Preferably, it has a two-layer structure composed of a polyethylene resin layer and a polypropylene resin layer, or a three-layer structure composed of two polypropylene resin layers and a polyethylene resin layer disposed therebetween.
- the separator which has is used. These separators preferably have a shutdown function.
- the thickness of the separator 7 is 10 micrometers or more and 30 micrometers or less, for example.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous solvent contains, for example, a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate as main components.
- the cyclic carbonate is preferably at least one selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate (BC).
- the chain carbonate is preferably at least one selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and the like.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, a lithium salt having a strong electron withdrawing property.
- lithium salts examples include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 etc. can be used.
- These electrolytes may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, these electrolytes are preferably dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent described above at a concentration of 0.5 to 1.5M.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain a polymer material.
- a polymer material that can gel a liquid material can be used.
- the polymer material those commonly used in this field can be used. Examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, and polyethylene oxide.
- nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide (lithium nickel composite oxide) is used as the positive electrode active material.
- other lithium transition metal composite oxide for example, a composite metal of cobalt and lithium is used.
- a cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide (lithium cobalt composite oxide) that is an oxide may be used.
- Li a CoO 2 (where 1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.10) may be used as the cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide.
- a part of Co may be substituted with another element for the purpose of improving cycle characteristics and thermal stability.
- the surface of the cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide may be coated with a metal oxide or the like.
- the cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide also exhibits a behavior similar to the charge / discharge potential behavior of the nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide illustrated in FIG. The same effect can be obtained. That is, the increase in the reversible capacity of the positive electrode under a high temperature environment can be used for increasing the capacity of the lithium secondary battery. As a result, the battery capacity can be increased while suppressing a decrease in charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material in this embodiment is not limited to lithium nickel composite oxide or lithium cobalt composite oxide, but other lithium transition metal composite oxides (for example, transition metals such as manganese, chromium, iron, vanadium, and lithium) And a mixed metal oxide).
- Examples and Comparative Examples The inventor produced lithium secondary batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples and compared battery capacities when used at room temperature and high temperature. The method and results will be described below.
- positive electrode active materials A and B used in Examples and Comparative Examples
- two types of nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxides having different average particle sizes of primary particles LiNi 0.815 Co 0.15 Al 0.035 O 2 ) (hereinafter referred to as positive electrode active materials A and B) was used.
- the obtained precursor and lithium carbonate were mixed so that the molar ratio of lithium, cobalt, nickel and aluminum (Li: Co: Ni: Al) was 1: 0.815: 0.15: 0.035 did.
- the mixture was calcined in an oxygen atmosphere at a temperature of 500 ° C. for 7 hours and pulverized.
- the pulverized fired product was fired again at a temperature of 800 ° C. for 15 hours.
- the fired product was pulverized and classified to obtain a positive electrode active material A having a composition of LiNi 0.815 Co 0.15 Al 0.035 O 2 .
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles of the positive electrode active material A was 0.5 ⁇ m.
- Positive electrode active material B A positive electrode active material B having a composition of LiNi 0.815 Co 0.15 Al 0.035 O 2 was produced in the same manner as the positive electrode active material A except that the mixture of the precursor and lithium carbonate was baked at 800 ° C. The average particle diameter of the primary particles of the positive electrode active material B was 1.0 ⁇ m.
- This precursor and lithium carbonate were mixed so that the molar ratio of lithium, cobalt, and magnesium was 1: 0.98: 0.02.
- the mixture was calcined at a temperature of 600 ° C. for 10 hours and pulverized.
- the pulverized fired product was fired again at a temperature of 900 ° C. for 10 hours.
- the fired product was pulverized and classified to obtain a positive electrode active material C represented by LiCo 0.98 Mg 0.02 O 2 .
- the positive electrode active material C was composed only of primary particles having an average particle diameter of 5 microns.
- positive electrodes A-1 and A-2 were produced using the positive electrode active material A, and positive electrode B-1 was produced using the positive electrode active material B.
- Positive electrode A-1 100 g of the positive electrode active material A powder is sufficiently mixed with 1.2 g of acetylene black (conductive agent), 1.2 g of artificial graphite (conductive agent), 2 g of polyvinylidene fluoride powder (binder) and 50 ml of organic solvent (NMP). Thus, a mixture paste was prepared. This mixture paste was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m. The mixture paste was dried to obtain a positive electrode active material layer.
- the aluminum foil on which the positive electrode active material layer was formed was rolled to form positive electrode A-1.
- the thickness of the positive electrode that is, the total thickness of the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer was 65 ⁇ m, and the electrode capacity per unit area was 3.5 mAh / cm 2 .
- capacitance uses lithium metal as a counter electrode, charging current value: 0.1 mA / cm ⁇ 2 >, final voltage: 4.25V, discharge current value: 0.1 mA / cm ⁇ 2 >, final voltage: 3.0V It is a capacity
- the packing density of the obtained positive electrode A-1 was 3.55 g / cm 3 .
- the aluminum foil on which the positive electrode active material layer was formed was rolled to form positive electrode A-2.
- the thickness of the positive electrode was 60 ⁇ m, and the electrode capacity per unit area was 3.5 mAh / cm 2 .
- the method for measuring the electrode capacitance is the same as the method described in (2-1) above.
- the packing density of the obtained positive electrode A-2 was 3.85 g / cm 3 .
- Positive electrode A-3 A positive electrode active material A was used and produced in the same manner as the positive electrode A-1, except for the packing density.
- the packing density was 2.90 g / cm 3 .
- the thickness of the positive electrode that is, the total thickness of the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer was 77 ⁇ m, and the electrode capacity per unit area was 3.5 mAh / cm 2 .
- Positive electrode B-1 100 g of the positive electrode active material B powder is sufficiently mixed with 1.2 g of acetylene black (conductive agent), 1.2 g of artificial graphite (conductive agent), 2 g of polyvinylidene fluoride powder (binder) and 50 ml of organic solvent (NMP). Thus, a mixture paste was prepared. This mixture paste was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m. The mixture paste was dried to obtain a positive electrode active material layer.
- the aluminum foil on which the positive electrode active material layer was formed was rolled to form positive electrode B-1.
- the thickness of the positive electrode was 65 ⁇ m, and the electrode capacity per unit area was 3.5 mAh / cm 2 .
- the method for measuring the electrode capacitance is the same as the method described in (2-1) above.
- the packing density of the obtained positive electrode B-1 was 3.55 g / cm 3 .
- Positive electrode C-1 A mixture paste was prepared by sufficiently mixing 100 g of the positive electrode active material C powder with 2 g of acetylene black (conductive agent), 3 g of polyvinylidene fluoride powder (binder) and 50 ml of an organic solvent (NMP). This mixture paste was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m. The mixture paste was dried to obtain a positive electrode active material layer.
- the aluminum foil on which the positive electrode active material layer was formed was rolled to form positive electrode C-1.
- the thickness of the positive electrode that is, the total thickness of the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer was 58 ⁇ m, and the electrode capacity per unit area was 3.5 mAh / cm 2 .
- capacitance uses a lithium metal as a counter electrode, charging current value: 0.1 mA / cm ⁇ 2 >, end voltage: 4.35V, discharge current value: 0.1 mA / cm ⁇ 2 >, end voltage: 3.0V It is a capacity
- the packing density of the obtained positive electrode C-1 was 3.70 g / cm 3 .
- the copper foil on which the negative electrode active material layer was formed was rolled to form a graphite negative electrode having a thickness (total thickness of the current collector and the negative electrode active material layer) of 76 ⁇ m.
- the electrode capacity per unit area was 4.1 mAh / cm 2 .
- the capacity of this electrode is as follows: in the capacity evaluation using lithium metal as the counter electrode, the charging current value is 0.1 mA / cm 2 , the final voltage is 0 V, the discharge current value is 0.1 mA / cm 2 , and the final voltage is 1.5 V. It is a capacity
- a negative electrode current collector having irregularities on the surface was produced by a roller processing method.
- a ceramic layer having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was formed by spraying chromium oxide on the surface of a cylindrical iron roller (diameter: 50 mm).
- a plurality of recesses having a depth of 6 ⁇ m were formed on the surface of the ceramic layer by laser processing. Each recess was circular with a diameter of 12 ⁇ m when viewed from above the ceramic layer. At the bottom of each recess, the central portion was substantially planar, and the peripheral edge of the bottom had a rounded shape.
- the arrangement of these recesses was a close-packed arrangement in which the distance between the axes of adjacent recesses was 20 ⁇ m. In this way, a convex forming roller was obtained.
- an alloy copper foil (trade name: HCL-02Z, thickness: 26 ⁇ m, manufactured by Hitachi Cable Ltd.) containing zirconia at a ratio of 0.03% by weight with respect to the total amount was placed at 600 ° C. in an argon gas atmosphere. Heating was performed for 30 minutes at a temperature, and annealing was performed. This alloy copper foil was passed at a pressure of 2 t / cm through a pressure contact portion where two convex forming rollers were pressure contacted.
- both surfaces of alloy copper foil were pressure-molded, and the negative electrode collector which has a some convex part on both surfaces was obtained.
- a cross section perpendicular to the surface of the negative electrode current collector was observed with a scanning electron microscope, a plurality of convex portions having an average height of about 6 ⁇ m were formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- copper particles were formed on the upper surface of the convex portion by electrolytic plating.
- the surface roughness Ra was 2.0 ⁇ m.
- a negative electrode active material layer was formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector produced by the above method by oblique vapor deposition.
- an electron beam evaporation apparatus 50 shown in FIG. 15 was used for forming the negative electrode active material layer.
- the vapor deposition apparatus 50 includes a vacuum chamber 51 and an exhaust pump 56 for exhausting the vacuum chamber 51. Inside the vacuum chamber 51, a fixing base 53 for fixing the current collector 21, a gas introduction pipe 52 for introducing oxygen gas into the chamber 51, and evaporation for supplying silicon to the surface of the current collector 21. A crucible 55 loaded with a source is installed. For example, silicon can be used as the evaporation source. Further, although not shown, an electron beam heating means for evaporating the material of the evaporation source is provided.
- the gas introduction pipe 52 includes an oxygen nozzle 54, and is positioned so that oxygen gas emitted from the oxygen nozzle 54 is supplied near the surface of the current collector 21.
- the fixed base 53 and the crucible 55 are such that the vapor deposition particles (here, silicon atoms) from the crucible 55 are on the surface of the current collector 21 from an angle (deposition angle) ⁇ with respect to the normal direction D of the current collector 21. It is arrange
- the fixed base 53 has a rotation axis. By rotating the fixed base 53 around the rotation axis, the angle ⁇ of the fixed base 53 with respect to the horizontal plane 60 becomes equal to a predetermined deposition angle ⁇ .
- the “horizontal plane” refers to a plane perpendicular to the direction in which the material of the evaporation source charged in the crucible 55 is vaporized and faces the fixing base 53.
- a method and conditions for forming the negative electrode active material layer using the vapor deposition apparatus 50 will be described below.
- the negative electrode current collector (30 mm ⁇ 30 mm) was fixed to the fixing base 53 of the vapor deposition apparatus 50.
- the oxygen flow rate was gradually reduced to gradually reduce the degree of vacuum (vacuum degree in the first vapor deposition step: 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa ⁇ 7
- the degree of vacuum in the first vapor deposition step 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa).
- the oxygen flow rate was kept constant (vacuum degree: 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa).
- Negative electrode active material silicon, purity 99.9999%, oxygen released from oxygen nozzle 54 manufactured by High Purity Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd .: purity 99.7%, fixed base 53 manufactured by Nippon Oxygen Co., Ltd.
- Angle ⁇ 60 °
- Electron beam output 5kW
- Deposition time 3 minutes x 40 times
- a negative electrode active material layer including a plurality of active material bodies was formed on one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- Each of the active material bodies had a structure in which 40 columnar lumps were laminated, and was arranged on the corresponding convex part of the negative electrode current collector. Moreover, it grew from the top part of the convex part and the side surface near the top part in the direction in which the convex part extends. Thereafter, oblique deposition was performed on the opposite surface of the negative electrode current collector by the same method to form a negative electrode active material layer containing a plurality of active material bodies. Thus, the silicon negative electrode which has a negative electrode active material layer on both surfaces of a negative electrode collector was obtained.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer was determined.
- a cross section perpendicular to the negative electrode current collector in the obtained negative electrode is observed with a scanning electron microscope, and for 10 active material bodies formed on the surface of the convex portion, from the vertex of the convex portion to the vertex of the active material body. The length of each was measured. The average of these was calculated as “the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer”. As a result, the thickness of each negative electrode active material layer was 14 ⁇ m.
- the degree of oxidation x in the vicinity of the interface between the negative electrode current collector (Cu) and the negative electrode active material layer was 1.0.
- the degree of oxidation x is inclined to gradually decrease.
- the oxidation degree x was 0.12.
- the average composition of the whole negative electrode active material layer was SiO 0.25 (the average of the degree of oxidation x was 0.25).
- the degree of oxidation x refers to the molar ratio of the amount of oxygen to the amount of silicon in silicon oxide (SiOx).
- the weight of silicon per unit area was 2.0 mg / cm 2 . Furthermore, the electrode capacity per unit area was set to 5.5 mAh / cm 2 .
- the capacity of this electrode is as follows: in the capacity evaluation using lithium metal as the counter electrode, the charging current value is 0.1 mA / cm 2 , the final voltage is 0 V, the discharge current value is 0.1 mA / cm 2 , and the final voltage is 1.5 V. It is a capacity
- the irreversible capacity of the obtained silicon negative electrode was 1.0 mAh / cm 2 .
- Lithium Pre-Occlusion Lithium was previously occluded in the graphite negative electrode and silicon negative electrode obtained in (3) above by an electrochemical method or a vacuum deposition method, and negative electrodes a-1, b- 1, a-2 and b-2 were produced by the following method.
- Negative electrode b-1 Using the same electrochemical method as that for the negative electrode a-1, lithium equivalent to 1.65 mAh / cm 2 larger than the irreversible capacity of the silicon negative electrode was occluded in the silicon negative electrode. This silicon negative electrode was designated as negative electrode b-1.
- the discharge capacity of the negative electrode b-1 was substantially the same as the discharge capacity before preliminarily storing lithium (5.5 mAh / cm 2 ) (FIG. 12).
- Negative electrode a-2 Lithium metal was deposited on the graphite negative electrode in an argon atmosphere using a resistance heating vapor deposition apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC, Inc.).
- lithium metal was loaded into a tantalum boat in a chamber of a resistance heating vapor deposition apparatus.
- the graphite negative electrode was fixed so that the negative electrode active material layer formed on one side of the graphite negative electrode faced the tantalum boat.
- a 50 A current was passed through a tantalum boat in an argon atmosphere, and a lithium metal equivalent to 0.5 mAh / cm 2 was deposited on the negative electrode active material layer of the graphite negative electrode.
- This graphite negative electrode was designated as negative electrode a-2.
- Negative electrode b-2 Lithium metal was vapor-deposited on the silicon negative electrode using the same method (vacuum vapor deposition method) as that for the negative electrode a-2. When the silicon negative electrode was fixed in the chamber, the silicon negative electrode was fixed so that one of the negative electrode active material layers formed on both sides of the silicon negative electrode faced the tantalum boat. By vapor deposition of lithium metal, 1.6 mAh / cm 2 of lithium was deposited on one negative electrode active material layer of the silicon negative electrode. This silicon negative electrode was designated as negative electrode b-2.
- the discharge capacity of the negative electrode b-2 was 6.1 mAh / cm 2 , increasing from the discharge capacity before preliminarily storing lithium (5.5 mAh / cm 2 ).
- the discharge curves of the silicon negative electrode before and after the lithium pre-occlusion were examined, it was found that the capacity increased on the discharge side as described above with reference to FIG.
- a negative electrode in which lithium was preoccluded by a transfer method was also produced.
- lithium metal corresponding to 1.6 mAh / cm 2 was deposited on a copper substrate.
- a copper substrate on which lithium metal was deposited and a silicon negative electrode were attached and integrated to obtain a precursor.
- the copper substrate and the silicon negative electrode were laminated and pasted so that the lithium metal deposited on the copper substrate and the silicon of the silicon negative electrode faced each other.
- the obtained precursor was immersed in an electrolytic solution and allowed to stand for 8 hours in an environment of 25 ° C., and lithium was occluded in silicon.
- the same electrolyte as that used in the charge / discharge test was used.
- the copper substrate was released from the silicon negative electrode. According to this method, lithium was occluded only 15% of the charged amount (1.6 mAh / cm 2 ).
- the silicon negative electrode thus obtained was designated as b-3.
- Example 1 a method for manufacturing the lithium secondary battery of Example 1 will be described with reference to FIG. 13 again.
- Example 1 the positive electrode A-1 and the negative electrode a-1 produced by the method described above were used.
- the positive electrode A-1 was cut into a size of 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm to obtain the positive electrode 11. Further, the negative electrode a-1 was cut into a size of 20.5 mm ⁇ 20.5 mm, and the negative electrode 12 was obtained.
- the positive electrode lead 14 and the negative electrode lead 15 were welded to the current collector portions of the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12 where the active material layers 11b and 12b were not formed, respectively.
- the negative electrode 12, the separator 13 and the positive electrode 11 are laminated so that the active material layers 11b and 12b of the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12 face each other through the separator 13 (here, a polyethylene microporous film), and the electrode group is formed.
- the separator 13 here, a polyethylene microporous film
- This electrode group was inserted into an outer case 17 made of an aluminum laminate together with 0.2 g of electrolyte.
- electrolyte ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and vinylene carbonate (VC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 20: 30: 50: 2 and LiPF 6 was added at 1.0 mol / L.
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6 was added at 1.0 mol / L.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution dissolved at a concentration of was used.
- lithium metal was prepared as a reference electrode.
- the positive electrode lead 14, the negative electrode lead 15, and the reference electrode lead (not shown) were led out of the outer case 17 from the opening of the outer case 17. Subsequently, the opening of the outer case 17 was welded while vacuuming the inside of the outer case 17. Thus, the lithium secondary battery of Example 1 was produced.
- lithium secondary batteries of Examples 2 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were produced.
- Table 2 shows the types of positive and negative electrodes used in the lithium secondary batteries of the examples and comparative examples.
- Table 3 shows the irreversible capacities of the negative electrode and battery in each example and comparative example, the amount of lithium previously stored in the negative electrode, and the amount of releasable lithium contained in the negative electrode in a completely discharged state at 25 ° C.
- the discharge capacity per active material weight of the positive electrode in charging / discharging in the first cycle was calculated, and was defined as “utilization capacity of positive electrode active material (mAh / g)”. .
- Table 4 shows the capacity used.
- the volume energy density (Wh / L) of each lithium secondary battery was calculated using this utilization capacity (initial capacity), the average discharge voltage, and the volume of the electrode group in the charged state.
- Table 4 shows the volume energy density ratio obtained by setting the volume energy density of Comparative Example 1 to 100.
- the lithium secondary battery of Comparative Example 1 exhibited the potential behavior described above with reference to FIG. Therefore, even when the environmental temperature was increased from 25 ° C. to 45 ° C., the increase in the capacity of utilization of the positive electrode active material was slight.
- the lithium secondary batteries of Examples 1 and 2 having the same configuration as that of Comparative Example 1 except that a predetermined amount of lithium was occluded in the negative electrode were the potential behavior described above with reference to FIG. showed that.
- the usage capacity when the environmental temperature was 25 ° C. was the same as that of Comparative Example 1, but the usage capacity when the environmental temperature was 45 ° C. was the same as the usage capacity when 25 ° C. Compared to 6%.
- Comparative Example 2 showed the potential behavior described above with reference to FIG.
- Comparative Example 2 since the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode (SiOx) was large, the utilization capacity of the positive electrode active material was low. In addition, the capacity used was constant regardless of the environmental temperature. This is because the end of the discharge is regulated by the negative electrode potential, so that the increase in the positive electrode capacity is not reflected in the battery capacity at all.
- Example 3 having the same configuration as Comparative Example 1 except that a predetermined amount of lithium was occluded in the negative electrode exhibited the potential behavior shown in FIG. In Example 3, since the end point of discharge was regulated by the positive electrode potential, the capacity of the positive electrode active material increased significantly compared to Comparative Example 2.
- the use capacity was further increased by 6% by increasing the environmental temperature (25 ° C. ⁇ 45 ° C.). For this reason, it was confirmed that not only the battery capacity was increased by pre-occluding lithium in the negative electrode, but also the capacity increase of the positive electrode accompanying the increase in environmental temperature could be used.
- Example 4 has the same configuration as Example 3 except that the packing density of the positive electrode is high.
- Example 4 also showed the same potential behavior as Example 3, but the rate of increase in utilization capacity due to increased environmental temperature (25 ° C. ⁇ 45 ° C.) was higher than the rate of increase in Example 3 (6%). Also became larger.
- the packing density of the positive electrode was reduced (Example 5), the rate of increase in utilization capacity was smaller than that in Example 3. From this result, it is possible to increase the battery capacity at a high temperature more effectively by controlling the packing density of the positive electrode to a range greater than 3.0 g / cm 3 and less than 4.0 g / cm, for example. I understood.
- Example 6 has the same configuration as that of Example 3 except that the primary particle diameter of the positive electrode was increased.
- Example 6 also showed the same potential behavior as Example 3, but the rate of increase in utilization capacity due to increased environmental temperature (25 ° C. ⁇ 45 ° C.) was higher than the rate of increase in Example 3 (6%). Also became larger. Therefore, it was found that the battery capacity at high temperature can be more effectively increased by controlling the primary particle size of the positive electrode.
- Example 8 using the cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide as the positive electrode active material, high charge / discharge cycle characteristics were obtained as in the other examples. Moreover, it turned out that utilization capacity can be increased by raising environmental temperature. The rate of increase in usage capacity was about 3%.
- Examples 3 to 7 using a silicon-based negative electrode preliminarily occluded with lithium higher cycle characteristics were obtained than in Comparative Example 2 using a silicon-based negative electrode not preliminarily occluded with lithium.
- this is a battery with positive electrode capacity restriction, and does not use the rising portion of the potential at the end of discharge of the negative electrode.
- Comparative Example 2 is a battery with negative electrode capacity restriction, and uses the potential region of the rising edge of the negative electrode at the end of discharge. This is because if the negative electrode is used in this region, particle cracking due to shrinkage of the negative electrode active material during discharge increases.
- Example 7 and Example 3 differ only in the lithium pre-occlusion method for the silicon-based negative electrode. From the comparison of these evaluation results, even if the lithium pre-occlusion method is different, the increase rate of the used capacity with the increase in the environmental temperature is the same, and the effect of enabling high capacity at high temperature is obtained. Was confirmed. Further, when lithium is preliminarily occluded by vacuum deposition (Example 3), the occlusion and release of lithium becomes smooth, and the charge / discharge polarization is smaller than that when electrochemically occluded (Example 7), which is high. Cycle characteristics were obtained.
- Example 3 to 7 using nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide as the positive electrode active material the utilization capacity was increased by increasing the environmental temperature, compared to Example 8 using cobalt-based lithium-containing composite oxide. The rate has increased. Accordingly, it has been found that when the nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material, the effect of increasing the utilization capacity according to the present embodiment can be obtained more significantly. This is because when nickel-based lithium-containing composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material, the temperature dependence of lithium diffusion in the positive electrode active material at the end of discharge is high. That is, the irreversible capacity becomes relatively large at room temperature, and the capacity increase increases as the temperature is raised.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention can be used for the same applications as conventional lithium secondary batteries.
- it is useful as a power source for portable electronic devices such as personal computers, mobile phones, mobile devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable game devices, and video cameras.
- PDAs personal digital assistants
- it is expected to be used as a secondary battery for assisting an electric motor, a power tool, a cleaner, a power source for driving a robot, a power source for a plug-in HEV, etc. in a hybrid electric vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle and the like.
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Abstract
Description
(1)正極、負極(材料、電極)の不可逆容量を低減させる。
(2)予め負極にLiを吸蔵させたり、放出させる前処理によって、電池を構成する前に不可逆容量を解消させておく。
(3)正極および負極の不可逆容量をバランスさせ、初期充放電時に相殺させる。
図1は、ニッケル系リチウム含有複合酸化物の代表的な充放電電位挙動(25℃)を示すグラフである。図1に示すグラフは、ニッケル系リチウム含有複合酸化物としてLixNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2を用い、x値を0.3≦x≦1.0の範囲で変化させた場合の電位変化を測定した結果である。
上記の検討結果から、リチウム二次電池の環境温度が高くなると、正極の放電容量が増加することが確認された。そこで、本発明者は、次に、放電容量を一定とし、環境温度などを異ならせて正極活物質の充放電可逆性を調べた。
まず、0.815mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸ニッケルを含む水溶液、0.15mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸コバルトを含む水溶液、および0.035mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸アルミニウムを含む水溶液をそれぞれ調整し、混合した。次いで、混合した水溶液を反応槽に連続して供給した。この後、反応槽中の水溶液のpHが10~13の間で維持されるように、反応槽に水酸化ナトリウムを滴下しながら、活物質の前駆体を合成した。得られた前駆体を十分に水洗し乾燥させた。このようにして、前駆体として、Ni0.815Co0.15Al0.035(OH)2からなる水酸化物を得た。
上記の正極活物質(LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2)の粉末100gに、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)2g、人造黒鉛(導電剤)2g、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末(結着剤)3gおよび有機溶媒(NMP)50mlを充分に混合して合剤ペーストを調製した。この合剤ペーストを、厚さが15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の片面に塗布した。合剤ペーストを乾燥させて正極活物質層を得た。
負極活物質として人造黒鉛100gと、結着剤として日本ゼオン(株)製の「BM-400B(商品名)」(スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体の変性体を40重量%含む水性分散液)2.5gと、増粘剤としてCMCを1gと、適量の水とを、プラネタリーミキサーにて攪拌し、合剤ペーストを調製した。この合剤ペーストを、厚さが10μmの電解銅箔の片面に塗布した。この後、合剤ペーストを乾燥させて、対極の活物質層を得た。
評価用セルとして、正極、セパレータおよび負極を積層することによって構成された電極群を含む積層型セルを用いる。
次に、評価用セルの初期容量を求めた。さらに、下記の(a)~(d)の試験条件で評価用セルの充放電試験を行い、正極活物質の初期容量と充放電可逆性との関係を調べた。
(初期容量評価条件)
定電流充電:0.7CmA、終止電圧4.2V
定電圧充電:終止電流0.05CmA、休止時間20分定電流放電:0.2CmA、終止電圧(表中に記載)、休止時間20分
試験温度:表中に記載
(充放電可逆性評価条件)
定電流充電:0.7CmA、終止電圧4.2V
定電圧充電:終止電流0.05CmA、休止時間20分
定電流放電の条件および試験温度:
試験(a) 試験温度25℃、0.2C、終止電位1.75V
試験(b) 試験温度25℃、1.0C+0.2C+0.05C+0.02C、終止電位2.65V
試験(c) 試験温度45℃、0.2C、終止電位2.65V
試験(d) 試験温度25℃、0.2C、終止電位2.65V
なお、1.0C=12mAhとした。また、いずれの試験条件(a)~(d)においても定電流放電の終止時間を20分とした。
まず、負極活物質として黒鉛系材料、正極活物質としてリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物(ここではニッケル系リチウム含有複合酸化物)を用いたリチウム二次電池を例に、放電電位挙動と不可逆容量との関係を説明する。
続いて、負極にリチウムを予め吸蔵させる(予備吸蔵)方法を検討したので、その結果を説明する。
本発明者は、さらに、ニッケル系の正極活物質の粒子の形態や物性によって、正極活物質の不可逆容量やその温度依存性が変化することを見出した。
以下、図面を参照しながら、本発明による実施形態のリチウム二次電池の構成を説明する。本実施形態のリチウム二次電池は、正極活物質として、実質的に不可逆容量を有するリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を含む。正極活物質の粒子物性や好ましい組成などは前述したとおりである。負極活物質の材料は特に限定しないが、例えば前述した黒鉛などの炭素系材料、SiOxなどのシリコン系材料などが用いられ得る。また、負極活物質には、予めリチウムが吸蔵されている。予め吸蔵されているリチウムの量は、環境温度が25℃のときのリチウム二次電池の完全放電状態において、負極中の放出可能なリチウム量がリチウム二次電池の不可逆容量より大きくなるように設定されている。本実施形態のリチウム二次電池は、負極活物質として炭素系材料を用いる場合には図7、シリコン系材料を用いる場合には図10に例示するような充放電挙動を示す。
リチウムの予備吸蔵量=負極中の放出可能なリチウム量Qb-正極の不可逆容量Qc+負極の不可逆容量Qa
さらに、正極の容量増加分は、温度を変化させて、正極の容量の変化を測定することにより求められる。
本発明者は、実施例および比較例のリチウム二次電池を作製し、室温および高温で使用するときの電池容量を比較したので、その方法および結果を以下に説明する。
実施例および比較例では、正極活物質として、1次粒子の平均粒径の異なる2種類のニッケル系リチウム含有複合酸化物(LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2)(以下、正極活物質A、Bとする)を用いた。
まず、0.815mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸ニッケルを含む水溶液、0.15mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸コバルトを含む水溶液、および0.035mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸アルミニウムを含む水溶液をそれぞれ調整し、混合した。次いで、混合した水溶液を反応槽に連続して供給した。この後、反応槽中の水溶液のpHが10~13の間で維持されるように、反応槽に水酸化ナトリウムを滴下しながら、活物質の前駆体を合成した。得られた前駆体を十分に水洗し乾燥させた。このようにして、前駆体として、Ni0.815Co0.15Al0.035(OH)2からなる水酸化物を得た。
前駆体と炭酸リチウムとの混合物を800℃で焼成した点以外は、正極活物質Aと同様の方法でLiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2の組成を有する正極活物質Bを作製した。正極活物質Bの1次粒子の平均粒径は1.0μmであった。
0.98mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸コバルトを含む水溶液と、0.02mol/リットルの濃度で硫酸マグネシウムを含む水溶液とを混合し、混合した水溶液を反応槽に連続して供給した。反応槽中の水溶液のpHが10~13の間で維持されるように、反応槽に水酸化ナトリウムを滴下しながら、活物質の前駆体を合成した。得られた前駆体を十分に水洗し乾燥させた。その結果、前駆体として、Co0.98Mg0.02(OH)2からなる水酸化物を得た。
次いで、正極活物質Aを用いて正極A-1、A-2を作製し、正極活物質Bを用いて正極B-1を作製した。
正極活物質Aの粉末100gに、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)1.2g、人造黒鉛(導電剤)1.2g、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末(結着剤)2gおよび有機溶媒(NMP)50mlを充分に混合して合剤ペーストを調製した。この合剤ペーストを、厚さが15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の片面に塗布した。合剤ペーストを乾燥させて正極活物質層を得た。
正極活物質Aの粉末100gに、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)1.2g、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末(結着剤)2gおよび有機溶媒(NMP)50mlを充分に混合して合剤ペーストを調製した。この合剤ペーストを、厚さが15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の片面に塗布した。合剤ペーストを乾燥させて正極活物質層を得た。
正極活物質Aを用いて、充填密度以外は正極A-1と同様の方法で作製した。充填密度を2.90g/cm3とした。正極の厚さ、すなわち集電体および正極活物質層の合計厚さを77μm、単位面積あたりの電極容量を3.5mAh/cm2とした。
正極活物質Bの粉末100gに、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)1.2g、人造黒鉛(導電剤)1.2g、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末(結着剤)2gおよび有機溶媒(NMP)50mlを充分に混合して合剤ペーストを調製した。この合剤ペーストを、厚さが15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の片面に塗布した。合剤ペーストを乾燥させて正極活物質層を得た。
正極活物質Cの粉末100gに、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)2g、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末(結着剤)3gおよび有機溶媒(NMP)50mlを充分に混合して合剤ペーストを調製した。この合剤ペーストを、厚さが15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の片面に塗布した。合剤ペーストを乾燥させて正極活物質層を得た。
実施例および比較例の負極として、黒鉛系材料を負極活物質とする黒鉛負極と、シリコン系材料を負極活物質とするシリコン負極とを作製した。
人造黒鉛と天然黒鉛とを重量比で60:40になるように混合し、負極活物質を作製した。次いで、この負極活物質100gに、ゴム系バインダー(結着剤)0.6g、およびカルボキシメチルセルロース(増粘剤)1.0gを充分に混合して合剤ペーストを調製した。この合剤ペーストを厚さが8μmの銅箔(負極集電体)の片面に塗布した。合剤ペーストを乾燥させて負極活物質層を得た。
まず、ローラ加工法により、表面に凹凸を有する負極集電体を作製した。円筒形の鉄製ローラ(直径:50mm)の表面に酸化クロムを溶射して、厚さが100μmのセラミック層を形成した。このセラミック層の表面に、レーザー加工によって、深さが6μmの複数の凹部を形成した。各凹部は、セラミック層の上方から見て、直径が12μmの円形とした。各凹部の底部では、中央部はほぼ平面状であり、底部の周縁部は丸みを帯びた形状を有していた。また、これらの凹部の配置は、隣接する凹部の軸線間距離が20μmである最密充填配置とした。このようにして、凸部形成用ローラを得た。次いで、全量に対して0.03重量%の割合でジルコニアを含有する合金銅箔(商品名:HCL-02Z、厚さ26μm、日立電線(株)製)を、アルゴンガス雰囲気中、600℃の温度で30分間加熱し、焼き鈍しを行った。この合金銅箔を、2本の凸部形成用ローラを圧接させた圧接部に線圧2t/cmで通過させた。これにより、合金銅箔の両面が加圧成形されて、両面に複数の凸部を有する負極集電体が得られた。負極集電体の表面に垂直な断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、負極集電体の両面には、平均高さが約6μmの複数の凸部が形成されていた。その後、電解めっき法によって銅の粒子を凸部の上面に形成した。表面粗さRaは2.0μmであった。
負極活物質原料(蒸発源):シリコン、純度99.9999%、(株)高純度化学研究所製
酸素ノズル54から放出される酸素:純度99.7%、日本酸素(株)製
固定台53の角度α:60°
電子ビームの出力:5kW
蒸着時間:3分×40回
上記(3)で得られた黒鉛負極およびシリコン負極に対し、電気化学的手法または真空蒸着法でリチウムを予め吸蔵させて、実施例で用いる負極a-1、b-1、a-2、b-2を以下の方法で作製した。
・負極a-1
黒鉛負極と、その対極としてリチウム金属とを含む電気化学セルを用いて、黒鉛負極に、黒鉛負極の不可逆容量よりも多い0.5mAh/cm2相当のリチウムを吸蔵させた。この後、電気化学セルを解体して、リチウムを吸蔵させた黒鉛負極を取り出した。取り出した黒鉛負極を有機溶媒で洗浄した後、乾燥させた。この黒鉛負極を負極a-1とした。
負極a-1と同様の電気化学的手法を用いて、シリコン負極に、シリコン負極の不可逆容量よりも多い1.65mAh/cm2相当のリチウムを吸蔵させた。このシリコン負極を負極b-1とした。負極b-1の放電容量は、リチウムを予備吸蔵させる前の放電容量(5.5mAh/cm2)と略同じであった(図12)。
・負極a-2
抵抗加熱蒸着装置((株)アルバック製)を用いて、黒鉛負極に対し、アルゴン雰囲気下にてリチウム金属の蒸着を行った。
負極a-2と同様の方法(真空蒸着法)を用いて、シリコン負極に対してリチウム金属の蒸着を行った。なお、シリコン負極をチャンバー内に固定する際には、シリコン負極の両面に形成された負極活物質層のうち一方がタンタル製ボートを臨むように、シリコン負極を固定した。リチウム金属の蒸着により、シリコン負極の一方の負極活物質層に1.6mAh/cm2相当のリチウムを蒸着させた。このシリコン負極を負極b-2とした。
比較例では、上記の黒鉛負極またはシリコン負極を、リチウムの予備吸蔵処理を行わずに使用した。リチウムを予備吸蔵していない黒鉛負極を負極a、リチウムを予備吸蔵していないシリコン負極を負極bとした。
実施例および比較例のリチウム二次電池として、図13を参照しながら前述した積層型セルを作製した。
まず、下記の評価条件により、実施例1~6および比較例1~3のリチウム二次電池の初期容量を求めた。
(初期容量評価条件)
定電流充電:9mA、終止電圧4.2V
定電圧充電:終止電流0.7mA、休止時間20分定電流放電:2.8mA、2.5V、休止時間20分
試験温度:表中に記載
なお、正極C-1を用いた場合は、定電流充電の終止電圧を4.3Vとした。
(充放電可逆性評価条件)
定電流充電:9mA、終止電圧4.2V
定電圧充電:終止電流0.7mA、休止時間20分
定電流放電:14mA、終止電圧2.5V、休止時間20分
試験温度:45℃
なお、正極C-1を用いた場合は、定電流充電の終止電圧を4.3Vとした。
11a 正極集電体
11b 正極活物質層
12 負極
12a 負極集電体
12b 負極活物質層
13 セパレータ
14 正極リード
15 負極リード
16 ガスケット
17 外装ケース
21 負極集電体
50 電子ビーム式蒸着装置
51 チャンバー
52 ガス導入配管
53 固定台
54 酸素ノズル
55 坩堝
56 排気ポンプ
Claims (15)
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な正極活物質を有する正極と、
リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な負極活物質を有する負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に配置されたセパレータと、
リチウムイオン伝導性を有する電解質と
を含むリチウム二次電池であって、
前記正極活物質は、実質的に不可逆容量を有するリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を含み、
前記負極活物質には予めリチウムが吸蔵されており、
環境温度が25℃のときの前記リチウム二次電池の完全放電状態において、前記負極中の放出可能なリチウム量が、前記リチウム二次電池の不可逆容量より大きいリチウム二次電池。 - 前記負極活物質には、真空蒸着法あるいは電気化学的手法によって予めリチウムが吸蔵されている請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記正極の前記正極活物質の充填密度は、3.0g/cm3より大きく4.0g/cm3未満である請求項1または2に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記正極活物質は、1次粒子の集合体である2次粒子を形成し、前記1次粒子の平均粒径は0.5μm以上である請求項1から3のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記ニッケル系リチウム含有複合酸化物は、LiaNi1-(b+c)CobMcO2(ただし、1.0≦a≦1.05、0.1≦b≦0.35、0.005≦c≦0.30、MはAl、Sr、及びCaから選ばれる少なくとも1種である)で表される組成を有する請求項1から4のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記負極は、前記負極活物質を含む負極活物質層を有し、前記正極は、前記正極活物質を含む正極活物質層を有し、
前記負極活物質層の一部は、前記セパレータを介して前記正極活物質層と対向しており、
前記負極活物質層のうち前記正極活物質層と対向している部分および、前記正極活物質層と対向していない部分に、予めリチウムが吸蔵されている請求項1から5のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。 - 前記負極活物質はシリコンを含む請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質には、真空蒸着法によって予めリチウムが吸蔵されている請求項7に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質は黒鉛を含む請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記完全放電状態は、0.2Cの電流で前記リチウム二次電池を電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで放電した状態である請求項1から9のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
- (A)リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な正極活物質として、実質的に不可逆容量を有するリチウムニッケル複合酸化物を含む正極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な負極活物質を有する負極とを用意する工程と、
(B)真空蒸着法あるいは電気化学的手法によって前記負極活物質にリチウムを予め吸蔵させる工程と、
(C)前記負極活物質にリチウムを予め吸蔵させた後の前記負極と、前記正極とをセパレータを介して配置して電極群を形成する工程と
を包含するリチウム二次電池の製造方法であって、
環境温度が25℃のときの前記リチウム二次電池の完全放電状態において、前記負極中の放出可能なリチウム量が前記リチウム二次電池の不可逆容量よりも大きくなるように、前記工程(B)で予め吸蔵させるリチウムの量が設定されるリチウム二次電池の製造方法。 - 前記負極活物質はシリコンを含み、前記工程(B)では、真空蒸着法によって前記負極活物質にリチウムを予め吸蔵させる請求項11に記載のリチウム二次電池の製造方法。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な正極活物質を有する正極と、
リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な負極活物質を有する負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に配置されたセパレータと、
リチウムイオン伝導性を有する電解質と
を含むリチウム二次電池であって、
前記正極活物質は、不可逆容量を有するリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記負極活物質にはリチウムが吸蔵されており、
環境温度が25℃のときの前記リチウム二次電池の完全放電状態において、
前記負極中の放出可能なリチウム量が、前記環境温度よりも高い温度における前記正極の容量増加分より大きく、かつ前記環境温度における前記正極の不可逆容量よりも大きく、
前記負極活物質のリチウムの予備吸蔵量が、前記負極の不可逆容量より大きく、
前記負極活物質のリチウムの予備吸蔵量と前記負極の不可逆容量との差と、前記負極中の放出可能なリチウム量と前記正極の不可逆容量との差とが等しいリチウム二次電池。 - 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物はリチウムニッケル複合酸化物である請求項13に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物はリチウムコバルト複合酸化物である請求項13に記載のリチウム二次電池。
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CN2012800062280A CN103329330A (zh) | 2011-01-24 | 2012-01-13 | 锂二次电池及其制造方法 |
US13/981,084 US20130302688A1 (en) | 2011-01-24 | 2012-01-13 | Lithium secondary battery and method for producing same |
JP2012554655A JP5555334B2 (ja) | 2011-01-24 | 2012-01-13 | リチウム二次電池およびその製造方法 |
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- 2012-01-13 WO PCT/JP2012/000181 patent/WO2012101970A1/ja active Application Filing
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WO2013149714A1 (en) | 2012-04-04 | 2013-10-10 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Particles for electrophoretic displays comprising a core and a random - copolymer coating |
WO2013170934A1 (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2013-11-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Particles for electrophoretic displays |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP5555334B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
US20130302688A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
JPWO2012101970A1 (ja) | 2014-06-30 |
CN103329330A (zh) | 2013-09-25 |
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